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correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	45	https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/about-menu/history	en	History	https://bbe20.divisions.…logo-400x400.png	https://bbe20.divisions.…logo-400x400.png	[ "https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/static/wagtail_menu/img/icon-chevron-grey-550.png", "https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/static/wagtail_menu/img/icon-chevron-orange.png", "https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/static/core/img/caltech-new-logo.png", "https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/static/wagtail_menu/img/icon-search.png", "https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/static/wagtail_menu/img/menu-burger.png", "https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/static/wagtail_menu/img/icon-search.png", "https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/static/wagtail_menu/img/menu-burger.png", "https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/static/theme-v7.0/img/flame.png", "https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/static/core/img/caltech-new-logo.png", "https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/static/theme-v7.0/img/icon-footerpin.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/static/core/img/favicon-75.png?v=5.8.0	Division of Biology and Biological Engineering	http://www.bbe.caltech.edu/about-menu/history	History of the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering Contributed by Elliott Meyerowitz, June 2020 The Early History of Biology at the Institute The California Institute of Technology has a history that precedes its current name, a period from 1891 to 1920 when it was a local vocational school called Throop University, then Throop Polytechnic Institute, and then, as aspirations for it rose, Throop College of Technology. It was initially at a small campus north of downtown Pasadena (on Chestnut Street between Fair Oaks and Raymond), but since 1910 has been at the present location south and east of downtown. The first listed teacher of biology at Throop (which included a grammar school, high school, and college) was Alfred J. McClatchie, A.B., listed as the only biologist on the faculty in the catalogs from 1893 through the 1895-6 school year. In 1895 Ernest Bryant Hoag, B.S. (from Northwestern in 1892), A.B. (from Stanford in 1895) became Instructor in Biology. Hoag (1868-1924) was author of, among other works, Health Studies : Applied Physiology and Hygiene, published by D.C. Heath and Co. in 1909. The courses taught in this era were plant and animal physiology and classification, with a class in embryology and bacteriology started in 1895-6. 1897-8 marked the first (and for decades, the only) year a course in neurobiology, "Special Course in the Nervous System," was taught. In 1898 the Instructor in Geology and Biology was Edward Waller Claypole. From the 1899-1900 school year to 1901-1902 he was Professor of Geology and Biology, the first biologist listed as Professor. Claypole (1835-1901) was an Englishman educated at the University of London. He taught for some years at Stokes-Croft College in Bristol, but was forced to resign his position in 1872 because he refused to stop teaching Darwinian evolution, which in England was then considered religious heresy. He moved to the United States in 1872, teaching at a variety of colleges in a variety of subjects, from classics to biology to geology. He was, among other contributions to American science, a founder of the journal American Geologist, and was well-known for his studies of Devonian cladodont sharks and placoderms (armored fish), and for his discoveries of new insect species. The moth Zeiraphera claypoleana is named for him. Detailed biographies, both personal and scientific, can be found in American Geologist (1902) v. 29 and in Transactions of the American Microscopical Society v. 23, 271. "He then came to the United States, in October, 1872, thinking to meet a more tolerant attitude on this side of the Atlantic. His hopes were not realized." Edward Claypole, the Scientist, from In Memoriam, Addresses Delivered at the Funeral Service, Universalist Church, Pasadena, California, August 19, 1901, page 5. Address of Dr. Theo. B. Comstock. Claypole had twin daughters, Agnes Mary Claypole (1870-1954) and Edith Jane Claypole (1870-1915). Both attended Buchtel College in Akron, Ohio, where Claypole was teaching at the time, and graduated in 1892. Both entered graduate school at Cornell. Edith earned an M.S. in 1893 with a thesis on the blood cells of amphibians; Agnes received an M.S. in 1894 with a thesis on the digestive tract of eels. Edith then went off to teach at Wellesley, while Agnes went to the University of Chicago, where she earned her Ph.D. in 1896. After two years at Wellesley, Edith entered the Cornell Medical school to earn a medical degree. Their father and stepmother moved to Pasadena in 1898, for reasons having to do with Mrs. Claypole's health, and both daughters joined them. When Edward Claypole died in August 1901 (his wife following only a few weeks later), the daughters were appointed to the Throop faculty in his place. In 1902-1903 the catalog lists Agnes Mary Claypole as Instructor in Zoology, and Edith Jane Claypole as Instructor in Biology and Bacteriology. Edith left the faculty to complete her medical education at what is now UCLA (later dying, heroically, of a typhoid fever infection incurred while working toward a vaccine for European troops during the First World War). Agnes remained at Throop and was promoted. In 1903-4 Agnes M. Claypole was Professor of Natural Science and Curator, the first female biology professor in the Institute. She left after holding the position for only one year, however – she married Robert O. Moody, a professor of anatomy at U.C., Berkeley in 1903, and afterward moved to northern California. She was listed with a star in the first seven editions of American Men of Science (the star meant she was considered one of the top 1,000 scientists in the United States), and was one of the founding members of the Pacific Division of the AAAS; she was a member of the sociology faculty of Mills College in Oakland from 1918 to 1923. In the following school year at Throop, 1904-5, the sole biologist in the faculty list is Joseph Grinnell, Instructor in Natural Science, and Curator. Grinnell was one of the great biologists of the 20th century. Born in 1877, he was a student in the college portion of Throop, receiving his A.B. in 1897. He was the third college graduate of Throop, the first graduating class having been two students in 1896, with Grinnell's class, the class of 1897, a class of one. In the 1897-8 school year Grinnell was Assistant Instructor at Throop, he then went to Stanford to receive his A.M. in 1901, and to remain a graduate student until 1903. On his return from Stanford to Pasadena, he was appointed (1904-5) Instructor in Natural Science and Curator at Throop. In 1906 and 1907 he was Professor of Biology and Curator. He began his professional work as an ornithologist and herpetologist, in 1898 publishing the noted Birds Of The Pacific Slope Of Los Angeles County, published by the Pasadena Academy Of Sciences. In 1907 he was recruited to become the founding director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at the University of California at Berkeley, and from 1908 to his death in 1939 was the director as well as a renowned professor at Berkeley. He is considered the first important west coast mammalogist. Among his notable contributions is the concept of the ecological niche, which he first published in 1924, and the invention of the now-standard method of taking field notes on wildlife, in which journal entries, species accounts, and specimen catalogs are combined. He was an important advocate for the National Park system; his field studies at Yosemite from 1914 to 1924 (leading to the publication of Grinnell and Storer, Animal Life in the Yosemite, 1924) are still well known. Several of his books on California birds and mammals are still in print (available as reprints), nearly 100 years after they were written, and Grinnell Mountain in the San Bernardino range is named after him. At Throop in 1906 and 1907 there was along with Grinnell another biologist, Lecturer Ernest Hoag (the same Hoag who had been Instructor from 1895-1898). In 1908-9 and 1909-1910 the Professor of Biology is listed as Carl Spencer Millikan, B.S. (from MIT in 1899). Millikan (born in 1876) had been a professor at Ripon College prior to coming to Throop, and worked on the development of the chick retina. Hoag remains listed as Lecturer through 1909-1910. Millikan is listed as professor for the last time in the Throop catalog of April, 1910; that year the only biology course offered was zoology. Despite a promise that Botany would be offered in alternate years, the Throop catalogs from 1910-11 through 1915 list the biology courses as "not offered." Biology courses are not listed thereafter, until the present Division was started in 1928. Nonetheless there was at least one lecture in biology after the 1910 cessation of the teaching of the subject, the March, 1911 lecture entitled "A Zoölogical Trip Through Africa" by Mr. Theodore Roosevelt. 1920s and 1930s – Foundation of the Current Division "At the California Institute of Technology, Morgan wanted to give a concrete form to his philosophy of science in general and of biology in particular. He wanted to emphasize the new direction in which he thought biological research ought to move. It was his aim to bring together the best possible people representing the most modern lines of biological research…and allow them virtually unrestricted possibilities to interact." Allen, G.E. (1978) Thomas Hunt Morgan, the Man and His Science, Princeton, 447 pp., p. 334. The Caltech Division of Biology, the predecessor of the present Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, was founded in 1928. Thomas Hunt Morgan, the world's pre-eminent geneticist, Professor of Biology at Columbia University, and President of the National Academy of Sciences, was hired by the Institute to start a Division of Biology. The first wing of the Kerckhoff building was constructed (1928) and Morgan set out to recruit a young but distinguished faculty in the five areas of genetics and evolution, experimental embryology, biophysics, physiology, and biochemistry. He intended later to add faculty in experimental psychology – what we call today integrative neurobiology. Morgan recruited first in genetics, and the starting faculty in 1928 was primarily from his own laboratory and from that of R.A. Emerson at Cornell, the leading plant geneticist of the time. By the 1929-1930 school year the faculty consisted of full professors T.H. Morgan; Alfred H. Sturtevant, a Drosophila geneticist from Morgan's lab and the discoverer of genetic mapping; and Karl J. Belar. Belar was a distinguished young cytogeneticist who had been hired away from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin-Dahlem. He was to die in an automobile accident during a trip to the desert in 1931. Ernest G. Anderson, a maize geneticist from the Emerson lab and a former postdoc in Morgan's lab, was associate professor, and the assistant professors were Theodosius Dobzhansky (evolutionary genetics, a recent research fellow from Morgan's lab), Sterling Emerson (plant genetics, and the son of R.A. Emerson), Henry Borsook, a biochemist from Toronto, and Herman E. Dolk, a plant physiologist from the Netherlands. Dolk, like Belar, was to die in an automobile accident, in 1932. Calvin Bridges, with Sturtevant the core of Morgan's Drosophila group, came as a Research Fellow of the Carnegie Institution, a position he held at Caltech until his death in 1938; and Albert Tyler, an embryologist, graduate student of Morgan's and Caltech's first Ph.D. in Biology (1929), was appointed instructor, eventually (1938) becoming a professor, and remaining at Caltech for the rest of his life (to 1968). Not everyone who was asked to join the new Division accepted. Among those considered but not landed were Curt Stern (a geneticist from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, who later visited Caltech in 1932, while in flight from Germany), Leonor Michaelis (of the Michaelis-Menten equation) and Selig Hecht, the Columbia biophysicist – each to become important scientists in their respective fields, but not at Caltech. Some of the events of the earliest days of the new Division, housed in what is now the west wing of the Kerckhoff building, were recounted in the December, 1952 edition of the Biology Division's newsletter "Bio-peeps." Among them were the first class held in Kerckhoff (fall of 1928, the only course then offered was Bi 1), the first research fellows (Theodosius Dobzhansky and Yoshitaka Imai, later a distinguished plant geneticist at Tokyo Imperial University), the first graduate students (Albert Tyler, Russell L. Biddle, Carl C. Lindegren, Norwood K. Schaeffer and William A. Hetherton; Tyler was the first to graduate), the first child born to a faculty member (Harriet Sturtevant), the first female research assistant on the Caltech campus (Elizabeth L.D. Griffiths, working with Sterling Emerson), and the first female postdoc (Eileen Erlanson, who gave the first seminar in the new Division). Others hired as professors, mostly assistant professors, in the first half of the 1930s included Robert Emerson (biophysics, 1930), Hugh Huffman (biochemistry, 1931), Frits Went (plant physiology, 1932, to replace the late Dolk), George MacGinitie (a marine biologist hired in 1932 to direct the new Kerckhoff Marine Lab at Corona del Mar, and one of only two faculty members in Divisional history not to have a doctoral degree - the other was Dobzhansky), and Cornelis Wiersma in physiology (1934). Later in the decade the professorial faculty was augmented by Arie Haagen-Smit (a bio-organic chemist, 1937), James F. Bonner, a plant physiologist and Caltech Ph.D. in biology (Ph.D. 1934, hired in 1938), Anthonie van Harreveld (neurophysiology, 1939) and Johannes van Overbeek (plant physiology, 1939). Kenneth Thimann, the plant physiologist, was an instructor beginning in 1930. During the Division's first decade a number of postdoctoral fellows, graduate students and visiting professors were also at work. Many of these rose later to great prominence in biology. Among the postdoctoral fellows were George Beadle, later to chair the Division; Max Delbrück, later to return as Professor of Biology; Barbara McClintock; Charles Burnham; and Georgii Karpechenko (a student of Vavilov's who was to return to the Soviet Union and to die, like Vavilov, in one of Stalin's prison camps as a victim of Lysenkoism). Other international postdoctoral visitors were Cyril Darlington, Curt Stern, Boris Ephrussi, and D.G. Catcheside. Among the graduate students were Chia-Chen Tan (Tan Jia-Zhen, former Vice-president of Fudan University, where he started China's first department of genetics – he is revered as the founder of Chinese genetics); Norman Horowitz, later to join the faculty of the Division, and to serve as chair in the 1970s; David M. Bonner (after whom Bonner Hall at U.C. San Diego is named, and brother of James); Edward Novitski; and Edward B. Lewis – who later joined the Divisional faculty, and remained a member of it until his death in 2004. Novitski has written a memoir on aspects of the Division, including his life as a graduate student in the late 1930s, Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, Two Scientists at Odds, With a Student's Recollections, Xlibris, 2005. A program in undergraduate education was also established when the Division was founded. The original courses taught in the 1929-30 school year were Bi 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5bc, introductory courses in biology including physiology, botany and histological technique, and a series of advanced courses such as Bi 100, Genetics, taught by Sturtevant, Anderson, Dobzhansky and Emerson, and Bi 110, Biochemistry, taught by Borsook. Bi 110 is still the biochemistry course number, more than 85 years later. After 20 years (through 1950) the total number of men who received the B.S. degree in Biology was around 80 (and they were all men, as Caltech did not accept women as undergraduates until 1970). Thus the program was small by current standards. Around 80% of the graduates went on for doctoral degrees, half to earn Ph.D. degrees and half to work toward the M.D. degree. One highlight of the 1930s was the award of the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology to T.H. Morgan, in 1933 – the first of the 7 Nobel Prize winners to serve as members of the Biology Division faculty. Another was the completion in 1938 of the second wing of the William G. Kerckhoff Laboratories – the eastern part of the present building. "Now, his kindness, his undoubtedly sensitive nature, he hid under a protective cover of eccentricity and what I can describe no better than to say impishness. He was an imp. He liked to shock people, liked to say something unexpected, to behave in a somewhat unorthodox manner. He was dressing himself so poorly that there was at least one occasion when the laboratory janitor was taken to be Professor Morgan, and Professor Morgan was taken to be the janitor. In summer time in California, very frequently he was walking with his trousers kept in place not by a belt or by suspenders, but by a string. A piece of string." Theodosius Dobzhansky, Reminiscences, Columbia University Oral History Collection, 1962. 1940s – Changing Times Among the major influences in the 1940s were World War II, Morgan's retirement, and the return of Beadle. The Division faculty and Divisional programs were well in place, and in full-scale operation by the 1940-1941 school year. The United States entered World War II in December, 1941, bringing normal operations to a halt. The Biology Division and its staff served in many ways during the war. The plant physiologists, including Bonner, spent the war looking for new plants that could be sources of rubber, to replace the Hevea brasiliensis plantations of Malaysia, which had been seized by the Japanese. Borsook applied his knowledge of human nutrition as a member of the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council, which first produced the table of Recommended Daily Allowances. After the war Borsook worked with the Los Angeles cafeteria magnate Clifford Clinton to produce and distribute a low-cost enriched food supplement called MPF – Multi-Purpose Food - to poor populations, starting with war-torn Europe. Eventually their Meals for Millions foundation distributed over 90 million meals in 129 countries around the world. Others joined the armed forces, Ed Lewis, for example, completing his Ph.D. in Biology under Sturtevant, then earning an M.S. in meteorology before shipping out to the Pacific as an army meteorologist. During the war years, no new members were added to the professorial faculty. Van Overbeek left (eventually becoming chair of the Biology Department at Texas A&M University), Huffman left (to establish a thermodynamics research laboratory of the Bureau of Mines in Bartlesville, Oklahoma), and Morgan retired (in 1942). The Division was without a chairman from 1942 until 1946, with Sturtevant serving in lieu of chair as Chairman of the Biology Council, a committee of the full professors (Borsook, Haagen-Smit, Sturtevant and Went). In 1946 George Beadle left his faculty position at Stanford to return to Caltech as the new Division Chair. He immediately began hiring new faculty, starting with Max Delbrück, who had spent the years between his departure from Caltech as a research fellow and return to Caltech as a Professor on the faculty at Vanderbilt. Shortly afterward Norman Horowitz (former graduate student of Tyler at Caltech, then postdoc with Beadle at Stanford) and Ray Owen (from the University of Wisconsin) were hired as Associate Professors, and Ed Lewis as Instructor (1947) – he was soon Assistant (1948) and Associate (1949) Professor. By the 1949-1950 school year Herschel Mitchell (from the Tatum lab at Stanford, then a Senior Research Fellow with Beadle at Caltech from 1946) joined as Associate Professor. Among the postdoctoral fellows and visiting researchers were Renato Dulbecco, Arthur Galston, Sam Wildman, Barry Commoner, Robert Bandurski, Seymour Benzer, William Drell, Melvin Green, Urs Leupold, S.E. Luria, Clement Markert, Roger Stanier, and others, who would become renowned biologists in the 1950s and 1960s. The year 1949 also marked the opening of two new buildings for the Biology Division – the Biology Annex (the facility now under the Alles Patio) and the Earhart Plant Research Laboratory, torn down in the 1970s to make way for the Beckman Behavioral Biology building. "The Division of Biology of the Institute has now been in operation twenty-one years. Its steady growth and development during this period is a tribute to the imagination and foresight of those who planned and established it. Its first Chairman, the late Professor Thomas Hunt Morgan, built its foundations well and guided its growth wisely for thirteen years…During the year the work of the Division was carried on by eleven full professors, eight research associates, seven associate professors, eight senior fellows in research, twenty-two research fellows, thirty-two graduate students and seventy-six research technical and laboratory assistants…" G.W. Beadle, Caltech Biology Annual Report, 1949. 1950s – Fungi, Flies and Phage "Following World War II many outstanding advances in biology have been made in laboratories all over the world. To mention only a few of these: Bacteriology has been revolutionized by a group of young investigators using the methods of genetics, cytology, and biochemistry. Our knowledge of viruses has been greatly increased, particularly from a biological point of view. Through a growing interest by physicists and physical chemists in biological problems, biophysics has grown rapidly. It has made extensive use of the electron microscope, the preparative and analytical centrifuges, the Tiselius electrophoresis apparatus and other techniques completely unknown to the biology of a few years ago." Caltech Biology Annual Report, 1950. In terms of faculty appointments, the 1950s were quantitatively static. In the course of the decade all of the associate professors hired in the late 1940s became full professors, and four new faculty members joined the Division, all at the level of associate or full professors (Arthur Galston, 1951, Renato Dulbecco, 1952, Roger Sperry, 1954 and Robert Sinsheimer, 1957). By the 1957-58 school year, and until the end of the decade, there were no associate or assistant professors. Four faculty members departed in the '50s – Galston left to join the faculty at Yale in 1955, MacGinitie retired in 1957, as did E.G. Anderson in 1959, and Went departed (1959) to become head of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The three new senior appointees of the 1950s who were still at Caltech by the end of the decade were Renato Dulbecco, Roger Sperry, and Robert Sinsheimer. Two were to win Nobel Prizes, Dulbecco for work in animal viruses (by the time of his award he had left to join the new Salk Institute), and Sperry for discovering that different brain hemispheres serve different functions in humans. Sinsheimer was later Chancellor of the University of California at Santa Cruz, which named its Robert L. Sinsheimer Laboratories after him. Remarkable scientific progress was made in the laboratories of those appointed in the '40s, three of whom (Beadle, Delbrück, and Lewis) were also to win Nobel Prizes. A roster of some of the students, postdocs and long-term visitors to the Delbrück lab in 1951-60 gives an idea of the nature and significance of the work there - Jean Weigle, Renato Dulbecco, Marguerite Vogt, Seymour Benzer, Giuseppe Bertani, Margaret Lieb, Gunther Stent, Elie Wollman, Dale Kaiser, Gordon Sato, Ole Maaloe, Niccolo Visconti, Robert Sinsheimer, James Watson, Harry Rubin, George Streisinger, Naomi Franklin, Andre Lwoff, Charles Steinberg, Frank Stahl, Howard Temin, Matthew Meselson, Harriet Ephrussi-Taylor, Francois Jacob, Sydney Brenner and Millard Sussman. Similar lists could be drawn for other Divisional laboratories. One other notable piece of progress was the admission of women as graduate students in what had before been an all-male student body. Dr. L. Elizabeth Bertani was the first of many women to be granted a Ph.D. in Biology at the Institute, for her 1957 thesis "Studies on the Establishment of Lysogeny by Bacteriophage P2." In fact, the Biology Division faculty had decided to admit women a full ten years earlier, having recommended to the Institute the admission of women to graduate standing after a unanimous faculty vote in 1947. It took some time for the Institute to catch up. "The next question considered was "Does the Division want to recommend that women be admitted to graduate study in Biology?" After much discussion and a statement from each member present, Dr. Sturtevant moved that the Division go on record as favoring the admission of women graduate students at the Institute. Dr. Bonner seconded the motion and it was unanimously carried. Dr. Sturtevant recommended that Dr. Beadle inform the proper authorities of the Division's recommendation." Minutes of Staff Meeting May 20, 1947, p.2. Beadle's Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology was awarded in 1958. In the '50s the Division was active in building – the Norman Church Laboratories of Chemical Biology opened in 1955, largely a chemistry building, but with a small western wing for Biology Division labs. Construction was started for the Campbell Plant research Laboratory, a greenhouse completed in 1960 (and demolished in the 1980s); and the Gordon A. Alles Laboratory for Molecular Biology – also completed in 1960. E. G. Anderson's retirement in 1959 marked the end of research at the Division's 10-acre farm in Arcadia, which had been used for maize studies since the founding of the Division; the "Arcadia Farm" is now part of the campus of Temple City High School. "I discovered a little book called Viruses, which was from a symposium held at Cal Tech in 1950. It's a remarkable book. I read avidly about phages in it and got very excited. This was the beginning of the phage ideas – stuff that was going to become clear in the next twenty years! So I started to work on bacteriophages..." Sydney Brenner, My Life in Science, BioMed Central, 2001, p.21. "When the Pasadena meeting on protein structure finished at the end of September, the full horror of being in Pasadena hit me. Not knowing how to drive a car, much less owning one, I was effectively confined to the girlless Caltech campus and had to continue living at the faculty club... I became part of Max Delbrück's ground-floor phage group in the 1930s-style Kerckhoff Biology Building." James D. Watson, Genes, Girls and Gamow, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2002, p. 45. 1960s - Growth The 1960s opened with a burst of new faculty, all appointed for the 1960-61 school year. At the level of full professor Alan Hodge, an electron microscopist, and Anton Lang, the renowned plant physiologist, were appointed, Lang as a replacement for Frits Went. Robert Edgar and Charles Brokaw (who received his B.S. in Biology from Caltech in 1955) were appointed assistant professors. In the following years of the decade 10 additional new faculty appointments were made: Derek Fender as associate professor and Giuseppe Attardi as assistant professor for the 1962-3 academic year; William Dreyer as full professor for the 1963-4 year; Felix Strumwasser as associate and William Wood as assistant professor for 1964-5; Jerome Vinograd as full professor for 1965-6; Seymour Benzer as full professor for 1967-8; Daniel McMahon as assistant professor in 1968-9; and James Olds as full professor and James Strauss as assistant professor in 1969-70. The 14 new faculty hired in the ‘60s were only partly balanced by retirements and departures – Sturtevant and Borsook retired, Beadle, Dulbecco and Lang departed, and Tyler died. The Division thus experienced substantial net growth. Beadle's departure deserves separate mention. After 14 years as Division chair he was invited to become the President of the University of Chicago, and departed Caltech in January of 1961. He was replaced as Division chair by Ray Owen, among whose contributions to immunology had been the discovery of immune tolerance, leading to our present abilities in organ transplantation. Owen at first accepted appointment only as acting chair until a new outside chairman could be found, but became Division Chair for the 1962-3 academic year. In April, 1968 he was succeeded by another internal candidate, Robert Sinsheimer. There were many research highlights in the 1960s, including the Bonner lab's explorations of chromatin, Sinsheimer's work on the single stranded DNA virus ϕX174, the beginning of the classic work of Edgar and Wood on the genetic control of phage assembly, Olds's explorations of the results of direct brain stimulation, Sperry's discovery of hemispheric specialization in human brains, Lewis's initial studies of the genes of the Bithorax complex, and the beginning of Benzer's work on the neurobiology and genetics of behavior in fruit flies. The 1960s were also the decade when the biology undergraduate program began to grow. From the beginning of the Division until 1962 the typical Biology graduating class was 3 or 4 students, rarely more. In 1962 11 graduated, with classes of 8, 12, 10, 4, 11, 8 and 10 following through 1969. There were a total of 83 B.S. degrees in biology given in the decade, with fewer than 120 total degrees given from the 1930s to 1960. Biology was beginning to become popular with Caltech undergraduates. A few of the students who earned a B.S. in Biology in the ‘60s are Thomas Jovin, Leroy Hood, Leland Hartwell, and Ira Herskowitz – familiar names now, 50 years later, and another set of examples of the saying that Caltech is a good place to go to, and a good one from which to come. The decade ended with the award of the 1969 Nobel Prize to Max Delbrück for his leadership in establishing phage genetics and the field of molecular biology. "We planned the experiment that day,' Jacob said. ‘That's when we decided, Sydney and myself, to go to Cal Tech. I had been invited by Delbrück to come and spend a month there, and Sydney had been invited by Meselson'…they put three of the six [tubes] into Meselson's usual centrifuge, the other three into a second machine downstairs in Dulbecco's lab. They started them up. Then they found that Weigle's water bath was contaminated by the spilled P32, so they rinsed it out and hid it behind the Coca-Cola machine in the basement to cool off. In Brenner's remembrance, the next day was the day they went to the beach…" Description of the experiments in which the existence of messenger RNA was proven, in June, 1960; The Eighth Day of Creation, H. F. Judson, Simon and Schuster, 1979, pp. 433-439. 1970s – Brain Research The 1970s, similarly to the 1960s, began with a series of new appointments. The first was Leroy Hood, a former Caltech undergraduate and graduate student (B.S. 1960, Ph.D. 1968), as assistant professor in 1970, followed by appointment of the electron microscopist and cell biologist Jean-Paul Revel as full professor. In 1971 Eric Davidson was appointed as associate professor and Richard Russell as assistant professor. In preparation for and following the opening of the newly-built Beckman Laboratory for Behavioral Biology (January, 1974) several young neuroscientists and biophysicists were appointed: Henry Lester and Jack Pettigrew (1973), John Allman and Ronald Konopka (Caltech Ph.D. 1972), for the ‘74-5 academic year, Mark Konishi and James Hudspeth (‘75-6), David van Essen (Caltech B.S. 1967, appointed for ‘76-77), and Jeremy Brockes (1978). Howard Berg (Caltech B.S. 1956) was appointed as Professor of Biology in 1979. In addition a new start in cell and molecular biology was begun by the hiring of Elias Lazarides as assistant professor in 1976, and Tom Maniatis as associate professor in 1977. The 15 new appointments in the decade were nearly balanced, however, by the retirements of Emerson, Haagen-Smit, van Harreveld, Wiersma, and Delbrück; by the deaths of Vinograd and Olds; and by the departures of Hodge, McMahon, Russell, Sinsheimer and Wood (to chair the Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department at the University of Colorado). Sinsheimer's departure necessitated the appointment of a new Division Chair, and this position was filled by Norman Horowitz, Caltech Ph.D. 1939 (with Tyler), collaborator of Morgan's while a student, postdoctoral fellow of Beadle's at Stanford in the 1940s, and Caltech faculty member from 1946. Horowitz assumed the chairmanship September 1, 1977. Among the research topics gaining new prominence in the ‘70s were, in molecular biology, electron microscopy of DNA, led by Professor of Chemistry (and later Professor Emeritus of Biology) Norman Davidson; development of automated protein sequencers by Dreyer and Hood; and the introduction of recombinant DNA technology by Maniatis. The numerous appointments of neurobiologists opened a number of new fields for the Division, from Hudspeth's work on hair cells, to Konopka's on circadian rhythms, van Essen's on the visual cortex, and Konishi's on sensory integration in owl behavior. It was also in this decade that former faculty member Renato Dulbecco, who had been at Caltech from 1949 to 1962, was awarded the 1975 Nobel Prize, along with his former Caltech graduate student Howard Temin, and a young MIT professor (and former Dulbecco postdoctoral fellow), David Baltimore, who would come to Caltech as its President and Professor of Biology in 1997. Undergraduate education gained more prominence in the Division, as the number of Biology B.S. graduates took another sharp upturn. There were 210 graduates from 1970 through 1979. 1970 was the first year women were admitted as undergraduates. This action was a result of the recommendation of an Institute committee chaired by biologist Ray Owen. The first wave of female graduates was in 1974, as the women admitted as freshman in 1970 completed their work – and 10 of the 37 biology graduates that year were women. At least one female biologist graduated even earlier, though not as a Biology major – Sharon Long entered as a sophomore transfer student in 1970, graduating in 1973 as an Independent Studies major. She became (and remains) a noted biologist, professor and dean at Stanford. A random selection of other undergraduate biologists of the ‘70s who are now well-known are James Gould, William Chia, Brian Seed, James Posakony, Thomas St. John, Ed Hedgecock, and Joe Kirschvink – Kirschvink is now a Professor in Caltech's Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences. 1980s – Gene Cloning The first new faculty members to start in the 1980s were John Hopfield, appointed as full professor of Biology and Chemistry, and Elliot Meyerowitz, appointed assistant professor of Biology. In 1981 Mary Kennedy and Barbara Wold became assistant professors, followed by Ellen Rothenberg in 1982, and in the same year John Abelson and Mel Simon came as full professors. In 1983 the assistant professors' ranks were incremented by Mark Tanouye and Scott Emr, and Paul Patterson joined as a full professor; in 1984 James Bower and in 1985 David Anderson became assistant professors. Judy Campbell also joined the Biology Division in 1985 as Associate Professor of Chemistry and Biology; prior to this (from 1977) she had been a faculty member solely in the Division of Chemistry. In 1986 assistant professors Howard Lipshitz and Christof Koch joined, Koch as Assistant Professor of Computation and Neural Systems, a new interdisciplinary area started by, among others, Hopfield. Paul Sternberg arrived in 1987 as Assistant Professor of Biology, as did Pamela Bjorkman, William Dunphy and Kai Zinn in 1989. All told 19 new appointments were made to the Biology professorial faculty in the decade. The new additions were partly balanced by departures – there were the retirements of Bonner (1981), Horowitz (1982), Owen (1983), Mitchell and Sperry (1984), Fender (1986) and Lewis (1988); and in addition Maniatis, Strumwasser, Berg, Hudspeth, Pettigrew, Brockes and Konopka departed. This still left room for an increase in the faculty by 5, to a total of 33. The chairmanship changed hands twice in the decade; in 1980, with the appointment of Lee Hood as chair, and again in 1989, when Hood stepped down and John Abelson became Division Chair. Among the highlights of the decade was the award of the Nobel Prize to Roger Sperry in 1981. The building program also continued in the ‘80s, with the construction of the Braun Laboratories (1982) and of the Beckman Institute (1989), each of which contain a mix of labs from different Divisions – Braun being shared between Chemistry and Biology, and the Beckman Institute housing not only the semiautonomous Institute but also laboratories from Biology, Chemistry and elsewhere. One of the research themes of the 1980s was the advent and wide utilization of gene cloning, and gene sequencing. Maniatis came as one of the pioneers of these new technologies, as did Simon and Abelson, and Meyerowitz, Wold, Lipshitz and Zinn as new faculty members trained in them. Hood in particular among the faculty switched his laboratory to exploit the new possibilities of genomics, and one result of this was the invention in the Hood lab of the automated DNA sequencer, which played a central role in the genome projects of the 1990s and beyond. 1990s – Genomics, Proteomics, and Macromolecular Machines The 1990s continued the hiring of new faculty that characterized the previous decade. In 1990 Gilles Laurent was hired as Assistant Professor of Biology and of Computation and Neural Systems, followed by appointment of Scott Fraser and Alexander Varshavsky as full professors (1991 and 1992, respectively), Stephen Mayo as assistant professor in 1992, Raymond Deshaies and Erin Schuman as assistant professors and Richard Andersen as full professor in 1993, Marianne Bronner as full professor and Bruce Hay as assistant professor in 1996, and Shin Shimojo as associate professor in 1997. 1997 also saw the arrival of David Baltimore as President and Professor of Biology, the first time a biologist had been president of the Institute. Assistant Professor Jose Alberola-Ila joined in 1998. The decade also saw the departures of Mark Tanouye, Elias Lazarides, Lee Hood, Scott Emr, David Van Essen, and Howard Lipshitz, the retirement and departure of John Hopfield, and the formal retirement of Seymour Benzer, who continued until his death with a large and active research group. John Abelson completed his term as chair in 1995, to be replaced by Mel Simon. The long tradition of using Drosophila genetics to explore fundamental biological questions was recognized by two prestigious prizes awarded this decade. Seymour Benzer received the Crafoord Prize in 1993 for his work examining the genetics of behavior. And Ed Lewis won the 1995 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his his work in developmental genetics – the sixth Nobel Prize awarded to a member of the Divisional faculty. One of the new research directions that became evident in the ‘90s was structural biology, with Pamela Bjorkman of Biology and Douglas Rees of the Chemistry Division solving numerous important protein structures by modern methods of x-ray crystallography, and Steven Mayo producing new theoretical methods for understanding protein folding. Genomics also became a core part of the Division, with Caltech contributions to the model organism genome projects such as Paul Sternberg's work with Caenorhabditis elegans and Elliot Meyerowitz's work with Arabidopsis thaliana. Mel Simon played a key role in the human genome project – it was his laboratory that invented the BAC clones that made it possible, and that produced the libraries that were sequenced. The undergraduate program remained highly vigorous in the 1990s. While the large classes of the 1970s were not seen again in the 1980s (the largest class of B.S. graduates in that decade was the class of 1989, with 18), the 1990s surpassed all earlier decades, with total of 223 undergraduate degrees from 1990 through 1999. 2000s – Bioengineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, and Computational Biology The Division achieved its 75th anniversary in 2003 with a total of almost 700 faculty, students, postdoctoral fellows and staff. The new decade started with a change in leadership. Elliot Meyerowitz was appointed the Chair of the Division in 2000, after Mel Simon completed his term. In that decade there were 12 new appointments to the faculty, David Chan as assistant professor in 2000, Athanasios Siapas as assistant professor in 2001, Michael Dickinson as full professor in 2002, Grant Jensen as assistant professor in 2002, Michael Elowitz as assistant professor in 2003, Angelike Stathopoulos as assistant professor in 2005, Ralph Adolphs and Dianne Newman as Professors in 2006, Sarkis Mazmanian as assistant professor in 2006, and in 2009 David Prober, Doris Tsao, and Alexei Aravin were appointed as assistant professors (Aravin arrived in 2010). Siapas and Dickinson were joint appointments between Biology and Engineering and Applied Science, and represented the growing influence of a new Bioengineering option. With the arrivals of Siapas, Dickinson, Elowitz, Jensen and Tsao the Division moved strongly into areas of interface between biology, physics, engineering, and computation. There was also, with the hiring of Newman and Mazmanian, a return of studies on prokaryotic organisms, which had faded since the 1960s. There were departures, as well, with the retirement of Charles Brokaw in 2000, John Abelson in 2002, Mel Simon in 2005, Jean-Paul Revel in 2006, and James Strauss in 2007. James Bower left in 2001, and Erin Schuman and Gilles Laurent left to start a new Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt in 2008. The decade also saw the deaths of Bill Dreyer and Professors Emeritus Ed Lewis in 2004, Norm Horowitz in 2005, and Giuseppe Attardi and Seymour Benzer in 2008. A new building for the biological sciences, the Broad Center for the Biological Sciences, was completed and occupied in September, 2002. Seven laboratories from the Biology Division (including Chan and Jensen, who were hired to help occupy the new building, and Elowitz, a computational and synthetic biologist who arrived in mid-2003) moved there, as well as a lab from the Chemistry Division and one from Engineering. Since the opening of the building the basement, initially shell space, has been fully developed, and the number of Biology laboratories housed now totals 13, in a modern building designed for interaction between groups and research areas. 2010s – Neurobiology, Bioengineering and Genomics The new decade of the teens started as had the new century, with a change in leadership, Stephen Mayo replacing Elliot Meyerowitz as Chair after Meyerowitz completed his second 5-year term in 2010. New faculty in this decade were Lea Goentoro as assistant professor and the appointment of Professor Rob Phillips from the Engineering Division to a joint Biology position in 2011. Viviana Gradinaru arrived as assistant professor and Markus Meister as professor in 2012, Mitch Guttman as assistant professor in 2013, and Yuki Oka and Elizabeth Hong, in 2015, as assistant professors. In 2017 Lior Pachter joined as full professor and Matt Thomson, Rebecca Voorhees and Joe Parker as assistant professors, in 2018 David van Valen and Kaihang Wang joined as assistant professors and Long Cai as full professor, and in 2019 Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz came as full professor. Goentoro and Phillips, Voorhees, Thomson, van Valen and Wang all continued the emphasis on the interface of biology with engineering and computation, and in synthetic biology. The arrivals of Gradinaru, Meister, Oka and Hong represented a renewed emphasis in neurobiology – they are expected to move into the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience when the new Chen building opens in 2021. Pachter, Guttman, and Cai brought increased strength in genomics, and Joe Parker was the first genuine evolutionary biologist to come to the Division since Dobzhansky. Both Pachter and Zernicka-Goetz came as Bren Professors, a new Institute-wide program to bring field-leading senior faculty members to Caltech. In 2013 Mark Konishi retired, and Christoph Koch departed to become the President of the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle. Ray Owen died in 2014 at the age of 98, severing one of the last direct links to the Beadle years, and also in 2014 Paul Patterson died at the untimely age of 70, when still the leader of an active research laboratory. Eric Davidson died in 2015, when he also was the leader of an active laboratory. A reorganization of the Division also took place, which resulted in a considerable increase in faculty size: in 2013 the Division of Biology voted to incorporate Bioengineering (previously organized under the Division of Engineering and Applied Science), and to change its name to the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering – the first change of a Division name at Caltech since 1970. Along with this came an enthusiastic vote to provide joint appointments to members of the Bioengineering group who were faculty in other Divisions, leading to the addition of 10 professorial faculty members to the newly named Division. The new additions were Frances Arnold (from Chemistry and Chemical Engineering), John Dabiri (from Engineering and Applied Science), Mori Gharib (EAS), Rustem Ismagilov (Chemistry and Chemical Engineering), Richard Murray (EAS), Niles Pierce (EAS), Lulu Qian (EAS), Michael Roukes (EAS), Erik Winfree (EAS), and Changhuei Yang (EAS). In 2018, Frances Arnold was awarded the Nobel Prize for her work in directed evolution of enzymes, the seventh member of the Division to hold this honor. As a result of this merger, the size of the BBE Division faculty reached an all-time high. As the BBE Division continues in its 92nd year, the traditional areas of intellectual concentration: genetics, biochemistry, developmental biology, immunobiology, microbiology, molecular biology and neurobiology, are joined with the newly established strength in the areas of bioengineering, genomics, synthetic biology, and computational biology.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	3	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/biographical/	en	Johannes V. Jensen – Biographical	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	[ "https://www.nobelprize.org/images/jensen-13029-content-portrait-mobile-tiny.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/nobelprizes_2023-1024x676.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/biographical/	Johannes V. Jensen Biographical I was born on the 20th of January, 1873, in a village in North Jutland, the second son of the district veterinary surgeon, H. Jensen, a descendant on both sides of farmers and craftsmen. In 1893, at the age of twenty, I graduated from the Cathedral School of Viborg, and subsequently studied medicine for three years at the University of Copenhagen. I earned my living by my pen until it became necessary for me to choose between further studies and literature. The grounding in natural sciences which I obtained in the course of my medical studies, including preliminary examinations in botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry, was to become decisive in determining the trend of my literary work. My literary career began near the turn of the century with the publication of Himmerlandshistorier (1898-1910) [Himmerland Stories], comprising a series of tales set in that part of Denmark where I was born. This was followed in the years up to 1944 by «legends» and«myths» representing literary forms I have particularly liked, and of which nine volumes have appeared (Myter, 1907-45 [Myths]). I have also written poetry, a few plays, and many essays, chiefly on anthropology and the philosophy of evolution. For many years I was engaged in journalism, writing articles and chronicles for the daily press without ever joining the staff of any newspaper. Nor have I ever belonged to any political party. After extensive journeys to the East, to Malaya and China, and several visits to the United States, I inspired a change in the Danish literature and press by introducing English and American vigour, which was to replace the then dominant trend of decadent Gallicism. The essence of my literary work is to be found in my collection of poems, which may be regarded as a reaction against the fastidious style of the day bearing Baudelaire’s poisonous hall-mark. My poems represented a turn to simple style and sound subject matter (Digte, 1904-41, 1943 [Poems]). A probing analysis of the problems of evolution forms the basis of my prose. During half a century of literary work, I have endeavoured to introduce the philosophy of evolution into the sphere of literature, and to inspire my readers to think in evolutionary terms. I was prompted to do this because of the misinterpretation and distortion of Darwinism at the end of the 19th century. The concept of the Übermensch had disastrous consequences in that it led to two world wars, and was destroyed only with the collapse of Germany in 1945. In the course of opposing this fallacious doctrine, I have arrived at a new interpretation of the theory of evolution and its moral implications. Biographical note on Johannes V. Jensen Johannes V. Jensen (1873-1950) developed his theories of evolution in a cycle of six novels, Den lange rejse (1908-22) [The Long Journey], which was published in a two-volume edition in 1938. From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. Johannes V. Jensen died on 25 November 1950. The Nobel Foundation's copyright has expired.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen	en	Johannes V. Jensen	https://upload.wikimedia…_Jensen_1944.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…_Jensen_1944.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Johannes_Vilhelm_Jensen_1944.jpg/220px-Johannes_Vilhelm_Jensen_1944.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Johannes_V_Jensen_1902.jpg/220px-Johannes_V_Jensen_1902.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2002-07-27T06:32:44+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen	Danish author (1873–1950) Not to be confused with German author Wilhelm Jensen (1837–1911). Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (Danish pronunciation: [joˈhænˀəs ˈvilhelˀm ˈjensn̩];[1] 20 January 1873 – 25 November 1950) was a Danish author, known as one of the great Danish writers of the first half of 20th century. He was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style".[2] One of his sisters, Thit Jensen, was also a well-known writer and a very vocal, and occasionally controversial, early feminist. Early years [edit] He was born in Farsø, a village in North Jutland, Denmark, as the son of a veterinary surgeon[3] and he grew up in a rural environment. While studying medicine at the University of Copenhagen he worked as a writer to fund his studies. After three years of studying he chose to change careers and devote himself fully to literature. Literary works [edit] The first phase of his work as an author was influenced by fin-de-siècle pessimism. His career began with the publication of Himmerland Stories (1898–1910), comprising a series of tales set in the part of Denmark where he was born. During 1900 and 1901 he wrote his first masterpiece, Kongens Fald (translated into English as The Fall of the King in 1933), a modern historical novel centred on King Christian II. Literary critic Martin Seymour-Smith said it is an "indictment of Danish indecision and lack of vitality, which Jensen saw as a national disease. Apart from this aspect of it, it is a penetrating study of sixteenth-century people."[4] In 1906 Jensen created his greatest literary achievement:[citation needed] the collection of verses Digte 1906 (i.e. Poems 1906), which introduced[citation needed] the prose poem to Danish literature. He also wrote poetry, a few plays, and many essays, chiefly on anthropology and the philosophy of evolution. His short story "Ane og Koen" ("Anne and the Cow") was translated into English by incarcerated author and translator Victor Folke Nelson in 1928.[5] He developed his theories of evolution in a cycle of six novels, Den lange rejse (1908–22), translated into English as The Long Journey (1923–24), which was published in a two-volume edition in 1938.[6] This is often considered his main work in prose, a daring and often impressive attempt to create a Darwinian alternative to the Biblical Genesis myth. In this work we see the development of mankind from the Ice Age to the times of Columbus, focusing on pioneering individuals. Like his compatriot Hans Christian Andersen, he travelled extensively; a trip to the United States inspired a poem of his, "Paa Memphis Station" [At the train station, Memphis, Tennessee], which is well known in Denmark. Walt Whitman was among the writers who influenced Jensen. Jensen later became an atheist.[7] Late career [edit] Jensen's most popular literary works were all completed before 1920,[citation needed] a year which also marks his initiation of the 'Museumcentre Aars' in the town of Aars in Himmerland. After this he mostly concentrated on ambitious biological and zoological studies in an effort to create an ethical system based upon Darwinian ideas. He also hoped to renew classical poetry. For many years he worked in journalism, writing articles and chronicles for the daily press without ever joining the staff of any newspaper. Nobel Prize in Literature [edit] In 1944 Johannes V. Jensen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style."[8] At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1945 Anders Österling, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy said: This child of the dry and windy moors of Jutland has, almost out of spite, astonished his contemporaries by a remarkably prolific production. He could well be considered one of the most fertile Scandinavian writers. He has constructed a vast and imposing literary œuvre, comprising the most diverse genres: epic and lyric, imaginative and realistic works, as well as historical and philosophical essays, not to mention his scientific excursions in all directions.[9] Jensen had been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature on 53 occasions, the first time in 1925. He was nominated every year between 1931 and 1944.[10] Legacy [edit] Jensen was a controversial figure in Danish cultural life. He was a reckless polemicist and his often dubious racial theories have damaged his reputation. However, he never showed any fascist leanings. Today Jensen is still considered the father of Danish modernism, particularly in the area of modern poetry with his introduction of the prose poem and his use of a direct and straightforward language. His direct influence was felt as late as the 1960s. Without being a Danish answer to Kipling, Hamsun or Sandburg, he bears comparison to all three authors. He combines the outlook of the regional writer with the view of the modern academic and scientific observer. He was famous for experimenting with the form of his writing, amongst other things. In a letter sent to publisher Ernst Bojesen in December 1900, he includes both a happy and sad face. It was in the 1900s that the design evolved from a basic eye and mouth design into a more recognizable design.[11] In 1999, The Fall of the King (1901) was acclaimed as the best Danish novel of the 20th century by the newspapers Politiken and Berlingske Tidende, independently of each other.[12] Johannes V. Jensen Land in Northern Greenland was named in his honor. Bibliography [edit] Danskere, 1896 Einar Elkjær, 1898 Himmerlandsfolk, 1898 Intermezzo, 1899 Kongens Fald, 1900–1901 – The Fall of the King Den gotiske renæssance, 1901 Skovene, 1904 Nye Himmerlandshistorier, 1904 Madame d'Ora, 1904 Hjulet, 1904 Digte, 1906 Eksotiske noveller, 1907–15 Den nye verden, 1907 Singaporenoveller, 1907 Myter, 1907–45 Nye myter, 1908 Den lange rejse, 1908–22 – The Long Journey – I: Den tabte land, 1919; II: Bræen, 1908; Norne Gæst, 1919; IV: Cimbrernes tog, 1922; V: Skibet, 1912; VI: Christofer Columbus, 1922 Lille Ahasverus, 1909 Himmerlandshistorier, Tredje Samling, 1910 Myter, 1910 Bo'l, 1910 Nordisk ånd, 1911 Myter, 1912 Rudyard Kipling, 1912 Der Gletscher, Ein Neuer Mythos Vom Ersten Menschen, 1912 - The Glacier, A New Myth Of The First Man Olivia Marianne, 1915 Introduktion til vor tidsalder, 1915 Skrifter, 1916 (8 vols.) Årbog, 1916, 1917 Johannes Larsen og hans billeder, 1920 Sangerinden, 1921 Den lange rejse, 1922–24 – The Long Journey Æstetik og udviking, 1923 Årstiderne, 1923 Hamlet, 1924 Myter, 1924 Skrifter, 1925 (5 vols.) Evolution og moral, 1925 Årets højtider, 1925 Verdens lys, 1926 Jørgine, 1926 Thorvaldsens portrætbuster, 1926 Dyrenes forvandling, 1927 Åndens stadier, 1928 Ved livets bred, 1928 Retninger i tiden, 1930 Den jyske blæst, 1931 Form og sjæl, 1931 På danske veje, 1931 Pisangen, 1932 Kornmarken, 1932 Sælernes ø, 1934 Det blivende, 1934 Dr. Renaults fristelser, 1935 Gudrun, 1936 Darduse, 1937 Påskebadet, 1937 Jydske folkelivsmalere, 1937 Thorvaldsen, 1938 Nordvejen, 1939 Fra fristaterne, 1939 Gutenberg, 1939 Mariehønen, 1941 Vor oprindelse, 1941 Mindets tavle, 1941 Om sproget og undervisningen, 1942 Kvinden i sagatiden, 1942 Folkeslagene i østen, 1943 Digte 1901–43, 1943 Møllen, 1943 Afrika, 1949 Garden Colonies in Denmark, 1949 Swift og Oehlenschläger, 1950 Mytens ring, 1951 Tilblivelsen, 1951 Works in English [edit] The Long Journey, vol 1–3, (Fire and Ice; The Cimbrians; Christopher Columbus) New York, 1924. Johannes V. Jensen (1933), The Fall of the King, translated by P. T. Federspiel; Patrick Kirwan, London, Wikidata Q124218629 Johannes V. Jensen (1958), The Waving Rye, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, Wikidata Q124218987 Johannes V. Jensen (1992), The Fall of the King, translated by Alan G. Bower, Wikidata Q104691326 References [edit]
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	11	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/biographical/	en	Johannes V. Jensen – Biographical	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	[ "https://www.nobelprize.org/images/jensen-13029-content-portrait-mobile-tiny.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/nobelprizes_2023-1024x676.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/biographical/	Johannes V. Jensen Biographical I was born on the 20th of January, 1873, in a village in North Jutland, the second son of the district veterinary surgeon, H. Jensen, a descendant on both sides of farmers and craftsmen. In 1893, at the age of twenty, I graduated from the Cathedral School of Viborg, and subsequently studied medicine for three years at the University of Copenhagen. I earned my living by my pen until it became necessary for me to choose between further studies and literature. The grounding in natural sciences which I obtained in the course of my medical studies, including preliminary examinations in botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry, was to become decisive in determining the trend of my literary work. My literary career began near the turn of the century with the publication of Himmerlandshistorier (1898-1910) [Himmerland Stories], comprising a series of tales set in that part of Denmark where I was born. This was followed in the years up to 1944 by «legends» and«myths» representing literary forms I have particularly liked, and of which nine volumes have appeared (Myter, 1907-45 [Myths]). I have also written poetry, a few plays, and many essays, chiefly on anthropology and the philosophy of evolution. For many years I was engaged in journalism, writing articles and chronicles for the daily press without ever joining the staff of any newspaper. Nor have I ever belonged to any political party. After extensive journeys to the East, to Malaya and China, and several visits to the United States, I inspired a change in the Danish literature and press by introducing English and American vigour, which was to replace the then dominant trend of decadent Gallicism. The essence of my literary work is to be found in my collection of poems, which may be regarded as a reaction against the fastidious style of the day bearing Baudelaire’s poisonous hall-mark. My poems represented a turn to simple style and sound subject matter (Digte, 1904-41, 1943 [Poems]). A probing analysis of the problems of evolution forms the basis of my prose. During half a century of literary work, I have endeavoured to introduce the philosophy of evolution into the sphere of literature, and to inspire my readers to think in evolutionary terms. I was prompted to do this because of the misinterpretation and distortion of Darwinism at the end of the 19th century. The concept of the Übermensch had disastrous consequences in that it led to two world wars, and was destroyed only with the collapse of Germany in 1945. In the course of opposing this fallacious doctrine, I have arrived at a new interpretation of the theory of evolution and its moral implications. Biographical note on Johannes V. Jensen Johannes V. Jensen (1873-1950) developed his theories of evolution in a cycle of six novels, Den lange rejse (1908-22) [The Long Journey], which was published in a two-volume edition in 1938. From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. Johannes V. Jensen died on 25 November 1950. The Nobel Foundation's copyright has expired.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	9	https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/scandinavian-literature-biographies/johannes-vilhelm-jensen	en	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen			[ "https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Get information", "facts", "and pictures", "about Johannes Vilhelm Jensen", "at Encyclopedia.com", "Make", "research", "projects", "and school reports", "about Johannes Vilhelm Jensen", "easy", "with credible", "articles", "from our FREE", "online encyclopedia and dictionary" ]	null	[]	null	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen [1] >Danish author Johannes Vilhem Jensen (1873-1950) was a prolific writer who >produced as many as 60 volumes of stories, novels, essays, and poems. A >former medical student, his works reflected his interests in science, >evolution, and anthropology.	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.ico		https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/scandinavian-literature-biographies/johannes-vilhelm-jensen	Danish author Johannes Vilhem Jensen (1873-1950) was a prolific writer who produced as many as 60 volumes of stories, novels, essays, and poems. A former medical student, his works reflected his interests in science, evolution, and anthropology. In his most important and best-known work, Den lange rejse ("The Long Journey"), a six-novel cycle written between 1908 and 1922, Jensen portrayed, in narrative fashion, his ideas on how humans developed in accordance with the theories of Charles Darwin. The lengthy and controversial work earned him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944. Early Life Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was born on January 20, 1873, in Farsø, Himmerland, a small village located in North Jutland, Denmark. He was the second son of the district veterinary surgeon, Hans Jensen, and Marie (Kirstine) Jensen. His family came from what has been described as old peasant stock. Both his mother and father descended from farmers and craftsmen. Until he was eleven years old, Jensen was schooled at home by his mother. His formal education began at the Cathedral School of Viborg, from where he graduated in 1893. Jensen then attended the University of Copenhagen from 1893 to 1898. For three years, he studied medicine and his curriculum included botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry. During his fourth year at the University, his interest turned to writing, and his scientific studies would greatly influence his future literary work. "The grounding in natural sciences which I obtained in the course of my medical studies … was to become decisive in determining the trend of my literary work," he wrote in an autobiographical essay when he received the Nobel Prize. Jensen was able to earn money with his writing and this, he later indicated, put him at a crossroads. He had to choose between continuing his scientific studies or pursuing a writing career. Jensen opted to become a writer instead of a doctor. Began Writing in College While still attending the University of Copenhagen, Jensen managed to write two novels: Danskere (1896) and Einar Elkjær (1898). Like much of his early writings, these works were set in his native province of Himmerland. Jensen's early output also included genre fiction. He wrote romantic stories and turned out a series of detective novels that were published in a weekly periodical under his pen name "Ivar Lykke." But it was for his stories, or "tales," that Jensen first gained his most favorable attention. Near the turn of the century, he began writing a series of stories that came to be called Himmerlandshistorier ("Himmerland Stories"). He produced these stories, which were set in the area of Denmark where he was born, between 1898 and 1910. The stories are categorized into three groups: tales from the Himmerland, (his birthplace), tales from his travels in the Far East, and the "Myths" tales. The Himmerland tales provided vivid depictions of the region's environment and people. During this period of his career, Jensen also worked as a journalist. He spent the summer of 1898 in Spain, working as a war correspondent, reporting on the Spanish-American war for the newspaper Politken. With all assignments, the apolitical Jensen worked on a freelance basis. He never joined the staff of any newspaper, nor did he align himself with any political party. But he infused his journalism with his own impressions and attitudes. In writing a series of articles from the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900, he expressed his enthusiasm for the modern and active lifestyle represented by the exhibition and the city. (These writings were collected and published as Den gotiske renæssance in 1901.) As a young writer, Jensen was prolific, turning out more than 100 "Myths," a literary form that he created that include elements of narrative and essay. As he was turning out these pieces, he also wrote what has come to be regarded as the most significant historical novel in Danish literature, Kongen's fald ("The Fall of the King"), written in 1900-01. Taking place in the 16th century, the work is a fictional trilogy, both lyrical and realistic, about the life of King Christian II of Denmark, the last ruler of the three Scandinavian countries, and about Mikkel Thøgersen, a student and later mercenary. Traveled Far and Wide Along with his writing activities, Jensen also traveled extensively. Like his academic studies, Jensen's travels profoundly influenced his writing. Between his first two novels, Jensen interrupted his university studies to take the first of several trips to the United States. These transatlantic visits exposed him to new technology and the impact it had on the American culture, and they inspired two novels: Madame d'Ora (1904) and Hjulet, ("The Wheel" [1905]). They also spurred his developing talent and, in turn, influenced the work of his Danish literary peers. "I inspired a change in the Danish literature and press by introducing English and American vigor, which was to replace the then dominant trend of decadent Gallicism," he recalled. Like fellow writer and countryman Hans Christian Anderson, Jensen traveled a great deal throughout his life. He made a second trip to the United States in 1903. He circled the globe in 1902-03, visited the Far East in 1912-13, and traveled to Egypt, Palestine, and North Africa in 1925-26. His trips to the Far East, which included visits to Malaya and China, and the subsequent writings, earned him the nickname of "Denmark's Kipling." Other Writings While producing his myths and novels, Jensen also wrote poetry, plays, and essays. He felt his poetry was a key to understanding his oeuvre. "The essence of my literary work is to be found in my collection of poems, which may be regarded as a reaction against the fastidious style of the day bearing Baudelaire's poisonous hallmark," he wrote. Specifically, Jensen meant that his poems represented a move toward a simpler style and a focus on deserving subject matter. (Charles Baudelaire's poetry, often described as romantic or decadent, was an extravagant commingling of the beautiful with the morbid, evil, or erotic.) Jensen's poetic influences included Goethe, Heine and the prose poems of the American poet Walt Whitman. Jensen also employed the Old Norse style poetics for his verse. In 1906, he published a volume, Digte ("Poems") that contained all the youthful poems. Later in his life, he published Digte, 1901-43. Jensen's essays were characterized by a poetic prose style and were collected—along with animal, travel, and nature sketches—in Myter ("Myths" [1907-1944]), which was published in eleven volumes. His essays, in particular, reflected his interest in anthropology and the philosophy of evolution. Embraced Darwin's Evolution Theory During the course of his studies and his writing career, Jensen became greatly interested in the work of Charles Darwin and evolution. When he received his Nobel in 1945, Jensen cited Darwin as "a man of science who has drawn a line between two epochs." Further, Jensen pointed out that, to Darwin, "evolution was not only the subject of a life's study but the very essence of life, proof of the inexhaustible richness and wonder of nature, revealed each day and taken to heart." In his vast literary output, one of Jensen's primary goals was to introduce the reader to the philosophy of evolution and to encourage them to think of life and nature in evolutionary terms. Most importantly to him, Jensen wanted to address Darwinism because he felt it was an important concept that had been seriously misinterpreted and distorted in the 19th century. In particular, he felt Darwinism was used to justify the concept of the Übermensch or, more specifically, the distortion of that particular concept into the idea of the "superman." Nietzsche developed the concept of Übermensch, or "Overman," to describe philosophically a transcendence over limitations imposed by traditional morality. The "Overman" accepts the idea that "God is dead" (i.e. that is Christian dogmas must be destroyed and that man must separate himself from the idea of God), and then can emotionally and psychologically accept this independence without succumbing to nihilism. The Overman responds by creating his own moral ideals and lives according to the principles of his "Will to Power." The result is complete independence. Nietzche's concepts were exploited in some quarters to advance the belief in biological superiority, and Darwinism was used as evidence to support this idea. "The concept of the Übermensch had disastrous consequences in that it led to two world wars, and was destroyed only with the collapse of Germany in 1945," wrote Jensen. To counter the damage done by the misconceptions or deliberate distortions, Jensen developed a new interpretation of the theory of evolution and its moral implications, and he communicated this interpretation in his literary works. His theories of evolution were delineated in his most important work: a cycle of six novels collectively called Den lange rejse ("The Long Journey"), written between 1908 and 1922 and published in a two-volume edition in 1938. A third volume was written between 1922 and 1924. (In all, the cycle included I: Den tabte land, (1919); II: Bræen, [1908]; Norne Gæst, [1919]; IV: Cimbrernes tog, [1922]; V: Skibet, [1912]; VI: Christofer Columbus, [1922]). In the work, Jensen placed an evolutionary interpretation upon biblical legends. The plot follows the emergence of man from the Ice Age and concludes with Columbus' discovery of America. The first book takes place in the pre-Ice Age warm climates and involves a Prometheus-like main character. The second book, a mythic recounting of the genesis of the Nordic race, involves an outcast who rediscovers fire and starts a new civilization. Later books depict the invention of land and sea vessels, the Roman Empire, and the Vikings. The work not only demonstrated his consummate skill as a literary artist but as an amateur anthropologist as well. It was this work that earned him the Nobel Prize. Jensen's own theories of evolution however, were considered questionable and generated some controversy. One of the work's major themes involved the idea that the ideal of an Edenic paradise developed from genetic memory, and paradise represented a longing for a return to the pre-ice age warm world. Received Nobel Prize In 1939 Jensen again visited the United States. The following year, the German army invaded Denmark and Jensen was compelled to destroy a great deal of his personal writings, as much of it was critical of Fascism and anti-Semitism. In 1944, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. In giving the award to Jensen, the Nobel Committee cited the "rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style." The ceremonies are held in Stockholm, Sweden, but no presentations were made that year because of the war. Jensen received his award the following year. In his acceptance speech, given at the Nobel Banquet at the City Hall in Stockholm, on December 10, 1945, Jensen cited the impact of Darwin, Alfred Nobel and the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus, the naturalist who has been called "the father of taxonomy." Linnaeus, Jensen said, "gave animals their proper names and, long before anyone had ever dreamt of evolution, classified monkeys, apes, and man under the name of primates. Passion for nature, for all that stirred and breathed, was the driving force in [his] genius. Whenever one reads of the determination of the species, or opens a book on natural science and history, in whatever language, one inevitably comes across the name of [Linnaeus]." Linnaeus, Jensen said, by designating the species as he did, provided the foundation that enabled Darwin to develop his theories on the origin of the species. As a literary influence, Jensen cited Adam Oehlenschläger, another great name in Danish literature that preceded him by a century. Died in Copenhagen Jensen's later works included Eksotiske noveller (1907-1917), which was based on travels in the Far East, and Jørgine (1926), a story of a deceived peasant girl who salvages her life by entering a loveless marriage and becomes a self-sacrificing mother. Selections were translated as The Waving Rye, which was published posthumously in 1958. In 1904, he married Else Marie Ulrik. They had three sons. Jensen died in Copenhagen on November 25, 1950. Online Johannes V. Jensen-Autobiography, Nobel e-Museum,http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/1944/jensen-autobio.html (December 14, 2003) Johannes V. Jensen - Banquet Speech, Nobel e-Museum,http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/1944/jensen-speech.html (December 14, 2003) Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Nobel-winners.com,http://www.nobel-winners.com/Literature/johannes_vilhelm_jensen.html (December 14, 2003) Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, AllRefer Encyclopedia,http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/J/Jensen-J.html (December 14, 2003) Johannes V. Jensen, Pegasos,http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jjensen.htm (December 14, 2003) Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, slider.com,http://www.slider.com/enc/27000/Jensen_Johannes_Vilhelm.htm (December 14, 2003) Johannes V. Jensen, Britannica.com,http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/302_10.html (December 14, 2003)
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	52	https://www.cobe.dk/news/cobe-wins-danish-rock-museum-competition	en	Cobe wins Danish Rock Museum competition	https://www.cobe.dk/favicon-32x32.png	https://www.cobe.dk/favicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.cobe.dk/uploads/news/_1058xAUTO_crop_center-center_84_none/4364/cobe_danish_rock_museum_news.webp" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2011-09-23T00:00:00	Cobe – News – Cobe wins Danish Rock Museum competition	en	/apple-touch-icon.png		https://cobe.dk/news/cobe-wins-danish-rock-museum-competition	Cobe and MVRDV win the competition to design Denmark’s new Rock Museum – the Rockmagnet – in Roskilde. The project transforms a former concrete factory into a multifunctional creative hub. Three new volumes will be added on top of the existing halls: The Danish Rock Museum, The Roskilde Festival Folkschool incl. student housing, and the headquarters of the famous Roskilde Rock Festival. They share program in a public creative communal house. The museum with a total of 3.000 m² will be completed as the first phase in 2015.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	0	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/facts/	en	Johannes V. Jensen – Facts	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	[ "https://www.nobelprize.org/images/jensen-13029-portrait-medium.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/nobelprizes_2023-1024x676.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/facts/	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 Residence at the time of the award: Denmark Prize motivation: “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style” Language: Danish Prize share: 1/1 Life Johannes Jensen was born in Farsø, on the Himmerland peninsula in northeastern Jutland, Denmark. After three years of medical studies in Copenhagen, he turned completely to writing. He wrote articles and columns for daily newspapers, and his travels included trips to Malaysia, China and the United States. For a short time, he was a correspondent in Spain for the Politiken newspaper. He eschewed permanent employment and never joined any political party. In 1904 he married Else Marie Ulrik, and they had three sons. Work Medical studies provided a scientific basis for Jensen’s writing, which included novels and poetry, but also articles, essays and travelogues. His career took off with Himmerlandshistorier (1898-1910) (Himmerland Stories), a series of stories that take place in the area where Jensen was born. Kongens Fald (The Fall of the King) intersperses historical facts about King Christian II of Denmark with lyrical elements, a technique also used in Myter (Myths), published in 11 volumes. Darwinism and the philosophy of evolution are themes in the series of novels about the evolution of human beings, Den lange rejse (1908–1922) (The Long Journey).
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	67	https://pennyspoetry.fandom.com/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling	en	Rudyard Kipling	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/pennyspoetry/images/8/80/Rudyard_Kipling_from_John_Palmer.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20140204021356	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/pennyspoetry/images/8/80/Rudyard_Kipling_from_John_Palmer.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20140204021356	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/pennyspoetry/images/8/80/Rudyard_Kipling_from_John_Palmer.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/307?cb=20140204021356", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/pennyspoetry/images/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/22?cb=20121104010057", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/pennyspoetry/images/1/13/Kipling_timecover1101260927_400.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/260?cb=20140204022402", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/pennyspoetry/images/1/18/Kipling_If_%28Doubleday_1910%29.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/280?cb=20130914011646", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/pennyspoetry/images/1/17/Rudyard_Kipling_-_Tommy_-_poem/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/335?cb=20170216215432", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Penny's poetry pages Wiki" ]	2024-07-03T16:38:30+00:00	Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 - 18 January 1936) was an English poet, short story writer, and novelist chiefly remembered for his celebration of British imperialism, tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his stories for children. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Penny's poetry pages Wiki	https://pennyspoetry.fandom.com/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling	Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 - 18 January 1936) was an English poet, short story writer, and novelist chiefly remembered for his celebration of British imperialism, tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his stories for children. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907.[1] Life[] Overview[] Kipling is best known for his works of fiction, including The Jungle Book (1894) (a collection of stories which includes "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"), Kim (1901) (a tale of adventure), many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888); and his poems, including "Mandalay" (1890), "Gunga Din" (1890), "The White Man's Burden" (1899) and "If--" (1910). He is regarded as a major "innovator in the art of the short story";[2] his children's books are enduring classics of children's literature; and his best works are said to exhibit "a versatile and luminous narrative gift".[3][4] Family, youth, education[] Kipling was born on 30 December 1865 in Bombay (now Mumbai), in British India to Alice (MacDonald) and John Lockwood Kipling.[5] Alice (1 of 4 remarkable Victorian sisters)[6] was a vivacious woman[7] about whom a future Viceroy of India would say, "Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room."[2] Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery designer, was the principal and professor of architectural sculpture at the newly-founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art and Industry in Bombay.[7] The couple, who had moved to India in the same year Rudyard was born, had met in courtship 2 years previously at Rudyard Lake in Rudyard, Staffordshire, England, and had been so taken by its beauty that they now named their firstborn after it. Kipling's maternal aunt, Georgiana, was married to painter Edward Burne-Jones and his aunt Agnes was married to painter Edward Poynter. His most famous relative was his first cousin, Stanley Baldwin, who was Conservative Prime Minister of the UK 3 times in the 1920s and 1930s.[8] Kipling's birth home still stands on the campus of the J.J. School of Art in Mumbai, and for many years was used as the Dean's residence. Mumbai historian Foy Nissen points out, however, that although the cottage bears a plaque stating that this is the site where Kipling was born, the original cottage was pulled down decades ago and a new one built in its place. The wooden bungalow has been empty and locked up for years.[9] Of Bombay, Kipling was to write:[10] Mother of Cities to me, For I was born in her gate, Between the palms and the sea, Where the world-end steamers wait. According to Bernice M. Murphy, "Kipling's parents considered themselves 'Anglo-Indians' (a term used in the 19th century for people of British origin living in India) and so too would their son, though he spent the bulk of his life elsewhere. Complex issues of identity and national allegiance would become prominent features in his fiction."[11] Kipling himself was to write about these conflicts: "In the afternoon heats before we took our sleep, she (the Portuguese ayah, or nanny) or Meeta (the Hindu bearer, or male attendant) would tell us stories and Indian nursery songs all unforgotten, and we were sent into the dining-room after we had been dressed, with the caution 'Speak English now to Papa and Mamma.' So one spoke 'English', haltingly translated out of the vernacular idiom that one thought and dreamed in".[12] Kipling's days of "strong light and darkness" in Bombay were to end when he was 5 years old.[12] As was the custom in British India, he and his 3-year-old sister, Alice (or "Trix"), were taken to England - in their case to Southsea (Portsmouth), to be cared for by a couple that took in children of British nationals living in India. The children would live with the couple, Captain and Mrs. Holloway, at their house, Lorne Lodge, for the next 6 years. In his autobiography, published some 65 years later, Kipling would recall this time with horror, and wonder ironically if the combination of cruelty and neglect he experienced there at the hands of Mrs. Holloway might not have hastened the onset of his literary life: If you cross-examine a child of seven or eight on his day's doings (specially when he wants to go to sleep) he will contradict himself very satisfactorily. If each contradiction be set down as a lie and retailed at breakfast, life is not easy. I have known a certain amount of bullying, but this was calculated torture - religious as well as scientific. Yet it made me give attention to the lies I soon found it necessary to tell: and this, I presume, is the foundation of literary effort.[12] Kipling's sister Trix fared better at Lorne Lodge as Mrs. Holloway apparently hoped that Trix would eventually marry the Holloway son.[13] The 2 children, however, did have relatives in England they could visit. They spent a month each Christmas with their maternal aunt Georgiana ("Georgy"), and her husband at their house, "The Grange" in Fulham, London, which Kipling was to call "a paradise which I verily believe saved me."[12] In the spring of 1877, Alice returned from India and removed the children from Lorne Lodge. Kipling remembers, "Often and often afterwards, the beloved Aunt would ask me why I had never told any one how I was being treated. Children tell little more than animals, for what comes to them they accept as eternally established. Also, badly-treated children have a clear notion of what they are likely to get if they betray the secrets of a prison-house before they are clear of it".[12] In January 1878 Kipling was admitted to the United Services College, at Westward Ho!, Devon, a school founded a few years earlier to prepare boys for the armed forces. The school proved rough going for him at first, but later led to firm friendships, and provided the setting for his schoolboy stories Stalky & Co. published many years later.[13] During his time there, Kipling also met and fell in love with Florence Garrard, a fellow boarder with Trix at Southsea (to which Trix had returned). Florence was to become the model for Maisie in Kipling's first novel, The Light that Failed (1891).[13] Towards the end of his stay at the school, it was decided that he lacked the academic ability to get into Oxford University on a scholarship[13] and his parents lacked the wherewithal to finance him.[7] Consequently, Lockwood obtained a job for his son in Lahore, Punjab]] (now in Pakistan), where Lockwood was now Principal of the Mayo College of Art and Curator of the Lahore Museum. Kipling was to be assistant editor of a small local newspaper, the Civil & Military Gazette. He sailed for India on 20 September 1882 and arrived in Bombay on 18 October 1882. He described this moment years later: "So, at sixteen years and nine months, but looking four or five years older, and adorned with real whiskers which the scandalised Mother abolished within one hour of beholding, I found myself at Bombay where I was born, moving among sights and smells that made me deliver in the vernacular sentences whose meaning I knew not. Other Indian-born boys have told me how the same thing happened to them."[12] This arrival changed Kipling, as he explains, "There were yet three or four days' rail to Lahore, where my people lived. After these, my English years fell away, nor ever, I think, came back in full strength".[12] Early travels[] The Civil and Military Gazette in Lahore, the newspaper which Kipling was to call "mistress and most true love,"[12] appeared 6 days a week throughout the year except for a 1-day break each for Christmas and Easter. Kipling was worked hard by the editor, Stephen Wheeler, but his need to write was unstoppable. In 1886, he published a collection of verse, Departmental Ditties. That year also brought a change of editors at the newspaper. Kay Robinson, the new editor, allowed more creative freedom and Kipling was asked to contribute short stories to the newspaper.[3] During the summer of 1883, Kipling visited Simla (now Shimla), well-known hill station and summer capital of British India. By then it was established practice for the Viceroy of India and the government to move to Simla for 6 months, and the town became a "centre of power as well as pleasure."[3] Kipling's family became yearly visitors to Simla and Lockwood Kipling was asked to serve in the Christ Church there. He returned to Simla for his annual leave each year from 1885 to 1888, and the town figured prominently in many of the stories Kipling was writing for the Gazette.[3] Kipling describes this time: "My month's leave at Simla, or whatever Hill Station my people went to, was pure joy - every golden hour counted. It began in heat and discomfort, by rail and road. It ended in the cool evening, with a wood fire in one's bedroom, and next mornâ€”thirty more of them ahead! - the early cup of tea, the Mother who brought it in, and the long talks of us all together again. One had leisure to work, too, at whatever play-work was in one's head, and that was usually full."[12] Back in Lahore, some thirty-nine stories appeared in the Gazette between November 1886 and June 1887. Most of these stories were included in Plain Tales from the Hills, which was published in Calcutta in January 1888, a month after his 22nd birthday. Kipling's time in Lahore, however, had come to an end. In November 1887, he had been transferred to the Gazette's much larger sister newspaper, The Pioneer, in Allahabad in the United Provinces. His writing continued at a frenetic pace and during the following year, he published 6 collections of short stories: Soldiers Three, The Story of the Gadsbys, In Black and White, Under the Deodars, The Phantom Rickshaw, and Wee Willie Winkie, containing a total of 41 stories, some quite long. In addition, as The Pioneer's special correspondent in western region of Rajputana, he wrote many sketches that were later collected in Letters of Marque and published in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel.[3] In early 1889, The Pioneer relieved Kipling of his charge over a dispute. For his part, Kipling had been increasingly thinking about the future. He sold the rights to his six volumes of stories for Â£200 and a small royalty, and the Plain Tales for Â£50; in addition, from The Pioneer, he received six-months' salary in lieu of notice.[12] He decided to use this money to make his way to London, the centre of the literary universe in the British Empire. On 9 March 1889, Kipling left India, travelling first to San Francisco via Rangoon, Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan. He then travelled through the United States writing articles for The Pioneer that too were collected in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel. Starting his American travels in San Francisco, Kipling journeyed north to Portland, Oregon; on to Seattle, Washington; up into Canada, to Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia; back into the U.S. to Yellowstone National Park; down to Salt Lake City; then east to Omaha, Nebraska and on to Chicago, Illinois; then to Beaver, Pennsylvania, on the Ohio River to visit the Hill family; from there he went to Chautauqua with Professor Hill, and later to Niagara Falls, Toronto, Washington, D.C., New York and Boston.[14] In the course of this journey he met Mark Twain in Elmira, New York, and felt awed in his presence. Kipling then crossed the Atlantic, and reached Liverpool in October 1889. Soon thereafter, he made his debut in the London literary world to great acclaim.[2] Career as a writer[] London[] In London, Kipling had several stories accepted by various magazine editors. He also found a place to live for the next 2 years: Meantime, I had found me quarters in Villiers Street, Strand, which forty-six years ago was primitive and passionate in its habits and population. My rooms were small, not over-clean or well-kept, but from my desk I could look out of my window through the fanlight of Gatti's Music-Hall entrance, across the street, almost on to its stage. The Charing Cross trains rumbled through my dreams on one side, the boom of the Strand on the other, while, before my windows, Father Thames under the Shot Tower walked up and down with his traffic.[15] In the next 2 years, and in short order, he published a novel, The Light that Failed; had a nervous breakdown; and met an American writer and publishing agent, Wolcott Balestier, with whom he collaborated on a novel, The Naulahka (a title he uncharacteristically misspelt; see below).[7] In 1891, on the advice of his doctors, Kipling embarked on another sea voyage visiting South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and once again India. However, he cut short his plans for spending Christmas with his family in India when he heard of Wolcott Balestier's sudden death from typhoid fever, and immediately decided to return to London. Before his return, he had used the telegram to propose to and be accepted by Wolcott's sister Caroline (Carrie) Balestier, whom he had met a year earlier, and with whom he had apparently been having an intermittent romance.[7] Meanwhile, late in 1891, his collection of short stories of the British in India, Life's Handicap, was also published in London.(Citation needed) On 18 January 1892, Carrie Balestier (aged 29) and Rudyard Kipling (aged 26) were married in London, in the "thick of an influenza epidemic, when the undertakers had run out of black horses and the dead had to be content with brown ones."[12] The wedding was held at All Souls Church, Langham Place. Henry James gave the bride away.(Citation needed) United States[] The couple settled upon a honeymoon that would take them first to the United States (including a stop at the Balestier family estate near Brattleboro, Vermont) and then on to Japan.[7] However, when they arrived in Yokohama, Japan, they discovered that their bank, The New Oriental Banking Corporation, had failed. Taking their loss in stride, they returned to the U.S., back to Vermont - Carrie by this time was pregnant with their first child - and rented a small cottage on a farm near Brattleboro for ten dollars a month. According to Kipling, "We furnished it with a simplicity that fore-ran the hire-purchase system. We bought, second or third hand, a huge, hot-air stove which we installed in the cellar. We cut generous holes in our thin floors for its eight inch tin pipes (why we were not burned in our beds each week of the winter I never can understand) and we were extraordinarily and self-centredly content."[12] In this cottage, Bliss Cottage, their first child, Josephine, was born "in three foot of snow on the night of 29 December 1892. Her Mother's birthday being the 31st and mine the 30th of the same month, we congratulated her on her sense of the fitness of things ..."[12] It was also in this cottage that the beginnings of the Jungle Books came to Kipling: "workroom in the Bliss Cottage was seven feet by eight, and from December to April the snow lay level with its window-sill. It chanced that I had written a tale about Indian Forestry work which included a boy who had been brought up by wolves. In the stillness, and suspense, of the winter of '92 some memory of the Masonic Lions of my childhood's magazine, and a phrase in Haggard's Nada the Lily, combined with the echo of this tale. After blocking out the main idea in my head, the pen took charge, and I watched it begin to write stories about Mowgli and animals, which later grew into the two Jungle Books ".[12] With Josephine's arrival, Bliss Cottage was felt to be congested, so eventually the couple bought land - Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSoffNa on a rocky hillside overlooking the Connecticut River - from Carrie's brother Beatty Balestier, and built their own house. Kipling named the house "Naulakha" in honour of Wolcott and of their collaboration, and this time the name was spelled correctly.[7] From his early years in Lahore (1882-1887), Kipling had become enthused by the Mughal architecture[16] especially the Naulakha pavilion situated in Lahore Fort, which eventually became an inspiration for the title of his novel as well as the house.[17] The house still stands on Kipling Road, three miles (5 km) north of Brattleboro in Dummerston: a big, secluded, dark-green house, with shingled roof and sides, which Kipling called his "ship", and which brought him "sunshine and a mind at ease."[7] His seclusion in Vermont, combined with his healthy "sane clean life", made Kipling both inventive and prolific. In the short span of 4 years, he produced, in addition to the Jungle Books, the short story collection The Day's Work, the novel Captains Courageous, and a profusion of poetry, including the volume The Seven Seas. The collection of Barrack-Room Ballads, originally published individually for the most part in 1890, which contains his poems "Mandalay" and "Gunga Din" was issued in March 1892. He especially enjoyed writing the Jungle Books - both masterpieces of imaginative writing - and enjoyed, too, corresponding with the many children who wrote to him about them.[7] The writing life in Naulakha was occasionally interrupted by visitors, including his father, who visited soon after his retirement in 1893,[7] and British author Arthur Conan Doyle, who brought his golf-clubs, stayed for 2 days, and gave Kipling an extended golf lesson.[18][19] Kipling seemed to take to golf, occasionally practising with the local Congregational minister, and even playing with red painted balls when the ground was covered in snow.[5][19] However, the latter game was "not altogether a success because there were no limits to a drive; the ball might skid 2 miles (3 km) down the long slope to Connecticut river."[5] From all accounts, Kipling loved the outdoors,[7] not least of whose marvels in Vermont was the turning of the leaves each fall. He described this moment in a letter: "A little maple began it, flaming blood-red of a sudden where he stood against the dark green of a pine-belt. Next morning there was an answering signal from the swamp where the sumacs grow. Three days later, the hill-sides as fast as the eye could range were afire, and the roads paved, with crimson and gold. Then a wet wind blew, and ruined all the uniforms of that gorgeous army; and the oaks, who had held themselves in reserve, buckled on their dull and bronzed cuirasses and stood it out stiffly to the last blown leaf, till nothing remained but pencil-shadings of bare boughs, and one could see into the most private heart of the woods."[20] In February 1896, the couple's 2nd daughter, Elsie, was born. By this time, according to several biographers, their marital relationship was no longer light-hearted and spontaneous.[21] Although they would always remain loyal to each other, they seemed now to have fallen into set roles.[7] In a letter to a friend who had become engaged around this time, the 30 year old Kipling offered this sombre counsel: marriage principally taught "the tougher virtues - such as humility, restraint, order, and forethought."[22] The Kiplings loved life in Vermont and might have lived out their lives there, were it not for 2 incidents - 1 of global politics, the other of family discord - that hastily ended their time there. By the early 1890s, the United Kingdom and Venezuela had long been locking horns over a border dispute involving British Guiana. Several times, the U.S. had offered to arbitrate, but in 1895 the new American Secretary of State Richard Olney upped the ante by arguing for the American "right" to arbitrate on grounds of sovereignty on the continent (see the Olney interpretation as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine).[7] This raised hackles in the UK and before long the incident had snowballed into a major Anglo-American crisis, with talk of war on both sides. Although the crisis led to greater U.S.-British cooperation, at the time Kipling was bewildered by what he felt was persistent anti-British sentiment in the U.S., especially in the press.[7] He wrote in a letter that it felt like being "aimed at with a decanter across a friendly dinner table."[22] By January 1896, he had decided, according to his official biographer,[5] to end his family's "good wholesome life" in the U.S. and seek their fortunes elsewhere. A family dispute became the final straw. For some time, the relations between Carrie and her brother Beatty Balestier had been strained on account of his drinking and insolvency. In May 1896, an inebriated Beatty ran into Kipling on the street and threatened him with physical harm.[7] The incident led to Beatty's eventual arrest, but in the subsequent hearing, and the resulting publicity, Kipling's privacy was completely destroyed, and left him feeling both miserable and exhausted. In July 1896, a week before the hearing was to resume, the Kiplings hurriedly packed their belongings and left Naulakha, Vermont, and the U.S. for good.[5] Devon[] Back in England, in September 1896, the Kiplings found themselves in Torquay on the coast of Devon, in a hillside home overlooking the sea. Although Kipling did not much care for his new house, whose design, he claimed, left its occupants feeling dispirited and gloomy, he managed to remain productive and socially active.[7] Kipling was now a famous man, and in the previous 2 or 3 years, had increasingly been making political pronouncements in his writings. His son, John, was born in August 1897. He had also begun work on 2 poems, "Recessional" (1897) and "The White Man's Burden" (1899) which were to create controversy when published. Regarded by some as anthems for enlightened and duty-bound empire-building (that captured the mood of the Victorian age), the poems equally were regarded by others as propaganda for brazenfaced imperialism and its attendant racial attitudes; still others saw irony in the poems and warnings of the perils of empire.[7] Take up the White Man's burden - Send forth the best ye breed - Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild - Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. The White Man's Burden[23] There was also foreboding in the poems, a sense that all could yet come to naught.[24] Far-called, our navies melt away; On dune and headland sinks the fire: Lo, all our pomp of yesterday Is one with Nineveh and Tyre! Judge of the Nations, spare us yet. Lest we forget - lest we forget! -Recessional[25] A prolific writer during his time in Torquay, he also wrote Stalky & Co., a collection of school stories (born of his experience at the United Services College in Westward Ho!) whose juvenile protagonists displayed a know-it-all, cynical outlook on patriotism and authority. According to his family, Kipling enjoyed reading aloud stories from Stalky & Co. to them, and often went into spasms of laughter over his own jokes.[7] South Africa[] In early 1898 Kipling and his family travelled to South Africa for their winter holiday, thus beginning an annual tradition which (excepting the following year) was to last until 1908. With his newly minted reputation as the poet of the Empire, Kipling was warmly received by some of the most influential politicians of the Cape Colony, including Cecil Rhodes, Sir Alfred Milner, and Leander Starr Jameson. In turn, Kipling cultivated their friendship and came to greatly admire all three men and their politics. The period 1898-1910 was a crucial one in the history of South Africa and included the Second Boer War (1899-1902), the ensuing peace treaty, and the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. Back in England, Kipling wrote poetry in support of the British cause in the Boer War and on his next visit to South Africa in early 1900, he helped start a newspaper, The Friend, for Lord Roberts for the British troops in Bloemfontein, the newly captured capital of the Orange Free State. Although his journalistic stint was to last only 2 weeks, it was the first time Kipling would work on a newspaper staff since he left The Pioneer in Allahabad more than ten years earlier[7] and at The Friend he made lifelong friendships with Perceval Landon, H. A. Gwynne and others.[26] He also wrote articles published more widely expressing his views on the conflict.[27] Kipling penned an inscription for the Honoured Dead Memorial (Siege memorial) in Kimberley. Sussex[] In 1902, Rudyard Kipling bought Batemans, a house built in 1634 and located in rural Burwash, East Sussex, England. The house, along with the surrounding buildings, the mill and Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSoffNa was purchased for £9,300. It had no bathroom, no running water upstairs, and no electricity but Kipling loved it. "Behold us, lawful owners of a grey stone lichened house - A.D. 1634 over the door - beamed, panelled, with old oak staircase, and all untouched and unfaked. It is a good and peaceable place," he wrote in November 1902. "We have loved it ever since our first sight of it." [28][29] Other writing[] Kipling began collecting material for another of his children's classics, Just So Stories for Little Children. That work was published in 1902, and another of his enduring works, Kim, first saw the light of day the previous year. On a visit to the United States in 1899, Kipling and Josephine developed pneumonia, from which she eventually died. During the First World War, he wrote a booklet The Fringes of the Fleet[30] containing essays and poems on various nautical subjects of the war. Some of the poems were set to music by English composer Sir Edward Elgar. Kipling wrote 2 science fiction short stories, With the Night Mail (1905) and As Easy As A. B. C (1912), both set in the 21st century in Kipling's Aerial Board of Control universe. These read like modern hard science fiction.[31] In 1934 he published a short story in Strand Magazine, "Proofs of Holy Writ", which postulated that William Shakespeare had helped to polish the prose of the King James Bible.[32] In the non-fiction realm he also became involved in the debate over the British response to the rise in German naval power, publishing a series of articles in 1898 which were collected as A Fleet in Being. Peak of his career[] The opening decade of the 20th century saw Kipling at the height of his popularity. In 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. The prize citation said: "In consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author." Nobel prizes had been established in 1901 and Kipling was the first English language recipient. At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1907, the permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy praised both Kipling and 3 centuries of English literature:[33] The Swedish Academy, in awarding the Nobel Prize in Literature this year to Rudyard Kipling, desires to pay a tribute of homage to the literature of England, so rich in manifold glories, and to the greatest genius in the realm of narrative that that country has produced in our times. "Book-ending" this achievement was the publication of 2 connected poetry and story collections: Puck of Pook's Hill and Rewards and Fairies in 1906 and 1910 respectively. The latter contained the poem "If--".[34] This exhortation to self-control and stoicism is arguably Kipling's most famous poem. In a 1995 BBC opinion poll, it was voted the UK's favourite poem. Kipling sympathised with the anti-Home Rule stance of Irish Unionists. He was friends with Edward Carson, the Dublin-born leader of Ulster Unionism, who raised the Ulster Volunteers to oppose "Home Rule" in Ireland. Kipling wrote the poem "Ulster" in 1912 reflecting this. Kipling was a staunch opponent of Bolshevism, a position he shared with his friend Henry Rider Haggard. The 2 had bonded upon Kipling's arrival in London in 1889 largely on the strength of their shared opinions, and they remained lifelong friends. Many have wondered why he was never made Poet Laureate. Some claim that he was offered the post during the interregnum of 1892-96 and turned it down. At the beginning of World War I, like many other writers, Kipling wrote pamphlets which enthusiastically supported the UK's war aims. Freemasonry[] According to the English magazine Masonic Illustrated, Kipling became a Freemason in about 1885, some 6 months prior to the usual minimum age of 21.[35] He was initiated into Hope and Perseverance Lodge No. 782 in Lahore. He later wrote to The Times , "I was Secretary for some years of the Lodge . . . , which included Brethren of at least four creeds. I was entered [as an Apprentice] by a member from Brahmo Somaj, a Hindu, passed [to the degree of Fellow Craft] by a Mohammedan, and raised [to the degree of Master Mason] by an Englishman. Our Tyler was an Indian Jew." Kipling so loved his masonic experience that he memorialised its ideals in his famous poem, "The Mother Lodge".[36] Effects of the First World War[] Kipling's only son, John, died in 1915 at the Battle of Loos. John's death inspired Kipling's poem, "My Boy Jack", and the incident became the basis for the play My Boy Jack and its subsequent television adaptation, along with the documentary Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale. Until 1992, John's burial place was unknown, but then the Commonwealth War Graves Commission reported that it had located his final resting place, but there was controversy over whether this identification was correct and if the officer buried there was John. However, in 2002 the Commonwealth War Graves Commission confirmed that the grave is in fact that of Lieutenant John Kipling.[37] After his son's death, he also wrote, "If any question why we died/ Tell them, because our fathers lied." It is speculated that these words may reveal Kipling's feelings of guilt at his role in getting John a commission in the Irish Guards, despite his initially having been rejected by the army because of his poor eyesight, and his having exerted great influence to have his son accepted for officer training at the age of only 17.[38] Partly in response to this tragedy, Kipling joined Sir Fabian Ware's Imperial War Graves Commission (now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission), the group responsible for the garden-like British war graves that can be found to this day dotted along the former Western Front and all the other locations around the world where troops of the British Empire lie buried. Kipling's most significant contribution to the project was his selection of the biblical phrase "Their Name Liveth For Evermore" (Sirach 44.14, KJV) found on the Stones of Remembrance in larger war graves and his suggestion of the phrase "Known unto God" for the gravestones of unidentified servicemen. He chose the inscription "The Glorious Dead" on the Cenotaph, Whitehall, London. He also wrote a two-volume history of the Irish Guards, his son's regiment, that was published in 1923 and is considered to be one of the finest examples of regimental history.[39] Kipling's moving short story, "The Gardener", depicts visits to the war cemeteries, and the poem "The King's Pilgrimage" (1922) depicts a journey made by King George V, touring the cemeteries and memorials under construction by the Imperial War Graves Commission. With the increasing popularity of the automobile, Kipling became a motoring correspondent for the British press, and wrote enthusiastically of his trips around England and abroad, even though he was usually driven by a chauffeur. Kipling became friends with a French soldier whose life had been saved in the First World War when his copy of Kim, which he had in his left breast pocket, stopped a bullet. The soldier presented Kipling with the book (with bullet still embedded) and his Croix de Guerre as a token of gratitude. They continued to correspond, and when the soldier, Maurice Hammoneau, had a son, Kipling insisted on returning the book and medal.[40] In 1922, Kipling, who had made reference to the work of engineers in some of his poems and writings, was asked by a University of Toronto civil engineering professor for his assistance in developing a dignified obligation and ceremony for graduating engineering students. Kipling was very enthusiastic in his response and shortly produced both, formally entitled "The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer". Today, engineering graduates all across Canada are presented with an iron ring at the ceremony as a reminder of their obligation to society.[41] The same year Kipling became Lord Rector of St Andrews University in Scotland, a three-year position. Death[] Kipling kept writing until the early 1930s, but at a slower pace and with much less success than before. He died of a perforated duodenal ulcer on 18 January 1936,[42] 2 days before George V, at the age of 70. (His death had in fact previously been incorrectly announced in a magazine, to which he wrote, "I've just read that I am dead. Don't forget to delete me from your list of subscribers.") Writing[] Various writers, most notably Edmund Candler, were very strongly influenced by the works of Kipling. T.S. Eliot, a very different poet, edited A Choice of Kipling's Verse (1943), although in doing so he commented that "we have to defend Kipling against the charge of excessive lucidity," against "the charge of being a 'journalist' appealing only to the commonest collective emotion," and against "the charge of writing jingles."[43] Kipling's stories for adults also remain in print and have garnered high praise from writers as different as Poul Anderson, Jorge Luis Borges, and George Orwell. His children's stories remain popular; and Kipling's work continues to be highly popular today. Recognition[] Rudyard Kipling was one of the most popular writers in England, in both prose and verse, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[2] Henry James said of him: "Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius (as distinct from fine intelligence) that I have ever known."[2] In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, making him the first English language writer to receive the prize, and to date he remains its youngest recipient.[44] Among other honours, he was sounded out for the post of Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom, and on several occasions for a knighthood, all of which he declined.[45] On 23 January 1936, Kipling's ashes were buried in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.[46] 3 of his poems ("A Dedication," "L'Envoi," and "Recessional") were included in the Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1900.[47] Kipling's subsequent reputation has changed according to the political and social climate of the age[48][49] and the resulting contrasting views about him continued for much of the 20th century.[50][51] A young George Orwell called him a "prophet of British imperialism".[52] According to critic Douglas Kerr: "He is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary and cultural history is far from settled. But as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced. That, and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts, make him a force to be reckoned with."[53] In 2010, the International Astronomical Union approved that a crater on the planet Mercury would be named after Kipling - one of ten newly discovered impact craters observed by the MESSENGER spacecraft in 2008-9.[54] Kipling is often quoted in discussions of contemporary political and social issues. Political singer-songwriter Billy Bragg, who attempts to reclaim English nationalism from the right-wing, has reclaimed Kipling for an inclusive sense of Englishness.[55] Kipling's enduring relevance has been especially noted in the United States as it has become involved in Afghanistan and other areas about which he wrote.[56][57][58] [] Kipling's links with the Scouting movements were strong. Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, used many themes from The Jungle Book stories and Kim in setting up his junior movement, the Wolf Cubs. These connections still exist today. Not only is the movement named after Mowgli's adopted wolf family, the adult helpers of Wolf Cub Packs adopt names taken from The Jungle Book, especially the adult leader who is called Akela after the leader of the Seeonee wolf pack.[59] Kipling's home at Burwash[] After the death of Kipling's wife in 1939, his house, "Bateman's" in Burwash, East Sussex was bequeathed to the National Trust and is now a public museum dedicated to the author. Elsie, the only one of his three children to live past the age of eighteen, died childless in 1976, and bequeathed her copyrights to the National Trust. There is a thriving Kipling Society in the United Kingdom and also one in Australia. Sir Kingsley Amis wrote a poem entitled 'Kipling at Bateman's', which was the product of a visit to his house in Burwash - a village where Amis' father had lived briefly in the 1960s. Amis and a BBC television crew went to make a short film in a series of films about writers and their houses. According to Zachary Leader's 'The Life of Kingsley Amis': 'Bateman's made a strong negative impression on the whole crew, and Amis decided that he would dislike spending even twenty-four hours there. The visit is recounted in Rudyard Kipling and his World (1975), a short study of Kipling's Life and Writings. Amis's view of Kipling's career is like his view of Chesterton's: the writing that mattered was early, in Kipling's case from the period 1885-1902. After 1902, the year of the move to Bateman's, not only did the work decline but Kipling found himself increasingly at odds with the world, changes Amis attributes in part to the depressing atmosphere of the house.[60] Reputation in India[] In modern-day India, whence he drew much of his material, his reputation remains controversial, especially amongst modern nationalists and some post-colonial critics. Other contemporary Indian intellectuals such as Ashis Nandy have taken a more nuanced view of his work. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, 1st Prime Minister of India, always described Kipling's novel Kim as his favourite book.[61][62] G V Desani, a canonical Indian writer of fiction, had a condescending opinion of Kipling. He alluded to Kipling in his novel, All About H. Hatterr, thus: I happen to pick up R. Kipling's autobiographical "Kim." Therein, this self-appointed whiteman's burden-bearing sherpa feller's stated how, in the Orient, blokes hit the road and think nothing of walking a thousand miles in search of something. Well-known Indian historian and writer Khushwant Singh wrote in 2001 that he considers Kipling's If-- "the essence of the message of The Gita in English".[63] The text Singh refers to is the Bhagavad Gita, an ancient Indian scripture. In November 2007, it was announced that Kipling's birth home in the campus of the J J School of Art in Mumbai will be turned into a museum celebrating the author and his works.[64] Swastika in old editions[] Many older editions of Rudyard Kipling's books have a swastika printed on their covers associated with a picture of an elephant carrying a lotus flower. Since the 1930s this has raised the possibility of Kipling being mistaken for a Nazi-sympathiser, though the Nazi party did not adopt the swastika until 1920. Kipling's use of the swastika was based on the Indian sun symbol conferring good luck and well-being; the word derived from the Sanskrit word svastika meaning "auspicious object". He used the swastika symbol in both right- and left-facing orientations, and it was in general use at the time.[65][66] Even before the Nazis came to power, Kipling ordered the engraver to remove it from the printing block so that he should not be thought of as supporting them. Less than one year before his death Kipling gave a speech (titled "An Undefended Island") to The Royal Society of St George on 6 May 1935 warning of the danger Nazi Germany posed to the UK.[67] In popular culture[] His Jungle Books have been made into several movies. The earliest was made by producer Alexander Korda, and other films have been produced by the Walt Disney Company. A number of his poems were set to music by Percy Grainger. A series of short films based on some of his stories was broadcast by the BBC in 1964.[68] Publications[] Main article: Rudyard Kipling bibliography Poetry[] Schoolboy Lyrics. India: privately printed, 1881. Echoes: By two writers (with sister, Beatrice Kipling). Lahore, India: Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1884. Departmental Ditties and other verses.Lahore, India: Civil & Military Gazette Press, 1886 2nd edition, enlarged. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1886, 3rd edition, further enlarged, 1888 4th edition, still further enlarged. London: W. Thacker / Calcutta Thacker, Spink, 1890; 10th edition, 1898. Departmental Ditties, Barrack-Room Ballads, and other verses (contains the 50 poems of the 4th edition of Departmental Ditties and other verses and 17 new poems later published as Ballads and Barrack-Room Ballads). United States Book Co., 1890 revised edition published as Departmental Ditties and Ballads and Barrack-Room Ballads. Doubleday McClure, 1899. Ballads and Barrack-Room Ballads. London: Macmillan, 1892 new edition, with additional poems, 1893 published as The Complete Barrack-Room Ballads of Rudyard Kipling (edited by Charles Carrington). Methuen, 1973; also published as Barrack Room Ballads, and other verses. White Rose Press, 1987. The Rhyme of True Thomas. New York: D. Appleton, 1894. The Seven Seas. New York: D. Appleton, 1896; Longwood Publishing Group, 1978. Recessional (Victorian ode in commemoration of Queen Victoria's Jubilee). M.F. Mansfield, 1897. Mandalay (drawings by Blanche McManus). M.F. Mansfield, 1898; Doubleday, Page, 1921. Verses 1889-1896. New York: Scribner, 1898.[69] The Betrothed (drawings by Blanche McManus). M.F. Mansfield and A. Wessells, 1899. Poems, Ballads, and other verses (illustrations by V. Searles)., H.M. Caldwell, 1899. Belts. A. Grosset, 1899. Cruisers. New York: Doubleday McClure, 1899. The Reformer. Doubleday, Page, 1901. The Lesson. Doubleday, Page, 1901. The Five Nations. Doubleday, Page, 1903. The Muse among the Motors. Doubleday, Page, 1904. The Sons of Martha. Doubleday, Page, 1907. Collected Verse of Rudyard Kipling. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Page, 1907; Toronto: Copp Clark, 1907. The City of Brass. Doubleday, Page, 1909. Cuckoo Song. Doubleday, Page, 1909. A Patrol Song. Doubleday, Page, 1909. A Song of the English (illustrations by W. Heath Robinson). Doubleday, Page, 1909. If. Doubleday, Page, 1910; reprinted, Doubleday, 1959. The Declaration of London. Doubleday, Page, 1911. The Spies' March. Doubleday, Page, 1911. Three Poems (contains "The River's Tale," "The Roman Centurion Speaks," and "The Pirates in England"). Doubleday, Page, 1911. Songs from Books. Doubleday, Page, 1912. An Unrecorded Trial. Doubleday, Page, 1913. For All We Have and Are. Methuen, 1914. The Children's Song. Macmillan, 1914. A Nativity. Doubleday, Page, 1917. A Pilgrim's Way. Doubleday, Page, 1918. The Supports. Doubleday, Page, 1919. The Years Between. Doubleday, Page, 1919. The Gods of the Copybook Headings. Doubleday, Page, 1919; reprinted, 1921. The Scholars. Doubleday, Page, 1919. Great-Heart. Doubleday, Page, 1919. Danny Deever. Doubleday, Page, 1921. The King's Pilgrimage. Doubleday, Page, 1922. Chartres Windows. Doubleday, Page, 1925. A Choice of Songs. Doubleday, Page, 1925. Sea and Sussex (with an introductory poem by the author and illustrations by Donald Maxwell). Doubleday, Page, 1926. A Rector's Memory. Doubleday, Page, 1926. Supplication of the Black Aberdeen (illustrations by G.L. Stampa). Doubleday, Doran, 1929. The Church That Was at Antioch. Doubleday, Doran, 1929. The Tender Achilles. Doubleday, Doran, 1929. Unprofessional. Doubleday, Page, 1930. The Day of the Dead. Doubleday, Doran, 1930. Neighbours. Doubleday, Doran, 1932. The Storm Cone. Doubleday, Doran, 1932. His Apologies (illustrations by Cecil Aldin). Doubleday, Doran, 1932. The Fox Meditates. Doubleday, Doran, 1933. To the Companions. Doubleday, Doran, 1933. Bonfires on the Ice. Doubleday, Doran, 1933. Our Lady of the Sackcloth. Doubleday, Doran, 1935. Hymn of the Breaking Strain. Doubleday, Doran, 1935. Doctors, The Waster, The Flight, Cain and Abel, [and] The Appeal. Doubleday, Doran, 1939. A Choice of Kipling's Verse (selected and introduced by T.S. Eliot). London: Faber, 1941; New York: Scribner, 1943. B.E.L.. Doubleday, Doran, 1944. Poems. Avenel, 1995. Novels[] The Light That Failed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1891 revised edition, Macmillan, 1891; reprinted, Penguin, 1988. The Naulahka: A Story of West and East (With Wolcott Balestier). Macmillan, 1892; reprinted, Doubleday, Page, 1925. Greenhow Hill. Philadelphia: Altemus, [1890's].[69] The Incarnation of Krishna Mulvaney. New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1899.[69] Kim (illustrations by father, J. Lockwood Kipling). Doubleday, Page, 1901 new edition (illustrations by Stuart Tresilian). Macmillan, 1958 reprinted (with introduction by Alan Sandison). Oxford University Press, 1987. Short Fiction[] In Black and White. Allahabad, India: A.H. Wheeler, 1888; 1st American edition, Lovell, 1890. Plain Tales from the Hills. Thacker, Spink, 1888 2nd edition, revised, 1889 1st English edition, revised, Macmillan, 1890 1st American edition, revised, Doubleday McClure, 1899 reprint (edited by H.R. Woudhuysen). Penguin, 1987. The Phantom 'Rickshaw, and other tales. A.H. Wheeler, 1888 revised edition, 1890, reprinted, Hurst, 1901. Soldiers Three: A Collection of Stories Setting Forth Certain Passages in the Lives and Adventures of Privates Terence Mulvaney, Stanley Ortheris, and John Learoyd. A.H. Wheeler, 1888. Part I, Part II. 1st American edition, revised, Lovell, 1890; reprinted, Belmont, 1962. Under the Deodars. A.H. Wheeler, 1888 1st American edition, enlarged, Lovell, 1890. The Story of the Gadsbys: A tale with no plot. A.H. Wheeler, 1888; 1st American edition, Lovell, 1890. Indian Tales. New York: U.S. Book Co., 1890.[69] The Courting of Dinah Shadd and other stories (with a biographical and critical sketch by Andrew Lang). Harper, 1890; reprinted, Books for Libraries, 1971. His Private Honour. Macmillan, 1891. The Smith Administration. A.H. Wheeler, 1891. Mine Own People (introduction by Henry James). United States Book Co., 1891. Life's Handicap: Being stories of mine own people. London & New York: Macmillan, 1901. Many Inventions. D. Appleton, 1893; reprinted, Macmillan, 1982. Mulvaney Stories, 1897; reprinted, Books for Libraries, 1971. The Day's Work, Doubleday McClure, 1898; reprinted, Books for Libraries, 1971 reprinted (with introduction by Constantine Phipps). Penguin, 1988. Volume I Soldier Stories. London & New York: Macmillan, 1896.[69] The Drums of the Fore and Aft (illustrations by L.J. Bridgman). Brentano's, 1898. The Man Who Would Be King. Brentano's, 1898. Black Jack. F.T. Neely, 1899. Without Benefit of Clergy. Doubleday McClure, 1899. The Brushwood Boy (illustrations by Orson Lowell). Doubleday & McClure, 1899 reprinted (with illustrations by F.H. Townsend). Doubleday, Page, 1907. Railway Reform in Great Britain. Doubleday, Page, 1901. Traffics and Discoveries. Doubleday, Page, 1904; reprinted, Penguin, 1987. They. Scribner, 1904. Abaft the Funnel. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1909. Actions and Reactions. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1909. With the Night Mail: A story of 2000 A.D.. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1909. A Diversity of Creatures. Doubleday, Page, 1917; reprinted, Macmillan, 1966; reprinted, Penguin, 1994. "The Finest Story in the World" and other stories. Little Leather Library, 1918. Debits and Credits. Doubleday, Page, 1926; reprinted, Macmillan, 1965. Thy Servant a Dog, Told by Boots (illustrations by Marguerite Kirmse). Doubleday, Doran, 1930. Beauty Spots. Doubleday, Doran, 1931. Limits and Renewals. Doubleday, Doran, 1932. The Pleasure Cruise. Doubleday, Doran, 1933. Collected Dog Stories (illustrations by Kirmse). Doubleday, Doran, 1934. Ham and the Porcupine. Doubleday, Doran, 1935. Teem: A Treasure-Hunter. Doubleday, Doran, 1935. The Maltese Cat: A Polo Game of the 'Nineties (illustrations by Lionel Edwards). Doubleday, Doran, 1936. "Thy Servant a Dog" and Other Dog Stories (illustrations by G.L. Stampa). Macmillan, 1938; reprinted, 1982. Their Lawful Occasions. White Rose Press, 1987. John Brunner Presents Kipling's Science Fiction: Stories. New York: T. Doherty Associates, 1992. John Brunner Presents Kipling's Fantasy: Stories. new York: T. Doherty Associates, 1992. The Man Who Would Be King, and other stories. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1994. The Science Fiction Stories of Rudyard Kipling. Carol, 1994. Collected Stories (edited by John Brunner). New York: Knopf, 1994. The Works of Rudyard Kipling. Longmeadow Press, 1995. The Haunting of Holmescraft. New York: Books of Wonder, 1998. The Mark of the Beast, and Other Horror Tales. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2000. The Metaphysical Kipling; Mamaroneck, NY: Aeon, 2000. L.L. Owens, Tales of Rudyard Kipling: Retold Timeless Classics. Logan, IA: Perfection Learning, 2000. Selected Stories of Rudyard Kipling (edited and introduction by Craig Raine). New York: Modern Library, 2002. Juvenile[] "Wee Willie Winkie", and other child stories. A.H. Wheeler, 1888; 1st American edition, Lovell, 1890; reprinted, Penguin, 1988. [ The Jungle Book (short stories and poems; illustrations by John Lockwood Kipling, W.H. Drake, and P. Frenzeny). Macmillan, 1894 adapted and abridged by Anne L. Nelan (illustrations by Earl Thollander). Fearon, 1967 reprinted (illustrations by John Lockwood Kipling and W.H. Drake)., Macmillan, 1982 adapted by G.C. Barrett (illustrations by Don Daily). Courage Books, 1994 reprinted (illustrations by Fritz Eichenberg), Grosset & Dunlap, 1995 reprinted (illustrations by Kurt Wiese). New York: Knopf, 1994. The Second Jungle Book (short stories and poems; illustrations by John Lockwood Kipling). Century Co., 1895; reprinted, Macmillan, 1982. "Captains Courageous": A story of the Grand Banks. Century Co., 1897 abridged edition (illustrated by Rafaello Busoni). Hart Publishing, 1960 (with afterword by C.A. Bodelsen). New York: New American Library, 1981; reprinted, Oxford University Press, 1995. Stalky & Co. (short stories). Doubleday McClure, 1899; Bantam, 1985 new & abridged edition, Pendulum Press, 1977. Just So Stories for Little Children (short stories and poems; illustrated by Kipling). Doubleday, Page, 1902; reprinted, Silver Burdett, 1986 revised (edited by Lisa Lewis). Oxford University Press, 1995; reprinted (illustrations by Barry Moser). Books of Wonder, 1996. Puck of Pook's Hill (short stories and poems). Doubleday, 1906; reprinted, New American Library, 1988. Rewards and Fairies (short stories and poems; illustrated by Frank Craig). Doubleday, Page, 1910 revised (illustrated by Charles E. Brock). Macmillan, 1926; Penguin, 1988. Toomai of the Elephants. Macmillan, 1937. The Miracle of Purun Bhagat. Creative Education, 1985. Gunga Din. Harcourt, 1987. Mowgli Stories from "The Jungle Book" (illustrated by Thea Kliros). Dover, 1994. The Elephant's Child (illustrated by John A. Rowe). North-South Books, 1995. The Beginning of the Armadillos (illustrated by John A. Rowe). North-South Books, 1995. How the Camel Got His Hump. New York: North-South Books, 2001. The Classic Tale of the Jungle Book: A Young Reader's Edition of the Classic Story. Philadelphia: Courage Books, 2003. Non-fiction[] Travel[] Letters of Marque. A.H. Wheeler, 1891. American Notes. M.J. Ivers, 1891; reprinted, Ayer Co., 1974 revised edition published as American Notes: Rudyard Kipling's West. University of Oklahoma Press, 1981. From Sea to Sea, and other sketches (2 volumes), Doubleday & McClure, 1899 published as 1 volume. Doubleday, Page, 1909; reprinted, 1925. Letters to the Family: Notes on a Recent Trip to Canada. Toronton: Macmillan of Canada, 1908. Letters of Travel, 1892-1913. Doubleday, Page, 1920. Land and Sea Tales for Scouts and Guides. London: Macmillan, 1923 published as Land and Sea Tales for Boys and Girls. Doubleday, Page, 1923. Souvenirs of France. Macmillan, 1933. Brazilian Sketches. Doubleday, Doran, 1940. Letters from Japan (edited with an introduction and notes by Donald Richie and Yoshimori Harashima). Kenkyusha, 1962. Naval and military[] A Fleet in Being: Notes of Two Trips With the Channel Squadron. London: Macmillan, 1899. The Army of a Dream. Doubleday, Page, 1904; reprinted, White Rose Press, 1987. The New Army. Doubleday, Page, 1914. The Fringes of the Fleet. Doubleday, Page, 1915. France at War: On the frontier of civilization. Doubleday, Page, 1915. Sea Warfare. Macmillan, 1916; Doubleday, Page, 1917. Tales of "The Trade". Doubleday, Page, 1916. The Eyes of Asia. Doubleday, Page, 1918. The Irish Guards. Doubleday, Page, 1918. The Graves of the Fallen. Imperial War Graves Commission, 1919. The Feet of the Young Men (photographs by Lewis R. Freeman). Doubleday, Page, 1920. The Irish Guards in the Great War: Edited and Compiled from Their Diaries and Papers (2 volumes). Doubleday, Page, 1923. Volume I: The First Battalion, Volume II: The Second Battalion and Appendices. Other[] The City of Dreadful Night and other places (articles. A.H. Wheeler, 1891. Out of India: Things I Saw, and Failed to See, in Certain Days and Nights at Jeypore and Elsewhere (includes The City of Dreadful Night and Other Places and Letters of Marque). Dillingham, 1895. A History of England (With Charles R. L. Fletcher). Doubleday, Page, 1911 published as Kipling's Pocket History of England (with illustrations by Henry Ford). Greenwich, 1983. How Shakespeare Came to Write "The Tempest" (introduction by Ashley H. Thorndike). Dramatic Museum of Columbia University, 1916. London Town: November 11, 1918-1923. Doubleday, Page, 1923. The Art of Fiction. J.A. Allen, 1926. A Book of Words: Selections from Speeches and Addresses Delivered between 1906 and 1927. Doubleday, Doran, 1928. Mary Kingsley. Doubleday, Doran, 1932. Proofs of Holy Writ. Doubleday, Doran, 1934. Something of Myself for My Friends Known and Unknown (autobiography). Doubleday, Doran, 1937; reprinted, Penguin Classics, 1989. Collected editions[] The Kipling Reader: Selections from the books of Rudyard Kipling. London & New York: Macmillan, 1900.[69] The Works of Rudyard Kipling: One volume edition. New York: Black's Readers Service, 1928.[69] The Portable Kipling (edited by Irving Howe). New York: Viking, 1982. Writings of Literature by Rudyard Kipling (edited by Sandra Kemp and Lisa Lewis). Cambridge University Press, 1995. Writings on Writing (edited by Sandra Kemp and Lisa Lewis). Cambridge University Press, 1996. Letters[] Rudyard Kipling to Rider Haggard: The Record of a Friendship (edited by Morton Cohen). Hutchinson, 1965. "O Beloved Kids": Rudyard Kipling's Letters to His Children (selected and edited by Elliot L. Gilbert). Harcourt, 1984. The Letters of Rudyard Kipling, Vols. 1-3 (edited by Thomas Pinney). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1990. Except where noted, bibliographical information courtesy the Poetry Foundation.[70] Poems by Rudyard Kipling[] If Gunga Din Mandalay See also[] List of British poets List of Indian poets writing in English References[] Allen, Charles (2007) Kipling Sahib: India and the Making of Rudyard Kipling, Abacus, 2007. ISBN 978-0-349-11685-3 David, C. (2007). Rudyard Kipling: a critical study, New Delhi, Anmol, 2007. ISBN 81-261-3101-2 Gilbert, Elliot L. ed., (1965) Kipling and the Critics (New York: New York University Press) Gilmour, David. (2003) The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0374528969 Green, Roger Lancelyn, ed., (1971) Kipling: the Critical Heritage (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul). Gross, John, ed. (1972) Rudyard Kipling: the Man, his Work and his World (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson) Kemp, Sandra. (1988) Kipling's Hidden Narratives Oxford: Blackwell* Lycett, Andrew (1999). Rudyard Kipling. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-81907-0 Lycett, Andrew (ed.) (2010). Kipling Abroad, I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-072-9 Ricketts, Harry. (2001) Rudyard Kipling: A Life New York: Da Capo Press ISBN 0786708301 Rooney, Caroline, and Kaori Nagai, eds. Kipling and Beyond: Patriotism, Globalisation, and Postcolonialism (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 214 pages; scholarly essays on Kipling's "boy heroes of empire," Kipling and C.L.R. James, and Kipling and the new American empire, etc. Rutherford, Andrew, ed. (1964) Kipling's Mind and Art (Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd) Shippey, Tom, "Rudyard Kipling," in: Cahier Calin: Makers of the Middle Ages. Essays in Honor of William Calin, ed. Richard Utz and Elizabeth Emery (Kalamazoo, MI: Studies in Medievalism, 2011), pp. 21-23. Tompkins, J.M.S. (1959) The Art of Rudyard Kipling (London : Methuen) online edition Wilson, Angus. The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Works New York: The Viking Press, 1978. ISBN 0-670-67701-9 Notes[] [] Poems Rudyard Kipling in the Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1900: "A Dedication," "L'Envoi," "Recessional". 6 poems by Kipling: "If —" "Mother o'Mine," "Gethsemane," "A Song to Mithras," "Puck's Song," "The Way Through the Woods" Rudyard Kipling 1865-1936 at the Poetry Foundation Kipling in A Victorian Anthology: "Danny Deever," "Fuzzy-Wuzzy," "The Ballad of East and West," "The Conundrum of the Workshops," "The Law for the Wolves," "The Last Chantey" Rudyard Kipling profile & 9 poems at the Academy of American Poets Kipling, Rudyard (1865-1936) (25 poems) at Representative Poetry Online Rudyard Kipling at AllPoetry (488 poems) Rudyard Kipling at PoemHunter (544 poems) Complete Collection of Poems by Rudyard Kipling at Poetry Lovers' Page Books Works by Rudyard Kipling at Project Gutenberg, HTML online, text download. Rudyard Kipling at the Online Books Page Works by Rudyard Kipling at Internet Archive The Works of Rudyard Kipling at The University of Adelaide Works by or about Rudyard Kipling in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Something of Myself, Kipling's autobiography Rudyard Kipling at Amazon.com Rudyard Kipling at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Audio / video Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) at The Poetry Archive KIM free mp3 recording from LibriVox.org. Kipling reads 7 lines from his poem France audio and full text of poem Rudyard Kipling at YouTube About Rudyard Kipling biography at NobelPrize.org Rudyard Kipling in the Encyclopædia Britannica Rudyard Kipling at NNDB Rudyard Kipling at Biography.com Rudyard Kipling at the Victorian Web Rudyard Kipling at Project Gutenberg, by John Palmer, 1915 biography Rudyard Kipling at Naulakha, by Charles Warren Stoddard, National Magazine, June 1905, with photos Discovery that keeps Kipling's soul in torment, Aftermath The Kipling Society Official website. Rudyard Kipling: The Books I Leave Behind exhibition, related podcast, and digital images maintained by the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia. (view article). (view authors).
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	88	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/all/	en	All Nobel Prizes	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	All Nobel Prizes	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes	Between 1901 and 2023, the Nobel Prizes and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel were awarded 621 times to 1000 people and organisations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 965 individuals and 27 organisations. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Prizes and Nobel Prize laureates. Find all prizes in \| physics \| chemistry \| physiology or medicine \| literature \| peace \| economic sciences \| all categories 2024 The 2024 Nobel Prizes will be announced 7–14 October.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	24	https://greencardamom.github.io/BooksAndWriters/jjensen.htm	en	Johannes Jensen			[ "https://greencardamom.github.io/pix/bwlogo.jpg", "https://greencardamom.github.io/pix/ylamainos.gif", "https://greencardamom.github.io/pix/banneri.gif", "http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nd-nc/1.0/fi/88x31.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Danish novelist, poet, and essayist, who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1944. Jensen sought to depict through an idealized Darwinian theory how human development is part of the natural process of evolution. His major works include Kongen's fald (1900-01), one of the most significant historical novels in Danish literature, and Den lange rejse (1908-22), an evolutionary interpretation of the biblical legends. The elder spreading her dew-cold hands toward the summer moon A year later: The self-same beeches and twilight nights, the same elation! (from 'Envoi') Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was born in the small village of Fars�, Himmerland, in North Jutland. He was the second son of the district veterinary surgeon, Hans Jensen, a descendant on both sides of farmers and craftsmen, and Marie (Kirstine) Jensen. Jensen was taught by his mother until the age of eleven. Under the influence of his father, he developed a fasciation for Darwinism, which became the cornerstone of his thinking. Jensen graduated from the Cathedral School of Viborg in 1893, and subsequently studied medicine at the University of Copenhagen from 1893 to 1898. In 1904 he married Else Marie Ulrik; they had three sons. Jensen's medical studies, including preliminary examinations in botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry, deeply influenced his literary work. Between the novels Danes (1896) and Einar Elkj�r (1898), Jensen visited the United States. After these books Jensen gave up his plans for a medical career and devoted himself to writing. Jensen also published romantic potboilers and a series of detective novels which appeared under the pen name Ivar Lykke between 1895 and 1898 in Revuen, a weekly periodical. However, Jensen excluded these works from his oeuvre. His detective, the British Mason, was a parody of Sherlock Holmes. Half awake, half dozing, In an inward seawind of dadaid dreams I stand and gnash my teeth At Memphis Station, Tennessee. It is raining. (from 'At Memphis Station') Danskere and Einar Elkj�r drew from the fin de si�cle atmosphere of Copenhagen, but most of Jensen's early writings were set in his native province. Himmerlandshistorier (1898-1910) portrayed vividly his native region and its people. It was followed by a historical novel of the 16th century, Kongens fald, a fictional biography of King Christian II of Denmark, the last ruler of the three Scandinavian countries. It blended criticism of lyrical and realistic elements in the story of the king and Mikkel Th�gersen, a student and later mercenary. Jensen was a correspondent for the newspaper Politken and reported from Spain on the Spanish-American war. In 1896 and 1903 he traveled in the United States. After this trip he translated the American novelist Frank Norris's novel The Octopus, about the conflict between farmers and railroad. New technological advances inspired the novels Madame d'Ora (1904), and its sequel, Hjulet (1907), and Jensen's descriptions of American cities. Madame d'Ora played with the idea, that a cinematograph can used as a means to deceive the public. The summer of 1898 Jensen spent in Spain and Germany. This marked also the beginning of his career as a correspondent. In 1900 he wrote articles from the World Exhibition in Paris, and collected these pieces in Den gotiske ren�ssance (1901), which presented his enthusiasm about a modern, active way of life. The wheel (hjulet) was a symbol of modern American technology, speed, and traffic. At the World Exhibition Jensen had seen a 100 metre Ferris wheel (Grande Roue Paris), originally invented by George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr. for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Jensen's father and sister, the writer Thit Jense, were devout spiritualists. Noteworthy, in Madame d'Ora Edmund Hall, a German investor and scientist, whose model was the renowed British chemist Sir William Crookes, begins to doubt the nature of reality and ventures into spiritualism. Like Hall, Crookes conducted experiments in materialization with a female medium. Hall falls in love with the spectral girl, named Eld, who turns out to be part of a murder plot. In his poems Jensen rejected "Baudelaire's poisonous hall-mark," as he wrote, and turned " to simple style and sound subject matter." As literary models he kept Goethe, Heine and Whitman's prose poems, but he also wrote in the Old Norse style. His first volume of poems, Digte (1906), contained all the youthful poems. Late in life he returned to poetry with Digte 1901-43 (1943). Eksotiske noveller (1907-1917) was based on journeys in the Far East. Having developed a longing for foreign places, Jensen travelled around the world in 1902-03, to the Far East in 1912-13, and to Egypt, Palestine, and North Africa in 1925-26. In 1914 he traveled to the United States for the fourth time. Especially he praised New York: "New York har den sk�nneste Atmosf�re in Verden." J�rgine (1926) was a story of a deceived peasant girl who saves herself from disaster by an unromantic marriage and becomes a self-sacrificing mother. Myter (1907-1944), published in eleven volumes, was a series of essays and animal, travel, and nature sketches. Jensen's treatment is poetic; the essay form offers him a means to express his own ideas. Several of the myths found their way to Den lange rejse, a six-volume epic cycle, probably Jensen's major work, which earned him the Nobel Prize. Jensen developed in it his partly dubious theories of evolution and anthropology and described the evolution of the Northern peoples from the Ice Age to the 15th century, to the explorations of Christopher Columbus. He started to introduce the philosophy of evolution into literature, according to the author, because of the misinterpretation and distortion of Darwinism at the end of the 19th century. "The concept of the �bermensch had disastrous consequences in that it led to two world wars, and was destroyed only with the collapse of Germany in 1945. In the course of opposing this fallacious doctrine, I have arrived at a new interpretation of the theory of evolution and its moral implications." The first saga takes place in the most primitive times near a huge volcano and introduces a Prometheus. In the next book an outcast with his woman becomes the father of the Nordic race, rediscovers fire, and founds a new civilization. In the third saga another genius invents wagons and boats driven by oar or sail. The later sagas take the reader to historical times: Cimbrians march to Rome and the Vikings go on their raids. Finally the story ends with Christopher Columbus's voyage to America and his dream of a tropical paradise – the longing for the distant, warm places was central in this and other of Jensen's works. In 1939 Jensen again visited the United States. After the German army invaded Denmark in 1940, he destroyed much of his diaries and letters. Jensen was strongly critical of Fascism and anti-Semitism. Because of the war, no presentation ceremonies were held in Stockholm in 1944, when the author was awarded the Nobel Prize. "Were one to determine the degree of maturity of each nation according to its capacity for reasoning and comprehension, England would come out on top for her sense of realism, and the man who put forward these basically English ideas in a simple, unaffected manner was Charles Darwin." (in 'Nobel Acceptance Speech', 1944) As in the case of the Finnish writer F.E. Sillanp��, who was awarded the prize on the eve of the Winter War in 1939 between Finland and the Soviet Union, the decision of the Swedish Acamedy was undestrod as a gesture of moral support toward the Danish people. Jensen died in Copenhagen on November 25, 1950. During the last years of his life, his writings mostly dealt with the theory of evolution. Africa, which came out in 1949, reflected his interest in natural science. For further reading: 'Scientific Spirit, Spirituality and Spirited Writing: – Spiritualism Between Science, Religion and Literature' by Christiane Barz, in Tijdschrift voor Skandinavistiek, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2010); The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to Present, ed. Michael D. Sollars (2008); 'Americanism, Popular Culture and the Primitive: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Madame D'Ora (1904)' by Michael Cowan, in Orbis Litterarum, Volume 60, Number 2 (2005); 'Johannes V. Jensen's Nobel Prize – the Story of a Homecoming' by Aage J�rgensen, in Studi Nordici, vol. 10 (2005); Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century , Vol. 2, ed. Stephen R. Serafin (1999, vol. 2); Menneskelinien - mellem Johannes V. Jensen og Herman Bang by Poul Houe (1999); World Authors 1900-1950, Vol. 2, ed. Martin Seymour-Smith and Andrew C. Kimmens (1995); Johannes Jensen by S.H. Rossel (1984); A History of Scandinavian Literature, 1870-1980 by Sven H. Rossel (1982); Den unge Johannes V. Jensen by O.Friis (1974); Johannes V. Jensen: Liv og forfatterskab by Leif Nedergaard (1968); Denmark's J.V. Jensen by M.L. Nielsen (1955); Modern Danish Authors, eds. E. Heepe & N. Heltburg (1946) Selected works: Jim Blacksools Revolver. Roman fra der Fjerne Vesten, 1896 (as Ivar Lykke) Falskm�nterbandens Blodig Bog, 1896 (as Ivar Lykke) Nihilistens Ed, 1896 (as Ivar Lykke) Danskere, 1896 Milliontyvenes H�vding eller Den R�de Tiger, 1897 (as Ivar Lykke) Einar Elkj�r, 1898 Himmerlandsfolk, 1898 Intermezzo, 1899 Kongens Fald, 1900-1901 - The Fall of the King (translated by P. T. Federspiel and Patrick Kirwan, 1933; Alan G. Bower, 1992) - Kuningas murtuu: romaani (suom. Aukusti Simojoki, 1946) Den gotiske ren�ssance, 1901 Skovene, 1904 Nye Himmerlandshistorier, 1904 Madame d'Ora, 1904 - Tiedemiehen onneton kohtalo (suom. 1920) Hjulet, 1904 Digte, 1906 Eksotiske noveller, 1907-15 Den nye verden, 1907 Singaporenoveller, 1907 Myter, 1907-45 Nye myter, 1908 Den lange rejse, 1908-22 (6 vols.) - The Long Journey (translated by A. G. Chater, 1922-24) - I: Den tabte land, 1919; II: Br�en, 1908 (I-II, Fire and Ice, 1922); Norne G�st, 1919; IV: Cimbrernes tog, 1922 (III-IV: The Cimbrians, 1923); V: Skibet, 1912; VI: Christofer Columbus, 1922 (V-VI: Christopher Columbus, 1924) - J��tik�n poika: tarukertomus pohjolan j��kaudesta (alkuteos: Br�en, suom. Impi Sirkka, 1913) Lille Ahasverus, 1909 Himmerlandshistorier, Tredje Samling, 1910 Myter, 1910 Nordisk �nd, 1911 Myter, fjerde samling, 1912 Rudyard Kipling, 1912 Olivia Marianne, 1915 Introduktion til vor tidsalder, 1915 Skrifter, 1916 (8 vols.) �rbog, 1916, 1917 Johannes Larsen og hans billeder, 1920 Sangerinden, 1921 �stetik og udviking, 1923 �rstiderne, 1923 Hamlet, 1924 Myter, 1924 Skrifter, 1925 (5 vols.) Evolution og moral, 1925 �rets h�jtider, 1925 Verdens lys, 1926 J�rgine, 1926 Thorvaldsens portr�tbuster, 1926 Dyrenes forvandling, 1927 �ndens stadier, 1928 Ved livets bred, 1928 Retninger i tiden, 1930 Den jyske bl�st, 1931 Form og sj�l, 1931 P� danske veje, 1931 Pisangen, 1932 Kornmarken, 1932 S�lernes �, 1934 Det blivende, 1934 Dr. Renaults fristelser, 1935 Gudrun, 1936 Darduse, 1937 P�skebadet, 1937 Jydske folkelivsmalere, 1937 Thorvaldsen, 1938 Nordvejen, 1939 Fra fristaterne, 1939 Gutenberg, 1939 Marieh�nen, 1941 Vor oprindelse, 1941 Mindets tavle, 1941 Om sproget og undervisningen, 1942 Kvinnen i sagatiden, 1942 Folkeslagene i �sten, 1943 Digte 1901-43, 1943 M�llen, 1943 Afrika, opdagelsesrejserne, 1949 Garden Colonies in Denmark, 1949 Swift og Oehlenschl�ger, 1950 Mytens ring, 1951 Tilblivelsen, 1951 Denmark’s Johannes V. Jensen. Translations from his works and an introductory essay by Marion L. Nielsen, 1955 The Waving Rye, 1959 (tr. R. Bathgate) Grundtanken i mit Forfatterskab, 1968 (foreword by Aage Marcus) Myter og Digte i Udvalg, 1969 (edited by Leif Nedergaard) Himmerlandshistorier, 1973 (edited by Aage Marcus) M�rkets frodighed. Tidlige myter, 1973 (edited by Niels Birger Wamberg) Nordisk foraar: myter, 1999 (edited by Niels Birger Wamberg) Samlede digte, 2006 (edited by Anders Thyrring Andersen et al.) Some rights reserved Petri Liukkonen (author) & Ari Pesonen. Kuusankosken kaupunginkirjasto 2008
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	73	https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/nobel-prize-misfits-are-a-literary-whos-who/article15986213/	en	Nobel Prize misfits are a literary who’s who	https://www.theglobeandmail.com/resizer/v2/NFCK72ZGUBGDBBNBDPVOVIELAQ?auth=f9228e21fe5cbc3e3f2d0fac0e4953e8414cf749aab624fb91cc6a981831bb98&width=1200&height=785&quality=80	https://www.theglobeandmail.com/resizer/v2/NFCK72ZGUBGDBBNBDPVOVIELAQ?auth=f9228e21fe5cbc3e3f2d0fac0e4953e8414cf749aab624fb91cc6a981831bb98&width=1200&height=785&quality=80	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=16433046&cv=3.9.1&cj=1", "https://www.theglobeandmail.com/resizer/v2/NFCK72ZGUBGDBBNBDPVOVIELAQ?auth=f9228e21fe5cbc3e3f2d0fac0e4953e8414cf749aab624fb91cc6a981831bb98&width=600&quality=80", "https://www.theglobeandmail.com/resizer/v2/5FFHF5OJZNDXDE2OXVDA2MFHKA.png?auth=60b191d3022bbca3f16ac852c79f8a272fe58413787ab273d3b2863f0bd4445f&width=300&height=200&quality=80", "https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/dev/www/cache-long/images/puzzles/puzz-cryptic-sm.png", "https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/dev/www/cache-long/images/puzzles/puzz-sudoku-sm.png", "https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/dev/www/cache-long/images/puzzles/puzz-universal-sm.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "August Strindberg", "Liu Xiaobo", "Alice Munro", "Nobel literature committee", "academy", "prize", "literature", "literary", "winner", "nobel", "ideal direction", "Swedish literary historian", "literature committee", "chemistry laureate", "committee favourite", "Academy member", "city hall", "Home field advantage", "Stockholm", "China", "Sweden" ]	null	[ "Robert Everett-Green" ]	2013-12-16T20:30:34+00:00	How to qualify for ‘outstanding work in an ideal direction’ has depended on which age you were in	en	https://www.theglobeandm…h-icon.png?d=593	The Globe and Mail	https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/nobel-prize-misfits-are-a-literary-whos-who/article15986213/	In Sweden, the Nobel Prize ceremonies are huge, like the Academy Awards for smart people. The banquet at Stockholm's city hall is "one of the most-watched television programs in Sweden," writes a columnist for Svenska Dagbladet, the daily newspaper that on Tuesday gave blanket coverage to the clothes, the menu, the after-party and the four naked people who rushed the doors to protest the continued imprisonment in China of dissident writer Liu Xiaobo. Live bloggers recorded the fact that the British-Israeli chemistry laureate Michael Levitt gave his acceptance speech in Swedish, and that, when Alice Munro's daughter Jenny dropped her purse on the steps of the banquet hall, gallant Prince Carl Philip quickly scooped it up for her. Close attention to the event over the past century has been matched, on the literary side, by intense scrutiny not just of the winners, but of exactly what Alfred Nobel had in mind. "The history of the Literature Prize appears as a series of attempts to interpret an imprecisely worded will," writes Swedish literary historian Kjell Espmark on the Nobel website. The literary award has stood for different things at different times, depending on who was in charge and who won it. In his will, Nobel calls for a prize for "the most outstanding work in an ideal direction," and that, like the other prizes, the winner should be someone "who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind." He threw this task to "the Academy in Stockholm," by which everyone assumed he meant the Swedish Academy, a sleepy institution set up in 1786 by King Gustav III to protect "the purity, vigour and majesty" of the Swedish language. This parochial panel of 18 writers, linguists and other academics had no obvious credentials for running a major international literary prize. "It was simply not fit for the task," writes Espmark, an Academy member since 1981 and one of five on its current Nobel committee. Some members wanted to reject the commission, but the then-permanent secretary Carl David af Wirsén shrewdly foresaw "the enormous power and prestige that the Nobel will bequeaths to the Eighteen" – a local term for the Academy. They were convinced not by what they could do for the prize, but by what it could do for them. The Academy gave itself a (temporary) monopoly on nominations, ignored the "preceding year" part of Nobel's direction, and decided that "ideal direction" meant literature of a romantic idealistic bent. That suited the Academy's conservative mentality, and slammed the door on alleged pessimists, such as Leo Tolstoy, August Strindberg and Émile Zola. It became a cliché of prize citations for the first few decades to praise the "lofty idealism" of the winner's prose, or to say that it captured "the spirit of a nation." Gabriela Mistral's citation in 1945 linked the two conceits into one, praising her for voicing "the idealist aspirations of the entire Latin American world." There has been plenty of retrospective grief about the victims of that policy, who included Marcel Proust, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, and especially about Strindberg, the native Swede who was banished so completely that he was never even nominated. To get the measure of that affront, you have to know that a candidate can be named multiple times, "until the nominee either wins the prize or dies or the sponsors give up," as the Academy's website says. Strindberg died in 1912, meaning he was snubbed a dozen times. The Danish novelist Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was nominated a record 18 times before he prevailed in 1944. Home field advantage may be gauged by the fact that 15 Scandinavians have won the prize; five of the seven Swedish winners were in the Academy at the time. In the 1930s, the Academy reinterpreted Nobel's "benefit of mankind" phrase to mean that winner's work should be broadly accessible. That eliminated T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, and let in Sinclair Lewis (1930) and Pearl Buck (1938). The same thinking may have helped John Steinbeck win in 1962, although papers released earlier this year show that the endorsement was tepid (the Academy keeps its deliberations secret for 50 years). Eugene O'Neill also got a rough ride from dissenting jurors, who complained that his work was "not finished" and that he had "no culture." But his 1936 citation praised his "great poetic force." After the Second World War, the Academy swung around to the idea that an "ideal direction" could be ground-breaking. The apex of this "pioneers" period, as Espmark calls it, was the award to Samuel Beckett in 1969. Through this whole period, the Academy was almost entirely male. It has only ever had seven women members in its 227-year existence, including the five who are in it now. "The female element has been limited," says the Academy's website. That may have been a factor in the small number of women who have won the literary Nobel – just 13 of 110 winners, including the four who claimed it in the past decade. Politics burst upon the prize in a big way in 1958, when winner Boris Pasternak was bullied by the USSR government into declining such a "bourgeois" honour. The Soviets weren't happy with Alexander Solzhenitsyn's win in 1970 either. But no country has bent itself more out of shape over the literature prize than China, where in the past few decades, the award became a focus of a "near-pathological yearning for international prizes and 'face,'" writes Julia Lovell in her 2006 book, The Politics of Cultural Capital: China's Quest for a Nobel Prize in Literature. National competitions, conferences and delegations to Stockholm were bitterly rewarded in 2000, when the first prize to a Chinese writer went to Gao Xingjian, who lived in France and was no friend of the Chinese regime. The naked protesters at this year's award ceremony knew that Beijing would be watching. The prize is now so international that people often ask – as Svenska Dagbladet readers did in a Q&A with Nobel literature committee chair Per Wästberg – whether the determining factor is literary quality or home address, and also how the Academy can possibly judge works it can often read only in translation. Neither worry seems to be an issue this year: Munro is said to have been a committee favourite, and not a compromise winner. But we'll have to wait 50 years to know for sure.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	5	https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Long-Journey	en	The Long Journey \| work by Jensen	https://cdn.britannica.c…e.jpg?v=3.121.12	https://cdn.britannica.c…e.jpg?v=3.121.12	[ "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/53/130653-131-6C7B3BE8/clock-St-John-the-Baptist-cathedral-Lyon-2019.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/15/95015-131-5E505098/statues-Moai-Easter-Island.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/48/221848-131-DF541F62/US-presidential-elections-in-maps.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/28/60728-131-36BD65EF/infantrymen-German-Maxim-World-War-I-machine.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/43/148643-131-2B2237A6/example-landscape-Irish-Ireland-Sligo.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/57/203257-131-48B2BCA1/Martin-Luther-King-Jr-marchers-speech-I-August-28th-1963.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/45/189145-131-45FF672E/Secret-Service-Agent-Earpiece.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" ]	[]	[]	[ "The Long Journey", "encyclopedia", "encyclopeadia", "britannica", "article" ]	null	[]	null	Other articles where The Long Journey is discussed: Johannes V. Jensen: (1908–22; The Long Journey, 3 vol., 1922–24). This story of the rise of man from the most primitive times to the discovery of America by Columbus exhibits both his imagination and his skill as an amateur anthropologist.	en	/favicon.png	Encyclopedia Britannica	https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Long-Journey	In Johannes V. Jensen (1908–22; The Long Journey, 3 vol., 1922–24). This story of the rise of man from the most primitive times to the discovery of America by Columbus exhibits both his imagination and his skill as an amateur anthropologist. Read More
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	45	https://libguides.furman.edu/book-awards/nobel	en	LibGuides at Furman University	https://libapps.s3.amazo…avicon-32x32.png	https://libapps.s3.amazo…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/sites/30/include/fu-header-logo.svg", "https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/sites/30/include/hamburger-icon-white.svg", "https://external-content.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jing.fm%2Fclipimg%2Ffull%2F175-1751450_nobel-prize-png-nobel-prize-literature.png&f=1&nofb=1&ipt=0530058ccaaabbf3ba54435081c7949e51113db4ebb665a5ad79573f1d275344&ipo=images", "https://libguides.furman.edu/ld.php?content_id=66421004" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "robyn andrews" ]	null	Various book awards and links to the books in our collection. Happy reading! The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded 108 times to 112 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2015..	en	https://libapps.s3.amazo…e-touch-icon.png		https://libguides.furman.edu/book-awards/nobel	Annie Ernaux “for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2021 Abdulrazak Gurnah “for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2020 Louise Glück “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2019 Peter Handke “for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2018 Olga Tokarczuk “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro “who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2016 Bob Dylan “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2015 Svetlana Alexievich “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2014 Patrick Modiano “for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013 Alice Munro “master of the contemporary short story” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 Mo Yan “who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 Tomas Tranströmer “because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa “for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual’s resistance, revolt, and defeat” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009 Herta Müller “who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 Doris Lessing “that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2006 Orhan Pamuk “who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2005 Harold Pinter“who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression’s closed rooms” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2004 Elfriede Jelinek “for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society’s clichés and their subjugating power” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2003 John M. Coetzee “who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2002 Imre Kertész “for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul “for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2000 Gao Xingjian “for an æuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1999 Günter Grass “whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998 José Saramago who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997 Dario Fo “who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 Wislawa Szymborska “for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1995 Seamus Heaney “for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1994 Kenzaburo Oe “who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1993 Toni Morrison “who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1992 Derek Walcott “for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 Nadine Gordimer “who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1990 Octavio Paz “for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1989 Camilo José Cela “for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man’s vulnerability” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1988 Naguib Mahfouz “who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1987 Joseph Brodsky “for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1986 Wole Soyinka “who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1985 Claude Simon “who in his novel combines the poet’s and the painter’s creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1984 Jaroslav Seifert “for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1983 William Golding “for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1982 Gabriel García Márquez “for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent’s life and conflicts” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1981 Elias Canetti “for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1980 Czeslaw Milosz who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man’s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1979 Odysseus Elytis “for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man’s struggle for freedom and creativeness” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer “for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1977 Vicente Aleixandre “for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man’s condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1976 Saul Bellow “for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975 Eugenio Montale “for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1974 Eyvind Johnson “for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom” Harry Martinson “for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973 Patrick White “for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1972 Heinrich Böll “for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 Pablo Neruda “for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent’s destiny and dreams” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1970 Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn “for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1969 Samuel Beckett “for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1968 Yasunari Kawabata “for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967 Miguel Angel Asturias “for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon “for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people” Nelly Sachs“for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s destiny with touching strength” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1965 Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov “for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre “for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1963 Giorgos Seferis “for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 John Steinbeck “for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1961 Ivo Andric “for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1960 Saint-John Perse “for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo “for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1958 Boris Leonidovich Pasternak “for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1957 Albert Camus “for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez “for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955 Halldór Kiljan Laxness “for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 Ernest Miller Hemingway “for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill “for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1952 François Mauriac “for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1951 Pär Fabian Lagerkvist “for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949 William Faulkner “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 Thomas Stearns Eliot “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1947 André Paul Guillaume Gide “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946 Hermann Hesse “for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945 Gabriela Mistral “for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1943 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1940 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää “for his deep understanding of his country’s peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1938 Pearl Buck “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1937 Roger Martin du Gard “for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1936 Eugene Gladstone O’Neill “for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1935 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934 Luigi Pirandello “for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1933 Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin “for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1932 John Galsworthy “for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt “The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 Sinclair Lewis “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1929 Thomas Mann “principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1928 Sigrid Undset “principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1927 Henri Bergson “in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926 Grazia Deledda “for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925 George Bernard Shaw “for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1924 Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont “for his great national epic, The Peasants” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1923 William Butler Yeats “for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922 Jacinto Benavente “for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1921 Anatole France “in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1920 Knut Pedersen Hamsun “for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1919 Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler “in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1918 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup “for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals” Henrik Pontoppidan “for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1916 Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam “in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1915 Romain Rolland “as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1914 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 Rabindranath Tagore “because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1912 Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann “primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1911 Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck “in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers’ own feelings and stimulate their imaginations” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1910 Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse “as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1909 Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf “in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken “in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1907 Rudyard Kipling “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 Giosuè Carducci “not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz “because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1904 Frédéric Mistral “in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist” José Echegaray y Eizaguirre “in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1903 Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson “as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1902 Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen “the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1901
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	47	https://www.somaliauthors.com/the-nobel-prize-1901-2019/	en	2022 – Welcome to the Official Portal of the Union of Somali National Authors (USNA)			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			https://www.somaliauthors.com/the-nobel-prize-1901-2019/	“for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics” Arthur Ashkin “for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems” Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland “for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 Frances H. Arnold “for the directed evolution of enzymes” and George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter “for the phage display of peptides and antibodies” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo “for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2018 The 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature has been postponed. The Nobel Peace Prize 2018 Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad “for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2018 William D. Nordhaus “for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis” and Paul M. Romer “for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis” 2017 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 Rainer Weiss, Barry C. Barish and Kip S. Thorne “for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017 Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson “for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017 Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young “for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro “who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world” The Nobel Peace Prize 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) “for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2017 Richard H. Thaler “for his contributions to behavioural economics” 2016 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz “for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016 Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa “for the design and synthesis of molecular machines” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi “for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2016 Bob Dylan “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition” The Nobel Peace Prize 2016 Juan Manuel Santos “for his resolute efforts to bring the country’s more than 50-year-long civil war to an end” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2016 Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström “for their contributions to contract theory” 2015 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald “for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar “for mechanistic studies of DNA repair” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura “for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites” Youyou Tu “for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2015 Svetlana Alexievich “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time” The Nobel Peace Prize 2015 National Dialogue Quartet “for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2015 Angus Deaton “for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare” 2014 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura “for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014 Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner “for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 John O’Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser “for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2014 Patrick Modiano “for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation” The Nobel Peace Prize 2014 Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai “for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2014 Jean Tirole “for his analysis of market power and regulation” 2013 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 François Englert and Peter W. Higgs “for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013 Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel “for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013 James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof “for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013 Alice Munro “master of the contemporary short story” The Nobel Peace Prize 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) “for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2013 Eugene F. Fama, Lars Peter Hansen and Robert J. Shiller “for their empirical analysis of asset prices” 2012 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland “for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka “for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka “for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 Mo Yan “who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary” The Nobel Peace Prize 2012 European Union (EU) “for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2012 Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley “for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design” 2011 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess “for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011 Dan Shechtman “for the discovery of quasicrystals” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann “for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity” Ralph M. Steinman “for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 Tomas Tranströmer “because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality” The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman “for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2011 Thomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims “for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy” 2010 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010 Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki “for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010 Robert G. Edwards “for the development of in vitro fertilization” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa “for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual’s resistance, revolt, and defeat” The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 Liu Xiaobo “for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2010 Peter A. Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides “for their analysis of markets with search frictions” 2009 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 Charles Kuen Kao “for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication” Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith “for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath “for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak “for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009 Herta Müller “who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed” The Nobel Peace Prize 2009 Barack H. Obama “for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009 Elinor Ostrom “for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons” Oliver E. Williamson “for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm” 2008 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 Yoichiro Nambu “for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics” Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa “for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008 Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien “for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 Harald zur Hausen “for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer” Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier “for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization” The Nobel Peace Prize 2008 Martti Ahtisaari “for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2008 Paul Krugman “for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity” 2007 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg “for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 Gerhard Ertl “for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies “for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 Doris Lessing “that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny” The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. “for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007 Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin and Roger B. Myerson “for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory” 2006 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 John C. Mather and George F. Smoot “for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006 Roger D. Kornberg “for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello “for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2006 Orhan Pamuk “who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures” The Nobel Peace Prize 2006 Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank “for their efforts to create economic and social development from below” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2006 Edmund S. Phelps “for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy” 2005 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005 Roy J. Glauber “for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence” John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch “for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005 Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock “for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005 Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren “for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2005 Harold Pinter “who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression’s closed rooms” The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei “for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2005 Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling “for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis” 2004 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek “for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004 Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose “for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004 Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck “for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2004 Elfriede Jelinek “for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society’s clichés and their subjugating power” The Nobel Peace Prize 2004 Wangari Muta Maathai “for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2004 Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott “for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles” 2003 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett “for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003 “for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes” Peter Agre “for the discovery of water channels” Roderick MacKinnon “for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield “for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2003 John M. Coetzee “who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider” The Nobel Peace Prize 2003 Shirin Ebadi “for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2003 Robert F. Engle III “for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)” Clive W.J. Granger “for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)” 2002 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba “for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos” Riccardo Giacconi “for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002 “for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules” John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka “for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules” Kurt Wüthrich “for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston “for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death’” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2002 Imre Kertész “for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history” The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 Jimmy Carter “for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002 Daniel Kahneman “for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty” Vernon L. Smith “for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms” 2001 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman “for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001 William S. Knowles and Ryoji Noyori “for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions” K. Barry Sharpless “for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001 Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir Paul M. Nurse “for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul “for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories” The Nobel Peace Prize 2001 United Nations (U.N.) and Kofi Annan “for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2001 George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence and Joseph E. Stiglitz “for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information” 2000 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 “for basic work on information and communication technology” Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer “for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics” Jack S. Kilby “for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa “for the discovery and development of conductive polymers” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric R. Kandel “for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2000 Gao Xingjian “for an æuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama” The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 Kim Dae-jung “for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2000 James J. Heckman “for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples” Daniel L. McFadden “for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice” 1999 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 Gerardus ‘t Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman “for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999 Ahmed H. Zewail “for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999 Günter Blobel “for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1999 Günter Grass “whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history” The Nobel Peace Prize 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières “in recognition of the organization’s pioneering humanitarian work on several continents” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1999 Robert A. Mundell “for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas” 1998 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui “for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998 Walter Kohn “for his development of the density-functional theory” John A. Pople “for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998 Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad “for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998 José Saramago “who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality” The Nobel Peace Prize 1998 John Hume and David Trimble “for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998 Amartya Sen “for his contributions to welfare economics” 1997 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips “for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker “for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)” Jens C. Skou “for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner “for his discovery of Prions – a new biological principle of infection” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997 Dario Fo “who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden” The Nobel Peace Prize 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and Jody Williams “for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1997 Robert C. Merton and Myron S. Scholes “for a new method to determine the value of derivatives” 1996 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson “for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto and Richard E. Smalley “for their discovery of fullerenes” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996 Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel “for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 Wislawa Szymborska “for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality” The Nobel Peace Prize 1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta “for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1996 James A. Mirrlees and William Vickrey “for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information” 1995 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 “for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics” Martin L. Perl “for the discovery of the tau lepton” Frederick Reines “for the detection of the neutrino” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995 Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland “for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995 Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus “for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1995 Seamus Heaney “for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past” The Nobel Peace Prize 1995 Joseph Rotblat and Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs “for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1995 Robert E. Lucas Jr. “for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy” 1994 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994 “for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter” Bertram N. Brockhouse “for the development of neutron spectroscopy” Clifford G. Shull “for the development of the neutron diffraction technique” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994 George A. Olah “for his contribution to carbocation chemistry” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994 Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell “for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1994 Kenzaburo Oe “who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today” The Nobel Peace Prize 1994 Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin “for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1994 John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr. and Reinhard Selten “for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games” 1993 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993 Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr. “for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993 “for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry” Kary B. Mullis “for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method” Michael Smith “for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993 Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp “for their discoveries of split genes” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1993 Toni Morrison “who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality” The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de Klerk “for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1993 Robert W. Fogel and Douglass C. North “for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change” 1992 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 Georges Charpak “for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992 Rudolph A. Marcus “for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992 Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs “for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1992 Derek Walcott “for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment” The Nobel Peace Prize 1992 Rigoberta Menchú Tum “in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1992 Gary S. Becker “for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour” 1991 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes “for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991 Richard R. Ernst “for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991 Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann “for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 Nadine Gordimer “who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity” The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi “for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1991 Ronald H. Coase “for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy” 1990 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor “for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990 Elias James Corey “for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas “for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1990 Octavio Paz “for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity” The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev “for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1990 Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller and William F. Sharpe “for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics” 1989 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 Norman F. Ramsey “for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks” Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul “for the development of the ion trap technique” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989 Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech “for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989 J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus “for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1989 Camilo José Cela “for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man’s vulnerability” The Nobel Peace Prize 1989 The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1989 Trygve Haavelmo “for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures” 1988 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger “for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel “for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings “for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1988 Naguib Mahfouz “who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind” The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1988 Maurice Allais “for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources” 1987 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller “for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987 Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen “for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987 Susumu Tonegawa “for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1987 Joseph Brodsky “for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity” The Nobel Peace Prize 1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez “for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year” The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1987 Robert M. Solow “for his contributions to the theory of economic growth” 1986 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 Ernst Ruska “for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope” Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer “for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986 Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee and John C. Polanyi “for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini “for their discoveries of growth factors” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1986 Wole Soyinka “who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence” The Nobel Peace Prize 1986 Elie Wiesel The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1986 James M. Buchanan Jr. “for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making” 1985 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 Klaus von Klitzing “for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985 Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle “for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985 Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein “for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1985 Claude Simon “who in his novel combines the poet’s and the painter’s creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition” The Nobel Peace Prize 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1985 Franco Modigliani “for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets” 1984 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer “for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield “for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler and César Milstein “for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1984 Jaroslav Seifert “for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man” The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 Desmond Mpilo Tutu The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1984 Richard Stone “for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis” 1983 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar “for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars” William Alfred Fowler “for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983 Henry Taube “for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 Barbara McClintock “for her discovery of mobile genetic elements” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1983 William Golding “for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today” The Nobel Peace Prize 1983 Lech Walesa The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1983 Gerard Debreu “for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium” 1982 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson “for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982 Aaron Klug “for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982 Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane “for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1982 Gabriel García Márquez “for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent’s life and conflicts” The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 Alva Myrdal Alfonso García Robles The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1982 George J. Stigler “for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation” 1981 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow “for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy” Kai M. Siegbahn “for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981 Kenichi Fukui and Roald Hoffmann “for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981 Roger W. Sperry “for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres” David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel “for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1981 Elias Canetti “for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power” The Nobel Peace Prize 1981 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1981 James Tobin “for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices” 1980 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch “for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 Paul Berg “for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA” Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger “for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980 Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George D. Snell “for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1980 Czeslaw Milosz “who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man’s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts” The Nobel Peace Prize 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1980 Lawrence R. Klein “for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies” 1979 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg “for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979 Herbert C. Brown and Georg Wittig “for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979 Allan M. Cormack and Godfrey N. Hounsfield “for the development of computer assisted tomography” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1979 Odysseus Elytis “for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man’s struggle for freedom and creativeness” The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 Mother Teresa The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1979 Theodore W. Schultz and Sir Arthur Lewis “for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries” 1978 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa “for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics” Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson “for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978 Peter D. Mitchell “for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith “for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer “for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life” The Nobel Peace Prize 1978 Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat Menachem Begin The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978 Herbert A. Simon “for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations” 1977 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck van Vleck “for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977 Ilya Prigogine “for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally “for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain” Rosalyn Yalow “for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1977 Vicente Aleixandre “for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man’s condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars” The Nobel Peace Prize 1977 Amnesty International The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1977 Bertil Ohlin and James E. Meade “for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements” 1976 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 Burton Richter and Samuel Chao Chung Ting “for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976 William N. Lipscomb “for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976 Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek “for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1976 Saul Bellow “for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work” The Nobel Peace Prize 1976 Betty Williams Mairead Corrigan The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1976 Milton Friedman “for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy” 1975 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson and Leo James Rainwater “for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975 John Warcup Cornforth “for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions” Vladimir Prelog “for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Martin Temin “for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975 Eugenio Montale “for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions” The Nobel Peace Prize 1975 Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1975 Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich and Tjalling C. Koopmans “for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources” 1974 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974 Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish “for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974 Paul J. Flory “for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974 Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and George E. Palade “for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1974 Eyvind Johnson “for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom” Harry Martinson “for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos” The Nobel Peace Prize 1974 Seán MacBride Eisaku Sato The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974 Gunnar Myrdal and Friedrich August von Hayek “for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena” 1973 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever “for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively” Brian David Josephson “for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973 Ernst Otto Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson “for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973 Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen “for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973 Patrick White “for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature” The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 Henry A. Kissinger Le Duc Tho The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1973 Wassily Leontief “for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems” 1972 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer “for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen “for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation” Stanford Moore and William H. Stein “for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972 Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter “for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1972 Heinrich Böll “for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature” The Nobel Peace Prize 1972 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1972 John R. Hicks and Kenneth J. Arrow “for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory” 1971 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 Dennis Gabor “for his invention and development of the holographic method” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971 Gerhard Herzberg “for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. “for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 Pablo Neruda “for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent’s destiny and dreams” The Nobel Peace Prize 1971 Willy Brandt The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1971 Simon Kuznets “for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development” 1970 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén “for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics” Louis Eugène Félix Néel “for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970 Luis F. Leloir “for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970 Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod “for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1970 Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn “for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature” The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 Norman E. Borlaug The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1970 Paul A. Samuelson “for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science” 1969 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969 Murray Gell-Mann “for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969 Derek H. R. Barton and Odd Hassel “for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E. Luria “for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1969 Samuel Beckett “for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation” The Nobel Peace Prize 1969 International Labour Organization (I.L.O.) The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969 Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen “for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes” 1968 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 Luis Walter Alvarez “for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968 Lars Onsager “for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg “for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1968 Yasunari Kawabata “for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind” The Nobel Peace Prize 1968 René Cassin 1967 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe “for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and George Porter “for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967 Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline and George Wald “for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967 Miguel Angel Asturias “for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America” The Nobel Peace Prize 1967 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1966 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966 Alfred Kastler “for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966 Robert S. Mulliken “for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 Peyton Rous “for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses” Charles Brenton Huggins “for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon “for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people” Nelly Sachs “for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s destiny with touching strength” The Nobel Peace Prize 1966 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1965 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman “for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965 Robert Burns Woodward “for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965 François Jacob, André Lwoff and Jacques Monod “for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1965 Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov “for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people” The Nobel Peace Prize 1965 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 1964 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin “for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964 Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen “for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre “for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age” The Nobel Peace Prize 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. 1963 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 Eugene Paul Wigner “for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles” Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen “for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963 Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta “for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963 Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley “for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1963 Giorgos Seferis “for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture” The Nobel Peace Prize 1963 Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross Societies) 1962 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau “for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz and John Cowdery Kendrew “for their studies of the structures of globular proteins” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins “for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 John Steinbeck “for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception” The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 Linus Carl Pauling 1961 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961 Robert Hofstadter “for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons” Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer “for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961 Melvin Calvin “for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961 Georg von Békésy “for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1961 Ivo Andric “for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country” The Nobel Peace Prize 1961 Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld 1960 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960 Donald Arthur Glaser “for the invention of the bubble chamber” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960 Willard Frank Libby “for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Brian Medawar “for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1960 Saint-John Perse “for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time” The Nobel Peace Prize 1960 Albert John Lutuli 1959 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959 Emilio Gino Segrè and Owen Chamberlain “for their discovery of the antiproton” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovsky “for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg “for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo “for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times” The Nobel Peace Prize 1959 Philip J. Noel-Baker 1958 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm “for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 Frederick Sanger “for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum “for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events” Joshua Lederberg “for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1958 Boris Leonidovich Pasternak “for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition” The Nobel Peace Prize 1958 Georges Pire 1957 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee “for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957 Lord (Alexander R.) Todd “for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957 Daniel Bovet “for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1957 Albert Camus “for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times” The Nobel Peace Prize 1957 Lester Bowles Pearson 1956 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood and Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov “for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956 André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards “for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez “for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity” The Nobel Peace Prize 1956 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1955 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb “for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum” Polykarp Kusch “for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud “for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell “for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955 Halldór Kiljan Laxness “for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland” The Nobel Peace Prize 1955 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1954 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 Max Born “for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction” Walther Bothe “for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 Linus Carl Pauling “for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954 John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller and Frederick Chapman Robbins “for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 Ernest Miller Hemingway “for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea,and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style” The Nobel Peace Prize 1954 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1953 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 Frits Zernike “for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953 Hermann Staudinger “for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 Hans Adolf Krebs “for his discovery of the citric acid cycle” Fritz Albert Lipmann “for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill “for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values” The Nobel Peace Prize 1953 George Catlett Marshall 1952 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952 Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell “for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952 Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge “for their invention of partition chromatography” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952 Selman Abraham Waksman “for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1952 François Mauriac “for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life” The Nobel Peace Prize 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1951 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 Sir John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton “for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan and Glenn Theodore Seaborg “for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951 Max Theiler “for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1951 Pär Fabian Lagerkvist “for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind” The Nobel Peace Prize 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1950 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950 Cecil Frank Powell “for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder “for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950 Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein and Philip Showalter Hench “for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought” The Nobel Peace Prize 1950 Ralph Bunche 1949 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 Hideki Yukawa “for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949 William Francis Giauque “for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949 Walter Rudolf Hess “for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs” Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz “for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949 William Faulkner “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel” The Nobel Peace Prize 1949 Lord (John) Boyd Orr of Brechin 1948 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett “for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius “for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948 Paul Hermann Müller “for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 Thomas Stearns Eliot “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry” The Nobel Peace Prize 1948 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1947 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947 Sir Edward Victor Appleton “for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947 Sir Robert Robinson “for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz “for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen” Bernardo Alberto Houssay “for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1947 André Paul Guillaume Gide “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight” The Nobel Peace Prize 1947 Friends Service Council (The Quakers) American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers) 1946 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman “for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 James Batcheller Sumner “for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized” John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley “for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 Hermann Joseph Muller “for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946 Hermann Hesse “for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style” The Nobel Peace Prize 1946 Emily Greene Balch John Raleigh Mott 1945 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 Wolfgang Pauli “for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen “for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter Florey “for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945 Gabriela Mistral “for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world” The Nobel Peace Prize 1945 Cordell Hull 1944 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi “for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 Otto Hahn “for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944 Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser “for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style” The Nobel Peace Prize 1944 Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) 1943 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 Otto Stern “for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943 George de Hevesy “for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943 Henrik Carl Peter Dam “for his discovery of vitamin K” Edward Adelbert Doisy “for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1943 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Peace Prize 1943 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1942 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Peace Prize 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1941 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Peace Prize 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1940 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1940 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1940 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1940 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1940 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Peace Prize 1940 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1939 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939 Ernest Orlando Lawrence “for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939 Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt “for his work on sex hormones” Leopold Ruzicka “for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939 Gerhard Domagk “for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää “for his deep understanding of his country’s peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature” The Nobel Peace Prize 1939 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1938 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 Enrico Fermi “for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938 Richard Kuhn “for his work on carotenoids and vitamins” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938 Corneille Jean François Heymans “for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1938 Pearl Buck “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces” The Nobel Peace Prize 1938 Office international Nansen pour les Réfugiés (Nansen International Office for Refugees) 1937 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson “for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937 Walter Norman Haworth “for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C” Paul Karrer “for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937 Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt “for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1937 Roger Martin du Gard “for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault” The Nobel Peace Prize 1937 Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil) 1936 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 Victor Franz Hess “for his discovery of cosmic radiation” Carl David Anderson “for his discovery of the positron” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936 Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye “for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936 Sir Henry Hallett Dale and Otto Loewi “for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1936 Eugene Gladstone O’Neill “for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy” The Nobel Peace Prize 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1935 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935 James Chadwick “for the discovery of the neutron” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 Frédéric Joliot and Irène Joliot-Curie “in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935 Hans Spemann “for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1935 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Peace Prize 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1934 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1934 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934 Harold Clayton Urey “for his discovery of heavy hydrogen” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934 George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot and William Parry Murphy “for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934 Luigi Pirandello “for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art” The Nobel Peace Prize 1934 Arthur Henderson 1933 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac “for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1933 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan “for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1933 Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin “for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing” The Nobel Peace Prize 1933 Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane) 1932 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 Werner Karl Heisenberg “for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932 Irving Langmuir “for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and Edgar Douglas Adrian “for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1932 John Galsworthy “for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga” The Nobel Peace Prize 1932 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1931 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1931 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931 Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius “in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg “for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt “The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt” The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 Jane Addams Nicholas Murray Butler 1930 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman “for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930 Hans Fischer “for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 Karl Landsteiner “for his discovery of human blood groups” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 Sinclair Lewis “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters” The Nobel Peace Prize 1930 Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom 1929 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie “for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929 Arthur Harden and Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin “for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes” The Nobel Peace Prize 1929 Frank Billings Kellogg 1928 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus “for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928 Charles Jules Henri Nicolle “for his work on typhus” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1928 Sigrid Undset “principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages” The Nobel Peace Prize 1928 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1927 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 Arthur Holly Compton “for his discovery of the effect named after him” Charles Thomson Rees Wilson “for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland “for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg “for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1927 Henri Bergson “in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented” The Nobel Peace Prize 1927 Ferdinand Buisson Ludwig Quidde 1926 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin “for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926 The (Theodor) Svedberg “for his work on disperse systems” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926 Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger “for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926 Grazia Deledda “for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general” The Nobel Peace Prize 1926 Aristide Briand Gustav Stresemann 1925 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz “for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy “for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1925 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925 George Bernard Shaw “for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty” The Nobel Peace Prize 1925 Sir Austen Chamberlain Charles Gates Dawes 1924 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn “for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1924 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 Willem Einthoven “for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1924 Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont “for his great national epic, The Peasants” The Nobel Peace Prize 1924 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1923 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan “for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923 Fritz Pregl “for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 Frederick Grant Banting and John James Rickard Macleod “for the discovery of insulin” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1923 William Butler Yeats “for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation” The Nobel Peace Prize 1923 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1922 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 Niels Henrik David Bohr “for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922 Francis William Aston “for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922 Archibald Vivian Hill “for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle” Otto Fritz Meyerhof “for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922 Jacinto Benavente “for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama” The Nobel Peace Prize 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1921 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 Albert Einstein “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 Frederick Soddy “for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1921 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1921 Anatole France “in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament” The Nobel Peace Prize 1921 Karl Hjalmar Branting Christian Lous Lange 1920 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 Charles Edouard Guillaume “in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920 Walther Hermann Nernst “in recognition of his work in thermochemistry” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920 Schack August Steenberg Krogh “for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1920 Knut Pedersen Hamsun “for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil” The Nobel Peace Prize 1920 Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois 1919 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 Johannes Stark “for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1919 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919 Jules Bordet “for his discoveries relating to immunity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1919 Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler “in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring” The Nobel Peace Prize 1919 Thomas Woodrow Wilson 1918 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck “in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918 Fritz Haber “for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1918 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1918 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Peace Prize 1918 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1917 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917 Charles Glover Barkla “for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1917 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1917 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup “for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals” Henrik Pontoppidan “for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark” The Nobel Peace Prize 1917 Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) 1916 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1916 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1916 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1916 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1916 Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam “in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature” The Nobel Peace Prize 1916 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1915 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915 Richard Martin Willstätter “for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1915 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1915 Romain Rolland “as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings” The Nobel Peace Prize 1915 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1914 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 Max von Laue “for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914 Theodore William Richards “in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914 Robert Bárány “for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1914 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	86	https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ivan_Bunin	en	New World Encyclopedia	https://www.newworldency…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.newworldency…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/images/nwe_header.jpg", "https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/d/images/thumb/9/9f/Bunin.jpg/400px-Bunin.jpg", "https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/d/images/6/65/Buninturzhansky.jpg", "https://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/skins/common/images/Cc.logo.circle.png", "https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/favicon.ico		https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ivan_Bunin	Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (Ива́н Алексе́евич Бу́нин) (October 22, 1870 – November 8, 1953) was the first Russian writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. The texture of his poems and stories, sometimes referred to as "Bunin brocade," is one of the richest in the language. His last book of fiction, The Dark Alleys (1943), is arguably the most widely read twentieth century collection of short stories in Russia. Bunin came to literature through journalism and his attention to detail belies a journalistic background. From the gentry class, he was an early opponent of the Bolsheviks. Forced out of Moscow by the revolution, he worked in Odessa and later abroad. As an outspoken critic of the regime, he became popular and was warmly received by the Russian emigre community. Early life Bunin was born on his parents' estate in Voronezh province in central Russia. He came from a long line of landed gentry and serf owners, but his grandfather and father had squandered nearly all of the estate. He was sent to the public school in Yelets in 1881, but had to return home after five years. His brother, who was university educated, encouraged him to read the Russian classics and to write. At 17, he published his first poem in 1887 in a St. Petersburg literary magazine. His first collection of poems, Listopad (1901), was warmly received by the critics. Although his poems are said to continue the nineteenth century traditions of the Parnassian poets, they are steeped in oriental mysticism and sparkle with striking, carefully chosen epithets. Vladimir Nabokov, who scorned Bunin's prose, was a great admirer of his verse, comparing him with the great symbolist poet, Alexander Blok. In 1889, he followed his brother to Kharkov, where he became a government clerk, assistant editor of a local paper, librarian, and court statistician. Bunin also began a correspondence with Anton Chekhov, with whom he became close friends. He had a more distant relationship with Maxim Gorky and Leo Tolstoy. He would later write books on both Chekhov and Tolstoy. In 1891, he published his first short story, "Country Sketch" in a literary journal. As the time went by, he switched from writing poems to short stories. His first acclaimed novellas were "On the Farm," "The News From Home," "To the Edge of the World," "Antonov Apples," and "The Gentleman from San Francisco," his most representative piece, which was translated into English by D. H. Lawrence. Bunin was a well-known translator himself. The best known of his translations is Longfellow's "The Song of Hiawatha" for which Bunin was awarded the Pushkin Prize in 1903. He also translated works of Byron, Tennyson, and Musset. In 1909, he was elected to the Russian Academy. Renown From 1895 on, Bunin divided his time between Moscow and St. Petersburg. He married the daughter of a Greek revolutionary in 1898, but the marriage ended in divorce. Although he remarried in 1907, Bunin's romances with other women continued until his death. His tempestuous private life in emigration is the subject of the internationally acclaimed Russian movie, The Diary of His Wife (2000). Bunin published his first full-length work, The Village, when he was 40. It was a bleak portrayal of village life, with its stupidity, brutality, and violence. It's harsh realism recalls that of Anton Chekhov. Like Chekhov's "Peasants," Bunin's work is an antidote to the romanticization of the peasants that is found in Russian literature (Tolstoy's peasant-philosopher, Platon Kataev from War and Peace, is a prime example) as well as idealization of the peasant commune in much later nineteenth and early twentieth century Russian social thought. Bunin described the work thusly, "the characters having sunk so far below the average of intelligence as to be scarcely human." The work brought him in touch with Maxim Gorky. Two years later, he published Dry Valley, which was a veiled portrayal of his family. Before World War I, Bunin traveled in Ceylon, Palestine, Egypt, and Turkey, and these travels left their mark on his writing. He spent the winters from 1912 to 1914 on Capri with Gorky. Emigration Bunin left Moscow after the Russian Revolution of 1917, moving to Odessa. He lived there during the Russian Civil War, leaving Odessa on the last French ship in 1919, settling in Grasse, France. There, he published his diary, The Accursed Days, which voiced his aristocratic aversion to the Bolshevik regime. About the Soviet government he wrote: "What a disgusting gallery of convicts!" Bunin was much lionized in emigration, where he came to be viewed as the last living link to the lineage of Russian writers in the tradition of Tolstoy and Chekhov. Accordingly, he was the first Russian to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1933. On the journey through Germany to accept the prize in Stockholm, he was detained by the Nazis, ostensibly for jewel smuggling, and forced to drink a bottle of castor oil. In the 1930s, Bunin published two parts of a projected autobiographic trilogy: The Life of Arsenyev and Lika, which were "neither a short novel, nor a novel, nor a long short story, but . . . of a genre yet unknown." Later, he worked on his celebrated cycle of nostalgic stories with a strong erotic undercurrent and a Proustian ring. They were published as the Dark Alleys in 1943. Bunin was a strong opponent of the Nazis and reportedly sheltered a Jew in his house in Grasse throughout the occupation. To the end of his life, he remained interested in Soviet literature and even entertained plans of returning to Russia, as Alexander Kuprin had done before. Bunin died of a heart attack in a Paris attic flat, his invaluable book of reminiscences on Chekhov still unfinished. Several years later, his works were allowed to be published in the Soviet Union. References ISBN links support NWE through referral fees Bunin, Ivan. Night of Denial: Stories and Novellas. Trans. Robert Bowie. Northwestern 2006 ISBN 0-8101-1403-8 Bunin, Ivan. The Life of Arsenyev. Edited by Andrew Baruch Wachtel. Northwestern 1994 ISBN 0-8101-1172-1 Terras, Victor. A History of Russian Literature. Yale University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-300-04971-4 All links retrieved March 10, 2018.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	69	https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/six-interesting-facts-about-the-nobel-prize-in-literature	en	Six Interesting Facts about the Nobel Prize in Literature	https://blog.bookstellyo…Jungle_Book2.jpg	https://blog.bookstellyo…Jungle_Book2.jpg	[ "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-24000257-png/images/logo.png", "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-294270925-png/ilab.png", "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-293390527-png/abaa.png", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/4f5afc0e-4fe1-46f6-bebb-f93fe6f22263.png", "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hubfs/social-suggested-images/Kipling_Jungle_Book2.jpg?width=245&name=Kipling_Jungle_Book2.jpg", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/8cbcff41-ebea-41f3-b97a-db9c8a930894.png", "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-392255640-jpg/images/Andrea.jpg?width=80&name=Andrea.jpg", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/639676e5-ddf3-45f7-be51-d4bcbf6fa6b8.png", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/edd00eb4-b601-4ee2-b639-b62ddf28ed93.png", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/73b09407-0389-43d3-8221-0b8358f11602.png", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/4a376006-1872-4939-a6e6-bf7cd379d53e.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Andrea Koczela" ]	2018-04-13T13:00:00+00:00	Test your knowledge about the Nobel Prize in Literature against these six facts.	en	//blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hubfs/file-21251103-ico.ico		https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/six-interesting-facts-about-the-nobel-prize-in-literature	What does it mean to win a Nobel Prize in Literature? Some of the past winners have explained it better than we ever could. For example, Seamus Heaney declared, "I've said it before about the Nobel Prize: it's like being struck by a more or less benign avalanche. It was unexpected, unlooked for, and extraordinary." Doris Lessing, for her part, said, "As soon as I got the Nobel Prize, my back collapsed and I was in the hospital." Mario Vargas Llosa reminds us of the notoriety that comes with the title of Nobel laureate: "The Nobel prize is a fairy tale for a week and a nightmare for a year. You can't imagine the pressure to give interviews, to go to book fairs." Any way you look at it, winning the Nobel Prize in Literature is certainly life changing. Take a moment to test your knowledge against these six facts about the Nobel Prize in Literature: 1904 - Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray 1917 - Karl Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan 1966 - Shmuel Agnon, Nelly Sachs 1974 - Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson 4. The first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature was Selma Lagerlöf in 1909. She was later nominated to the Swedish Academy to select other Nobel Prize winners. 5. Only two people have ever declined the award. Boris Pasternak accepted the prize in 1958, but the authorities of his country (the Soviet Union) later forced him to reject the prize. Jean Paul Sartre declined it in 1964 because he refused all official recognition.
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W. Beadle and E. L. Tatum publish their classic study on the biochemical genetics of Neurospora and promulgate the ONE-GENE, ONE-ENZYME theory. K. Mather coins the term polygenes and describes polygenic traits in various organisms. Anthropologist E. T. Hall excavates the ruins of a dwelling in New Mexico occupied between 700 and 900 AD. He finds two fossil jawbones of Eocene mammals that were deliberately carried to the dwelling by Paleo- Indians. German paleontologist H. Kirchner suggests that dinosaur tracks in the Rhine Valley might have inspired the legend of Siegfried slaying the dragon Fafnir. Between 1941 and 1945, the desperate need for labor in US defense plants and shipyards leads to the migration of 1.2 million African-Americans from the South to the North and West. This migration transforms American politics as blacks increasingly vote in their new homes and put pressure on Congress to protect civil rights throughout the nation. Their activism lays much of the foundation for the national civil rights movement a decade later. On June 25, Pres. Franklin Roosevelt issues Executive Order 8802, which desegregates US defense plants and shipyards and creates the Fair Employment Practices Committee. The US Army creates the Tuskegee Air Squadron (the 99th Pursuit Squadron) — an all African-American flying unit. Zuse Z3 machine completed 07 DEC 1941: Pearl Harbor bombed by Japanese The US immediately declares war on Japan. Germany quickly declares war on the United States. The US is now a full participant in World War II. 08 DEC 1941: The US responds to Pearl Harbor. President to address joint session of Congress. Declaration of War expected. 09 DEC 1941: The United States formally declares War on Japan. How Green Was My Valley wins Academy Award for best picture. The drama was set in a Welsh mining village, with director John Ford winning one of the films five Oscars. Even then, many were surprised that the movie beat Orson Welles Citizen Kane, but a Variety reporter at the time attributed that to the 6,000 movie extras who voted on Oscars top prize: The mob prefers a regular guy to a genius. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer is completed Kodacolor, the first color film that yields negatives for making chromogenic color prints on paper. Roll films for snapshot cameras only, 35 mm not available until 1958. 4-7 JUN 1942: The Battle of Midway occurs. Less than six months after Pearl Harbor the Japanese navy attempts to lure the remnants of the US Navy into a decisive battle at Midway Island. The Japanese plan backfires, as the battle proves to be a huge victory for US forces and the turning point in the war in the Pacific. Mrs. Miniver wins Academy Award for best picture. The film, about a British family during the early days of World War II, came at just the right time, reassuring Americans that their newish war effort was the right decision. Painting by Piet Mondrian: Broadway Boogie Woogie was completed in 1943, shortly after Mondrian moved to New York in 1940. Compared to his earlier work, the canvas is divided into a much larger number of squares. Although he spent most of his career creating abstract work, this painting is inspired by clear real-world examples: the city grid of Manhattan, and the Broadway boogie woogie, a type of music Mondrian loved. The painting was bought by the Brazilian sculptor Maria Martins for the price of $800 at the Valentine Gallery in New York City, after Martins and Mondrian both exhibited there in 1943. Martins later donated the painting to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The Colossus Mark 1 computer is delivered to Bletchley Park The First Computing Journal Work begins on ENIAC Casablanca wins Academy Award for best picture. The WWII drama represents the studio system at its best, where all the talent (behind and in front of the camera) worked at their peak. Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman were not the studios first choices for their roles, but they remain one of the screens all-time great romantic pairings. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style". Triptych by Francis Bacon: Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion comprises three canvasses that are based on the Eumenides — or Furies — of Aeschylus's Oresteia, and that depict three writhing anthropomorphic creatures set against a flat burnt orange background. It was executed in oil paint and pastel on Sundeala fibre board and completed within two weeks. The triptych summarises themes explored in Bacon's previous work, including his examination of Picasso's biomorphs and his interpretations of the Crucifixion and the Greek Furies. The Three Studies are generally considered Bacon's first mature piece. When the painting was first exhibited in 1945 it caused a sensation and established him as one of the foremost post-war painters. Remarking on the cultural significance of Three Studies, the critic John Russell observed in 1971 that "there was painting in England before the Three Studies, and painting after them, and no one ... can confuse the two". On April 3, the United States Supreme Court in Smith vs. Allright declares white-only political primaries unconstitutional. First Harvard Mark 1 shipped D-Day landing On June 6th, the largest amphibious force ever assembled, led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, successfully attacks and establishes a landing on the coast of France at Normandy. Going My Way wins Academy Award for best picture. Writer-director Leo McCarey once again proved his ability to balance tears and laughs, in this tale of a rule-breaking priest (Oscar winner Bing Crosby) taking over a New York parish from a retiring priest. In the latter role, Barry Fitzgerald was oddly nominated as both lead and supporting actor, winning in the latter category. 13 APR 1945: President Roosevelt dies in office. Harry S. Truman becomes thirty-third president of the United States. 28 APR 1945: US and Russian troops meet. Germany split in two. 30 APR 1945: Press reports Mussolini killed by Italian partisans, his body abused. Hitler commits suicide by gunshot while hiding in his Führerbunker, but news of his death will not surface for a few days. 02 MAY 1945: Hitler reported dead.. 08 MAY 1945: Germany surrenders unconditionally. The war in Europe is over. 22 JUN 1945: Okinawa falls after 82 days of fierce fighting. 16 JUL 1945: The Manhattan Project yields results — the world's first atomic bomb is secretly tested in New Mexico. 27 JUL 1945: Churchill is defeated in British elections. Potsdam Declaration is reported, calling for Japan to surrender unconditionally or face "prompt and utter destruction." 06 AUG 1945: the first atomic bomb used in combat is dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. 07 AUG 1945: The world learns about the atomic bomb. President Truman announces "The force from which the sun draws its power has been loosed against those who brought war to the Far East" and he calls upon Japan to immediately accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration or expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth." 09 AUG 1945: The second atomic bomb used in combat is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. The primary target for this mission was actually the city of Kokura, but the bomber crew moved on to the secondary target of Nagasaki when Kokura proved to be too obscured by smoke to get a clear view for the bombsight. Russia declares war on japan. 15 AUG 1945: In the afternoon of August 15th (Japanese time), Japan announces its unconditional surrender. World War II is finally over. More than 60 million people have died as a result of the conflict. Gabriela Mistral awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world". Col. Benjamin O. Davis, Jr, is named commander of Godman Field, Kentucky. He is the first African-American to command a United States military base. Grace Hopper recorded the first actual computer "bug" Patent is Filed for the Harvard Mark I Vannevar Bush publishes his ideas for MEMEX, a proto-hypertext system and forerunner to the World Wide Web The Lost Weekend wins Academy Award for best picture. The film, directed by Billy Wilder, was widely admired even though it was controversial: Though movies had featured drunks since the silent days, it was considered daring to address the subject head-on. James B. Sumner, John H. Northrop, and Wendell M. Stanley share a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Sumner's discovery that enzymes can be crystallized and for Northrop and Stanley's preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form. Nobel Prize in Medicine awarded to H. J. Muller for his contributions to radiation genetics Genetic recombination in bacteriophage is demonstrated by M. Delbrück and W. T. Bailey and by A. D. Hershey. J. Lederberg and E. L. Tatum demonstrate genetic recombination in bacteria. Along the Kolyma River in northeastern Siberia, Gulag prisoners discover a nest with three frozen, mummified ground squirrel carcasses. They turn the carcasses over to the Gulag camp geologist, Yuriy Popov, who relays them to other Soviet scientists. Seventy years later, radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis of the ground squirrel mummies will identify their age at over 30,000 years old, and indicate that they are not direct ancestors of modern ground squirrels in the region. Geologist Reg Sprigg discovers fossils near the Ediacara Hills in Australia. The fossils are of multicellular organisms that predated the Cambrian Period, making them the oldest complex fossils yet discovered. At least some of the fossils are generally assumed to be related to modern cnidarians like jellyfish and corals. André Paul Guillaume Gide awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight". Painting by Jackson Pollock: Reflections of the Big Dipper, consisting of built up layers of paint with dripped enamel as the final touch, concluding the composition. It was around 1947 that Jackson Pollock traded in his brushes for sticks, trowels and knives and began adding foreign matter, such as sand, broken glass, nails, coins, paint-tube tops and bottle caps to his canvases. Reflection of the Big Dipper was exhibited at the Betty Parsons Gallery in 1948, along with sixteen other paintings by Jackson Pollock. The show received positive reviews. Pollock's works from this time are a transitional step between a more traditional handling of paint and his revolutionary technique of dripping paint on canvases off a large scale. On April 10, Jackie Robinson of the Brooklyn Dodgers becomes the first African-American to play major league baseball in the 20th century. J Lyons executives report on the potential of computers to automate clerical work The Williams tube won the race for a practical random-access memory Dennis Gabor invents holography. Harold Edgerton develops the Rapatronic camera for the U.S. government. Gentleman's Agreement wins Academy Award for best picture. The Elia Kazan-directed drama, starring Gregory Peck, was another hot-button winner, as it addressed the topic of anti-Semitism. Thomas Stearns Eliot awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry". Painting by Barnett Newman: Onement I features the first full incarnation of what Newman later called a 'zip', a vertical band of color. This motif would play a central role in many of his subsequent paintings. The painting's title is an archaic derivation of the word 'atonement', meaning, "the state of being made into one." On July 26, Pres. Harry Truman issues Executive Order 9981, directing the desegregation of the armed forces. The United States Supreme Court, in Shelley vs Kraemer, rules that racially restrictive covenants are legally unenforceable. IBM´s Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator was built The Manchester Baby, the world's first stored program computer, ran its first program Edwin H. Land introduces the first Polaroid instant camera. The Hasselblad 1600F camera is introduced. Hamlet wins Academy Award for best picture. The black and white Shakespeare adaptation, from U.K.s J. Arthur Rank-Two Cities, was the first non-Hollywood film to take the top award. And Laurence Olivier became the first person to direct himself to a best-actor win.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	7	https://bronasbooks.com/awards-prizes/nobel/	en	Nobel	https://bronasbooks.com/…banner-460px.jpg	https://bronasbooks.com/…banner-460px.jpg	[ "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-cropped-cropped-cropped-this-reading-life-1.jpg", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/f91a4-nobel-banner-460px.jpg?w=640&h=172", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image-1.png", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image.png", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-img_8603.jpg?w=50", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-img_8603.jpg?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2019-09-19T05:28:00+00:00	Nobel Prize For Literature Alfred Nobel, in his will declared that an annual award would be awarded "in the field of literature to the most outstanding work in an ideal direction". In recent years the prize has "become widely seen as a political one - a peace prize in literary disguise", whose judges are prejudiced…	en	https://bronasbooks.com/…mg_8603.jpg?w=32	This Reading Life	https://bronasbooks.com/awards-prizes/nobel/	In recent years the prize has “become widely seen as a political one – a peace prize in literary disguise”, whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them.” The prize’s focus on European men, and Swedes in particular, has been the subject of criticism over the years.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	92	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-nobel-prize-in-physics-1901-2000/	en	The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901-2000	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	[ "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/flag_intro-7.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-1.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-2.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-3.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-3.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-3.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-4.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-5.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-6.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-7.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-7a.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-28.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-8.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-1.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-2.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-9.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-9.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-2.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-11.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-2.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-12.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-12.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-7a.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-12.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-12.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-7a.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-14.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-15.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-15.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-14.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-16.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-17.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-18.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-17.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-17.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-18.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-27.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-17.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-18.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-17.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-19.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-20.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-21.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-20.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-22.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-23.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-24.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-25.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-26.gif", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/fig-2.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901-2000	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-nobel-prize-in-physics-1901-2000	by Erik B. Karlsson* What is physics? Physics is considered to be the most basic of the natural sciences. It deals with the fundamental constituents of matter and their interactions as well as the nature of atoms and the build-up of molecules and condensed matter. It tries to give unified descriptions of the behavior of matter as well as of radiation, covering as many types of phenomena as possible. In some of its applications, it comes close to the classical areas of chemistry, and in others there is a clear connection to the phenomena traditionally studied by astronomers. Present trends are even pointing toward a closer approach of some areas of physics and microbiology. Although chemistry and astronomy are clearly independent scientific disciplines, both use physics as a basis in the treatment of their respective problem areas, concepts and tools. To distinguish what is physics and chemistry in certain overlapping areas is often difficult. This has been illustrated several times in the history of the Nobel Prizes. Therefore, a few awards for chemistry will also be mentioned in the text that follows, particularly when they are closely connected to the works of the Physics Laureates themselves. As for astronomy, the situation is different since it has no Nobel Prizes of its own; it has therefore been natural from the start, to consider discoveries in astrophysics as possible candidates for Prizes in Physics. From classical to quantum physics In 1901, when the first Nobel Prizes were awarded, the classical areas of physics seemed to rest on a firm basis built by great 19th century physicists and chemists. Hamilton had formulated a very general description of the dynamics of rigid bodies as early as the 1830s. Carnot, Joule, Kelvin and Gibbs had developed thermodynamics to a high degree of perfection during the second half of the century. Maxwell’s famous equations had been accepted as a general description of electromagnetic phenomena and had been found to be also applicable to optical radiation and the radio waves recently discovered by Hertz. Everything, including the wave phenomena, seemed to fit quite well into a picture built on mechanical motion of the constituents of matter manifesting itself in various macroscopic phenomena. Some observers in the late 19th century actually expressed the view that, what remained for physicists to do was only to fill in minor gaps in this seemingly well-established body of knowledge. However, it would very soon turn out that this satisfaction with the state of physics was built on false premises. The turn of the century became a period of observations of phenomena that were completely unknown up to then, and radically new ideas on the theoretical basis of physics were formulated. It must be regarded as a historical coincidence, probably never foreseen by Alfred Nobel himself, that the Nobel Prize institution happened to be created just in time to enable the prizes to cover many of the outstanding contributions that opened new areas of physics in this period. One of the unexpected phenomena during the last few years of the 19th century, was the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895, which was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics (1901). Another was the discovery of radioactivity by Antoine Henri Becquerel in 1896, and the continued study of the nature of this radiation by Marie and Pierre Curie. The origin of the X-rays was not immediately understood at the time, but it was realized that they indicated the existence of a hitherto concealed world of phenomena (although their practical usefulness for medical diagnosis was evident enough from the beginning). The work on radioactivity by Becquerel and the Curies was rewarded in 1903 (with one half to Becquerel and the other half shared by the Curies), and in combination with the additional work by Ernest Rutherford (who got the Chemistry Prize in 1908) it was understood that atoms, previously considered as more or less structureless objects, actually contained a very small but compact nucleus. Some atomic nuclei were found to be unstable and could emit the or radiation observed. This was a revolutionary insight at the time, and it led in the end, through parallel work in other areas of physics, to the creation of the first useful picture of the structure of atoms. In 1897, Joseph J. Thomson, who worked with rays emanating from the cathode in partly evacuated discharge tubes, identified the carriers of electric charge. He showed that these rays consisted of discrete particles, later called “electrons”. He measured a value for the ratio between their mass and (negative) charge, and found that it was only a very small fraction of that expected for singly charged atoms. It was soon realized that these lightweight particles must be the building blocks that, together with the positively charged nuclei, make up all different kinds of atoms. Thomson received his Prize in 1906. By then, Philipp E.A. von Lenard had already been acknowledged the year before (1905) for elucidating other interesting properties of the cathodic rays, such as their ability to penetrate thin metal foils and produce fluorescence. Soon thereafter (in 1912) Robert A. Millikan made the first precision measurement of the electron charge with the oil-drop method, which led to a Physics Prize for him in 1923. Millikan was also rewarded for his works on the photoelectric effect. In the beginning of the century, Maxwell’s equations had already existed for several decades, but many questions remained unanswered: what kind of medium propagated electromagnetic radiation (including light) and what carriers of electric charges were responsible for light emission? Albert A. Michelson had developed an interferometric method, by which distances between objects could be measured as a number of wavelengths of light (or fractions thereof). This made comparison of lengths much more exact than what had been possible before. Many years later, the Bureau International de Poids et Mesures, Paris (BINP) defined the meter unit in terms of the number of wavelengths of a particular radiation instead of the meter prototype. Using such an interferometer, Michelson had also performed a famous experiment, together with E. W. Morley, from which it could be concluded that the velocity of light is independent of the relative motion of the light source and the observer. This fact refuted the earlier assumption of an ether as a medium for light propagation. Michelson received the Physics Prize in 1907. The mechanisms for emission of light by carriers of electric charge was studied by Hendrik A. Lorentz, who was one of the first to apply Maxwell’s equations to electric charges in matter. His theory could also be applied to the radiation caused by vibrations in atoms and it was in this context that it could be put to its first crucial test. As early as 1896 Pieter Zeeman, who was looking for possible effects of electric and magnetic fields on light, made an important discovery namely, that spectral lines from sodium in a flame were split up into several components when a strong magnetic field was applied. This phenomenon could be given a quite detailed interpretation by Lorentz’s theory, as applied to vibrations of the recently identified electrons, and Lorentz and Zeeman shared the Physics Prize in 1902, i.e. even before Thomson’s discovery was rewarded. Later, Johannes Stark demonstrated the direct effect of electric fields on the emission of light, by exposing beams of atoms (“anodic rays”, consisting of atoms or molecules) to strong electric fields. He observed a complicated splitting of spectral lines as well as a Doppler shift depending on the velocities of the emitters. Stark received the 1919 Physics Prize. With this background, it became possible to build detailed models for the atoms, objects that had existed as concepts ever since antiquity but were considered more or less structureless in classical physics. There existed already, since the middle of the previous century, a rich empirical material in the form of characteristic spectral lines emitted in the visible domain by different kinds of atoms, and to this was added the characteristic X-ray radiation discovered by Charles G. Barkla (Physics Prize in 1917, awarded in 1918), which after the clarification of the wave nature of this radiation and its diffraction by Max von Laue (Physics Prize in 1914), also became an important source of information on the internal structure of atoms. Barkla’s characteristic X-rays were secondary rays, specific for each element exposed to radiation from X-ray tubes (but independent of the chemical form of the samples). Karl Manne G. Siegbahn realized that measuring characteristic X-ray spectra of all the elements would show systematically how successive electron shells are added when going from the light elements to the heavier ones. He designed highly accurate spectrometers for this purpose by which energy differences between different shells, as well as rules for radiative transitions between them, could be established. He received the Physics Prize in 1924 (awarded in 1925). However, it would turn out that a deeper understanding of the atomic structure required a much further departure from the habitual concepts of classical physics than anyone could have imagined. Classical physics assumes continuity in motion as well as in the gain or loss of energy. Why then, do atoms send out radiations with sharp wavelengths? Here, a parallel line of development, also with its roots in late 19th century physics, had given important clues for interpretation. Wilhelm Wien studied the “black-body” radiation from hot solid bodies (which in contrast to radiation from atoms in gases, has a continuous distribution of frequencies). Using classical electrodynamics, he derived an expression for the frequency distribution of this radiation and the shift of the maximum intensity wavelength, when the temperature of a black body is changed (the Wien displacement law, useful for instance in determining the temperature of the sun). He was awarded the Physics Prize in 1911. However, Wien could not derive a distribution formula that agreed with experiments for both short and long wavelengths. The problem remained unexplained until Max K.E.L. Planck put forward his radically new idea that the radiated energy could only be emitted in quanta, i.e. portions that had a certain definite value, larger for the short wavelengths than for the long ones (equal to a constant times the frequency for each quantum). This is considered to be the birth of quantum physics. Wien received the Physics Prize in 1911 and Planck some years later, in 1918 (awarded in 1919). Important verifications that light comes in the form of energy quanta came also through Albert Einstein‘s interpretation of the photoelectric effect (first observed in 1887 by Hertz) which also involved extensions of Planck’s theories. Einstein received the Physics Prize for 1921 (awarded in 1922). The prize motivation cited also his other “services to theoretical physics,” which will be referred to in another context. Later experiments by James Franck and Gustav L. Hertz demonstrated the inverse of the photoelectric effect (i.e. that an electron that strikes an atom, must have a specific minimum energy to produce light quanta of a particular energy from it) and showed the general validity of Planck’s expressions involving the constant . Franck and Hertz shared the 1925 prize, awarded in 1926. At about the same time, Arthur H. Compton (who received one-half of the Physics Prize for 1927) studied the energy loss in X-ray photon scattering on material particles, and showed that X-ray quanta, whose energies are more than 10,000 times larger than those of light, also obey the same quantum rules. The other half was given to Charles T.R. Wilson (see later), whose device for observing high energy scattering events could be used for verification of Compton’s predictions. With the concept of energy quantization as a background, the stage was set for further ventures into the unknown world of microphysics. Like some other well-known physicists before him, Niels H. D. Bohr worked with a planetary picture of electrons circulating around the nucleus of an atom. He found that the sharp spectral lines emitted by the atoms could only be explained if the electrons were circulating in stationary orbits characterized by a quantized angular momentum (integer units of Planck’s constant divided by ) and that the emitted frequencies corresponded to emission of radiation with energy equal to the difference between quantized energy states of the electrons. His suggestion indicated a still more radical departure from classical physics than Planck’s hypothesis. Although it could only explain some of the simplest features of optical spectra in its original form, it was soon accepted that Bohr’s approach must be a correct starting point, and he received the Physics Prize in 1922. It turned out that a deeper discussion of the properties of radiation and matter (until then considered as forming two completely different categories), was necessary for further progress in the theoretical description of the microworld. In 1923 Prince Louis-Victor P. R. de Broglie proposed that material particles may also show wave properties, now that electromagnetic radiation had been shown to display particle aspects in the form of photons. He developed mathematical expressions for this dualistic behavior, including what has later been called the “de Broglie wavelength” of a moving particle. Early experiments by Clinton J. Davisson had indicated that electrons could actually show reflection effects similar to that of waves hitting a crystal and these experiments were now repeated, verifying the associated wavelength predicted by de Broglie. Somewhat later, George P. Thomson (son of J. J. Thomson) made much improved experiments on higher energy electrons penetrating thin metal foils which showed very clear diffraction effects. de Broglie was rewarded for his theories in 1929 and Davisson and Thomson later shared the 1937 Physics Prize. What remained was the formulation of a new, consistent theory that would replace classical mechanics, valid for atomic phenomena and their associated radiations. The years 1924-1926 was a period of intense development in this area. Erwin Schrödinger built further on the ideas of de Broglie and wrote a fundamental paper on “Quantization as an eigenvalue problem” early in 1926. He created what has been called “wave mechanics”. But the year before that, Werner K. Heisenberg had already started on a mathematically different approach, called “matrix mechanics”, by which he arrived at equivalent results (as was later shown by Schrödinger). Schrödinger’s and Heisenberg’s new quantum mechanics meant a fundamental departure from the intuitive picture of classical orbits for atomic objects, and implied also that there are natural limitations on the accuracy by which certain quantities can be measured simultaneously (Heisenberg’s uncertainty relations). Heisenberg was rewarded by the Physics Prize for 1932 (awarded 1933) for the development of quantum mechanics, while Schrödinger shared the Prize one year later (1933) with Paul A.M. Dirac. Schrödinger’s and Heisenberg’s quantum mechanics was valid for the relatively low velocities and energies associated with the “orbital” motion of valence electrons in atoms, but their equations did not satisfy the requirements set by Einstein’s rules for fast moving particles (to be mentioned later). Dirac constructed a modified formalism which took into account effects of Einstein’s special relativity, and showed that such a theory not only contained terms corresponding to the intrinsic spinning of electrons (and therefore explaining their own intrinsic magnetic moment and the fine structure observed in atomic spectra), but also predicted the existence of a completely new kind of particles, the so-called antiparticles with identical masses but opposite charge. The first antiparticle to be discovered, that of the electron, was observed in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson and was given the name “positron” (one-half of the Physics Prize for 1936). Other important contributions to the development of quantum theory have been distinguished by Nobel Prizes in later years. Max Born, Heisenberg’s supervisor in the early twenties, made important contributions to its mathematical formulation and physical interpretation. He received one-half of the Physics Prize for 1954 for his work on the statistical interpretation of the wave function. Wolfgang Pauli formulated his exclusion principle (which states that there can be only one electron in each quantum state) already on the basis of Bohr’s old quantum theory. This principle was later found to be associated with the symmetry of wave functions for particles of half-integer spins in general, distinguishing what is now called fermions from the bosonic particles whose spins are integer multiples of . The exclusion principle has deep consequences in many areas of physics and Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1945. The study of electron spins would continue to open up new horizons in physics. Precision methods for determining the magnetic moments of spinning particles were developed during the thirties and forties for atoms as well as nuclei (by Stern, Rabi, Bloch and Purcell, see later sections) and in 1947 they had reached such a precision, that Polykarp Kusch could state that the magnetic moment of an electron did not have exactly the value predicted by Dirac, but differed from it by a small amount. At about the same time, Willis E. Lamb worked on a similar problem of electron spins interacting with electromagnetic fields, by studying the fine structure of optical radiation from hydrogen with very high resolution radio frequency resonance methods. He found that the fine structure splitting also did not have exactly the Dirac value, but differed from it by a significant amount. These results stimulated a reconsideration of the basic concepts behind the application of quantum theory to electromagnetism, a field that had been started by Dirac, Heisenberg and Pauli but still suffered from several insufficiencies. Kusch and Lamb were each awarded half the the Physics Prize in 1955. In quantum electrodynamics (QED for short), charged particles interact through the interchange of virtual photons, as described by quantum perturbation theory. The older versions involved only single photon exchange, but Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman realized that the situation is actually much more complicated, since electron-electron scattering may involve several photon exchanges. A “naked” point charge does not exist in their picture; it always produces a cloud of virtual particle-antiparticle pairs around itself, such that its effective magnetic moment is changed and the Coulomb potential is modified at short distances. Calculations starting from this picture have reproduced the experimental data by Kusch and Lamb to an astonishing degree of accuracy and modern QED is now considered to be the most exact theory in existence. Tomonaga, Schwinger and Feynman shared the Physics Prize in 1965. This progress in QED turned out to be of the greatest importance also for the description of phenomena at higher energies. The notion of pair production from a “vacuum” state of a quantized field (both as a virtual process and as a real materialization of particles), is also a central building block in the modern field theory of strong interactions, quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Another basic aspect of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory is the symmetries of wave functions and fields. The symmetry properties under exchange of identical particles lie behind Pauli’s exclusion principle mentioned above, but symmetries with respect to spatial transformations have turned out to play an equally important role. In 1956, Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang pointed out, that physical interactions may not always be symmetric with respect to reflection in a mirror (that is, they may be different as seen in a left-handed and a right-handed coordinate system). This means that the wave function property called “parity”, denoted by the symbol “P”, is not conserved when the system is exposed to such an interaction and the mirror reflection property may be changed. Lee’s and Yang’s work was the starting point for an intense search for such effects and it was shown soon afterwards that the decay and the decay, which are both caused by the so-called “weak interaction” are not parity-conserving (see more below). Lee and Yang were jointly awarded the Physics Prize in 1957. Other symmetries in quantum mechanics are connected with the replacement of a particle with its antiparticle, called charge conjugation (symbolized by “C”). In the situations discussed by Lee and Yang it was found that although parity was not conserved in the radioactive transformations there was still a symmetry in the sense that particles and antiparticles broke parity in exactly opposite ways and that therefore the combined operation “C”x”P” still gave results which preserved symmetry. But it did not last long before James W. Cronin and Val L. Fitch found a decay mode among the “K mesons” that violated even this principle, although only to a small extent. Cronin and Fitch made their discovery in 1964 and were jointly awarded the Physics Prize in 1980. The consequences of their result (which include questions about the symmetry of natural processes under reversal of time, called “T”) are still discussed today and touch some of the deepest foundations of theoretical physics, because the “P”x”C”x”T” symmetry is expected always to hold. The electromagnetic field is known to have another property, called “gauge symmetry”, which means that the field equations keep their form even if the electromagnetic potentials are multiplied with certain quantum mechanical phase factors, or “gauges”. It was not self-evident that the “weak” interaction should have this property, but it was a guiding principle in the work by Sheldon L. Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg in the late 1960s, when they formulated a theory that described the weak and the electromagnetic interaction on the same basis. They were jointly awarded the Physics Prize in 1979 for this unified description and, in particular, for their prediction of a particular kind of weak interaction mediated by “neutral currents”, which had been found recently in experiments. The last Physics Prize (1999) in the 20th century was jointly awarded to Gerhardus ‘t Hooft and Martinus J. G. Veltman. They showed the way to renormalize the “electro-weak” theory, which was necessary to remove terms that tended to infinity in quantum mechanical calculations (just as QED had earlier solved a similar problem for the Coulomb interaction). Their work allowed detailed calculations of weak interaction contributions to particle interactions in general, proving the utility of theories based on gauge invariance for all kinds of basic physical interactions. Quantum mechanics and its extensions to quantum field theories is one of the great achievements of the 20th century. This sketch of the route from classical physics to modern quantum physics, has led us a long way toward a fundamental and unified description of the different particles and forces in nature, but much remains to be done and the goal is still far ahead. It still remains, for instance, to “unify” the electro-weak force with the “strong” nuclear force and with gravity. But here, it should also be pointed out that the quantum description of the microworld has another main application: the calculation of chemical properties of molecular systems (sometimes extended to biomolecules) and of the structure of condensed matter, branches that have been distinguished with several prizes, in physics as well as in chemistry. Microcosmos and macrocosmos “From Classical to Quantum Physics”, took us on a trip from the phenomena of the macroscopic world as we meet it in our daily experience, to the quantum world of atoms, electrons and nuclei. With the atoms as starting point, the further penetration into the subatomic microworld and its smallest known constituents will now be illustrated by the works of other Nobel Laureates. It was realized, already in the first half of the 20th century, that such a further journey into the microcosmos of new particles and interactions would also be necessary for understanding the composition and evolution histories of the very large structures of our universe, the “macrocosmos”. At the present stage elementary particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology are strongly tied together, as several examples presented here will show. Another link connecting the smallest and the largest objects in our universe is Albert Einstein‘s theories of relativity. Einstein first developed his special theory of relativity in 1905, which expresses the mass-energy relationship . Then, in the next decade, he continued with his theory of general relativity, which connects gravitational forces to the structure of space and time. Calculations of effective masses for high energy particles, energy transformations in radioactive decay as well as Dirac’s predictions that antiparticles may exist, are all based on his special theory of relativity. The general theory is the basis for calculations of large scale motions in the universe, including discussions of the properties of black holes. Einstein received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 (awarded in 1922), motivated by work on the photo-electric effect which demonstrated the particle aspects of light. The works by Becquerel, the Curies, and Rutherford gave rise to new questions: What was the source of energy in the radioactive nuclei that could sustain the emission of and radiation over very long time intervals, as observed for some of them, and what were the heavy particles and the nuclei themselves actually composed of? The first of these problems (which seemed to violate the law of conservation of energy, one of the most important principles of physics) found its solution in the transmutation theory, formulated by Rutherford and Frederick Soddy (Chemistry Prize for 1921, awarded in 1922). They followed in detail several different series of radioactive decay and compared the energy emitted with the mass differences between “parent” and “daughter” nuclei. It was also found that nuclei belonging to the same chemical element could have different masses; such different species were called “isotopes”. A Chemistry Prize was given in 1922 to Francis W. Aston for his mass-spectroscopic separation of a large number of isotopes of non-radioactive elements. Marie Curie had by then already received a second Nobel Prize (this time in Chemistry in 1911), for her discoveries of the chemical elements radium and polonium. All isotopic masses were found to be nearly equal to multiples of the mass of the proton, a particle also first seen by Rutherford when he irradiated nitrogen nuclei with particles. But the different isotopes could not possibly be made up entirely of protons since each particular chemical element must have one single value for the total nuclear charge. Protons were actually found to make up less than half of the nuclear mass, which meant that some neutral constituents had to be present in the nuclei. James Chadwick first found conclusive evidence for such particles, the neutrons, when he studied nuclear reactions in 1932. He received the Physics Prize in 1935. Soon after Chadwick’s discovery, neutrons were put to work by Enrico Fermi and others as a means to induce nuclear reactions that could produce new “artificial” radioactivity. Fermi found that the probability of neutron-induced reactions (which do not involve element transformations), increased when the neutrons were slowed down and that this worked equally well for heavy elements as for light ones, in contrast to charge-particle induced reactions. He received the Physics Prize in 1938. With neutrons and protons as the basic building blocks of atomic nuclei, the branch of “nuclear physics” could be established and several of its major achievements were distinguished by Nobel prizes. Ernest O. Lawrence, who received the Physics Prize in 1939, built the first cyclotron in which acceleration took place by successively adding small amounts of energy to particles circulating in a magnetic field. With these machines, he was able to accelerate charged nuclear particles to such high energies that they could induce nuclear reactions and he obtained important new results. Sir John D. Cockcroft and Ernest T.S. Walton instead, accelerated particles by direct application of very high electrostatic voltages and were rewarded for their studies of transmutation of elements in 1951. Otto Stern received the Physics Prize in 1943 (awarded in 1944), for his experimental methods of studying magnetic properties of nuclei, in particular for measuring the magnetic moment of the proton itself. Isidor I. Rabi increased the accuracy of magnetic moment determinations for nuclei by more than two orders of magnitude, with his radio frequency resonance technique, for which he was awarded the Physics Prize for 1944. Magnetic properties of nuclei provide important information for understanding details in the build-up of the nuclei from protons and neutrons. Later, in the second half of the century, several theoreticians were rewarded for their work on the theoretical modelling of this complex many-body system: Eugene P. Wigner (one-half of the prize), Maria Goeppert-Mayer (one-fourth) and J. Hans D. Jensen (one-fourth) in 1963 and Aage N. Bohr, Ben R. Mottelson and L. James Rainwater in 1975. We will come back to these works under the heading “From Simple to Complex Systems”. As early as 1912, it was found by Victor F. Hess (awarded half the Prize in 1936 and the other half to Carl D. Anderson) that highly penetrating radiation is also reaching us continuously from outer space. This “cosmic radiation” was first detected by ionization chambers and later by Wilson’s cloud chamber referred to earlier. Properties of particles in the cosmic radiation could be inferred from the curved particle tracks produced when a strong magnetic field was applied. It was in this way that C. D. Anderson discovered the positron. Anderson and Patrick M.S. Blackett showed that electron positron pairs could be produced by rays (which needed a photon energy equal to at least ) and that electrons and positrons could annihilate, producing rays as they disappeared. Blackett received the Physics Prize in 1948 for his further development of the cloud chamber and the discoveries made with it. Although accelerators were further developed, cosmic radiation continued for a couple of decades to be the main source of very energetic particles (and still surpasses the most powerful accelerators on earth in this aspect, although with extremely low intensities), and it provided the first glimpses of a completely unknown subnuclear world. A new kind of particles, called mesons, was spotted in 1937, having masses approximately 200 times that of electrons (but 10 times lighter than protons). In 1946, Cecil F. Powell clarified the situation by showing that there were actually more than one kind of such particles present. One of them, the “ meson”, decays into the other one, the “µ meson”. Powell was awarded the Physics Prize in 1950. By that time, theoreticians had already been speculating about the forces that keep protons and neutrons together in nuclei. Hideki Yukawa suggested in 1935, that this “strong” force should be carried by an exchange particle, just as the electromagnetic force was assumed to be carried by an exchange of virtual photons in the new quantum field theory. Yukawa maintained that such a particle must have a mass of about 200 electron masses in order to explain the short range of the strong forces found in experiments. Powell’s meson was found to have the right properties to act as a “Yukawa particle”. The µ particle, on the other hand, turned out to have a completely different character (and its name was later changed from “µ meson” to “muon”). Yukawa received the Physics Prize in 1949. Although later progress has shown that the strong force mechanism is more complex than what Yukawa pictured it to be, he must still be considered as the first one who led the thoughts on force carriers in this fruitful direction. More new particles were discovered in the 1950s, in cosmic radiation as well as in collisions with accelerated particles. By the end of the 50s, accelerators could reach energies of several GeV (109 electron volts) which meant that pairs of particles, with masses equal to the proton mass, could be created by energy-to-mass conversion. This was the method used by the team of Owen Chamberlain and Emilio Segrè when they first identified and studied the antiproton in 1955 (they shared the Physics Prize for 1959). High energy accelerators also allowed more detailed studies of the structures of protons and neutrons than before, and Robert Hofstadter was able to distinguish details of the electromagnetic structure of the nucleons by observing how they scattered electrons of very high energy. He was rewarded with half the Physics Prize for 1961. One after another, new mesons with their respective antiparticles appeared, as tracks on photographic plates or in electronic particle detectors. The existence of the “neutrino” predicted on theoretical grounds by Pauli already as early as the 1930s, was established. The first direct experimental evidence for the neutrino was provided by C. L. Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1957, but it was not until 1995 that this discovery was awarded with one-half the Nobel Prize (Cowan had died in 1984). The neutrino is a participant in processes involving the “weak” interaction (such as decay and meson decay to muons) and, as the intensity of particle beams increased, it became possible to produce secondary beams of neutrinos from accelerators. Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger developed this method in the 1960s and demonstrated that the neutrinos accompanying µ emission in decay were not identical to those associated with electrons in decay; they were two different particles, and . Physicists could now start to distinguish some order among the particles: the electron (e), the muon (µ), the electron neutrino ( ), the muon neutrino ( ) and their antiparticles were found to belong to one class, called “leptons”. They did not interact by the “strong” nuclear force, which on the other hand, characterized the protons, neutrons, mesons and hyperons (a set of particles heavier than the protons). The lepton class was extended later in the 1970s when Martin L. Perl and his team discovered the lepton, a heavier relative to the electron and the muon. Perl shared the Physics Prize in 1995 with Reines. All the leptons are still considered to be truly fundamental, i.e. point-like and without internal structure, but for the protons, etc, this is no longer true. Murray Gell-Mann and others managed to classify the strongly interacting particles (called “hadrons”) into groups with common relationships and ways of interaction. Gell-Mann received the Physics Prize in 1969. His systematics was based on the assumption that they were all built up from more elementary constituents, called “quarks”. The real proof that nucleons were built up from quark-like objects came through the works of Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor. They “saw” hard grains inside these objects when they studied how electrons (of still higher energy than Hofstadter could use earlier) scattered inelastically on them. They shared the Physics Prize in 1990. It was understood that all strongly interacting particles are built up by quarks. In the middle of the 1970s a very short-lived particle, discovered independently by the teams of Burton Richter and Samuel C.C. Ting, was found to contain a so far, unknown type of quark which was given the name “charm”. This quark was a missing link in the systematics of the elementary particles and Burton and Ting shared the Physics Prize in 1976. The present standard model of particle physics sorts the particles into three families, with two quarks (and their antiparticles) and two leptons in each: the “up” and “down” quarks, the electron and the electron-neutrino in the first; the “strange” and the “charm” quark, the muon and the muon neutrino in the second; the “top” and the “bottom” quark, the tauon and the tau neutrino in the third. The force carriers for the combined electro-weak interaction are the photon, the Z-particle and the W-bosons, and for the strong interaction between quarks the so-called gluons. In 1983, the existence of the W- and Z-particles was proven by Carlo Rubbia‘s team which used a new proton-antiproton collider with sufficient energy for production of these very heavy particles. Rubbia shared the 1984 Physics Prize with Simon van der Meer, who had made decisive contributions to the construction of this collider by his invention of “stochastic cooling” of particles. There are speculations that additional particles may be produced at energies higher than those attainable with the present accelerators, but no experimental evidence has been produced so far. Cosmology is the science that deals with the structure and evolution of our universe and the large-scale objects in it. Its models are based on the properties of the known fundamental particles and their interactions as well as the properties of space-time and gravitation. The “big-bang” model describes a possible scenario for the early evolution of the universe. One of its predictions was experimentally verified when Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave radiation background in 1960. They shared one-half of the Physics Prize for 1978. This radiation is an afterglow of the violent processes assumed to have occurred in the early stages of the big bang. Its equilibrium temperature is 3 kelvin at the present age of the universe. It is almost uniform when observed in different directions; the small deviations from isotropy are now being investigated and will tell us more about the earliest history of our universe. Outer space has been likened to a large arena for particle interactions where extreme conditions, not attainable in a laboratory, are spontaneously created. Particles may be accelerated to higher energies than in any accelerator on earth, nuclear fusion reactions proliferate in the interior of stars, and gravitation can compress particle systems to extremely high densities. Hans A. Bethe first described the hydrogen and carbon cycles, in which energy is liberated in stars by the fusion of protons into helium nuclei. For this achievement he received the Physics Prize in 1967. Subramanyan Chandrasekhar described theoretically the evolution of stars, in particular those ending up as “white dwarfs”. Under certain conditions the end product may also be a “neutron star”, an extremely compact object, where all protons have been converted into neutrons. In supernova explosions, the heavy elements created during stellar evolution are spread out into space. The details of some of the most important nuclear reactions in stars and heavy element formation were elucidated by William A. Fowler both in theory and in experiments using accelerators. Fowler and Chandrasekhar received one-half each of the 1983 Physics Prize. Visible light and cosmic background radiation are not the only forms of electromagnetic waves that reach us from outer space. At longer wavelengths, radio astronomy provides information on astronomical objects not obtainable by optical spectroscopy. Sir Martin Ryle developed the method where signals from several separated telescopes are combined in order to increase the resolution in the radio source maps of the sky. Antony Hewish and his group made an unexpected discovery in 1964 using Ryle’s telescopes: radio frequency pulses were emitted with very well-defined repetition rates by some unknown objects called pulsars. These were soon identified as neutron stars, acting like fast rotating lighthouses emitting radiowaves because they are also strong magnets. Ryle and Hewish shared the Physics Prize in 1974. By 1974, pulsar search was already routine among radio astronomers, but a new surprise came in the summer of the same year when Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. noticed periodic modulations in the pulse frequencies of a newly discovered pulsar, called PSR 1913+16. It was the first double pulsar detected, so named because the emitting neutron star happened to be one of the components of a close double star system, with the other component of about equal size. This system has provided, by observation over more than 20 years, the first concrete evidence for gravitational radiation. The decrease of its rotational frequency is in close agreement with the predictions based on Einstein’s theory, for losses caused by this kind of radiation. Hulse and Taylor shared the Physics Prize in 1993. However, the direct detection of gravitational radiation on earth still has to be made. From simple to complex systems If all the properties of the elementary particles as well as the forces that may act between them were known in every detail, would it then be possible to predict the behavior of all systems composed of such particles? The search for the ultimate building blocks of nature and of the proper theoretical description of their interactions (on the macro as well as the micro scale), has partly been motivated by such a reductionistic program. All scientists would not agree that such a synthesis is possible even in principle. But even if it were true, the calculations of complex system behavior would very soon be impossible to handle when the number of particles and interactions in the system is increased. Complex multi-particle systems are therefore described in terms of simplified models, where only the most essential features of their particle compositions and interactions are used as starting points. Quite often, it is observed that complex systems develop features called “emergent properties”, not straightforwardly predictable from the basic interactions between their constituents. Atomic nuclei The first complex systems from the reductionist’s point of view are the nucleons, i.e. neutrons and protons composed of quarks and gluons. The second is the atomic nuclei, which to a first approximation are composed of separate nucleons. The first advanced model of nuclear structure was the nuclear shell model, put up by the end of the 1940s by Maria Goeppert-Mayer and Johannes D. Jensen who realized that at least for nuclei with nearly spherical shape, the outer nucleons fill up energy levels like electrons in atoms. However, the order is different; it is determined by another common potential and by the specific strong spin-orbit coupling of the nuclear forces. Their model explains why nuclei with so-called “magic numbers” of protons or neutrons are particularly stable. They shared the Physics Prize in 1963 together with Eugene Wigner, who had formulated fundamental symmetry principles important in both nuclear and particle physics. Nuclei with nucleon numbers far from the magic ones are not spherical. Niels Bohr had already worked with a liquid drop model for such deformed nuclei which may take ellipsoidal shapes, and in 1939 it was found that excitation of certain strongly deformed nuclei could lead to nuclear fission, i.e. the breakup of such nuclei into two heavy fragments. Otto Hahn received the Chemistry Prize in 1944 (awarded in 1945) for the discovery of this new process. The non-spherical shape of deformed nuclei allows new collective, rotational degrees of freedom, as do also the collective vibrations of nucleons. Models describing such excitations of the nuclei were developed by James Rainwater, Aage Bohr (son of Niels Bohr) and Ben Mottelson, who jointly received the Physics Prize in 1975. The nuclear models mentioned above, were based not only on general, guiding principles, but also on the steadily increasing information from nuclear spectroscopy. Harold C. Urey discovered deuterium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen, for which he was awarded the Chemistry Prize in 1934. Fermi, Lawrence, Cockcroft, and Walton mentioned in the previous section developed methods for the production of unstable nuclear isotopes. For their extension of the nuclear isotope chart to the heaviest elements, Edwin M. McMillan and Glenn T. Seaborg were awarded, again with a Chemistry Prize (in 1951). In 1954, Walther Bothe received one-half of the Physics Prize and the other half was awarded to Max Born, mentioned earlier. Bothe developed the coincidence method, which allowed spectroscopists to select generically related sequences of nuclear radiation from the decay of nuclei. This turned out to be important, particularly for the study of excited states of nuclei and their electromagnetic properties. Atoms The electronic shells of the atoms, when considered as many-body systems, are easier to handle than the nuclei (which actually contain not only protons and neutrons but also more of other, short-lived “virtual” particles than the atoms). This is due to the weakness and simplicity of the electromagnetic forces as compared to the “strong” forces holding the nuclei together. With the quantum mechanics developed by Schrödinger, Heisenberg, and Pauli, and the relativistic extensions by Dirac, the main properties of the atomic electrons could be reasonably well described. However, a long standing problem has remained, namely to solve the mathematical problems connected with the mutual interactions between the electrons after the dominating attraction by the positive nuclei has been taken into account. One aspect of this was addressed in the work by one of the most recent Chemistry Laureates (1998), Walter Kohn. He developed the “density functional” method which is applicable to free atoms as well as to electrons in molecules and solids. At the beginning of the 20th century, the periodic table of elements was not yet complete. The early history of the Nobel Prizes includes the discoveries of some of the then missing elements. Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) noticed anomalies in the relative atomic masses when oxygen and nitrogen samples were taken directly from the air that surrounds us, instead of separating them from chemical compounds. He concluded that the atmosphere must contain a so far unknown constituent, which was the element argon with atomic mass 20. He was awarded the Physics Prize in 1904, the same year that Sir William Ramsay obtained the Chemistry Prize for isolating the element helium. In the second half of the 20th century, there has been a spectacular development of atomic spectroscopy and the precision by which one can measure the transitions between atomic or molecular states that fall in the microwave and optical range. Alfred Kastler (who received the Physics Prize in 1966) and his co-workers showed in the 1950s that electrons in atoms can be put into selected excited substates by the use of polarized light. After radiative decay, this can also lead to an orientation of the spins of ground-state atoms. The subsequent induction of radio frequency transitions opened possibilities to measure properties of the quantized states of electrons in atoms in much greater detail than before. A parallel line of development led to the invention of masers and lasers, which are based on the “amplification of stimulated emission of radiation” in strong microwave and optical (light) fields, respectively (effects which in principle would have been predictable from Einstein’s equations formulated in 1917 but were not discussed in practical terms until early in the 1950s). Charles H. Townes developed the first maser in 1958. Theoretical work on the maser principle was made by Nikolay G. Basov and Aleksandr M. Prokhorov. The first maser used a stimulated transition in the ammonia molecule. It emitted an intense microwave radiation, which unlike that of natural emitters, was coherent (i.e. with all photons in phase). Its frequency sharpness soon made it an important tool in technology, for time-keeping and other purposes. Townes received half the Physics Prize for 1964 and Basov and Prokhorov shared the other half. For radiation in the optical range, lasers were later developed in several laboratories. Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur L. Schawlow were distinguished in 1981 for their work on precision laser spectroscopies of atoms and molecules. The other half of that year’s prize was awarded to Kai M. Siegbahn (son of Manne Siegbahn), who developed another high-precision method for atomic and molecular spectroscopy based on electrons emitted from inner electron shells when hit by X-rays with very well-defined energy. His photo- and Auger-electron spectroscopy is used as an analytical tool in several other areas of physics and chemistry. The controlled interplay between atomic electrons and electromagnetic fields has continued to provide ever more detailed information about the structure of electronic states in atoms. Norman F. Ramsey developed precision methods based on the response to external radio frequency signals by free atoms in atomic beams and Wolfgang Paul invented atomic “traps”, built by combinations of electric and magnetic fields acting over the sample volumes. Hans G. Dehmelt‘s group was the first to isolate single particles (positrons) as well as single atoms in such traps. For the first time, experimenters could “communicate” with individual atoms by microwave and laser signals. This enabled the study of new aspects of quantum mechanical behavior as well as further increased precision in atomic properties and the setting of time standards. Paul and Dehmelt received the 1989 Physics Prize and the other half was awarded to Ramsey. The latest step in this development has involved the slowing down of the motion of atoms in traps to such an extent that it would correspond to micro-kelvin temperatures, had they been in thermal equilibrium in a gas. This is done by exposing them to “laser cooling” through a set of ingenious schemes designed and carried out in practice by Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips, whose research groups manipulated atoms by collisions with laser photons. Their work, which was recognized by the 1997 Physics Prize, promises important applications in general measurement technology in addition to a still more increased precision in the determination of atomic quantities. Molecules and plasmas Molecules are composed of atoms. They form the next level of complexity when considered as many-body systems. But molecular phenomena have traditionally been viewed as a branch of chemistry (as exemplified by the Chemistry Prize in 1936 to Petrus J.W. Debye), and have only rarely been in the focus for Nobel Prizes in Physics. One exception is the recognition of the work by Johannes Diderik van der Waals, who formulated an equation of state for molecules in a gas taking into account the mutual interaction between the molecules as well as the reduction of the free volume due to their finite size. van der Waals’ equation has been an important starting point for the description of the condensation of gases into liquids. He received the 1910 Physics Prize. Jean B. Perrin studied the motion of small particles suspended in water and received the 1926 Physics Prize. His studies allowed a confirmation of Einstein’s statistical theory of Brownian motion as well as of the laws governing the equilibrium of suspended particles under the influence of gravity. In 1930, Sir C. Venkata Raman received the Physics Prize for his observations that light scattered from molecules contained components which were shifted in frequency with respect to the infalling monochromatic light. These shifts are caused by the molecules’ gain or loss of characteristic amounts of energy when they change their rotational or vibrational motion. Raman spectroscopy soon became an important source of information on molecular structure and dynamics. A plasma is a gaseous state of matter in which the atoms or molecules are strongly ionized. Mutual electromagnetic forces, both between the positive ions themselves and between the ions and the free electrons, are then playing dominant roles, which adds to the complexity as compared to the situation in neutral atomic or molecular gases. Hannes Alfvén demonstrated in the 1940s that a new type of collective motion, called “magneto-hydrodynamical waves” can arise in such systems. These waves play a crucial role for the behavior of plasmas, in the laboratory as well as in the earth’s atmosphere and in cosmos. Alfvén received half of the 1970 Physics Prize. Condensed matter Crystals are characterized by a regular arrangement of atoms. Relatively soon after the discovery of the X-rays, it was realized by Max von Laue that such rays were diffracted when passing through crystalline solids, like light passing an optical grating. This effect is related to the fact that the wavelength of common X-ray sources happens to coincide with typical distances between atoms in these materials. It was first used systematically by Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg (father and son) to measure interatomic distances and to analyse the geometrical arrangement of atoms in simple crystals. For their pioneering work on X-ray crystallography (which has later been developed to a high degree of sophistication), they received the Nobel Prize in Physics; Laue in 1914 and the Braggs in 1915. The crystalline structure is the most stable of the different ways in which atoms can be organized to form a certain solid at the prevalent temperature and pressure conditions. In the 1930s Percy W. Bridgman invented devices by which very high pressures could be applied to different solid materials and studied changes in their crystalline, electric, magnetic and thermal properties. Many crystals undergo phase transitions under such extreme circumstances, with abrupt changes in the geometrical arrangements of their atoms at certain well-defined pressures. Bridgman received the Physics Prize in 1946 for his discoveries in the field of high pressure physics. Low-energy neutrons became available in large numbers to the experimenters through the development of fission reactors in the 1940s. It was found that these neutrons, like X-rays, were useful for crystal structure determinations because their associated de Broglie wavelengths also fall in the range of typical interatomic distances in solids. Clifford G. Shull contributed strongly to the development of the neutron diffraction technique for crystal structure determination, and showed also that the regular arrangement of magnetic moments on atoms in ordered magnetic materials can give rise to neutron diffraction patterns, providing a new powerful tool for magnetic structure determination. Shull was rewarded with the Physics Prize in 1994, together with Bertram N. Brockhouse, who specialized in another aspect of neutron scattering on condensed material: the small energy losses resulting when neutrons excite vibrational modes (phonons) in a crystalline lattice. For this purpose, Brockhouse developed the 3-axis neutron spectrometer, by which complete dispersion curves (phonon energies as function of wave vectors) could be obtained. Similar curves could be recorded for vibrations in magnetic lattices (the magnon modes). John H. Van Vleck made significant contributions to the theory of magnetism in condensed matter in the years following the creation of quantum mechanics. He calculated the effects of chemical binding on the paramagnetic atoms and explained the effects of temperature and applied magnetic fields on their magnetism. In particular, he developed the theory of crystal field effects on the magnetism of transition metal compounds, which has been of great importance for understanding the function of active centers in compounds for laser physics as well as in biomolecules. He shared the Physics Prize in 1977 with Philip W. Anderson and Sir Nevill F. Mott (see below). Magnetic atoms can have their moments all ordered in the same direction in each domain (ferromagnetism), with alternating “up” and “down” moments of the same size (simple antiferromagnets) or with more complicated patterns including different magnetic sublattices (ferrimagnets, etc). Louis E.F. Néel introduced basic models to describe antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials, which are important components in many solid state devices. They have been extensively studied by the aforementioned neutron diffraction techniques. Néel obtained one-half of the Physics Prize in 1970. The geometric ordering of atoms in crystalline solids as well as the different kinds of magnetic order, are examples of general ordering phenomena in nature when systems find an energetically favorable arrangement by choosing a certain state of symmetry. The critical phenomena, which occur when transitions between states of different symmetry are approached (for instance when temperature is changed), have a high degree of universality for different types of transitions, including the magnetic ones. Kenneth G. Wilson, who received the Physics Prize in 1982, developed the so-called renormalization theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions, a theory which has also found application in certain field theories of particle physics. Liquid crystals form a specific class of materials that show many interesting features, from the point of view of fundamental interactions in condensed matter as well as for technical applications. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes developed the theory for the behavior of liquid crystals and their transitions between different ordered phases (nematic, smectic, etc). He used also statistical mechanics to describe the arrangements and dynamics of polymer chains, thereby showing that methods developed for ordering phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to the complex ones occurring in “soft condensed matter”. For this, he received the Physics Prize in 1991. Another specific form of liquid that has received attention is liquid helium. At normal pressures, this substance remains liquid down to the lowest temperatures attainable. It also shows large isotope effects, since condenses to liquid at 4.2 K, while the more rare isotope remains in gaseous form down to 3.2 K. Helium was first liquefied by Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes in 1909. He received the Physics Prize in 1913 for the production of liquid helium and for his investigations of properties of matter at low temperatures. Lev D. Landau formulated fundamental concepts (e.g. the “Landau liquid”) concerning many-body effects in condensed matter and applied them to the theory of liquid helium, explaining specific phenomena occurring in such as the superfluidity (see below), the “roton” excitations, and certain acoustic phenomena. He was awarded the Physics Prize in 1962. Several of the experimental techniques used for the production and study of low temperature phenomena were developed by Pyotr L. Kapitsa in the 1920s and 30s. He studied many aspects of liquid and showed that it was superfluid (i.e. flowing without friction) below 2.2 K. The superfluid state was later understood to be a manifestation of macroscopic quantum coherence in a Bose-Einstein type of condensate (theoretically predicted in 1920) with many features in common with the superconducting state for electrons in certain conductors. Kapitsa received one-half of the Physics Prize for 1978. In liquid , additional, unique phenomena show up because each nucleus has a non-zero spin in contrast to those of . Thus, it is a fermion type of particle, and should not be able to participate in Bose-Einstein condensation, which works only for bosons. However, like in superconductivity (see below) pairs of spin-half particles can form “quasi-bosons” that can condense into a superfluid phase. Superfluidity in , whose transition temperature is reduced by a factor of a thousand compared to that of liquid , was discovered by David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson, who received the Physics Prize in 1996. They observed three different superfluid phases, showing complex vortex structures and interesting quantum behavior. Electrons in condensed matter can be localized to their respective atoms as in insulators, or they can be free to move between atomic sites, as in conductors and semiconductors. In the beginning of the 20th century, it was known that metals emitted electrons when heated to high temperatures, but it was not clear whether this was due only to thermal excitation of the electrons or if chemical interactions with the surrounding gas were also involved. Through experiments carried out in high vacuum, Owen W. Richardson could finally establish that electron emission is a purely thermionic effect and a law based on the velocity distribution of electrons in the metal could be formulated. For this, Richardson received the Physics Prize in 1928 (awarded in 1929.) The electronic structure determines the electric, magnetic, and optical properties of solids and is also of major importance for their mechanical and thermal behavior. It has been one of the major tasks of physicists in the 20th century to measure the states and dynamics of electrons and model their behavior so as to understand how they organize themselves in various types of solids. It is natural that the most unexpected and extreme manifestations of electron behavior have attracted the strongest interest in the community of solid state physicists. This is also reflected in the Nobel Prize in Physics: several prizes have been awarded for discoveries connected with superconductivity and for some of the very specific effects displayed in certain semiconducting materials. Superconductivity was discovered as early as 1911 by Kamerlingh-Onnes, who noticed that the electrical resistivity of mercury dropped to less than one billionth of its ordinary value when it was cooled well below a transition temperature of , which is about 4 K. As mentioned earlier, he received the Physics Prize in 1913. However, it would take a very long period of time before it was understood why electrons could flow without resistance in certain conductors at low temperature. But in the beginning of the 1960s Leon N. Cooper, John Bardeen and J. Robert Schrieffer formulated a theory based on the idea that pairs of electrons (with opposite spins and directions of motion) can lower their energy by an amount by sharing exactly the same deformation of the crystalline lattice as they move. Such “Cooper pairs” act as bosonic particles. This allows them to move as a coherent macroscopic fluid, undisturbed as long as the thermal excitations (of energy ) are lower in energy than the energy gained by the pair formation. The so-called BCS-theory was rewarded with the Physics Prize in 1972. This breakthrough in the understanding of the quantum mechanical basis led to further progress in superconducting circuits and components: Brian D. Josephson analysed the transfer of superconducting carriers between two superconducting metals, separated by a very thin layer of normal-conducting material. He found that the quantum phase, which determines the transport properties, is an oscillating function of the voltage applied over this kind of junction. The Josephson effect has important applications in precision measurements, since it establishes a relation between voltage and frequency scales. Josephson received one-half of the Physics Prize for 1973. Ivar Giaever, who invented and studied the detailed properties of the “tunnel junction”, an electronic component based on superconductivity, shared the second half with Leo Esaki for work on tunneling phenomena in semiconductors (see below). Although a considerable number of new superconducting alloys and compounds were discovered over the first 75 years that followed Kamerlingh-Onnes’ discovery, it seemed as if superconductivity would forever remain a typical low temperature phenomenon, with the limit for transition temperatures slightly above 20 K. It therefore came as a total surprise when J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller showed that a lanthanum-copper oxide could be made superconducting up to 35 K by doping it with small amounts of barium. Soon thereafter, other laboratories reported that cuprates of similar structure were superconducting up to about 100 K. This discovery of “high temperature superconductors” triggered one of the greatest efforts in modern physics: to understand the basic mechanism for superconductivity in these extraordinary materials. Bednorz and Müller shared the Physics Prize in 1987. Electron motion in the normal conducting state of metals has been modeled theoretically with increasing degree of sophistication ever since the advent of quantum mechanics. One of the early major steps was the introduction of the Bloch wave concept, named after Felix Bloch (half of the Physics Prize for magnetic resonance in 1952). Another important concept, “the electron fluid” in conductors, was introduced by Lev Landau (see liquid He). Philip W. Anderson made several important contributions to the theory of electronic structures in metallic systems, in particular concerning the effects of inhomogeneities in alloys and magnetic impurity atoms in metals. Nevill F. Mott worked on the general conditions for electron conductivity in solids and formulated rules for the point at which an insulator becomes a conductor (the Mott transition) when composition or external parameters are changed. Anderson and Mott shared the 1977 Physics Prize with John H. Van Vleck for their theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems. An early Physics Prize (1920) was given to Charles E. Guillaume for his discovery that the thermal expansion of certain nickel steels, so-called “invar” alloys, was practically zero. This prize was mainly motivated by the importance of these alloys for precision measurements in physics and geodesy, in particular when referring to the standard meter in Paris. The invar alloys have been extensively used in all kinds of high-precision mechanical devices, watches, etc. The theoretical background for this temperature independence has been explained only recently. Also very recently (1998), Walter Kohn was recognized by a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his methods of treating quantum exchange correlations, by which important limitations for the predictive power of electronic structure calculations, in solids as well as molecules, have been overcome. In semiconductors, electron mobility is strongly reduced because there are forbidden regions for the energy of the electrons that take part in conduction, the “energy gaps”. It was only after the basic roles of doping of ultra-pure silicon (and later other semiconducting materials) with chosen electron-donating or electron-accepting agents were understood, that semiconductors could be used as components in electronic engineering. William B. Shockley, John Bardeen (see also BCS-theory) and Walter H. Brattain carried out fundamental investigations of semiconductors and developed the first transistor. This was the beginning of the era of “solid state electronics”. They shared the Physics Prize in 1956. Later, Leo Esaki developed the tunnel diode, an electronic component that has a negative differential resistance, a technically interesting property. It is composed of two heavily and doped semiconductors, that have an excess of electrons on one side of the junction and a deficit on the other. The tunneling effect occurs at bias voltages larger than the gap in the semi-conductors. He shared the Physics Prize for 1973 with Brian D. Josephson. With modern techniques it is possible to build up well-defined, thin-layered structures of different semiconducting materials, in direct contact with each other. With such “heterostructures” one is not limited to the band-gaps provided by semi-conducting materials like silicon and germanium. Herbert Kroemer analysed theoretically the mobility of electrons and holes in heterostructure junctions. His propositions led to the build up of transistors with much improved characteristics, later called HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors), which are very important in today’s high-speed electronics. Kroemer suggested also, at about the same time as Zhores I. Alferov, the use of double heterostructures to provide conditions for laser action. Alferov later built the first working pulsed semiconductor laser in 1970. This marked the beginning of the era of modern optoelectronic devices now used in laser diodes, CD-players, bar code readers and fiber optics communication. Alferov and Kroemer recently shared one-half of the Physics Prize for the year 2000. The other half went to Jack S. Kilby, co-inventor of the integrated circuit (see the next section on Physics and Technology). By applying proper electrode voltages to such systems one can form “inversion layers”, where charge carriers move essentially only in two dimensions. Such layers have turned out to have some quite unexpected and interesting properties. In 1982, Klaus von Klitzing discovered the quantized Hall effect. When a strong magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to the plane of a quasi two-dimensional layer, the quantum conditions are such that an increase of magnetic field does not give rise to a linear increase of voltage on the edges of the sample, but a step-wise one. Between these steps, the Hall resistance is , where i’s are integers corresponding to the quantized electron orbits in the plane. Since this provides a possibility to measure the ratio between two fundamental constants very exactly, it has important consequences for measurement technology. von Klitzing received the Physics Prize in 1985. A further surprise came shortly afterwards when Daniel C. Tsui and Horst L. Störmer made refined studies of the quantum Hall effect using inversion layers in materials of ultra-high purity. Plateaus appeared in the Hall effect not only for magnetic fields corresponding to the filling of orbits with one, two, three, etc, electron charges, but also for fields corresponding to fractional charges! This could be understood only in terms of a new kind of quantum fluid, where the motion of independent electrons of charge e is replaced by excitations in a multi-particle system which behave (in a strong magnetic field) as if charges of , , etc were involved. Robert B. Laughlin developed the theory that describes this new state of matter and shared the 1998 Physics Prize with Tsui and Störmer. Sometimes, discoveries made in one field of physics turn out to have important applications in quite different areas. One example, of relevance for solid state physics, is the observation by Rudolf L. Mössbauer in the late 50s, that nuclei in “absorber” atoms can be resonantly excited by rays from suitably chosen “emitter” atoms, if the atoms in both cases are bound in such a way that recoils are eliminated. The quantized energies of the nuclei in the internal electric and magnetic fields of the solid can be measured since they correspond to different positions of the resonances, which are extremely sharp. This turned out to be important for the determination of electronic and magnetic structure of many substances and Mössbauer received half the Physics Prize in 1961 and R. Hofstadter the other half. Physics and technology Many of the discoveries and theories mentioned so far in this survey have had an impact on the development of technical devices; by opening completely new fields of physics or by providing ideas upon which such devices can be built. Conspicuous examples are the works of Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain which led to the transistors and started a revolution in electronics, and the basic research by Townes, Basov, and Prokhorov which led to the development of masers and lasers. It could also be mentioned that particle accelerators are now important tools in several areas of materials science and in medicine. Other works honored by Nobel Prizes have had a more direct technical motivation, or have turned out to be of particular importance for the construction of devices for the development of communication and information. An early Physics Prize (1912) was given to Nils Gustaf Dalén for his invention of an automatic “sun-valve”, extensively used for lighting beacons and light buoys. It was based on the difference in radiation of heat from reflecting and black bodies: one out of three parallel bars in his device was blackened, which gave rise to a difference in heat absorption and length expansion of the bars during sunshine hours. This effect was used to automatically switch off the gas supply in daytime, eliminating much of the need for maintenance at sea. Optical instrumentation and techniques have been the topics for prizes at several occasions. Around the turn of the century, Gabriel Lippmann developed a method for colour photography using interference of light. A mirror was placed in contact with the emulsion of a photographic plate in such a way that when it was illuminated, reflection in the mirror gave rise to standing waves in the emulsion. Developing resulted in a stratification of the grains of silver and when such a plate was looked at in a mirror, the picture was reproduced in its natural colours. The Physics Prize in 1908 was awarded to Lippmann. Unfortunately, Lippmann’s method requires very long exposure times. It has later been superseded by other techniques for photography but has found new applications in high-quality holograms. In optical microscopy it was shown by Frits Zernike that even very weakly absorbing (virtually transparent) objects can be made visible if they consist of regions with different refractive indices. In Zernike’s “phase-contrast microscope” it is possible to distinguish patches of light that have undergone different phase changes caused by this kind of inhomogeneity. This microscope has been of particular importance for observing details in biological samples. Zernike received the Physics Prize in 1953. In the 1940s, Dennis Gabor laid down the principles of holography. He predicted that if an incident beam of light is allowed to interfere with radiation reflected from a two-dimensional array of points in space, it would be possible to reproduce a three-dimensional picture of an object. However, the realization of this idea had to await the invention of lasers, which could provide the coherent light necessary for such interference phenomena to be observed. Gabor was awarded the Physics Prize in 1971. Electron microscopy has had an enormous impact on many fields of natural sciences. Soon after the wave nature of electrons was clarified by C. J. Davisson and G. P. Thomson, it was realized that the short wavelengths of high energy electrons would make possible a much increased magnification and resolution as compared to optical microscopes. Ernst Ruska made fundamental studies in electron optics and designed the first working electron microscope early in the 1930s. However, it would take more than 50 years before this was recognized by a Nobel Prize. Ruska obtained half of the Physics Prize for 1986, while the other half was shared between Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, who had developed a completely different way to obtain pictures with extremely high resolution. Their method is applicable to surfaces of solids and is based on the tunneling of electrons from very thin metallic tips to atoms on the surface when the tip is moved at very close distance to it (about 1 nm). By keeping the tunneling current constant a moving tip can be made to follow the topography of the surface, and pictures are obtained by scanning over the area of interest. By this method, single atoms on surfaces can be visualized. Radio communication is one of the great technical achievements of the 20th century. Guglielmo Marconi experimented in the 1890s with the newly discovered Hertzian waves. He was the first one to connect one of the terminals of the oscillator to the ground and the other one to a high vertical wire, the “antenna”, with a similar arrangement at the receiving station. While Hertz’ original experiments were made within a laboratory, Marconi could extend signal transmission to distances of several kilometers. Further improvement was made by Carl Ferdinand Braun (also father of the “Braunian tube”, an early cathode ray oscilloscope), who introduced resonant circuits in the Hertzian oscillators. The tunability and the possibility to produce relatively undamped outgoing oscillations greatly increased the transmission range, and in 1901 Marconi succeeded in establishing radio connection across the Atlantic. Marconi and Braun shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics. At this stage, it was not understood how radio waves could reach distant places (practically “on the other side of the earth”), keeping in mind that they were known to be of the same nature as light, which propagates in straight lines in free space. Sir Edward V. Appleton finally proved experimentally that an earlier suggestion by Heaviside and Kennelly, that radio waves were reflected between different layers with different conductance in the atmosphere, was the correct explanation. Appleton measured the interference of the direct and reflected waves at various wavelengths and could determine the height of Heaviside’s layer; in addition he found another one at a higher level which still bears his name. Appleton received the Physics Prize in 1947. Progress in nuclear and particle physics has always been strongly dependent on advanced technology (and sometimes a driving force behind it). This was already illustrated in connection with the works of Cockcroft and Walton and of Lawrence, who developed linear electrostatic accelerators and cyclotrons, respectively. Detection of high energy particles is also a technological challenge, the success of which has been recognized by several Nobel Prizes. The Physics Prize in 1958 was jointly awarded to Pavel A. Cherenkov, Il’ja M. Frank and Igor Y. Tamm for their discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect. This is the emission of light, within a cone of specific opening angle around the path of a charged particle, when its velocity exceeds the velocity of light in the medium in which it moves. Since this cone angle can be used to determine the velocity of the particle, the work by these three physicists soon became the basis for fruitful detector developments. The visualization of the paths of particles taking part in reactions is necessary for the correct interpretation of events occurring at high energies. Early experiments at relatively low energies used the tracks left in photographic emulsions. Charles T.R. Wilson developed a chamber in which particles were made visible by the fact that they leave tracks of ionized gas behind them. In the Wilson chamber the gas is made to expand suddenly, which lowers the temperature and leads to condensation of vapour around the ionized spots; these drops are then photographed in strong light. Wilson received half of the Physics Prize in 1927, the other half was awarded to Arthur H. Compton. A further step in the same direction came much later when Donald A. Glaser invented the “bubble chamber”. In the 1950s accelerators had reached energies of 20-30 GeV and earlier methods were inadequate; for the Wilson chamber the path lengths in the gas would have been excessive. The atomic nuclei in a bubble chamber (usually containing liquid hydrogen) are used as targets, and the tracks of produced particles can be followed. At the temperature of operation the liquid is superheated and any discontinuity, like an ionized region, immediately leads to the formation of small bubbles. Essential improvements were made by Luis W. Alvarez, in particular concerning recording techniques and data analysis. His work contributed to a fast extension of the number of known elementary particles then known, in particular the so-called “resonances” (which were later understood as excited states of systems composed of quarks and gluons). Glaser received the Physics Prize in 1960 and Alvarez in 1968. Bubble chambers were, up to the end of the 80s, the work horses of all high energy physics laboratories but have later been superseded by electronic detection systems. The latest step in detector development recognized by a Nobel Prize (in 1992) is the work of Georges Charpak. He studied in detail the ionization processes in gases and invented the “wire chamber”, a gas-filled detector where densely spaced wires pick up electric signals near the points of ionization, by which the paths of particles can be followed. The wire chamber and its followers, the time projection chamber and several large wire chamber/scintillator/Cherenkov detector arrangements, combined into complex systems, has made possible the selective search for extremely rare events (like heavy quark production), which are hidden in strong backgrounds of other signals. The first Nobel Prize (year 2000) in the new millennium was awarded in half to Jack S. Kilby for achievements that laid the foundations for the present information technology. In 1958, he fabricated the first integrated circuit where all electronic components are built on one single block of semiconducting material, later called “chip”. This opened the way for miniaturization and mass production of electronic circuits. In combination with the development of components based on heterostructures described in an earlier section (for which Alferov and Kroemer shared the other half of the Prize), this has led to the “IT-revolution” that has reshaped so much our present society. Further remarks In reading the present survey, it should be kept in mind that the number of Nobel awards is limited (according to the present rules, at most 3 persons can share a Nobel Prize each year). So far, 163 laureates have received Nobel Prizes for achievements in physics. Often, during the selection process, committees have had to leave out several other important, “near Nobel-worthy” contributions. For obvious reasons, it has not been possible to mention any of these other names and contributions in this survey. Still, the very fact that a relatively coherent account of the development of physics can be formulated, hinging as here on the ideas and experiments made by Nobel Laureates, can be taken as a testimony that most of the essential features in this fascinating journey towards an understanding of the world we inhabit have been covered by the Nobel Prizes in Physics. * Erik B. Karlsson was born in 1931. He was professor of physics at Uppsala University in 1975-1996 (now retired). He spent the years 1978-1980 as scientific associate at CERN, Geneva and in 1989 as Professeur invité at Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble. He was elected as member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences in 1982 and as member of its Nobel Committee for Physics 1987-1998 (chairman in 1998). Publications include: The Use of Positive Muons in Metal Physics (1981); Solid State Phenomena, as seen by Muons, Protons and Excited Nuclei (Oxford University Press, 1995); Modern Studies of Basic Quantum Concepts and Phenomena (organizer and editor, World Scientific, 1998) as well as numerous articles on nuclear and solid state magnetism, metal-hydrogen systems, tunneling phenomena, etc. This article is published as a chapter of the book “The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years”, Agneta Wallin Levinovitz and Nils Ringertz, eds., Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2001. First published 9 February 2000
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	90	https://persona.rin.ru/eng/view/f/0/17863/jensen,-johannes-wilhelm-jensen-johannes-vilhelm	en	JENSEN, Johannes Wilhelm (Jensen Johannes Vilhelm), photo, biography	https://persona.rin.ru/favicon.ico	https://persona.rin.ru/favicon.ico	[ "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/pls.gif", "https://persona.rin.ru/eng/images/small/w50/2/9/9929.jpg", "https://persona.rin.ru/eng/images/small/w50/1/0/9910.jpg", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/pls.gif", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/pls.gif", "https://count.rin.ru/?d=persona.rin.ru", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/gran.gif", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/gran.gif", "https://persona.rin.ru/eng/images/small/h50/2/3/19823.jpg", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/r1.jpg", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/lm1.jpg", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/lm2.jpg", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/rz.gif", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/rin.jpg", "https://persona.rin.ru/img/vote/eng/17.jpg", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/rc.gif", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/rc.gif", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/rt.jpg", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/rc.gif", "https://persona.rin.ru/rus/img/rt.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/favicon.ico		null	JENSEN, Johannes Wilhelm (Jensen Johannes Vilhelm) ( Danish novelist, Nobel Prize for Literature, 1944) Comments for JENSEN, Johannes Wilhelm (Jensen Johannes Vilhelm) Biography JENSEN, Johannes Wilhelm (Jensen Johannes Vilhelm) January 20, 1873, Mr.. - November 25, 1950 Danish novelist Johannes Wilhelm Jensen was born in the city of Fars in Himmerlande, in the north of Jutland, in the family veterinarian, Hans Jensen and Maria (Kirstin) Jensen. Broad-minded father, his interest in the natural sciences, history, anthropology and other subjects was transmitted Johannes, who as a child read a great deal. Living in a secluded, open to the wind Himmerlande, AND. from an early age to love nature, interested in the life of Danish farmers. Until the age of 11, Johannes taught her mother, then within two years the boy attended the local school, then took private lessons in preparation for entrance to Viborgskuyu the Cathedral School (1890). After studying three years in Viborg, AND. entered the University of Copenhagen, where he studied medicine and natural science, but more interested in literature. In addition to the Danish writers boy reads Heine, Zola, Shakespeare. During these years went first novels of Knut Hamsun. 'He made a tremendous impression ... style and a completely new attitude to life '- and later recalled. However, an even greater impact on the future writer had Rudyard Kipling, whose works, according to AI, threw open the gates in front of him into the world and instill an appreciation for life of a young man to travel and distant lands. In his student years and. earning a living, writing detective novels, which were printed serial production under the pseudonym Ivar Lucca. At the same time, an aspiring novelist working on a novel 'The Danes' ( 'Danskere', . 1896) and the proceeds of the book money in the same year makes short trip to the United States, . that shook his standard of living, . development of technology and were the ideal of advancing towards the progress of the nation, . Special interest and. led the life of Danish immigrants in America, and returned to Copenhagen, he wrote 'Einar Elker' ( 'Einar Elkoer', 1897), inspired by the psychological autobiographical novel about a young man, vainly striving to love and a new life. The novel received good press, but in the future and. departs from the autobiographical, which became a basis of his earlier books. Encouraged literary success, and. in 1898. throws medicine and becomes a correspondent of the Danish newspaper 'Politics' ( 'Politiken'), on the instructions of which goes to Spain to cover the Spanish-American War. Then within a few months and. is in military service, then went to Paris, and in 1902 ... 1903. circumnavigate the journey, all the while he continues to write books and articles in the 'Policy'. After his marriage to Elsa Maria Ulrika (1904) and. lives with his family (wife and three sons) in Copenhagen. 'People Himmerlanda' ( 'Himmerlandsfolk'), a collection of realistic stories about the manners and customs of the inhabitants of Jutland, appeared in 1898. and drew the attention of critics. Subsequent collections - 'New himmerlandskie history' ( 'Nye Himmerlandschistorier', 1904) and 'Himmerlandskie stories. The third volume '(' Himmerlandschistorier. Tredie Samling ', 1910) - continues the same theme. In a three-volume novel 'The fall of the King' ( 'Kongens Fald', 1901), the largest Danish historical novel about the life of King Christian II, oddly combined the mythic and realistic elements. During these years appears the first collection of poetry ц?. 'Poems' ( 'Digte', 1906). In 1912, Mr.. J. again sent round the world trip, visiting Ceylon, Singapore, China, Mongolia and, finally, New York, where in 1914. returns to Copenhagen. Impressions from the trip described in his book 'Introduction to our era' ( 'Introduktion til vor Tidsalder', 1915). From 1922 to 1924. J. produced six volumes of 'long journey' ( 'Den lange Rejse'), large-scale artistic statement of his evolutionary theories, where the harsh nature of the stimulus appears in the search for the lost ideal of the earth. Cycle begins with the image of the primitive inhabitants of Jutland and reaches a climax, telling the opening of the New World by Christopher Columbus. S 'long journey' echoes the earlier 'Myths' ( 'Myter'), twelve-collection of short stories and essays, published between 1907 and 1944. and representing a summary of various scientific and philosophical theories, J. In 1925, Mr.. J. sent to travel again - this time in Egypt, Palestine and North Africa. Returning to Copenhagen in 1928, the writer concludes 'Milestones of consciousness' ( 'Andens Stadier'), a philosophical treatise on the evolution of nature and man. Continuing to write prose and poetry, J., however, now pays more attention to the essays, in which the influence of Darwin's theory and which is remembered in style of presentation rather than scientific insight. In 1939, Mr.. J. again visited the United States, but the disease a few months later forced him to return to Denmark. Although he considered himself a writer, completely apolitical, fascism and anti-Semitism, he harshly criticized, and when Hitler occupied Denmark, J. destroyed his diaries and much of the personal correspondence. In 1944, Mr.. J. was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature 'for the rare strength and richness of poetic imagination, coupled with intellectual curiosity and originality of creative style'. Because of the war, traditional ceremony was canceled, but in New York means the American-Scandinavian Foundation was given a ceremonial breakfast. In 1945, Mr.. an official ceremony Anders Esterling, a member of the Swedish Academy, said that 'great literary work J. covers a variety of epic and lyric genres, the romantic and realistic works, as well as historical and philosophical essays ... J. Reading, we see that the emotional man lacks the primitive primitivism and primitive - the softness and sensitivity. " In his acceptance speech ц?. paid tribute not only to Alfred Nobel and Carl Linnaeus, Swedish botanist, as Darwin, according to J., 'owed his theory of the origin of species'. 'Myths' and essays ц?. wrote before his death. Died writer in Copenhagen in 1950, Mr.. J. gained a reputation as a leading representative of the Danish naturalist literature. 'Clairvoyant five senses' called him Knut Hamsun. American novelist Hamilton Basso in 1945. compared the reputation ц?. in Denmark with the situation in Norway, Sigrid Undset, Thomas Mann in Germany. At the same time, compared Basso J. a baseball player, who transferred from the lower leagues in the highest: 'Despite the fact that J. received the Nobel Prize, the highest literary league to do nothing '. With great enthusiasm, speaks about J. One of his biographers Marion Nielsen. 'Few writers - writes Nielsen - who would be so deeply and with such art penetrated into the past of his people and showed the relationship of past, present and future ... Perhaps no writer has caught the fascination of the Danish nature as he '. Many of today's experts on Scandinavian literature appreciated J. Thus, in 1980. American scholar of Danish origin Sven Rosselli wrote: 'Works of J. are of great importance for European Literature. In his book Modernity is connected to an eternity in the mythical vision '. User comments Write comment Write comment
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	82	https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/uk-news/2022/09/30/nobel-prize-for-literature-the-full-list-of-winners/	en	Nobel prize for literature: the full list of winners	https://thenational-the-…=1200&height=630	https://thenational-the-…=1200&height=630	[ "https://thenational-the-national-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/MO2FI6NVQCQZWNJYMRRXN2E77U.jpg?smart=true&auth=6b7d089e61066deddafd71e4684b3697db8bdd442d3c0381a7d9876f6292f281&width=400&height=225", "https://thenational-the-national-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Farc-authors%2Fthenational%2F8914acf1-bad9-42aa-8156-46e8d16687cc.png?smart=true&auth=3ff878e023b7bed9f6bc6795da784ade0a36914bf2ea4cd3973648e9808bed74&width=70&height=70", "https://thenational-the-national-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/3LRENSPH4NDZHMHEFDJCHD22AQ.jpg?smart=true&auth=9b88c3c15e188d396e7f029e786ee8247c1b0388a0cfe9ca3a554b046ea9cf14&width=200&height=200" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Simon Rushton" ]	2022-09-30T00:00:00	There have been 115 literature prizes awarded and nine years when no one won.	en	/pf/resources/favicon.jpeg?d=756	The National	https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/uk-news/2022/09/30/nobel-prize-for-literature-the-full-list-of-winners/	View from London Your weekly update from the UK and Europe
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	74	https://www.livescience.com/16364-nobel-prize-literature-history.html	en	Nobel Prize in Literature: 1901-Present	https://cdn.mos.cms.futu…n8Ao-1200-80.jpg	https://cdn.mos.cms.futu…n8Ao-1200-80.jpg	[ "https://mos.fie.futurecdn.net/nsn8tjxqmqhfgoo4-16455329884552.png", "https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/uaQ2tD3hpUGUsdKxfWn8Ao-320-80.jpg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p/?c1=2&c2=10055482&cv=4.4.0&cj=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Live Science Staff" ]	2019-10-11T12:53:00+00:00	A history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, including winners Toni Morrison, Gabriel Garcia Marquez and John Steinbeck.	en	https://vanilla.futurecd…e-touch-icon.png	livescience.com	https://www.livescience.com/16364-nobel-prize-literature-history.html	The Nobel Prize in Literature is given to "the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction," according to Alfred Nobel's will. The 18-member Swedish Academy selects the Nobel Laureates in Literature. The winners, along with the reasons given by the Swedish Academy for the award, are: 2019: Peter Handke "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience," the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced. The 76-year-old Austrian author is perhaps best known for his novella on his mother's suicide, "A Sorrow Beyond Dreams." Handke was a controversial choice due to his support for the Serbs during the 1990s Yugoslav war, the BBC News reported. 2018: Olga Tokarczuk "for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life," the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced. Her novel "Primeval and Other Times" traces the history of Poland from WWI to the 1980s, the BBC News reported. 2017: English author Kazuo Ishiguro "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world," according to the Swedish Academy. His novels include: "The Remains of the Day," "Never Let Me Go," "The Buried Giant," "When We Were Orphans," "An Artist of the Floating World," "A Pale View of Hills," "Nocturnes: Five Stories of Music and Nightfall" and "The Unconsoled. 2016: The Swedish Academy of Science has awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Literature to Bob Dylan, "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition." 2015: Belarusian author Svetlana Alexievich "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time," according to the Swedish Academy. She is known for her works about the women involved in World War II; the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986; a portrayal of the Soviet Union's war in Afghanistan; and other books depicting life in the Soviet Union. 2014: Patrick Modiano "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation," according to the Swedish Academy. 2013: Alice Munro, for "her finely tuned storytelling." 2012: Mo Yan, for his "mixture of fantasy and reality, historical and social perspectives." 2011: Tomas Tranströmer, "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality." 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa, "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt and defeat." 2009: Herta Müller,"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed." 2008: Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio, "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization." 2007: Doris Lessing, "that epicist of the female experience, who with skepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilization to scrutiny." 2006: Orhan Pamuk, "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures." 2005: Harold Pinter, "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms." 2004: Elfriede Jelinek, "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power." 2003: John M. Coetzee, "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider." 2002: Imre Kertész, "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history." 2001: Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories." 2000: Gao Xingjian, "for an œuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama." 1999: Günter Grass, "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history." 1998: José Saramago, "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality." 1997: Dario Fo, "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden." 1996: Wislawa Szymborska, "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality." 1995: Seamus Heaney, "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past." 1994: Kenzaburo Oe, "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today." 1993: Toni Morrison, "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality." 1992: Derek Walcott, "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment." 1991: Nadine Gordimer, "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity." 1990: Octavio Paz, "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity." 1989: Camilo José Cela, "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability." 1988: Naguib Mahfouz, "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind." 1987: Joseph Brodsky, "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity." 1986: Wole Soyinka, "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence." 1985: Claude Simon, "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition." 1984: Jaroslav Seifert, "for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man." 1983: William Golding, "for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today." 1982: Gabriel García Márquez, "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts." 1981: Elias Canetti, "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power." 1980: Czeslaw Milosz, "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts." 1979: Odysseus Elytis, "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness." 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer, "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life." 1977: Vicente Aleixandre, "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars." 1976: Saul Bellow, "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work." 1975: Eugenio Montale, "for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions." 1974: Eyvind Johnson, "for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom," and Harry Martinson, "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos." 1973: Patrick White, "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature." 1972: Heinrich Böll, "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature." 1971: Pablo Neruda, "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams." 1970: Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn, "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature." 1969: Samuel Beckett, "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation." 1968: Yasunari Kawabata, "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind." 1967: Miguel Angel Asturias, "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America." 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon, "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people," and Nelly Sachs, "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength." 1965: Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people." 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre, "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age." 1963: Giorgos Seferis, "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture." 1962: John Steinbeck, "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception." 1961: Ivo Andric, "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country." 1960: Saint-John Perse, "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time." 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo, "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times." 1958: Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition." 1957: Albert Camus, "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times." 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez, "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity." 1955: Halldór Kiljan Laxness, "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland." 1954: Ernest Miller Hemingway, "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in 'The Old Man and the Sea,' and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style." 1953: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values." 1952: François Mauriac, "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life." 1951: Pär Fabian Lagerkvist, "for the artistic vigor and true independence of mind with which he endeavors in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind." 1950: Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell, "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought." 1949: William Faulkner, "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel." 1948: Thomas Stearns Eliot, "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry." 1947: André Paul Guillaume Gide, "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight." 1946: Hermann Hesse, "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style." 1945: Gabriela Mistral, "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world." 1944: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style." 1940-1943: No Nobel Prize awarded 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää, "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature." 1938: Pearl Buck, "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces." 1937: Roger Martin du Gard, "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault." 1936: Eugene Gladstone O'Neill, "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy." 1935: No Prize awarded. 1934: Luigi Pirandello, "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art." 1933: Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin, "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing." 1932: John Galsworthy, "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga." 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt, for his poetry. 1930: Sinclair Lewis, "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters." 1929: Thomas Mann, "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature." 1928: Sigrid Undset, "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages." 1927: Henri Bergson, "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented." 1926: Grazia Deledda, "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general." 1925: George Bernard Shaw, "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty." 1924: Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont, "for his great national epic, The Peasants." 1923: William Butler Yeats, "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation." 1922: Jacinto Benavente, "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama." 1921: Anatole France, "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament." 1920: Knut Pedersen Hamsun, "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil." 1919: Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler, "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring." 1918: No Prize awarded 1917: Karl Adolph Gjellerup, "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals," and Henrik Pontoppidan, "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark." 1916: Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam, "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature." 1915: Romain Rolland, "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings." 1914: No Prize awarded 1913: Rabindranath Tagore, "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West." 1912: Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann, "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art." 1911: Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck, "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations." 1910: Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse, "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories." 1909: Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf, "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings." 1908: Rudolf Christoph Eucken, "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life." 1907: Rudyard Kipling, "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author." 1906: Giosuè Carducci, "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces." 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz, "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer." 1904: Frédéric Mistral, "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist," and José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama." 1903: Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson, "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit." 1902: Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen, "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome."
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	38	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_Classical_Music_Awards	en	Gramophone Classical Music Awards	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2004-04-27T18:55:56+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_Classical_Music_Awards	British award for recordings of classical music "Gramophone Award" redirects here. For the American music award formerly known by the name, see Grammy Awards. The Gramophone Classical Music Awards,[1] launched in 1977, are one of the most significant honours bestowed on recordings in the classical record industry.[2][3] The British awards are often viewed as equivalent to[4] or surpassing[5][6] the American Grammy awards, and referred to as the Oscars for classical music.[7][8][9] They are widely regarded as the most influential and prestigious classical music awards in the world.[10][11] According to Matthew Owen, national sales manager for Harmonia Mundi USA, "ultimately it is the classical award, especially worldwide."[12] The winners are selected annually by critics for the Gramophone magazine and various members of the industry, including retailers, broadcasters, arts administrators, and musicians. Awards are usually presented in September each year in London. 1977-1980 [edit] Category 1977 1978 1979 1980 Chamber Fitzwilliam Quartet - Shostakovich: String Quartets 4 & 12 Martha Argerich, Stephen Bishop-Kovacevich, Willy Goudswaard, Michael de Roo - Bartók: Sonata for 2 Pianos; Debussy, En blanc et noir; Mozart: Andante With 5 Variations for Piano Beaux Arts Trio - Haydn: piano trios Maurizio Pollini - Brahms: Piano Quintet; Quartetto Italiano - solo Choral Philip Ledger conducting Kings College Choir, New Philharmonia Orchestra - Elgar: Coronation Ode; Parry: I was glad John Eliot Gardiner conducting Monteverdi Choir and Orchestra - Handel: Dixit Dominus Seiji Ozawa conducting Tanglewood Festival Chorus, Boston Symphony Orchestra - Schoenberg: Gurre-Lieder John Eliot Gardiner conducting Monteverdi Choir - Handel: L'Allegro, il Penseroso Concerto Neville Marriner conducting Academy of St Martin in the Fields - Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 22; Alfred Brendel - solo Simon Rattle conducting London Symphony Orchestra - Prokofiev: Piano Concerto No. 1; Andrei Gavrilov - solo Claudio Abbado conducting Chicago Symphony Orchestra - Bartók: Piano Concerto Nos. 1 & 2; Maurizio Pollini - solo Lorin Maazel conducting French National Orchestra - Ravel: Piano Concerto in G; Jean-Philippe Collard - solo Contemporary Pierre Boulez conducting London Symphony Orchestra - Berio: Concerto for Two Pianos; Luciano Berio conducting BBC Symphony Orchestra Pierre Boulez conducting Juilliard String Quartet, London Symphony Orchestra - Webern: Complete Works Simon Rattle conducting Philharmonia Orchestra - Davies: Symphony No. 1 David Atherton conducting London Sinfonietta -Birtwistle: Punch and Judy Early Music Julian Bream - Dowland: Lute Works John Eliot Gardiner conducting English Baroque Soloists - Handel: Acis and Galatea Christopher Hogwood conducting Academy of Ancient Music - Mozart: Symphonies Vol. 3 Trevor Pinnock conducting The English Concert - C. P. E. Bach: Sinfonias Engineering - - André Previn conducting London Symphony Orchestra - Debussy: Images pour orchestre, Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune Bernard Haitink conducting Concertgebouw Orchestra – Debussy: Nocturnes, Jeux Historical The Record of Singing Charles Bruck conducting Netherlands Opera Chorus and Orchestra - Gluck: Orfeo ed Euridice Record of Singing Vol. 2 - Historical Vocal - - - Gramophone Co. Recordings - Lucia Historical Non-Vocal - - - Joseph Szigeti, Benny Goodman - Bartók: Contrasts Instrumental Maurizio Pollini - Beethoven: Piano Sonatas 27–32 Alfred Brendel - Liszt: Piano Works Peter Hurford – Bach: Organ Works Vol. 3 Krystian Zimerman – Brahms: Piano Sonatas 1 & 2 Operatic Charles Mackerras conducting Vienna State Opera, Vienna Philharmonic - Janáček: Káťa Kabanová Zubin Mehta conducting Royal Opera House Choir and Orchestra - Puccini: La fanciulla del West Pierre Boulez conducting Paris Opera Orchestra – Berg: Lulu Charles Mackerras conducting Vienna State Opera, Vienna Philharmonic – Janáček: From the House of the Dead Orchestral Adrian Boult conducting London Philharmonic Orchestra – Elgar: Symphony No. 1 Benjamin Britten conducting English Chamber Orchestra – Mozart: Symphonies 25 & 29 André Previn conducting London Symphony Orchestra - Debussy: Images pour orchestre, Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune Bernard Haitink conducting Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra - Debussy: Nocturnes Solo Vocal Maxim Shostakovich conducting Moscow Radio Symphony Orchestra - Shostakovich: Suite, Six Songs to Lyrics, etc. André Previn conducting London Symphony Orchestra - Chausson: Poème; Duparc: Melodies; Janet Baker - solo Elisabeth Söderström, Vladimir Ashkenazy - Grechaninov, etc., Five Children's Songs Graham Trew, Roger Vignoles – A Shropshire Lad 1981-1985 [edit] Category 1981 1982/1983 1984 1985 Chamber Tokyo Quartet - Bartók: String Quartets 1–6 Borodin Quartet - Borodin: String Quartets 1 & 2 Lindsay Quartet - Beethoven: Late String Quartets Alban Berg Quartett - Beethoven: Late String Quartets Choral Eric Fenby conducting Royal Philharmonic Orchestra - Delius: Fenby Legacy Joshua Rifkin conducting Bach Ensemble - Bach: Mass in B minor Peter Schreier conducting Dresden State Orchestra, Margaret Price, Trudeliese Schmidt, Francisco Araiza, Theo Adam - Mozart: Requiem John Rutter conducting Cambridge Singers, City of London Sinfonia, Caroline Ashton, Stephen Varcoe, Simon Standage, John Scott - Fauré: Requiem, Cantique de Jean Racine Concerto Carlo Maria Giulini conducting Philharmonia - Beethoven: Violin Concerto in D minor; Perlman - solo Colin Davis conducting London Symphony Orchestra - Tippett: Triple Concerto Murray Perahia conducting English Chamber Orchestra - Mozart: Piano Concertos 15, 16 Vernon Handley conducting London Philharmonic Orchestra, Nigel Kennedy - Elgar: Violin Concerto in B minor Contemporary David Atherton conducting London Sinfonietta - Tippett: King Priam Pierre Boulez conducting BBC Symphony Orchestra, Phyllis Bryn-Julson - Boulez: Pli selon pli Arditti Quartet (Irvine Arditti, Levine Andrade, Lennox MacKenzie, Rohan de Saram) - Brian Ferneyhough: Quartet 2, Jonathan Harvey: Quartet 2, Elliott Carter: String Quartet No. 3 Pierre Boulez conducting Ensemble InterContemporain, Adrienne Csengery [hu], Márta Fábián, John Alldis Choir - György Kurtág: Messages de feu Demoiselle R.V. Troussova [fr], Dalos: Opus 17, Birtwistle: ...agm... Early Baroque - William Christie conducting Les Arts Florissants Vocal - Charpentier: Actéon Reinhard Goebel conducting Musica Antiqua Köln - Bach: Kammermusik William Christie conducting Les Arts Florissants Vocal, Jill Feldman, Jacques Bona, Sophie Boulin, Phillipe Cantor, Agnès Mellon, Gilles Ragon - Charpentier: Médée Early Medieval - Christopher Page conducting Gothic Voices - Hildegard of Bingen: A Feather on the Breath of God - - Early Medieval and Renaissance - - Paul Hillier conducting Hilliard Ensemble - Dunstaple: Motets David Hill conducting Westminster Cathedral Choir - Tomás Luis de Victoria: O quam gloriosum, Ave maris stella Early Music Cologne Music Antiqua - German Chamber Music - - - Engineering Colin Davis conducting Royal Opera House Orchestra - Massenet: Werther Bernard Haitink conducting Concertgebouw Orchestra - Shostakovich: Symphony No. 5 - - Engineering and Production - - Bryden Thomson conducting Ulster Orchestra - Bax: Symphony No. 4, Tintagel Charles Dutoit conducting Montreal Symphony Orchestra - Ravel: Ma mère l'Oye, Pavane pour une infante défunte, Le tombeau de Couperin, Valses nobles et sentimentales Historical Non-Vocal Busch Quartet, Rudolf Serkin, Reginald Kell, Aubrey Brain - Brahms: Chamber Works Bartok: At the Piano Vol. 1 Danish Radio Symphony Orchestra - Carl Nielsen: Symphonies, Erik Tuxen, Launy Grøndahl, Thomas Jensen Historical Vocal Hugo Wolf Society Lieder Schubert - Historical Recordings of Lieder Egon Petri - Piano Sonatas No. 30, no. 31, no. 32 Claudia Muzio: The Columbia Recordings 1934–1935. Italian Opera Arias, Italian, French and German Songs Instrumental Alfred Brendel - Liszt, Piano Works Alfred Brendel - Liszt, Piano Sonata in B minor Emil Gilels - Beethoven: Piano Sonata No. 29 in B-flat major Jorge Bolet - Liszt: Années de pèlerinage Operatic Herbert von Karajan conducting Deutsche Opera, Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra - Wagner: Parsifal Charles Mackerras conducting Vienna State Opera, Vienna Philharmonic - Janáček: The Cunning Little Vixen Charles Mackerras conducting Vienna Philharmonic, Elisabeth Söderström, Wiesław Ochman, Peter Dvorský, Eva Randová, Lucia Popp - Janáček: Jenůfa Bernard Haitink conducting London Philharmonic Orchestra, Thomas Allen, Carol Vaness, Maria Ewing, Elizabeth Gale, Keith Lewis, Richard Van Allan, Glyndebourne Chorus - Mozart: Don Giovanni Orchestral Herbert von Karajan conducting Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra - Mahler: Symphony No. 9 Herbert von Karajan conducting Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra - Strauss: Metamorphosen Herbert von Karajan conducting Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra - Mahler's Symphony No. 9 Neeme Järvi conducting Scottish National Orchestra - Prokofiev: Symphony No. 6 in E-flat minor, Waltz Suite Solo Vocal Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau with Daniel Barenboim - Liszt: Lieder[broken anchor] Kurt Masur conducting Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra - Brahms: Lieder; solo: Jessye Norman Kurt Masur conducting Gewandhaus Orchestra, Jessye Norman - Strauss: Four Last Songs Tom Krause, Irwin Gage, Elisabeth Söderström, Vladimir Ashkenazy - Sibelius: Complete Songs 1986-1990 [edit] Category 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Chamber Fauré: Piano Quartets No. 1 in C minor; No. 2 in G minor Jean-Phillipe Collard, Augustin Dumay, Muir Quartet - Chausson: Concert for Violin, Piano and String Quartet Shlomo Mintz, Paul Ostrovsky - Mendelssohn: Violin Sonatas in F minor and F major Emerson String Quartet - Bartók: String Quartets Nos. 1–6 Kyung Wha Chung, Krystian Zimerman - Respighi: Violin Sonata in B minor Choral Charles Mackerras conducting Czech Philharmonic, Elisabeth Söderström, Drahomíra Drobková, František Livora, Richard Novák - Janáček: Glagolitic Mass Christopher Hogwood conducting Academy of Ancient Music, Joan Sutherland, Emma Kirkby, James Bowman, Aled Jones, Anthony Johnson, David Thomas - Handel: Athalia Robert Shaw conducting Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus - Verdi: Requiem John Eliot Gardiner conducting English Baroque Soloists, Monteverdi Choir, Lynne Dawson, Ruth Holton, Anne Sofie von Otter, Michael Chance, Nigel Robson, Stephen Varcoe, Scott Ross, Paul Nicholson - Handel: Jephtha Armin Jordan conducting the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, Edith Wiens, Anne Gjevang, Sylvia Herman, Hans-Peter Scheidegger - Schumann - Das Paradies und die Peri Concerto Bernard Haitink conducting Concertgebouw Orchestra, Murray Perahia - Beethoven: Piano Concertos Nos. 3 & 4 Bryden Thomson conducting English Chamber Orchestra, Stephen Hough - Hummel: Piano Concerto Nos. 2 & 3 Rudolf Barshai conducting Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, Peter Donohoe - Tchaikovsky: Piano Concerto No. 2 Esa-Pekka Salonen conducting Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia Orchestra, Cho-liang Lin - Sibelius: Violin Concerto in D minor, Nielsen: Violin Concerto, Opus 33 Neemi Järvi conducting the Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Lydia Mordkovitch - Shostakovich: Violin Concerto No. 1 Contemporary Esa-Pekka Salonen conducting Los Angeles Philharmonic - Lutosławski: Symphony No. 3 Andrew Davis conducting BBC Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Faye Robinson, Sarah Walker, Robert Tear, John Cheek - Tippett: The Mask of Time Elgar Howarth conducting London Sinfonietta - Birtwistle: Carmen Arcadiae Mechanicae Perpetuum, Silbury Air, Secret Theatre Vernon Handley conducting Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra - Simpson: Symphony No. 9 George Benjamin conducting London Sinfonietta, Penelope Walmsley-Clark, Sebastian Bell - Benjamin: Antara, Boulez: Dérive 1, Memoriale, Harvey: Song Offerings Early Baroque Music Davitt Moroney (harpsichord) - Bach: Die Kunst der Fuge - John Eliot Gardiner conducting Monteverdi Choir, English Baroque Soloists, Donna Brown, Rachel Yakar, Howard Cook - Leclair: Scylla et Glaucus Trevor Pinnock conducting The English Concert - Corelli: Concerti grossi - Early Medieval and Renaissance Music: Esther Lamandier - Chansons de toile au temps du Roman de la Rose - Christopher Page conducting Gothic Voices - The Service of Venus and Mars: Music for the Knights of the Garter Gothic Voices - A Song for Francesca - Early Music - Peter Phillips conducting The Tallis Scholars - Prez: Missa Pange lingua, Missa La sol fa re mi - - Paul McCreesh conducting the Gabrieli Consort and Players - Gabrieli: Venetian Coronation 1595 Engineering - - - - Oliver Knussen conducting the London Sinfonietta - Britten: The Prince of the Pagodas Engineering and Production Geoffrey Simon conducting Philharmonia Orchestra - Respighi: Belkis, Regina di Saba, Metamorphoseon Charles Dutoit conducting Montréal Symphony Orchestra - Holst: The Planets Simon Rattle conducting City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Arleen Augér, Janet Baker - Mahler: Resurrection Symphony Neeme Järvi conducting Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra - Tubin: Symphony Nos. 3 & 8 - Non-Vocal Historic Beethoven: Late String Quartets Busch Quartet, Rudolf Serkin - Schubert: String Quartets, Piano Trio, Fantasia Issay Dobrowen, Walter Süsskind conducting Philharmonia Orchestra, Ginette Neveu - Brahms: Violin Concerto in D minor, 5 Songs, Sibelius: Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in D, Op. 77 Bruno Walter conducting Vienna Philharmonic - Mahler: Symphony No. 9 Thomas Beecham conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra - Delius: Paris: The Song of a Great City, Eventyr (Once Upon a Time), Irmelin prelude, Over the hills and far away Vocal Historic The Record of Singing, Vol. 3 Tito Schipa - The Art of Tito Schipa Chaliapin The Record of Singing, Vol. 4 Elie Cohen conducting the Opéra-Comique Orchestra and Chorus, Ninon Vallin, Georges Thill, Marcel Roque, Germaine Féraldy, Armand Narçon - Massenet: Werther Instrumental Murray Perahia, Radu Lupu - Schubert: Fantasia in F minor for piano duet, Mozart: Sonata for 2 pianos in D major Alfred Brendel - Haydn: Piano Sonatos Pascal Rogé - Poulenc: Piano Works Mitsuko Uchida - Mozart: Piano Sonatas 1-18 Zoltán Kocsis - Debussy: Piano Works Musical Theatre - - - John McGlinn - Kern: Show Boat John McGlinn - Cole Porter: Anything Goes Operatic Claudio Abbado conducting Prague Philharmonic Chorus, Chamber Orchestra of Europe, Katia Ricciarelli, Lucia Valentini Terrani, Lella Cuberli, Cecilia Gasdia, Francisco Araiza, Eduardo Gimenez, Leo Nucci, Ruggero Raimondi, Samuel Ramey, Enzo Dara - Rossini: Il viaggio a Reims Giuseppe Sinopoli conducting Philharmonia Orchestra, Rosalind Plowright, Agnes Baltsa, José Carreras, Renato Bruson, Paata Burchuladze, Juan Pons, John Tomlinson, Ambrosian Singers - Verdi: La forza del destino Philip Brunelle conducting Plymouth Music Series Chorus and Orchestra - Britten: Paul Bunyan Simon Rattle conducting Glyndebourne - Gershwin: Porgy and Bess Kent Nagano conducting the Opéra National de Lyon Orchestra and Chorus - Prokofiev: L'Amour des trois oranges Orchestral Bernard Haitink conducting London Philharmonic Orchestra, Sheila Armstrong - Williams: Sinfonia Antarctica Klaus Tennstedt conducting London Philharmonic Orchestra & Choir, Elizabeth Connell, Edith Wiens, Felicity Lott, Trudeliese Schmidt, Nadine Denize, Richard Versalle, Jorma Hynnimen, Hans Sotin, Tiffin School Boys' Choir - Mahler: Symphony No. 8 Simon Rattle conducting City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Arleen Augér, Janet Baker - Mahler: Resurrection Symphony Claudio Abbado conducting the Chamber Orchestra of Europe - Scubert: Symphonies Bernard Haitink conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra, Felicity Lott, Jonathan Summers - Williams: A Sea Symphony Period Performance - Roger Norrington conducting London Classical Players - Beethoven: Symphony Nos. 2 & 8 Trevor Pinnock conducting Philharmonia Orchestra and Chorus, Felicity Lott, Carolyn Watkinson, Maldwyn Davies, David Wilson-Johnson - Haydn: Nelson Mass, Te Deum in C major - Remastered CD Benjamin Britten conducting Royal Opera House Chorus & Orchestra, Peter Pears, Claire Watson, James Pease - Britten: Peter Grimes Thomas Beecham conducting Royal Philharmonic Orchestra - Beecham Conducts Delius: The Complete Stereo Recordings Herbert von Karajan conducting Philharmonia Orchestra and Chorus, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Christa Ludwig, Teresa Stich-Randall, Otto Edelmann, Eberhard Waechter - Strauss: Der Rosenkavalier Lorin Maazel conducting the Orchestre National de France - Ravel: L'enfant et les sortilèges - Solo Vocal Peter Schreier with Sviatoslav Richter - Schubert: Winterreise Brigitte Fassbaender with Irwin Gage - Liszt: Lieder, Strauss: Lieder Olaf Bär with Geoffrey Parsons - Schubert: Die schöne Müllerin Janet Baker with Graham Johnson - Schubert: Lieder, vol. 1 Peter Schreier with András Schiff - Schubert: Schwanengesang, Heine: Lieder, Seidl: Lieder Special Achievement - - - - Nikolaus Harnoncourt conducting the Concentus Musicus Wien; Gustav Leonhardt conducting the Leonhardt-Consort - Complete Sacred Cantatas Vol. 1-45 (Bach) 1991-1995 [edit] Category 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Artist of the Year Luciano Pavarotti Kiri Te Kanawa Simon Rattle John Eliot Gardiner Pierre Boulez Baroque Non-Vocal Davitt Moroney, John Holloway - Biber: Mystery Sonatas Christophe Rousset - Rameau: Harpsichord Works Reinhard Goebel conducting Musica Antiqua Köln - Heinichen: Dresden Concertos Pierre Hantaï - Bach: Goldberg Variations Harmonia Mundi - Biber: Violin Sonatas; Romanesca Baroque Vocal Nicholas McGegan conducting the Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra, U.C. Berkeley Chamber Chorus, Lorraine Hunt, Drew Minter, Jill Feldman, William Parker, Jeffrey Thomas, David Thomas - Handel: Susanna René Jacobs conducting the Concerto Köln, Jennifer Larmore, Barbara Schlick, Bernarda Fink, Marianne Rørholm, Derek Lee Ragin - Handel: Giulio Cesare Marc Minkowski conducting Les Musiciens du Louvre, Catherine Bott, Christine Batty, Gérard Lesne, Richard Edgar-Wilson, Philippe Huttenlocher - Stradella: San Giovanni Battista Concerto Italiano - Fourth Book of the Montev William Christie conducting Les Arts Florissants - Rameau: Grant Motets Best-Selling Disc - - - - Zubin Mehta conducting the Los Angeles Philharmonic, Los Angeles Music Center Opera Chorus, José Carreras, Plácido Domingo, Luciano Pavarotti - The Three Tenors in Concert 1994 Best-Selling Record - Essential Opera David Zinman conducting the London Sinfonietta, Upshaw - Górecki: Symphony of Sorrowful Songs Ismael Fernández de la Cuesta conducting the Santo Domingo de Silos Abbey Chorus - Gregorian chant Chamber Jaime Laredo conducting Emanuel Ax, Isaac Stern - Brahms: Piano Quartets 1, 2, & 3 Carmine Quartet - Szymanowski: String Quartet Nos. 1 & 2, Webern: Langsamer Satz Quatuor Mosaïques - Haydn: String Quartets, Op. 20 Borodin Quartet, Yuri Yurov, Mikhail Milman - Tchaikovsky: String Quartets 1, 2, & 3, Souvenir de Florence Domus - Fauré: Piano Quintets Choral John Eliot Gardiner conducting English Baroque Soloists, Monteverdi Choir, Charlotte Margiono, Catherine Robbin, William Kendall, Alastair Miles - Beethoven: Missa solemnis Richard Hickox conducting London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, St Paul's Cathedral Choristers, Heather Harper, Philip Langridge, Martyn Hill, John Shirley-Quirk - Britten: War Requiem Kurt Masur conducting the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, MDR Rundfunkchor, Alistair Miles, Helen Donath, Jard van Nes, Donald George - Mendelssohn: Elias Richard Hickox conducting the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, Bryn Terfel, Sally Burgess - Delius: Sea Drift, Songs of Farewell - Choral and engineering - - - - Simon Rattle conducting the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and Chorus - Szymanowski: Stabat Mater, Symphony No. 3 Concerto Osmo Vänskä conducting the Lahti Symphony Orchestra, Leonidas Kavakos - Sibelius: Violin Concerto in D major Jerzy Maksymiuk conducting BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, Nickolai Demidenko - Medtner: Piano Concerto Nos. 2 & 3 Wolfgang Sawallisch conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra, Stephen Kovacevich, Ann Murray, Nobuko Imai - Brahms: Brahms Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor, Two Songs for Voice, Viola and Piano Simon Rattle conducting the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Kyung Wha Chung - Bartók: Violin Concerto No. 2, Rhapsodies Nos. 1 & 2 Rostropovich conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, Maxim Vengerov - Prokofiev: Violin Concerto No. 1, Shostakovich: Vio Contemporary Richard Bernas conducting the Music Project London, Adrian Clarke, John Hall, Patricia Rozario, Christopher Robson, Paul Wilson, Richard Morris, Paul Harrhy, Mary Thomas - John Casken: Golem Gennady Rozhdestvensky conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, Steven Isserlis - Tavener: The Protecting Veil, Britten: Cello Suite No. 3 Jerzy Maksymiuk conducting the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra - MacMillan: The Confession of Isobel Gowdie, Koch:[not specific enough to verify] Tryst Oliver Knussen conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra - Holloway: Second Concerto for Orchestra Pierre Boulez conducting Ensemble intercontemporain, Saschko Gawriloff, Jean-Guihen Queyras, Pierre-Laurent Aimard - Ligeti: Concertos for Piano, Violin, and Cello Early Opera Music - - - - William Christie conducting Les Arts Florissants - Purcell: King Arthur Early Music Peter Phillips conducting The Tallis Scholars - Palestrina: Missa Assumpta est Maria, Missa Sicut lilium inter spinas Harry Christophers conducting The Sixteen - "The Rose and The Ostrich Feather", Music from the Eton Choirbook, Vol. 1 Paul McCreesh conducting the Gabrieli Consort and Players - Venetian Vespers Peter Phillips conducting The Tallis Scholars - Rore: Missa Praeter rerum seriem Andrew Carwood conducting The Cardinall's Musick - Fayrfax: Missa O quam glorifica, etc. Engineering Nicholas Braithwaite conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra - Wordsworth: Symphony Nos. 2 & 3 Richard Hickox conducting London Symphony Orchestra, Chorus, St Paul's Cathedral Choristers, Heather Harper, Philip Langridge, Martyn Hill, John Shirley-Quirk - Britten: War Requiem, Sinfonia da Requiem, Ballad of Heroes Michael Tilson Thomas conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, Chorus, Sylvia McNair, Nathalie Stutzmann, Ann Murray, Leslie Caron - Debussy: Le martyre de Saint Sébastien Yan Pascal Tortelier conducting the BBC Philharmonic - Dutilleux: Symphony Nos. 1 & 2 Simon Rattle conducting the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and Chorus - Szymanowski - Stabat Mater, Symphony No. 3 Historical Non-Vocal Anton Webern conducting BBC Symphony Orchestra, Galimir Quartet, Louis Krasner - Berg: Violin Concerto, Lyric Suite Edward Elgar conducting the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra - The Elgar Edition, Vol. 1 Sergei Rachmaninov - The Complete Recordings Hollywood String Quartet, Alvin Dinkin, Kurt Reher - Schoenberg: Verklärte Nacht, Schubert: String Quintet in C major Wilhelm Furtwängler conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra, Lucerne Festival Chorus - Beethoven: Symphony No. 9 Historical Vocal Gérard Souzay with Jacqueline Bonneau - Fauré, Chausson, Airs Français Covent Garden on Record: A History Singers of Imperial Russia, vols. 1-4 English Opera Group, BBC Theatre Chorus, Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Peter Pears, Joan Cross, Nancy Evans, Sophie Wyss, Benjamin Britten - _Peter Grimes, The Rape of Lucretia, Folksong Arrangements Ernest Bour conducting the French Radio National Orchestra and Chorus - Ravel: L'enfant et les sortileges Instrumental Tatyana Nikolaieva - Shostakovich: 24 Preludes and Fugues Olli Mustonen - Preludes, Op. 31, Shostakovich: 24 Preludes Shura Cherkassky - 80th Birthday Recital Krystian Zimerman - Debussy: Préludes Murray Perahia - Chopin: Four Ballades, Mazurkas, Études, Nocturnes Lifetime Achievement Joan Sutherland Georg Solti Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau Klaus Tennstedt Michael Tippett Music Theatre Original London Cast - Sondheim: Into the Woods Leonard Bernstein conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, Chorus, Jerry Hadley, June Anderson - Bernstein: Candide Eric Stern, Lara Teeter, Ann Morrison - Gershwin: Lady, Be Good! Michael Tilson Thomas conducting the London Symphony Orchestra - Bernstein: On the Town I wish it so – The Songs of Vernon Duke; Dawn Upshaw (soprano); orchestra / Eric Stern conducting Dawn Upshaw, orchestra - Duke: The Songs of Vernon Duke ("I Wish It So") Opera John Eliot Gardiner conducting the English Baroque Soloists, Anthony Rolfe Johnson, Anne Sofie Von Otter, Hillevi Martinpelto, Sylvia McNair, Nigel Robson, Glenn Winslade - Mozart: Idomeneo Kent Nagano conducting the Opéra National de Lyon. Catherine Dubosc, Rita Gorr, Rachel Yakar, Brigitte Fournier, Martine Dupuy, José van Dam, Jean-Luc Viala - Poulenc: Dialogues des Carmélites Charles Mackerras conducting the Welsh National Opera, Josephine Barstow, Phillip Langridge - Britten: Gloriana Richard Hickox conducting Chorus & Orchestra of Opera North - Walton: Troilus and Cressida Orchestral Herbert Blomstedt conducting the San Francisco Symphony, Kevin McMillan, Fromm,[not specific enough to verify] - Nielsen: "The Four Temperaments", Sinfonia Espansiva Georg Solti conducting the Vienna Philharmonic, Hildegard Behrens, Plácido Domingo, Reinhild Runkel, José van Dam, Júlia Várady, Sumi Jo - Strauss: Die Frau ohne Schatten Riccardo Chailly conducting the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra - Hindemith: Kammermusik David Zinman conducting the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra - Koechlin: The Jungle Book, Symphonic Poems Simon Rattle conducting the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, Phyllis Bryn-Julson - Schoenberg: Chamber Symphony No. 1, Erwartung Record of the Year John Eliot Gardiner conducting English Baroque Soloists, Monteverdi Choir, Charlotte Margiono, Catherine Robbin, William Kendall, Alastair Miles - Beethoven: Missa solemnis (Choral) Nikolaus Harnoncourt conducting the Chamber Orchestra of Europe - Beethoven: 9 Symphonies (Orchestral) Anne Sofie von Otter with Bengt Forsberg - Grieg songs (Solo Vocal) Krystian Zimerman - Debussy: Préludes (Instrumental) Mstislav Rostropovich conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, Maxim Vengerov - Prokofiev: Violin Concerto No. 1, Shostakovich: Vio (Concerto) Solo Vocal Peter Schreier with András Schiff - Schubert: Die schöne Müllerin Brigitte Fassbaender with Aribert Reimann - Schubert: Lieder Anne Sofie von Otter with Bengt Forsberg - Grieg songs Cheryl Studer with Thomas Hampson & John Browning - Barber: Complete Songs Bryn Terfel with Malcolm Martineau - Schubert: Lieder Special Achievement The Complete Mozart Edition Abbey Road Studios Edward Greenfield Sviatoslav Richter - Richter: The Authorized Edition John Mauceri conducting the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Berlin Radio Chorus - Korngold: Das Wunder der Heliane Video - - Wolfgang Sawallisch conducting the Bavarian State Opera (1989) - Wagner: Der Ring des Nibelungen Michael Tilson Thomas conducting the London Symphony Orchestra (1992) - Bernstein: On the Town The Art of Conducting – Great Conductors of the Past Young Artist of the Year - Bryn Terfel Sarah Chang Maxim Vengerov - 1996-2000 [edit] Category 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20th-Century Chamber - - - Arditti Quartet - Carter: String Quartets - 20th-Century Concerto - - - Pierre Boulez, Krystian Zimerman - Ravel: Piano Concertos 20th-Century Instrumental - - - Various artists - Berio: Sequenza - 20th-Century Opera - - - Ulf Schirmer - Nielsen: Maskarade - 20th-Century Orchestral - - - Riccardo Chailly - Varèse: Complete Orchestral Works - 20th-Century Vocal - - - Matthias Goerne with Eric Schneider - Eisler: Hollywood Songbook - Artist of the Year Anne Sofie von Otter Yo-Yo Ma Riccardo Chailly Martha Argerich Antonio Pappano Baroque Instrumental - - - Carole Cerasi - Jacquet de la Guerre: Premier livre Richard Egarr, Andrew Manze - Pandolfi: Violin Sonatas Opuses 3 & 4 Baroque Non-Vocal Giovanni Antonini conducting Il Giardino Armonico, Christophe Coin - Vivaldi: Il Proteo, Double, Triple Concertos Phantasm, Susanna Pell, Joanna Levine - Purcell: Fantazias Christophe Rousset conducting Les Talens Lyriques - Rameau: Overtures - - Baroque Vocal Chiara Banchini conducting the Harmonia Mundi, Ensemble 415, Andreas Scholl - Vivaldi: Stabat Mater, Cessate, omai cessate René Jacobs conducting Harmonia Mundi, Schola Cantorum Basiliensis - Caldara: Maddalena ai piedi di Cristo Rinaldo Alessandrini conducting Concerto Italiano - Monteverdi René Jacobs conducting Harmonia Mundi - Scarlatti: Il primo omicidio William Christie conducting Les Arts Florissants - Handel: Acis and Galatea Best-Selling Disc Crouch End Festival Chorus, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Lesley Garrett - Garrett: Soprano in Red Edward Higginbottom conducting the Choir of New College Oxford - Agnus Dei James Horner - Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture - - Britannia Music Members' Award - Paul Daniel conducting the Chorus and Orchestra of Opera North, Bryn Terfel - Something Wonderful: Bryn Terfel sings Richard Rodgers (1996) - - - Chamber Quatuor Mosaïques - String Quartets, Op. 33, nos. 2, 3, & 5 Pascal Rogé, Truls Mørk, Chantal Juillet - Ravel: Violin Sonatas, etc. Takács Quartet - Bartók: String Quartets Florestan Trio - Schumann: Piano Trios Emerson Quartet - Shostakovich - Complete String Quartets, nos. 1-15 Choral John Eliot Gardiner conducting the English Country Gardiner Orchestra, Monteverdi Choir - Grainger: Songs and Dancing Ballads John Eliot Gardiner conducting the English Baroque Soloists, Monteverdi Choir - Haydn: Die Schöpfung James O'Donnell conducting the Westminster Cathedral Choir, Frank Martin, Ildebrando Pizzetti - Haydn: Die Schöpfung - Yan Pascal Tortelier conducting the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, CBSO Chorus, Lynne Dawson, Ann Murray, Bonaventura Bottone, Neil Mackenzie, Jason Howard - Boulanger: Faust et Hélène, Psaume 24, D'un soir triste, D'un matin de printemps, Psaume 130, Du fond de l'abîme Classic FM People's Choice Award - - - - Riccardo Chailly conducting the Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi, Angela Gheorghiu - Verdi: Heroines Concerto Lawrence Foster conducting the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Stephen Hough - Sauer: Piano Concerto No. 1, Scharwenka: Piano Concerto No. 4 in F minor, Op. 82 Simon Rattle conducting the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Thomas Zehetmair, Silke Avenhaus - Szymanowski: Violin Concertos, etc. David Zinman conducting the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, Joshua Bell, Samuel Barber, Ernest Bloch Charles Dutoit, Martha Argerich - Chopin: Piano Concertos Leif Ove Andsnes, Norwegian Chamber Orchestra - Haydn: Piano Concertos Nos. 3, 4, & 11 Contemporary Elgar Howarth conducting The Royal Opera - Birtwistle: Gawain Pierre-Laurent Aimard - Ligeti: Études Andrew Davis and Martyn Brabbins conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra, BBC Singers - The Mask of Orpheus Oliver Knussen - Takemitsu: Quotation of Dream Elliott Carter - Carter: Symphonia: sum fluxae pretium spei, Clarinet Concerto Early Music Orlando Consort - Dunstaple: Sacred Choral Works Edward Wickham conducting The Clerks' Group - Ockeghem: Requiem Dominique Visse, Ensemble Clément Janequin - Canciones y Ensaladas Andrew Kirkman conducting the Binchois Consort - Dufay: Missa Sancti Iacobi Davitt Moroney - Byrd: Complete Keyboard Works Early Opera Nicholas McGegan conducting the Freiburger Barockorchester, Wilhelmshaven Vocal Ensemble - Handel: Ariodante William Christie conducting Les Arts Florissants - Rameau: Hippolyte et Aricie William Christie conducting Les Arts Florissants - Rameau, Les fêtes d'Hébé - - Editor's Choice - Monica Huggett - Bach: Sonatas and Partitas for solo violin Thomas Adès conducting the Endellion Quartet, London Sinfonietta, Choir of King's College, Cambridge, Markus Stenz, Stephen Cleobury - Adès: Arcadiana Naxos's British music series - Engineering Osmo Vänskä conducting the Lahti Symphony Orchestra - Sibelius: Symphony No 5, En saga Richard Hickox conducting the London Symphony Chorus, Orchestra - Dyson: The Canterbury Pilgrims - - - Film Music - Joel McNeely conducting the Royal Scottish National Orchestra - Herrmann: Vertigo Kenneth Alwyn conducting the Royal Ballet Sinfonia - Alwyn: The Ladykillers: Music from Those Glorious Ealing Films - - Historic Non-Vocal Walter Gieseking - Debussy: Complete Piano Works - - - - Historic Vocal Lucrezia Bori - Bori: Opera and Operetta Arias (restored by Ward Marston) - - - - Instrumental Mikhail Pletnev - Scarlatti: Keyboard Sonatas Murray Perahia - Handel, Scarlatti: Keyboard Suites and Sonatas Stephen Hough - Mompou Arcadi Volodos - Arcadi Volodos Live at Carnegie Hall Marc-André Hamelin - Godowsky: The Complete Studies on Chopin's Études Lifetime Achievement Yehudi Menuhin Mstislav Rostropovich Menahem Pressler Isaac Stern Carlo Bergonzi Music Theatre Eric Stern conducting the Orchestra of St. Luke's - Gershwin: Oh, Kay! John Owen Edwards conducting the National Symphony Orchestra - Lerner & Loewe: My Fair Lady Rob Fisher, Broadway cast - Kander & Ebb: Chicago - - Opera Valery Gergiev conducting the Kirov Opera - Prokofiev: The Fiery Angel Antonio Pappano conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, London Voices - Puccini: La rondine Riccardo Chailly conducting the La Scala Chorus and Orchestra - Rossini: Il turco in Italia Charles Mackerras - Antonín Dvořák: Rusalka Simon Rattle conducting the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, CBSO Chorus, CBSO Youth Orchestra, Leif Ove Andsnes - Szymanowski: King Roger, Symphony No. 4 Orchestral Franz Welser-Möst conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra - Schmidt: Symphony No. 4, Variations on a Hussar Song Colin Davis conducting the London Symphony Orchestra - Sibelius: Symphony Nos. 1 & 2 Iván Fischer conducting the Budapest Festival Orchestra, Hungarian Radio Chorus - Bartók: The Miraculous Mandarin Günter Wand - Symphony No. 4 Simon Rattle conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra - Mahler: Symphony No. 10 in F-sharp major Recital - - - James Levine, Renée Fleming - Fleming: "I Want Magic" Riccardo Chailly conducting the Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi, Angela Gheorghiu - Verdi: Verdi: Heroines Record of the Year Lawrence Foster conducting the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Stephen Hough - Sauer: Piano Concerto No. 1, Scharwenka: Piano Concerto No. 4 in F minor, Op. 82 (Concerto) Antonio Pappano conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, London Voices - Puccini: La rondine (Opera) James O'Donnell conducting the Westminster Cathedral Choir, Frank Martin, Ildebrando Pizzetti - Haydn: Die Schöpfung (Choral) Charles Mackerras - Antonín Dvořák: Rusalka (Opera) Simon Rattle conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra - Mahler: Symphony No. 10 in F-sharp major (Orchestral) Retailer of the Year - - - - HMV and Bath Compact Disc Solo Vocal Ian Bostridge with Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Graham Johnson - Schubert: Lieder, Vol. 25, Die schöne Müllerin Christine Schäfer with Graham Johnson - Schumann: Complete Lieder, Vol. 1 Ian Bostridge with Julius Drake - Schumann Stephan Genz with Roger Vignoles - Beethoven: Lieder - Special Achievement - - - Philips Records's Great Pianists of the 20th Century Hans Knappertsbusch conducting the Bayreuth Festival Orchestra and Chorus -Wagner: Götterdämmerung Video Yehudi Menuhin – The Violin of the Century Andrew Davis conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra - Berg: Lulu - - - Vocal - - - - Antonio Pappano, Barbara Bonney - Diamonds in the Snow Young Artist of the Year David Pyatt Ewa Kupiec, Isabelle Faust - Bartók: Sonata for Violin and Piano No. 1, Sonata for Solo Violin - - - 2001-2005 [edit] Category 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Artist of the Year Cecilia Bartoli Maxim Vengerov Marin Alsop Magdalena Kožená Michael Tilson Thomas Baroque Instrumental Trevor Pinnock - Bach: Partitas for keyboard Monica Huggett, Thomas Guthrie - Biber: Violin Sonatas Nos. 2, 3, 5 & 7, Nisi Dominus, Passacaglia, Sonnerie - - - Baroque Vocal Arnold Schoenberg Choir, Vienna Boys' Choir, Christoph Prégardien, Matthias Goerne, Christine Schäfer, Dorothea Röschmann, Bernarda Fink, Elisabeth von Magnus, Michael Schade, Markus Schäfer, Dietrich Henschel, Oliver Widmer - Bach St Matthew Passion, Evangelist Konrad Junghänel conducting the Concerto Palatino, Cantus Cölln - Monteverdi: Selva morale e spirituale Emmanuelle Haïm conducting the Le Concert d'Astrée - Handel: Arcadian Duets Rinaldo Alessandrini conducting the Concerto Italiano - Vivaldi: Vespri Solenni per la Festa dell'Assunzione di Maria Vergine John Eliot Gardiner conducting the Monteverdi Choir and Orchestra - Bach Cantatas Vol. 1 Chamber Phantasy Quintet, Maggini Quartet, Garfield Jackson - Williams: String Quartets Nos. 1 & 2 Takács Quartet - Beethoven Three String Quartets, String Quartets, Op. 59, String Quartet in E-flat, "Harp" Zehetmair Quartet - Schumann: String Quartets Nos. 1 & 3 Takács Quartet - Beethoven: String Quartets, Op. 18 Takács Quartet - Beethoven: Late string quartets Choral Stephen Layton conducting Polyphony - Britten: Choral Dances from Gloriana, "Chorale after an Old French Carol", A Hymn to the Virgin, Sacred and Profane Simon Rattle conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Ernst Senff Choir, MDR Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra, Berlin Radio Chorus, Karita Mattila, Anne Sofie von Otter, Thomas Moser, Philip Langridge, Thomas Quasthoff - Schoenberg: Gurre-Lieder Richard Hickox conducting the Collegium Musicum 90 - Hummel: Masses - René Jacobs conducting the RIAS Kammerchor, Freiburger Barockorchester - Haydn: The Seasons Classic FM Listeners' Choice Award - - Cecilia Bartoli Bryn Terfel Plácido Domingo Classic FM People's Choice Award Riccardo Chailly conducting the Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi, Angela Gheorghiu - Verdi: Verdi: Heroines - - - - Concerto Pierre Boulez conducting the Cleveland Orchestra, Mitsuko Uchida - Schoenberg: Piano Concerto Sakari Oramo conducting the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Stephen Hough - Saint-Saëns: Complete Works for Piano and Orchestra Rachel Podger conducting the Arte dei Suonatori - Vivaldi: La stravaganza Mariss Jansons conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Leif Ove Andsnes - Grieg: Piano Concerto, Schumann: Piano Concerto Krystian Zimerman, Leif Ove Andsnes, Hélène Grimaud, Boulez - Bartók Piano Concertos Nos. 1–3 Contemporary Pierre Boulez conducting the Ensemble intercontemporain - Boulez: Anthèmes II, Messagesquisse, Sur incises Reinbert de Leeuw conducting the Arditti Quartet, Nash Ensemble, Claron McFadden - Birtwistle: Pulse Shadows Ensemble Modern - Reich: City Life City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra - Adès: America: A Prophecy Ensemble Modern - Birtwistle: Earth Dances Debut Recording Belcea Quartet - Debussy: String Quartet, Ravel: String Quartets, Dutilleux: String Quartets Jonathan Lemalu with Roger Vignoles - Songs by Brahms, Fauré, Finzi, etc. Simon Trpceski - Piano works by Prokofiev, Scriabin, Stravinsky, Tchaikovsky - - DVD Sylvain Cambreling conducting Staatskapelle Dresden, Vesselina Kasarova, Willard White - Berlioz: La damnation de Faust Kent Nagano conducting Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Theatre of Voices, London Voices, Maîtrise de Paris Children's Choir, Dawn Upshaw, Lorraine Hunt Lieberson, Willard White; directed by Peter Sellars (stage), Peter Maniura (video) - John Adams: El Niño - - John Eliot Gardiner directing the Monteverdi Choir, Orchestre Revolutionnaire et Romantique - Berlioz: Les Troyens Early Music Claudio Cavina conducting La Venexiana - Gesualdo: Madrigali libro quarto Rinaldo Alessandrini conducting Concerto Italiano - Marenzio: Madrigals Orlando Consort - The Call of the Phoenix: Rare 15th-century English Church Music Phantasm - Gibbons: Viol consort Peter Phillips conducting The Tallis Scholars - John Browne: Music from the Eton Choir Book Editor's Choice Christopher Hogwood conducting the Academy of Ancient Music, Cecilia Bartoli, David Daniels - Handel: Rinaldo Marek Janowski conducting the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, Soile Isokoski - Strauss: Four Last Songs Simon Trpceski - Piano Works by Prokofiev, Scriabin, Stravinsky, Tchaikovsky - Andrew Litton conducting the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, Stephen Hough - Rachmaninoff: Piano Concertos, Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini Historic Archive - Great Conductors of the 20th Century: Ferenc Fricsay - - - Historic Reissue - Germaine Thyssens-Valentin - Fauré: Nocturnes - Édouard Lindenberg, Duparc conducting the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, Gérard Souzay, Jacqueline Bonneau - Mélodies by Chausson, Debussy, Ravel - Instrumental Murray Perahia - Bach: Goldberg Variations Leif Ove Andsnes - Grieg: Lyric Pieces (excerpts) Murray Perahia - Chopin: 12 Études - - Label of the Year - - Harmonia Mundi Telarc Naxos Lifetime Achievement Victoria de los Ángeles Mirella Freni Leontyne Price London Symphony Orchestra Marilyn Horne Opera Antonio Pappano conducting the La Monnaie Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Angela Gheorghiu, Roberto Alagna - Massenet: Manon Ben Heppner, Michelle DeYoung, Petra Lang, Sara Mingardo, Peter Mattei, Stephen Milling, Kenneth Tarver, Toby Spence, Orlin Anastassov, Tigran Martirossian, Isabelle Cals, Alan Ewing, Yang Guang, Andrew Greenan, Roderick Earle, Bülent Bezdüz, London Symphony Orchestra - Berlioz: Les Troyens Daniel Harding conducting the Mahler Chamber Orchestra, Ian Bostridge - Britten: The Turn of the Screw René Jacobs conducting the Concerto Köln, Collegium Vocale Gent - Mozart: Le nozze di Figaro - Orchestral Hickox conducting the London Symphony Orchestra - Williams: A London Symphony, Butterworth: The Banks of Green Willow Günter Wand conducting the Berlin Philharmonic - Bruckner: Symphony No. 8 Osmo Vänskä conducting the Lahti Symphony Orchestra - Sibelius: Rondo of the Waves Vernon Handley conducting BBC Philharmonic Orchestra - Bax - Symphonies Nikolaus Harnoncourt conducting the Concentus Musicus Wien - Haydn: Paris symphonies Recital Bertrand de Billy conducting the Royal Opera House Orchestra, Roberto Alagna - French Arias Bernhard Forck conducting the Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin, Cecilia Bartoli - Gluck: Italian Arias - - Evelino Pidò conducting the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, Rolando Villazón - Arias by Gounod and Massenet Record of the Year Hickox conducting the London Symphony Orchestra - Williams: A London Symphony, Butterworth: The Banks of Green Willow (Orchestral) Sakari Oramo conducting the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Stephen Hough - Saint-Saëns: Complete Works for Piano and Orchestra (Concerto) Zehetmair Quartet - Schumann: String Quartets Nos. 1 & 3 (Chamber Music) René Jacobs conducting the Concerto Köln, Collegium Vocale Gent - Mozart: Le nozze di Figaro (Opera) John Eliot Gardiner conducting the Monteverdi Choir and Orchestra - Bach Cantatas Vol. 1 (Baroque Vocal) Retailer of the Year Bath Compact Discs - - - - Special Achievement Award - - Vernon Handley Peter Alward The Lindsays Vocal Magdalena Kožená with Graham Johnson - Love Songs Anne Sofie von Otter with Bengt Forsberg, Nils-Erik Sparf, Peter Jablonski - Chaminade: "Mots d'amour" - - - 2006-2010 [edit] Category 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010[13] Artist of the Year Angela Hewitt Julia Fischer Hilary Hahn The Sixteen Joyce DiDonato Baroque Instrumental - Richard Egarr conducting the Academy of Ancient Music - Handel: Concerti grossi Trevor Pinnock conducting the European Brandenburg Ensemble - Bach: Brandenburg Concertos Fretwork - Purcell - Complete Fantazias La Serenissima - Vivaldi: "The French Connection Baroque Vocal - John Butt conducting the Dunedin Consort & Players - Handel: Messiah Claudio Cavina conducting La Venexiana - Monteverdi: L'Orfeo - - Chamber Mikhail Pletnev, Lynn Harrell, Nobuko Imai, Ilya Gringolts, Vadim Repin - Taneyev: Chamber Music Pavel Haas Quartet - String Quartets by Haas, Janáček Artemis Quartet, Leif Ove Andsnes - Piano Quintets by Brahms, Schumann Ébène Quartet - Debussy: String Quartet, Fauré: String Quartet, Ravel: String Quartet Isabelle Faust - Beethoven: Sonatas for Piano and Violin Choral - Simon Rattle conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Berlin Radio Choir, Dorothea Röschmann, Thomas Quasthoff - Brahms: A German Requiem Paul McCreesh conducting the Gabrieli Consort & Players - Haydn: The Creation - - Classic FM Award for Audience Innovation - - Tasmin Little The Royal Opera, The Sun - Classic FM Listeners' Choice Alison Balsom - - - - Concerto Antonio Pappano conducting the Berlin Philharmonic, Leif Ove Andsnes - Rachmaninoff: Piano Concertos Nos. 1 & 2 Riccardo Chailly conducting the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, Nelson Freire - Brahms: Piano Concertos Andrew Davis conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra, James Ehnes - Elgar: Violin Concerto Ilan Volkov conducting the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra - Britten: Piano Concerto Mark Elder conducting the Hallé Orchestra, Thomas Zehetmair - Elgar: Violin Concerto Contemporary Sakari Oramo conducting the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Kari Kriikku - Lindberg: Clarinet Concerto Oliver Knussen conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra - Anderson: Alhambra Fantasy Ilan Volkov conducting the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, Anu Komsi - Harvey: Body Mandala NMC Recordings - The NMC Songbook Thomas Adès conducting The Royal Opera Orchestra and Chorus - Adès: The Tempest DVD Bernstein - Reflections (film by Peter Rosen) Julian Bream: My Life in Music Antonio Pappano conducting The Royal Opera - Mozart: Le nozze di Figaro Michael Schønwandt conducting The Royal Danish Opera - Wagner: Der Ring des Nibelungen - Early Music Andrew Carwood conducting The Cardinall's Musick - Tallis: Gaude gloriosa Andrew Carwood conducting The Cardinall's Musick - Byrd: Laudibus in sanctis Edward Higginbottom conducting the Choir of New College Oxford - Ludford: Missa Benedicta Stile Antico - Song of Songs Andrew Carwood conducting The Cardinall's Musick - Byrd: Infelix ego Editor's Choice Richard Hickox conducting the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, Gerald Finley - Stanford: Orchestral Songs Ivan Fischer conducting Budapest Festival Orchestra - Mahler: Symphony No. 2 Susanne Heinrich - Mr Abel's Fine Airs Stephen Kovacevich - Beethoven: Diabelli Variations, Bach: Partita No. 4 Marin Alsop - Bernstein: Mass The Gold Disc - - Stephen Hough - Saint-Saëns: Piano Concertos - - Historic Archive Joseph Keilberth conducting the Bayreuth Festival Opera - Wagner: Siegfried Joseph Keilberth conducting the Bayreuth Festival Opera - Wagner: Götterdämmerung Vaughan Williams conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra - Williams: Symphony No. 5 Rafael Kubelík conducting The Royal Opera - Berlioz: Les Troyens Friedrich Gulda - Beethoven: 32 Piano Sonatas, Eroica Variations, etc. Historic Reissue - Sir Adrian Boult conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra, New Philharmonia - Moeran: Symphony in G minor, etc. Erik Werba, Kim Borg - Sibelius: Songs - - Instrumental Piotr Anderszewski - Szymanowski: Piano Works Steven Isserlis - Bach: Cello Suites Paul Lewis - Beethoven: Piano Sonatas, Vol. 4 - - Label of the Year Virgin Classics Deutsche Grammophon Hyperion ECM Linn Records Lifetime Achievement Charles Mackerras Montserrat Caballé André Previn Nikolaus Harnoncourt Alfred Brendel Opera - Riccardo Frizza - Rossini: Matilde di Shabran Jirí Belohlávek conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra - Janáček: The Excursions of Mr Broucek Antonio Pappano conducting the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Angela Gheorghiu - Puccini: Madama Butterfly Mark Elder conducting Hallé Orchestra - Wagner: Götterdämmerung Orchestral Claudio Abbado conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra - Mahler: Symphony No. 6 Valery Gergiev conducting the London Symphony Orchestra - Prokofiev: Complete Symphonies Evgeny Svetlanov conducting the USSR State Symphony Orchestra, Russian Federation Symphony Orchestra - Myaskovsky: Symphonies Vasily Petrenko conducting the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic - Tchaikovsky: Manfred Symphony, The Voyevoda Charles Mackerras conducting the Czech Philharmonic - Dvořák: Symphonic Poems Recital - Ulf Schirmer conducting the Munich Radio Orchestra - Keenlyside: Tales of Opera Ádám Fischer conducting the Orchestra La Scintilla, Cecilia Bartoli - Maria - - Record of the Year Claudio Abbado conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra - Mahler: Symphony No. 6 (Orchestral) Riccardo Chailly conducting the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, Nelson Freire - Brahms: Piano Concertos (Concerto) Paul Lewis - Beethoven: Piano Sonatas, Vol. 4 Ébène Quartet - Debussy: String Quartet, Fauré: String Quartet, Ravel: String Quartet (Chamber) Andrew Carwood conducting The Cardinall's Musick - Byrd: Infelix ego (Early Music) Solo Vocal Christian Gerhaher with Gerold Huber - Schubert: Abendbilder Jonas Kaufmann with Helmut Deutsch - Strauss: Lieder Gerald Finley with Julius Drake - Barber: Songs - - Special Achievement - Christopher Raeburn Peter Moores Bernard Coutaz - Young Artist of the Year - Vasily Petrenko Maxim Rysanov Yuja Wang Sol Gabetta 2011-2015 [edit] Category 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Artist of the Year Gustavo Dudamel Joseph Calleja Alison Balsom Leonidas Kavakos Paavo Järvi[14] Baroque Instrumental Petra Müllejans conducting the Freiburg Baroque Orchestra, Andreas Staier - C. P. E. Bach: Harpsichord Concertos Freiburg Baroque Orchestra, Gottfried von der Goltz, Petra Müllejans - C. P. E. Bach: Orchestral Suites Andreas Staier - Froberger, D'Anglebert, Fischer, Couperin Mahan Esfahani - C. P. E. Bach: Württemberg Sonatas David Watkin - Bach: Cello Suites Baroque Vocal La Risonanza Glossa - Handel: Apollo e Dafne Lionel Meunier, Vox Luminis - Schütz: Musikalische Exequien John Eliot Gardiner conducting the Monteverdi Choir, English Baroque Soloists - Bach: Motets Hans-Christoph Rademann conducting the Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin, RIAS Kammerchor, Elizabeth Watts, Wiebke Lehmkuhl, Lothar Odinius, Markus Eiche - C. P. E. Bach: Magnificat, Heilig ist Gott, Symphony in D major Rinaldo Alessandrini conducting the Concerto Italiano - Monteverdi: Vespri solenni per la festa di San Marco Chamber Pavel Haas Quartet - Dvořák: Violin Sonata, American Quartet Christian Tetzlaff, Tanja Tetzlaff, Leif Ove Andsnes - Schumann: Complete works for piano trio Barnabás Kelemen, Zoltán Kocsis - Bartók: Violin Sonatas 1 & 2 Pavel Haas Quartet, Danjulo Ishizaka - Schubert: String Quintet D956, Death and the Maiden Pavel Haas Quartet - Smetana: String Quartets Nos. 1 & 2 Choral Mark Elder conducting the Hallé Orchestra & Choir, Claire Rutter, Susan Bickley, John Hudson, Iain Paterson - Elgar: The Kingdom Stephen Layton conducting the Choir of Trinity College, Cambridge - Howells: St Paul's Service Mark Elder conducting the Hallé Orchestra & Choir, Rebecca Evans, Alice Coote, Paul Groves, Jacques Imbrailo, David Kempster, Brindley Sherratt - Elgar: The Apostles John Butt conducting the Dunedin Consort, Joanne Lunn, Rowan Hellier, Thomas Hobbs, Matthew Brook - Mozart: Requiem, Misericordias Domini Andrew Davis conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Sarah Connolly, Stuart Skelton, David Soar - Elgar: The Dream of Gerontius, Sea Pictures Concerto Yan Pascal Tortelier conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra, Jean-Efflam Bavouzet - Debussy: Fantaisie, Ravel: Piano Concertos, Massenet: Piano Works Claudio Abbado conducting the Orchestra Mozart, Isabelle Faust - Violin Concertos by Beethoven and Berg Peter Eötvös conducting the Ensemble Modern, Frankfurt Radio Symphony, Patricia Kopatchinskaja - Bartók: Violin Concerto No. 2, Eötvös: Seven, Ligeti: Violin Concerto Gianandrea Noseda conducted BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, Jean-Efflam Bavouzet - Prokofiev: Complete Piano Concertos Daniel Harding conducting the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Maria João Pires - Beethoven: Piano Concertos Nos. 3 & 4 Contemporary Ryan Wigglesworth conducting the Hallé Orchestra - Birtwistle: Night's Black Bird John Storgårds conducting the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, Colin Currie, Truls Mørk - Rautavaara: Incantations, Towards the Horizon, Modificata Esa-Pekka Salonen conducting the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, Barbara Hannigan, Anssi Karttunen - Dutilleux: Correspondances Benjamin conducting The Royal Opera, Christopher Purves, Barbara Hannigan, Bejun Mehta, Victoria Simmonds, Allan Clayton; directed by Katie Mitchell (stage) and Margaret Williams (video) - Benjamin: Written on Skin (DVD) Sakari Oramo conducting the Vienna Philharmonic - Nørgård: Symphony Nos. 1 & 8 DVD Documentary Carlos Kleiber - Traces to Nowhere Jerome Hiler - Music Makes a City - - - DVD Performance Antonio Pappano conducting The Royal Opera and Chorus - Verdi: Don Carlos Claudio Abbado conducting the Lucerne Festival Orchestra - Bruckner: Symphony No. 5 - - - Early Music Robert Hollingworth conducting I Fagiolini - Striggio: Mass in Forty Parts Michael Noone conducting Ensemble Plus Ultra - Victoria: Sacred Works Paul McCreesh conducting the Gabrieli Consort & Players - A New Venetian Coronation 1595 La Compagnia del Madrigale - Marenzio: Primo libro di madrigali David Skinner, English Cornett and Sackbut Ensemble - 'The Spy's Choirbook Editor's Choice Antonio Pappano conducting the Santa Cecilia Orchestra & Chorus, Anna Netrebko - Rossini: Stabat Mater - - - - Historic Berthold Goldschmidt conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia Orchestra - Mahler/Cooke: Symphony No. 10 Maurizio Pollini - Chopin: Études - - - Instrumental Murray Perahia - Brahms: Handel Variations, Six Pieces for Piano, Four Pieces for Piano Benjamin Grosvenor - Piano Works by Chopin, Liszt, Ravel Steven Osborne - Mussorgsky: Pictures from an Exhibition, Prokofiev: Sarcasms, Visions fugitives Arcadi Volodos - "Volodos plays Mompou" Piotr Anderszewski - Bach: English Suites Nos. 1, 3 & 5 Label of the Year Wigmore Hall Live Naïve Records Decca Classics Delphian Records Channel Classics[15] Lifetime Achievement Award Janet Baker Claudio Abbado[16] Julian Bream James Galway Bernard Haitink[17] Music in the Community Award The Cobweb Orchestra - - - - Opera David Parry conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra, Geoffrey Mitchell Choir - Rossini: Ermione Claudio Abbado conducting the Lucerne Festival Orchestra, Nina Stemme, Jonas Kaufmann - Beethoven: Fidelio Antonio Pappano conducting The Royal Opera and Chorus, Eva-Maria Westbroek, Ermonela Jaho, Lucio Gallo, Elena Zilio, Francesco Demuro, Richard Jones - Puccini: Il trittico (DVD) Kazushi Ono conducting the Glyndebourne Chorus, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Stéphanie d'Oustrac, François Piolino, Elliot Madore, Paul Gay, Khatouna Gadelia, Elodie Méchain; directed by Laurent Pelly (stage) and François Roussillon (video) - Ravel: L'heure espagnole, L'enfant et les sortilèges (DVD) Esa-Pekka Salonen conducting the Orchestre de Paris; directed by Patrice Chéreau (stage) and Stéphane Metge (video) - Strauss: Elektra Orchestral Vasily Petrenko conducting the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic - Shostakovich: Symphony No. 10 Jiri Belohlavek conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra - Martinu: Symphonies Jiri Belohlavek conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra - Suk: Praga, A Summer's Tale Riccardo Chailly conducting the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra - Brahms: Symphonies Outstanding Achievement Award - - - - Neville Marriner Recital Antonio Pappano conducting the Santa Cecilia Orchestra & Choir, Jonas Kaufmann - Verismo Arias - - Richard Egarr conducting Wigmore Hall Live, Iestyn Davies - Arise, my muse Jeffrey Skidmore conducting the Ex Cathedra, Carolyn Sampson - A French Baroque Diva Record of the Year Pavel Haas Quartet - Dvořák: Violin Sonata, American Quartet (Chamber) Lionel Meunier, Vox Luminis - Schütz: Musikalische Exequien (Baroque Vocal) Peter Eötvös conducting the Ensemble Modern, Frankfurt Radio Symphony, Patricia Kopatchinskaja - Bartók: Violin Concerto No. 2, Eötvös: Seven, Ligeti: Violin Concerto (Concerto) Riccardo Chailly conducting the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra - Brahms: Symphonies (Orchestral) Claudio Abbado conducting the Lucerne Festival Orchestra - Bruckner: Symphony No. 9 Solo Vocal Gerald Finley with Julius Drake - Britten: Songs and Proverbs of William Blake Simon Keenlyside with Malcolm Martineau - Britten: Songs of War - - Christian Gerhaher with Gerold Huber - Schubert: Nachtviolen Special Achievement The Bach Cantata Pilgrimage on SDG Václav Talich conducting the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra - Czech National Anthem, Smetana: Má vlast (Historical Norwegian Radio recording in Nazi-occupied Prague on 5 June 1939; remastered by Matouš Vlčinský, Supraphon)[18] - - - Specialist Classical Chart Miloš Karadaglić - The Guitar - - - - Vocal - - Donald Runnicles conducting the Deutsche Oper Berlin, Jonas Kaufmann - Wagner: Arias Jonas Kaufmann with Helmut Deutsch - Schubert: Winterreise - Young Artist of the Year Miloš Karadaglić Benjamin Grosvenor Jan Lisiecki Nightingale String Quartet Joseph Moog[19] 2016-2020 [edit] 2021-2025 [edit] Category 2021[40] 2022 2023 2024 2025 Artist of the Year James Ehnes Barbara Hannigan Véronique Gens Chamber Takács Quartet, Garrick Ohlsson - Beach: Piano Quintet, Elgar: Piano Quintet Ébène Quartet, Nicolas Altstaedt, Antoine Tamestit - Monk: "'Round Midnight" Ébène Quartet, Antoine Tamestit - Mozart: String Quintet Nos. 3 & 4 Choral Richard Egarr conducting the Academy of Ancient Music Choir, Stefanie True, Helen Charlston, Gwilym Bowen, Morgan Pearse - Dussek: Messe Solemnelle Raphaël Pichon conducting Pygmalion - Bach: St Matthew Passion Sigvards Kļava conducting the Latvian Radio Choir: Cage: Choral Works Concept Album Christian-Pierre La Marca - Cello 360 Das Freie Orchester Berlin, Jarkko Riihimäki, Emily D'Angelo - Enargeia Helen Charlston, Toby Carr - Battle Cry: She Speaks Concerto Vladimir Jurowski conducting the State Academic Symphony Orchestra of Russia, Alina Ibragimova, Yevgeny Svetlanov - Shostakovich: Violin Concertos Kirill Petrenko, Daniel Harding, Alan Gilbert conducting the Berlin Philharmonic, Frank Peter Zimmermann - Bartók: Violin Concerto, Beethoven: Violin Concerto, Berg: Violin Concerto Martyn Brabbins conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra, Timothy Ridout - Elgar: Viola Concerto, Bloch: Suite for Viola and Orchestra Contemporary Martyn Brabbins conducting the Nash Ensemble, Susan Bickley - Pickard: The Gardener of Aleppo, etc. Cornelius Meister conducting the Bavarian State Orchestra and Chorus - Abrahamsen: The Snow Queen Nicholas Collon conducting the Finnish Royal Symphony Orchestra, Sivan Magen - Wennäkoski: Sigla, Sedecim Early Music Peter Phillips conducting The Tallis Scholars - Josquin: Masses, Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae, Missa D'ung aultre amer, Missa Faisant regretz Jean-Christophe Groffe conducting Ensemble Thélème - Josquin: Baisé moy, ma doulce amye Paul Van Nevel conducting the Huelgas Ensemble: Daser: Polyphonic Masses Instrumental Sean Shibe - Bach: Lute Suites James Ehnes - Ysaÿe: Six Sonatas for Solo Violin (Op. 27) Nurit Stark - Bartók, Eötvös, Ligeti, Veress: Music for Solo Violin and Viola Label of the Year Deutsche Grammophon Chandos Records BIS Records Lifetime Achievement Gundula Janowitz Daniel Barenboim Felicity Lott Opera Edward Gardner conducting the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra and Choir, Stuart Skelton, Erin Wall, Roderick Williams, Susan Bickley, Catherine Wyn-Rogers, Robert Murray, James Gilchrist, Marcus Farnsworth - Britten: Peter Grimes Kirill Petrenko conducting the Bavarian State Opera - Korngold: Die tote Stadt Edward Gardner conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra and Choir, English National Opera Chorus, Robert Murray, Rachel Nicholls, Ashley Riches, Jennifer France, Toby Spence, Claire Barnett-Jones, Susan Bickley, Joshua Bloom - Tippett: The Midsummer Marriage Orchestra of the Year Minnesota Orchestra Budapest Festival Orchestra Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen Orchestral Paavo Järvi conducting the Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra - Schmidt: Complete Symphonies Kirill Petrenko conducting the Bavarian State Opera - Mahler: Symphony No. 7 Fabio Luisi conducting the Danish National Symphony Orchestra - Nielsen: Symphony Nos. 4 & 5 Piano Piotr Anderszewski - Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 2 excerpts Krystian Zimerman - Szymanowski: Piano Works Recording of the Year Edward Gardner conducting the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra and Choir, Stuart Skelton, Erin Wall, Roderick Williams, Susan Bickley, Catherine Wyn-Rogers, Robert Murray, James Gilchrist, Marcus Farnsworth - Britten: Peter Grimes Kirill Petrenko conducting the Bavarian State Opera - Korngold: Die tote Stadt (Opera) Fabio Luisi conducting the Danish National Symphony Orchestra - Nielsen: Symphony Nos. 4 & 5 (Orchestral) Song Vision String Quartet, Tamer Pinarbasi, Henning Sieverts, Tim Allhoff, Itamar Doari, Burcu Karadağ, Rafael Aguirre, Fatma Said, Malcolm Martineau - "El Nour"[41] Asmik Grigorian, Lukas Geniušas - Rachmaninoff: "Dissonance" Cyrille Dubois, Tristan Raës - Fauré: Complete Songs Special Achievement Boston Modern Orchestra Project Leif Ove Andsnes, Mahler Chamber Orchestra - Mozart Momentum - Spatial Audio Stile Antico - The Golden Renaissance: Josquin Des Prez John Wilson conducting the Sinfonia of London - Ravel: Orchestral Works Georg Solti conducting the Vienna Philharmonic - Wagner: Die Walküre Voice & Ensemble Ludovic Tézier with Frédéric Chaslin conducting the Teatro Comunale di Bologna Orchestra - Verdi Michael Spyres with Marko Letonja conducting the Strasbourg Philharmonic Orchestra - BariTenor Sandrine Piau, Véronique Gens with Julien Chauvin conducting Le Concert de la Loge - Rivales Young Artist of the Year Fatma Said Johan Dalene Stella Chen References [edit]
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	76	https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/9KBF-K56/nils-johannes-%2522nels%2522-ingebrigtsen-johnson-1876-1959	en	Nils Johannes "Nels" Ingebrigtsen Johnson (1876â1959) â¢ FamilySearch	https://tree-portraits-p…86/thumb200s.jpg	https://tree-portraits-p…86/thumb200s.jpg	[ "https://ancestors.familysearch.org/static/media/heritage.svg", "https://ancestors.familysearch.org/static/media/traditional-dress.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-05-22T00:00:00	Discover life events, stories and photos about Nils Johannes "Nels" Ingebrigtsen Johnson (1876â1959) of Haugesund, Rogaland, Norway.			FamilySearch	https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/9KBF-K56/nils-johannes-%22nels%22-ingebrigtsen-johnson-1876-1959	English and Scottish: patronymic from the Middle English and Older Scots personal name Johan, Jo(h)n (see John ) + -son. It was often interchanged with Jenson and Janson . In North America, this surname has absorbed cognates from other languages, e.g. Norwegian, Danish, or North German Johnsen , Johannesen , Johannsen , Johansen , Jansen , Jantzen , and Jensen , Swedish Johnsson (see below), Johansson , Jonsson , and Jansson , Dutch Janssen , German Janz , Czech Jansa 1, and Slovenian JanÅ¡a (see Jansa 2) and JaneÅ¾iÄ (see Janezic ). Johnson (including in the sense 2 below) is the second most frequent surname in the US. It is also the second most common surname among Native Americans and a very common surname among African Americans. History: Surname Johnson was brought independently to North America by many different bearers from the 17th and 18th centuries onward. Andrew Johnson (1808â75), 17th president of the US, was born in Raleigh, NC, the younger son of Jacob Johnson and Mary (or Polly) McDonough. Little is known of his ancestors. The 36th president, Lyndon B. Johnson, dates his American forebears back seven generations to James Johnston (sic) (born c. 1662) who lived at Currowaugh, Nansemond, and Isle of Wight counties, VA. â Noted early bearers also include Marmaduke Johnson (died 1674), a printer who came from England to MA in 1660; Edward Johnson (1598â1672), a colonial chronicler who was baptized at St. George's parish, Canterbury, England, and emigrated to Boston in 1630; and Sir Nathaniel Johnson (c. 1645â1713), a colonial governor of Carolina, who came from County Durham, England.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	60	https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics	en	Nobel Prize in Physics	http://static.wikidoc.org/Wikidoc.ico	http://static.wikidoc.org/Wikidoc.ico	[ "https://www.wikidoc.org/images/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg", "http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/3.0/80x15.png", "https://www.wikidoc.org/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	http://static.wikidoc.org/Wikidoc.ico		null	The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in chemistry, Nobel Prize in literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, a German, "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays)." This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in Physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. In 2007 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert (of France) and Peter Grünberg (of Germany) for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance; they share the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1.6 million). Nomination and selection Template:Tfd A maximum of three Nobel Laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics.[1] Compared with some other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the Nobel Prize in Physics is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why these Nobel Prizes have grown in importance over the years to become the most important prizes in Physics.[2] These Nobel Laureates are selected by a committee that consists of five members elected by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In its first stage, several thousand people are asked to nominate candidates. These names are scrutinized and discussed by experts until only the winners remain. This slow and thorough process, insisted upon by Alfred Nobel, is arguably what gives the prize its importance. Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. In practice some nominees do become known. It is also common for publicists to make such a claim, founded or not. The nominations are screened by committee, and a list is produced of approximately two hundred preliminary candidates. This list is forwarded to selected experts in the field. They remove all but approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations to the appropriate institution. While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can occur if the individual died in the months between the nomination and the decision of the prize committee. The Nobel Prize in Physics requires that the significance of achievements being recognized is "tested by time." In practice it means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. For example, half of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar for his work on stellar structure and evolution that was done during the 1930s. As a downside of this approach, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a Prize, as the discoverers may have died by the time the impact of their work is realized.[citation needed] The Award The Nobel Prize in Physics consists of a gold medallion (the "Nobel Prize Medal for Physics"), a diploma, and a monetary grant.[1] The Nobel Prize Medals, which have been minted in Sweden since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Their engraved designs are internationally-recognized symbols of the prestige of the Nobel Prize. The front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medals for Physics, Chemistry, Literature, and Physiology or Medicine (for the "Swedish Prizes") features the same engraved profile of Alfred Nobel with his name abbreviated as "Alfr. Nobel" to the left of his profile and the dates of his birth and death to the right of it (in capital letters and Roman numerals).[1] The reverse side of the medals for Physics and Chemistry is "The medal of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences," which "represents Nature in the form of a goddess resembling Isis, emerging from the clouds and holding in her arms a cornucopia. The veil which covers her cold and austere face is held up by the Genius of Science" ("The Nobel Medal for Physics and Chemistry").[3] The grant is currently approximately 10 million SEK, slightly more than €1 million (US$1.6 million).[1][4] The Nobel Award Ceremony The committee and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates in October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. "The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. ... Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount" ("What the Nobel Laureates Receive"). The Nobel Banquet is the banquet that is held every year in Stockholm City Hall in connection with the Nobel Prize.[1][4] List of Laureates 180 Nobel Laureates in Physics have been selected as of 2007. The following chart includes the Nobel Laureates in Physics since its inceptions in 1901.[5] Year Name Country Citation 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays)" 1902 Hendrik Lorentz Pieter Zeeman Netherlands "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena". See Zeeman effect. 1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel France "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" Pierre Curie Marie Curie France Poland / France "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel" 1904 John William Strutt United Kingdom "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies" 1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Germany "for his work on cathode rays" 1906 Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases" 1907 Albert Abraham Michelson United States "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid". See Michelson-Morley experiment. 1908 Gabriel Lippmann France "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" 1909 Guglielmo Marconi Karl Ferdinand Braun Italy Germany "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands "For his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids." See van der Waals force. 1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat." 1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden "invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and light-buoys." 1913 Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes Netherlands "For his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" 1914 Max von Laue Germany "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals." 1915 William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg Australia/United Kingdom "For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays." 1916 no award prize purse allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1917 Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom "For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements." 1918 Max Planck Germany "In recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta." See Planck constant. 1919 Johannes Stark Germany "For his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields." 1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys" 1921 Albert Einstein Germany Switzerland "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his explanation of the photoelectric effect" 1922 Niels Bohr Denmark "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan United States "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" 1924 Manne Siegbahn Sweden "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" 1925 James Franck Gustav Hertz Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" 1927 Arthur Holly Compton United States "for his discovery of the effect named after him". See Compton effect. Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour". See cloud chamber. 1928 Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him" 1929 Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie France "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons". See De Broglie hypothesis. 1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" 1931 no award prize purse allocated to the Special Fund for this prize. 1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" 1933 Erwin Schrödinger Paul Dirac Austria United Kingdom "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" 1934 no award prize purse allocated half to the Main Fund and half to the Special Fund for this prize. 1935 James Chadwick United Kingdom "for the discovery of the neutron" 1936 Victor Francis Hess Austria "for his discovery of cosmic radiation" Carl David Anderson United States "for his discovery of the positron" 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson George Paget Thomson United States United Kingdom "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals". See wave-particle duality. 1938 Enrico Fermi Italy "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" 1939 Ernest Lawrence United States "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" 1940 no award prize purse allocated half to the Main Fund and half to the Special Fund for this prize. 1941 1942 1943 Otto Stern Germany United States "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi United States "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" 1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle" 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman United States "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics" 1947 Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" 1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" 1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces". See Yukawa potential. 1950 Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" 1951 John Douglas Cockcroft Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton United Kingdom Ireland "for their pioneering work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" 1952 Felix Bloch Edward Mills Purcell Switzerland United States "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" 1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" 1954 Max Born Germany 1939: United Kingdom "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" Walther Bothe West Germany "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith" 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb United States "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum". See Lamb shift. Polykarp Kusch United States "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" 1956 William Bradford Shockley John Bardeen Walter Houser Brattain United States "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" 1957 Chen Ning Yang (楊振寧) Tsung-Dao Lee (李政道) People's Republic of China United States "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" 1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Čerenkov Il'ya Frank Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect" 1959 Emilio Gino Segrè Owen Chamberlain United States "for their discovery of the antiproton" 1960 Donald Arthur Glaser United States "for the invention of the bubble chamber" 1961 Robert Hofstadter United States "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name". See Mössbauer effect. 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" 1963 Eugene Paul Wigner Hungary United States "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" Maria Goeppert-Mayer J. Hans D. Jensen United States West Germany "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" 1964 Charles Hard Townes United States "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle" Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Aleksandr Prokhorov Soviet Union; Australia/Soviet Union 1965 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Julian Schwinger Richard Phillips Feynman Japan United States United States "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" 1966 Alfred Kastler France "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" 1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" 1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" 1969 Murray Gell-Mann United States "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions". See Eightfold way. 1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Sweden "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" Louis Eugene Félix Néel France "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics" 1971 Dennis Gabor United Kingdom "for his invention and development of the holographic method" 1972 John Bardeen Leon Neil Cooper John Robert Schrieffer United States "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" 1973 Leo Esaki Ivar Giaever Japan; Norway/United States "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" Brian David Josephson United Kingdom "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect" 1974 Martin Ryle Antony Hewish United Kingdom "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" 1975 Aage Niels Bohr Ben Roy Mottelson Leo James Rainwater Denmark Denmark United States "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" 1976 Burton Richter Samuel Chao Chung Ting United States "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind". In other words: for discovery of the J/Ψ particle as it confirmed the idea that baryonic matter (such as the nuclei of atoms) is made out of quarks. 1977 Philip Warren Anderson Nevill Francis Mott John Hasbrouck van Vleck United States United Kingdom United States "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" Arno Allan Penzias Robert Woodrow Wilson United States United States "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow Abdus Salam Steven Weinberg United States Pakistan United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" 1980 James Watson Cronin Val Logsdon Fitch United States "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons". See CP-violation. 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States United States "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson United States "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar India United States "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars". See Chandrasekhar limit. William Alfred Fowler United States "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" 1984 Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer Italy Netherlands "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" 1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" 1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer West Germany Switzerland "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" 1987 Johannes Georg Bednorz Karl Alexander Müller West Germany Switzerland "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" 1988 Leon Max Lederman Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" 1989 Norman Foster Ramsey United States "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" Hans Georg Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul United States West Germany "for the development of the ion trap technique" 1990 Jerome I. Friedman Henry Way Kendall Richard E. Taylor United States United States Canada "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" 1992 Georges Charpak France "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" 1993 Russell Alan Hulse Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. United States "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" 1994 Bertram Brockhouse Canada "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" Clifford Glenwood Shull United States "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" 1998 Robert B. Laughlin Horst Ludwig Störmer Daniel Chee Tsui United States Germany United States "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations". See Quantum Hall effect. 1999 Gerardus 't Hooft Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" 2000 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Herbert Kroemer Russia Germany "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics" Jack St. Clair Kilby United States "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit" 2001 Eric Allin Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl Edwin Wieman United States Germany United States "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" 2002 Raymond Davis Jr. Masatoshi Koshiba United States Japan "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" Riccardo Giacconi United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources" 2003 Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Anthony James Leggett Russia Russia United Kingdom "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids" 2004 David J. Gross H. David Politzer Frank Wilczek United States "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" 2005 Roy J. Glauber United States "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence" John L. Hall Theodor W. Hänsch United States Germany "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique" 2006 John C. Mather George F. Smoot United States "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" 2007 Albert Fert Peter Grünberg France Germany "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance" Notes Other references Friedman, Robert Marc (2001). The Politics of Excellence: Behind the Nobel Prize in Science. New York & Stuttgart: VHPS (Times Books). ISBN 0716731037 (10). ISBN 978-0716731030 (13). Gill, Mohammad (March 10, 2005). "Prize and Prejudice". Chowk ("Voices that question, provoke and inspire"; ideas, identities and interactions"; "Where paths intersect"). Accessed November 5, 2007. ("Chowk is a platform to publish, discuss and debate writings on a variety of issues that are important to the people of India, Pakistan, and other South Asian countries" ["About Chowk"].) Hillebrand, Claus D. (June 2002). "Nobel century: a biographical analysis of physics laureates". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 27.2: 87-93. Lemmel, Birgitta. "The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics". nobelprize.org. Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 2006. Accessed November 9, 2007. (An article on the history of the design of the medals featured on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.) "What the Nobel Laureates Receive". nobelprize.org. Copyright © Nobel Web AB 2007. Accessed November 9, 2007. (Featured link in "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies".) See also Nobel laureates by country "All Nobel Laureates in Physics" - Index webpage on the official site of the Nobel Foundation. "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" – Official hyperlinked webpage of the Nobel Foundation. "The Nobel Prize in Physics" - Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation. "The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry" – Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation. 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correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	94	http://momobookblog.blogspot.com/2013/04/nobel-prize-winners-and-their-books.html	en	Let's read: Nobel Prize Winners and Their Books	https://momobookblog.blogspot.com/favicon.ico	https://momobookblog.blogspot.com/favicon.ico	[ "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif", "http://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png", "http://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhix4hKT4rH9PPr2uEcan88PyJiM-NIgkJzjQyPVmN0eAT6fKksAmpoYsANL6yv0fXE1-wuTBaUDacft8wfjdbvPakr7_kT-aeSahrm5_nR5sYVgLyw9AczO1BSvpBZnXE/s45-c/2014-10-98a+Zoe+IMG_2014-5562.jpg", "http://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQdQFgPIueQAA7hWusd2owPhwnnSBenKBvoBVCeNpPTRZ1saWgtvTIVbX_iafMBO8P6qFEgIm88DGJrX-QYTJUOm6-8XmW547H2mB33TIPpSy05cRb3OFqOGExZ1n2ZrM/s45-c/FranceBookToursButton180x180.jpg", "http://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhix4hKT4rH9PPr2uEcan88PyJiM-NIgkJzjQyPVmN0eAT6fKksAmpoYsANL6yv0fXE1-wuTBaUDacft8wfjdbvPakr7_kT-aeSahrm5_nR5sYVgLyw9AczO1BSvpBZnXE/s45-c/2014-10-98a+Zoe+IMG_2014-5562.jpg", "http://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhix4hKT4rH9PPr2uEcan88PyJiM-NIgkJzjQyPVmN0eAT6fKksAmpoYsANL6yv0fXE1-wuTBaUDacft8wfjdbvPakr7_kT-aeSahrm5_nR5sYVgLyw9AczO1BSvpBZnXE/s113/2014-10-98a+Zoe+IMG_2014-5562.jpg", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZA59NWnhxDY84PoUC6BwQUKPtj34XK5iObqTzRMSEcLyg-3MLQf5bRoALjJ07gPoGogMUrnmO1zh5FLgk_RFUdxfxkyL5uXkBQXdMirT2seqDMnAOmahfMi8zCYm8mdy_KIBbNXp_PCY/s1600-r/Beautiful+Blogger+Award.jpg", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtsAchEX-Ck0AqItcxfFzKAIprK9P4674iLOtKc0oQnNQc0RMumSR71R2pwHN6KZS0KGZhTivLrawfqHPbCybs9uq6oKrfNg-DCJ6oFRwGiRNv_QfzKVh1aIJW5otC0NDdrmxjOwGMDXM/s120/Goodreads+Librarian3.jpg", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS0y3zlaqlCYiGCMxt4YL557mxBEODoMCEk0nTHv1wCgRbNK4z01jpmAo_LXzNcKrZEl5DYemDDsAi3dWNSAvdOJQR-A8UIruS4dI8YkjjUQiaUcR3yvQwv29yYSghAVU6XpQFi4PUG7o/s1600/Liebster-Award5.png", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicCDwLJqOZDhBVr-RycsdmY_aTT8ImJYFADYCqJWcRI1zBrw-WjZkoXRjIVOWTQVqnWJPjVqlCWhfzerg86wqTf0et2YC19G1Nb6rXgATJA_fFjQPtlXve5epclphezGBG5TBUhVaedSw/s1600/Our+Shared+Shelf.jpg", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrFxommE-pYoLUz2NrpFjEtjDRfy92HH_0IR2AW3-JFp99zopqUdSaz3NvZYbV6HZki_KW32FnihUcvQyyWexA7YvEkFcMz4_zTOhDmLG_aPkXY0Jzg1iDXg9NtbKfSlHhJ-bjYNvBHmQ/s1600/Book+Quotes+WorIdItOut.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "View my complete profile" ]	null	"Nobel" Click on the link above to see this word cloud at WordItOut . You may also view it on this website if you enable JavaScrip...	en	https://momobookblog.blogspot.com/favicon.ico		https://momobookblog.blogspot.com/2013/04/nobel-prize-winners-and-their-books.html	This is a private blog that I am writing for myself and my friends. I am not going to make any money with it and will not sell anything you might post in a comment or any of your details. All content provided is for informational purposes only. I don't guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information on this site or found by following any link on this site. I will not be liable for any errors or omissions in this information nor for the availability of this information. I will also not be liable for any losses, injuries, or damages from the display or use of this information. I want you all to enjoy this page with me. Happy Reading!
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	37	https://www.ranker.com/list/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners/reference	en	Nobel Prize in Literature Winners List	https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/17594/117594/original/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners-u6	https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/17594/117594/original/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners-u6	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=10600724&cv=3.6&cj=1", "https://static.ranker.com/img/brand/ranker-logo.svg?v=1&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=2&w=104", "https://static.ranker.com/img/brand/wordmark.svg?v=1&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=2&w=210", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/menuSearch.svg?v=2&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=30&w=30", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/vote-on-pill.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=24&w=105", "https://imgix.ranker.com/user_img/1/1/original/reference?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=40&w=40", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/chevronExpand.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=13&w=71", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/22/421553/original/albert-camus-photo-3?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/22/425064/original/aleksandr-isayevich-solzhenitsyn-writers-photo-3?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/23/454948/original/anatole-france-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/24/460526/original/andr-gide-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/29/573022/original/bertrand-russell-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/128/2554815/original/bj-rnstjerne-bj-rnson-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://v3api.ranker.com/api/px?lid=117594" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Reference" ]	2009-11-24T00:00:00	List of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from every year the award has been given out. All Nobel Prize in Literature winners are listed below in order of ...	en	/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png	Ranker	https://www.ranker.com/list/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners/reference	List of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from every year the award has been given out. All Nobel Prize in Literature winners are listed below in order of popularity, but can be sorted by any column. People who won the Nobel Prize in Literature award are listed along with photos for every Nobel Prize in Literature winner that has a picture associated with their name online. You can click on the name of the Nobel Prize in Literature award recipients to get more information about each. People who won the Nobel Prize in Literature are usually listed by year, but on this list you've got a complete list of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from all years. If this proves to not be a full list of Nobel Prize in Literature winners, you can help make it so by adding to this one. This list includes the most memorable and well-known Nobel Prize in Literature winners of all time. Anybody who won the Nobel Prize in Literature usually has a picture associated with their name, so all the Nobel Prize in Literature-winning people are listed here with photos when available. This list spans the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, so most of the famous Nobel Prize in Literature winners are here and can be a good starting point for making a list of your favorites. This list answers the question "who are all the people who have ever won Nobel Prize in Literature?" If you're looking for all the nominees, you can click the links above the title of this page to the Listopedia page where you'll find a directory of award nominees, as well as the rest of the award winners lists we have. You can use this factual list to create a new list, re-rank it to fit your views, then share it with your Twitter followers, Facebook friends or with any other social networks you use on a regular basis. Items include everything from Isaac Bashevis Singer to Henryk Sienkiewicz. {#nodes}
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	19	http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Jensen_Johannes_Vilhelm.html	en	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Biography			[ "http://www.biographybase.com/images/logo.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen biography and related resources.				null	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (January 20, 1873 - November 25, 1950) was a Danish author. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944. He was born in a village in North Jutland, Denmark. One of his sisters, Thit Jensen, was also a well-known writer. Jensen's literary career began near the turn of the century with the publication of Himmerland Stories (1898-1910), comprising a series of tales set in the part of Denmark where he was born. He also wrote poetry, a few plays, and many essays, chiefly on anthropology and the philosophy of evolution. He developed his theories of evolution in a cycle of six novels, Den lange rejse (1908-22) The Long Journey, which was published in a two-volume edition in 1938. Like his compatriot Hans Christian Andersen, he travelled extensively, even to the United States. A poem of his, "Paa Memphis Station" [At the train station, Memphis, Tennessee] is well known in Denmark. Walt Whitman was among the writers who influenced Jensen. For many years he worked in journalism, writing articles and chronicles for the daily press without ever joining the staff of any newspaper.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	55	https://learnindiaearnindia.com/nobel-prize.php	en	Learn India Earn India			[ "https://learnindiaearnindia.com/images/logo.png", "https://learnindiaearnindia.com/images/logo.png", "https://learnindiaearnindia.com/images/cross.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "SBI Clerk", "SBI PO", "IBPS Clerk", "IBPS PO", "SSC CHSL", "SSC HSL", "SSC CPO", "RRB", "OLYMPIAD" ]	null	[]	null	Learn India Earn India Free mock tests and study materials	en			null	Important Facts The prize is not awarded posthumously. However, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize may still be presented. A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organizations of more than three people. All medals made before 1980 were struck in 23-carat gold. But since then, they have been struck in 18-carat green gold plated with 24-carat gold. The weight of each medal varies according to the value of gold. However, it averages about 175 grams for each medal. Sir William Lawrence Bragg, one of the youngest Physics Nobel prize winner at the age of 25 was awarded his winning medal along with his father. Frederick Sanger has been awarded the Nobel prize twice for Chemistry. Le Duc Tho was selected for the Nobel Prize for Peace, which he declined later. Malala Yousafzai is the youngest award winner for Peace at the age of 17.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	16	http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Jensen_Johannes_Vilhelm.html	en	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Biography			[ "http://www.biographybase.com/images/logo.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen biography and related resources.				null	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (January 20, 1873 - November 25, 1950) was a Danish author. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944. He was born in a village in North Jutland, Denmark. One of his sisters, Thit Jensen, was also a well-known writer. Jensen's literary career began near the turn of the century with the publication of Himmerland Stories (1898-1910), comprising a series of tales set in the part of Denmark where he was born. He also wrote poetry, a few plays, and many essays, chiefly on anthropology and the philosophy of evolution. He developed his theories of evolution in a cycle of six novels, Den lange rejse (1908-22) The Long Journey, which was published in a two-volume edition in 1938. Like his compatriot Hans Christian Andersen, he travelled extensively, even to the United States. A poem of his, "Paa Memphis Station" [At the train station, Memphis, Tennessee] is well known in Denmark. Walt Whitman was among the writers who influenced Jensen. For many years he worked in journalism, writing articles and chronicles for the daily press without ever joining the staff of any newspaper.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	5	https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Johannes-Vilhelm-Jensen/327550	en	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen	https://kids.britannica.…-07-14-17-A2.jpg	https://kids.britannica.…-07-14-17-A2.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=160638381132823&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/activity;dc_iu=/15510053/DFPAudiencePixel;ord=1;dc_seg=806891421", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/BkidsLogoDesktop.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/BkidsLogoTruncated.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/26/93126-004-65D87B33.jpg?w=300&h=300&q=85", "https://cdn.britannica.com/96/96196-004-2539B3E8.jpg?w=300&h=300&q=85", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/tour/icon-inspire.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/tour/icon-inform.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/tour/icon-educate.png", "https://kids.britannica.com/resources/img/tour/icon-subscribe-yellow.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Johannes Vilhelm Jensen", "encyclopedia", "encyclopaedia", "article" ]	null	[]	null	(1873–1950). The Danish novelist, poet, and essayist Johannes Vilhelm Jensen provoked much debate in his later years through his attempt to depict human development in the…	en	/resources/icons/favicons/bkids/bkids-favicon-57c.png	Britannica Kids	https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Johannes-Vilhelm-Jensen/327550	(1873–1950). The Danish novelist, poet, and essayist Johannes Vilhelm Jensen provoked much debate in his later years through his attempt to depict human development in the light of an idealized Darwinian theory. He received the Nobel prize for literature in 1944. Of old peasant stock and the son of a veterinarian, Jensen was born on Jan. 20, 1873, in Farsø, Denmark. He was sent to Copenhagen to study medicine but turned to writing. He first made an impression as a writer of tales. These works fall into three groups: tales from the Himmerland region of Denmark, tales from Jensen’s travels in the Far East (for which he was called Denmark’s Kipling), and more than 100 tales published under the recurrent title Myter (Myths). His early writings also include a historical trilogy, Kongens Fald (1900–01; The Fall of the King), a fictional biography of King Christian II of Denmark. Shortly thereafter, as a result of his travels in the United States, came his Madame d’Ora (1904) and Hjulet (1905; The Wheel). In 1906 he published a volume of poems, and late in life he returned to poetry, producing Digte, 1901–43 (Poems, 1901–43). Jensen is best known, however, for the six novels that bear the common title Den lange rejse (1908–22; The Long Journey). This story of the rise of humankind from the most primitive times to the voyages of Christopher Columbus exhibits both his imagination and his skill as an amateur anthropologist. Jensen died on Nov. 25, 1950, in Copenhagen.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	34	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Scandinavian_literature	en	Scandinavian literature	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Scandinavian literature or Nordic literature is the literature in the languages of the Nordic countries of Northern Europe. The Nordic countries include Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Scandinavia's associated autonomous territories. The majority of these nations and regions use North Germanic languages. Although the majority of Finns speak a Uralic language, Finnish history and literature are clearly interrelated with those of both Sweden and Norway who have shared control of various areas and who have substantial Sami populations/influences.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Scandinavian_literature	Scandinavian literature or Nordic literature is the literature in the languages of the Nordic countries of Northern Europe. The Nordic countries include Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway (including Svalbard), Sweden, and Scandinavia's associated autonomous territories (Åland, Faroe Islands and Greenland). The majority of these nations and regions use North Germanic languages. Although the majority of Finns speak a Uralic language, Finnish history and literature are clearly interrelated with those of both Sweden and Norway who have shared control of various areas and who have substantial Sami populations/influences. These peoples have produced an important and influential literature. Henrik Ibsen, a Norwegian playwright, was largely responsible for the popularity of modern realistic drama in Europe, with plays like The Wild Duck and A Doll's House. Nobel Prizes in Literature, itself a Scandinavian award, have been awarded to Selma Lagerlöf, Verner von Heidenstam, Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan, Knut Hamsun, Sigrid Undset, Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Pär Lagerkvist, Halldór Laxness, Nelly Sachs, Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson, Tomas Tranströmer, and Jon Fosse.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	61	http://www.esp.org/timeline/ART-vs-TEC_1940-1949.html	en	ESP Timeline: Arts and Culture vs History of Technology (1940			[ "http://www.esp.org/images/ESP-new-banner-5.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/ESP-new-banner-4sm.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/burger-24-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/close-24-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/icon-bar.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/icon-bar.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/burger-24-black.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/close-24-black.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/close-24-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/facebook.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/twitter.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/googleplus.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/linkedin.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/reddit.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/email.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/l-arrow.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/r-arrow.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1940-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1941-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1942-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/broadway-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1943-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/three-studies-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1944-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1945-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1946-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/big-dipper-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1947-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/onement-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1948-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/hasselblad-1600F-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/three-men-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1949-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/new-science.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/old-science.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/weird-science.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/policy-funding.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/biodiversity.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/symbiosis.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/paleo.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/astronomy.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/climate-change.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/big-data.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/anthro.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/wtf.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/burger-20-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/close-20-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/valid-html5-blue.png", "http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/images/vcss-blue" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	img/favicon.ico		null	Painting by Piet Mondrian: Broadway Boogie Woogie was completed in 1943, shortly after Mondrian moved to New York in 1940. Compared to his earlier work, the canvas is divided into a much larger number of squares. Although he spent most of his career creating abstract work, this painting is inspired by clear real-world examples: the city grid of Manhattan, and the Broadway boogie woogie, a type of music Mondrian loved. The painting was bought by the Brazilian sculptor Maria Martins for the price of $800 at the Valentine Gallery in New York City, after Martins and Mondrian both exhibited there in 1943. Martins later donated the painting to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Casablanca wins Academy Award for best picture. The WWII drama represents the studio system at its best, where all the talent (behind and in front of the camera) worked at their peak. Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman were not the studios first choices for their roles, but they remain one of the screens all-time great romantic pairings. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style". Triptych by Francis Bacon: Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion comprises three canvasses that are based on the Eumenides — or Furies — of Aeschylus's Oresteia, and that depict three writhing anthropomorphic creatures set against a flat burnt orange background. It was executed in oil paint and pastel on Sundeala fibre board and completed within two weeks. The triptych summarises themes explored in Bacon's previous work, including his examination of Picasso's biomorphs and his interpretations of the Crucifixion and the Greek Furies. The Three Studies are generally considered Bacon's first mature piece. When the painting was first exhibited in 1945 it caused a sensation and established him as one of the foremost post-war painters. Remarking on the cultural significance of Three Studies, the critic John Russell observed in 1971 that "there was painting in England before the Three Studies, and painting after them, and no one ... can confuse the two". Going My Way wins Academy Award for best picture. Writer-director Leo McCarey once again proved his ability to balance tears and laughs, in this tale of a rule-breaking priest (Oscar winner Bing Crosby) taking over a New York parish from a retiring priest. In the latter role, Barry Fitzgerald was oddly nominated as both lead and supporting actor, winning in the latter category. Hermann Hesse awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style". The Best Years of Our Lives wins Academy Award for best picture. The world population was just adjusting to life after World War II and some film executives feared that audiences wanted escapism, not a movie reflecting their lives. But it was a huge hit, and its honesty in dealing with civilian changes and vulnerabilities are still powerful. It was produced by Samuel Goldwyn, directed by William Wyler. André Paul Guillaume Gide awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight". Painting by Jackson Pollock: Reflections of the Big Dipper, consisting of built up layers of paint with dripped enamel as the final touch, concluding the composition. It was around 1947 that Jackson Pollock traded in his brushes for sticks, trowels and knives and began adding foreign matter, such as sand, broken glass, nails, coins, paint-tube tops and bottle caps to his canvases. Reflection of the Big Dipper was exhibited at the Betty Parsons Gallery in 1948, along with sixteen other paintings by Jackson Pollock. The show received positive reviews. Pollock's works from this time are a transitional step between a more traditional handling of paint and his revolutionary technique of dripping paint on canvases off a large scale. Gentleman's Agreement wins Academy Award for best picture. The Elia Kazan-directed drama, starring Gregory Peck, was another hot-button winner, as it addressed the topic of anti-Semitism. Thomas Stearns Eliot awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry". Painting by Barnett Newman: Onement I features the first full incarnation of what Newman later called a 'zip', a vertical band of color. This motif would play a central role in many of his subsequent paintings. The painting's title is an archaic derivation of the word 'atonement', meaning, "the state of being made into one." Hamlet wins Academy Award for best picture. The black and white Shakespeare adaptation, from U.K.s J. Arthur Rank-Two Cities, was the first non-Hollywood film to take the top award. And Laurence Olivier became the first person to direct himself to a best-actor win.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	78	http://almaz.com/nobel/birthdays/january.html	en	Nobel Laureates born in January			[ "http://almaz.com/nobel/birthdays/images/birthday.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Nobel", "archive", "Nobel Prize", "literature", "physics", "chemistry", "peace", "medicine", "physiology", "economics", "winner", "prize", "prizes", "award", "awards", "January", "birthdays" ]	null	[]	null	Nobel Prize Laureates born in the month of January.				null	January Nobel Birthdays brought to you by The Nobel Prize Internet Archive <Prev Next>
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	36	https://observervoice.com/20-january-remembering-johannes-vilhelm-jensen-on-birthday-33523/	en	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen: Danish Nobel Laureate in Literature and Master of Prose	https://observervoice.co…download-20.jpeg	https://observervoice.co…download-20.jpeg	[ "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/cropped-OV-Logo.png", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/cropped-OV-Logo.png", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Khasi_Girls-jpg-webp-150x150.webp", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Matrilineal-Societies-of-India-scaled-jpg-webp-150x150.webp", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ph202183101-150x150.png", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ph202183101-150x150.png", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ph202183101-150x150.png", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ph202183101-150x150.png", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ph202183101-150x150.png", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Pi-Approximation-Day-jpg-webp-150x150.webp", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Celebrating-Sarawak-Day-150x150.png", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/National-Mango-Day-150x150.jpg", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Randal-Cremer-150x150.jpg", "https://observervoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Badri-Narayan-1-150x150.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "OV Digital Desk" ]	2024-01-17T22:33:26+00:00	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was a Danish author. In 1944, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was awarded the Nobel Prize in a Literature.	en	https://observervoice.co…Logo-150x150.png	Observer Voice	https://observervoice.com/20-january-remembering-johannes-vilhelm-jensen-on-birthday-33523/	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (20 January 1873 – 25 November 1950) was a Danish author. In 1944, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Life and Career Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was born on 20 January 1873, in Farsø, Denmark. He studied at various universities in Denmark, including the University of Copenhagen, where he initially pursued a medical degree but later shifted his focus to literature and philosophy. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen had a distinguished career as a writer: He began his writing career as a poet and later ventured into various literary genres, including novels, essays, and short stories. Jensen is known for his imaginative and experimental style of writing, which incorporated elements of naturalism, symbolism, and modernism. One of his most famous works is the novel “The Fall of the King” (1900-1901), which is part of his “Kongens Fald” (The Fall of the King) trilogy. This trilogy explores the history of Denmark and its transition from paganism to Christianity. Jensen’s literary works often reflected his interest in history, mythology, and human evolution. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen passed away on November 25, 1950, in Copenhagen, Denmark. Award and Legacy Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1944 for his contribution to the development of Scandinavian literature. He was the first Danish author to receive this prestigious award. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen’s legacy is primarily based on his literary contributions, which are characterized by their unique style and exploration of themes related to history, mythology, and human evolution. His “Kongens Fald” trilogy remains a significant work in Danish literature, offering an imaginative and thought-provoking perspective on Denmark’s historical and cultural transformation. Jensen’s innovative approach to writing had an influence on subsequent generations of Danish and Scandinavian writers.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	0	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/summary/	en	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	[ "https://www.nobelprize.org/images/jensen-13029-portrait-medium.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/nobelprizes_2023-1024x676.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/summary/	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style" To cite this section MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Tue. 23 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/summary/> Back to top Back To Top Takes users back to the top of the page Nobel Prizes and laureates Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women. See them all presented here.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	22	https://www.famousscientists.org/j-hans-d-jensen/	en	J. Hans D. Jensen	https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/themes/genesis-child/images/favicon.ico	https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/themes/genesis-child/images/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif", "https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/J.-Hans-D.-Jensen1.jpg 430w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/J.-Hans-D.-Jensen1-300x242.jpg 300w", "https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif", "https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/150-aage-bohr-100x100.jpg", "https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif", "https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/150-lise-meitner-100x100.jpg", "https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif", "https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/100-niels-bohr-1.png", "https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif", "https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/150-harold-urey-100x100.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2014-05-01T20:06:16-05:00	Lived 1907 - 1973. Famous for his work on the German nuclear energy project, which is more popularly known as the Uranium Club, J. Hans D. Jensen was responsible for making contributions to the separation of uranium isotopes. He was a German nuclear physicist who was one of the notable names during World War II.	en	https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/themes/genesis-child/images/favicon.ico		https://www.famousscientists.org/j-hans-d-jensen/	Lived 1907 – 1973. Famous for his work on the German nuclear energy project, which is more popularly known as the Uranium Club, J. Hans D. Jensen was responsible for making contributions to the separation of uranium isotopes. He was a German nuclear physicist who was one of the notable names during World War II. He was also a Nobel Prize for Physics winner in 1963 where he shared the award with Maria Goeppert-Mayer, when they proposed the model for the nuclear shell which he devised in 1949. Together with the American scientist Goeppert-Mayer, they wrote the book “Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure”, which explained their findings. Early Life and Educational Background J. Hans D. Jensen was born Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen on the 25th of June in 1907. He was the son of Karl Jensen, a gardener and Helene Ohm Jensen. His earliest academic interests lay in philosophy, physical chemistry, and mathematics. He studied these courses starting in 1926 at the Universities of Hamburg and Freiburg. He obtained his doctorate in physics in 1932 from the University of Hamburg. He was coached by Wilhem Lenz, a German physicist who was known for his introduction of a lattice model for ferromagnetism. Jensen completed his Habilitation at the University of Hamburg in 1936. Advertisements Career and Academic Involvements Jensen initially worked as a scientific assistant at the Institute of Theoretical Physics in the University of Hamburg. In 1936, obtained his D. Sc. from Hamburg and he became a Privatdozent (unpaid teacher) at the same university. He then began working with the director of the physical chemistry department, Paul Harteck who was also advisor to the Heereswaffenamt or HWA, Army Ordinance Office for explosives. Harteck contacted the Reich Ministry of War or Reichskriegsministerium on the 24th of April in 1939 to explain to the authorities how nuclear chain reactions may be of use for military applications. Harteck enrolled Jensen into the Uranverein (Uranium Club) which was founded on the first of September in 1939—the same day the Nazis invaded Poland and initiated The Second World War. This gave the military control of the German nuclear energy project. Together with Harteck, Jensen developed the double centrifuge which was based on a rocking process that facilitated the necessary separation effect. In 1941, Jensen became Professor of Theoretical Physics in Hannover’s Technische Hochschule (now known as the University of Hanover), becoming extraordinarius professor there in 1946. He had a notable academic career, and in 1949 he was appointed professor at the University of Heidelberg, presenting his shell model for the nucleus of an atom the same year. In 1950 he co-authored “About gas centrifuges: Enrichment of the xenon, krypton and selenium isotopes by the centrifuge method”. In 1963 Jensen shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physics with Maria Goeppert-Mayer for their independent proposals of the nuclear shell model. This model proposes that an atomic nucleus has a structure of shells or spherical layers which contain the neutrons and protons of an atom. Together with the American scientist Goeppert-Mayer, they wrote the book “Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure” in 1955, which explained their findings. The book mainly concerned the ground-state properties of nuclei and the study of reactions with the removal of nucleons from occupied shells. Jensen became a member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences in 1947 and he was one of the corresponding members of the Max Planck Gesellschaft in 1960. Jensen was also a member of the Sacri Romani Imperii Academia Naturae Coriosorum, which he joined in 1964. Other academic involvements included being a visiting professor at the University of Wisconsin in 1951, in Princeton’s Institute of Advanced Study and the University of California at Berkeley both in 1952, the California Institute of Technology and the Indiana University in 1953, the University of Minnesota in 1956, and he also visited the University of California in La Jolla in 1961. Political Involvement Jensen was a scientist when Hitler was rising in power, and choosing sides was necessary for people in Germany, especially for those who were able to make scientific contributions for the movement. Membership for the Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Dozentenbund, (National Socialist German University Lecturers League or NSDDB), was advantageous for those looking to further their career in academics. Although all of the German universities were under the influence of politics, some were not as strict when it came to enforcing the needed membership to the NSDDB, and fortunately this was the case in the University of Hamburg. Jensen was still, however, a member of the NSDDB for three years. When the Second World War ended, the denazification process began and when it was time for Jensen to face proceedings, he asked Werner Heisenberg for help. Heisenberg was one of the most prominent members of the Uranium Club, and Heisenberg testified in favor of Jensen’s character. This testimony was necessary for the acquisition of his whitewash certificate or Persilschein. Heisenberg had been a powerful man to approach when there is a need for this document, since he was never a member of the National Socialist German Workers Party or the NSDAP. For Jensen, Heisenberg wrote the needed documentation and stated that Jensen did indeed join the party organizations so that he would be able to avoid the difficulties posed by political affiliations or lack thereof for someone in the academia. Death Jensen remained a bachelor, and he died on February 11 in 1973 at Heidelberg, Germany.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	77	https://www.ranker.com/list/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners/reference	en	Nobel Prize in Literature Winners List	https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/17594/117594/original/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners-u6	https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/17594/117594/original/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners-u6	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=10600724&cv=3.6&cj=1", "https://static.ranker.com/img/brand/ranker-logo.svg?v=1&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=2&w=104", "https://static.ranker.com/img/brand/wordmark.svg?v=1&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=2&w=210", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/menuSearch.svg?v=2&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=30&w=30", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/vote-on-pill.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=24&w=105", "https://imgix.ranker.com/user_img/1/1/original/reference?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=40&w=40", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/chevronExpand.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=13&w=71", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/22/421553/original/albert-camus-photo-3?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/22/425064/original/aleksandr-isayevich-solzhenitsyn-writers-photo-3?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/23/454948/original/anatole-france-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/24/460526/original/andr-gide-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/29/573022/original/bertrand-russell-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/128/2554815/original/bj-rnstjerne-bj-rnson-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://v3api.ranker.com/api/px?lid=117594" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Reference" ]	2009-11-24T00:00:00	List of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from every year the award has been given out. All Nobel Prize in Literature winners are listed below in order of ...	en	/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png	Ranker	https://www.ranker.com/list/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners/reference	List of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from every year the award has been given out. All Nobel Prize in Literature winners are listed below in order of popularity, but can be sorted by any column. People who won the Nobel Prize in Literature award are listed along with photos for every Nobel Prize in Literature winner that has a picture associated with their name online. You can click on the name of the Nobel Prize in Literature award recipients to get more information about each. People who won the Nobel Prize in Literature are usually listed by year, but on this list you've got a complete list of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from all years. If this proves to not be a full list of Nobel Prize in Literature winners, you can help make it so by adding to this one. This list includes the most memorable and well-known Nobel Prize in Literature winners of all time. Anybody who won the Nobel Prize in Literature usually has a picture associated with their name, so all the Nobel Prize in Literature-winning people are listed here with photos when available. This list spans the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, so most of the famous Nobel Prize in Literature winners are here and can be a good starting point for making a list of your favorites. This list answers the question "who are all the people who have ever won Nobel Prize in Literature?" If you're looking for all the nominees, you can click the links above the title of this page to the Listopedia page where you'll find a directory of award nominees, as well as the rest of the award winners lists we have. You can use this factual list to create a new list, re-rank it to fit your views, then share it with your Twitter followers, Facebook friends or with any other social networks you use on a regular basis. Items include everything from Isaac Bashevis Singer to Henryk Sienkiewicz. {#nodes}
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"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDSAPuX7rnmrVvtL2xwF3YFpG_NIm5sFG1tsdXir5ymUGaEm4Yx77yytrw27JVRryLo495trO7tnAvenMGwRWvOEyTJMGMIVDO9tIYMqN7prmJTpF4WkajvOn1SKxTOoKO9OHPVXzq7vjxQafI-LP1Wblc2GkFqr6N4cU3MkW_DU4NmM4jEFeKYq1cb5Gz/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/20240703_105808.jpg", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMLwNwxqDHn5o8G0aysov41WN6ynzhv92mKhQP0IML7pWjR_6Kh55YE5VJj-_knUkCspHCpACQA9Ke8BP5Ct9Y5ZO78xvn9H1OBPYKY400N1y8bFZ1fnMC_IUowKxuraKHl9B4dD2YC3GwCmBrdb5VxgwQNg9izmhpWC2FAiulM4U6_JwpyngZI2_hFN2A/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/CIMG1681.JPG", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmEBNU5oONSOOhSTTLaNh_0Wn2OPlwwvxdFZVdYi2dr3a1ei8-ujHA0__N6iTJgMPS9NLo_lE3B0NZyNjpdalwJNYJ2WeWlU455IIaLy5FVSZIBSzElQlDz4Z9ZHNLesBs7s_hRSPPlTcmP6Exds2Uqj4rFiyukC-DGf5UUTrsufAK3IGzZcw5RBK-110A/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/IMG-20211229-WA0001.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "View my complete profile" ]	null	Books which are reviewed in this blog are mentioned and linked: 1901: Sully Prudhomme 1902: Theodor Mommsen 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1904...	en	http://davesbookblog-daja.blogspot.com/favicon.ico		http://davesbookblog-daja.blogspot.com/p/nobel-laureates-in-literature.html	Books which are reviewed in this blog are mentioned and linked: 1901: Sully Prudhomme 1902: Theodor Mommsen 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1904: Frederic Mistral & Jose Echegaray 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz 1906: Giosuè Carducci 1907: Rudyard Kipling 1908: Rudolf Christoph Eucken 1909: Selma Lagerlöf 1910: Paul von Heyse 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann 1913: Rabindranath Tagore 1915: Romain Rolland 1916: Verner von Heidenstam 1917: Karl Adolph Gjellerup & Henrik Pontoppidan 1919: Carl Spitteler 1920: Knut Hamsun Hunger 1921: Anatole France 1922: Jacinto Benavente 1923: William Butler Years 1924: Władysław Reymont 1925: George Bernard Shaw 1926: Grazia Deledda 1927: Henri Bergson 1928: Sigrid Undset 1929: Thomas Mann Death in Venice 1930: Sinclair Lewis 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt 1932: John Galsworthy The Patrician 1933: Ivan Bunin 1934: Luigi Pirandello 1936: Eugene O'Neill 1937: Roger Martin du Gard 1938: Pearl Buck 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää 1944: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen 1945: Gabriela Mistral 1946: Hermann Hesse Steppenwolf Demian 1947: Andre Gide The Immoralist Strait is the Gate The Vatican Cellars 1948: T S Eliot 1949: William Faulkner Sanctuary As I Lay Dying The Sound and the Fury 1950: Bertrand Russell 1951: Pär Lagerkvist 1952: François Mauriac 1953: Winston Churchill 1954: Ernest Hemingway 1955: Halldór Laxness 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez 1957: Albert Camus The Plague The Outsider The Myth of Sisyphus The Fall 1958: Boris Pasternak 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo1960: Saint-John Perse 1961: Ivo Andric 1962: John Steinbeck Of Mice and Men Cannery Row 1963: Giorgos Seferis 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre 1965: Mikhail Sholokhov 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon & Nelly Sachs 1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias 1968: Yasunari Kawabata 1969: Samuel Beckett The Expelled, the Calmative, The End, & First Love Waiting for Godot 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Cancer Ward The First Circle The Gulag Archipelago 1971: Pablo Neruda 1972: Heinrich Boll The Train was on Time 1973: Patrick White 1974: Eyvind Johnson & Harry Martinson 1975: Eugenio Montale 1976: Saul Bellow The Victim 1977: Vicente Aleixandre 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer 1979: Odysseas Elytis 1980: Czesław Miłosz 1981: Elias Canetti 1982: Gabriel García Márquez Chronicle of a Death Foretold 1983: William Golding Lord of the Flies 1984: Jaroslav Seifert 1985: Claude Simon 1986: Wole Soyinka 1987: Joseph Brodsky 1988: Naguib Mahfouz 1989: Camilo José Cela 1990: Octavio Paz 1991: Nadine Gordimer 1992: Derek Walcott 1993: Toni Morrison Beloved 1994: Kenzaburō Ōe 1995: Seamus Heaney 1996: Wisława Szymborska 1997: Dario Fo 1998: José Saramago 1999: Gunter Grass Cat and Mouse 2000: Gao Xingjian 2001: Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul 2002: Imre Kertész 2003: John Maxwell Coetzee 2004: Elfriede Jelinek 2005: Harold Pinter 2006: Orhan Pamuk 2007: Doris Lessing The Grass is Singing The Golden Notebook The Fifth Child Ben, in the World The Good Terrorist 2008: Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio 2009: Herta Muller The Passport 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa 2011: Tomas Tranströmer 2012: Mo Yan 2013: Alice Munro The View from Castle Rock 2014: Patrick Modiano In the Cafe of Lost Youth The Black Notebook 2015: Svetlana Alexievich 2016: Bob Dylan 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro A Pale View of Hills An Artist of the Floating World The Remains of the Day The Unconsoled When We Were Orphans Never Let Me Go The Buried Giant Klara and the Sun 2018: Olga Tokarczuk 2019: Peter Handke 2020: Louise Glück 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah Afterlives The Last Gift Gravel Heart 2022: Annie Ernaux 2023: Jon Fosse
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	40	https://literaturecurry.com/news-details/1317/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners-till-now	en	News Details	https://literaturecurry.…JYMRRXN2E77U.jpg		[ "https://literaturecurry.com/content/web/images/logouniver.jpg", "https://literaturecurry.com/uploads/news/2040145a-8b27-4631-944c-d5bf063c92bb_MO2FI6NVQCQZWNJYMRRXN2E77U.jpg", "https://literaturecurry.com/content/web/images/Untitled.png", "https://literaturecurry.com/content/web/images/logouniver-white.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/content/web/images/favicon.ico		https://literaturecurry.com/news-details/1317/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners-till-now	SOURCE: THENATIONALNEWS There have been 114 literature prizes The Nobel Prize for Literature is the only one decided by the Swedish Academy, founded in 1786 by Swedish King Gustav III, which has 18 life tenure members. Alfred Nobel’s will orders that the award goes to “the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction”. There have been 114 literature prizes awarded ― and nine years when no one won. The youngest winner was a 41-year-old Rudyard Kipling in 1907 “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterise the creations of this world-famous author”. And the oldest was Doris Lessing, “epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny”. 2021 Abdulrazak Gurnah “for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents” 2020 Louise Glück “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal” 2019 Peter Handke “for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience” 2018 Olga Tokarczuk “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopaedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life” 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro “who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world” 2016 Bob Dylan “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition” 2015 Svetlana Alexievich “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time” 2014 Patrick Modiano “for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation” 2013 Alice Munro “master of the contemporary short story” 2012 Mo Yan “who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary” 2011 Tomas Transtromer “because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality” 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa “for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual’s resistance, revolt, and defeat” 2009 Herta Muller “who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed” 2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilisation” 2007 Doris Lessing “that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny” 2006 Orhan Pamuk “who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures” 2005 Harold Pinter ”who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression’s closed rooms” 2004 Elfriede Jelinek “for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society’s clichés and their subjugating power” 2003 John M Coetzee “who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider” 2002 Imre Kertesz “for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history” 2001 Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul “for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories” 2000 Gao Xingjian “for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama” 1999 Gunter Grass “whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history” 1998 José Saramago who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality” 1997 Dario Fo “who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden” 1996 Wislawa Szymborska “for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality” 1995 Seamus Heaney “for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past” 1994 Kenzaburo Oe “who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today” 1993 Toni Morrison “who in novels characterised by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality” 1992 Derek Walcott “for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment” 1991 Nadine Gordimer “who through her magnificent epic writing has — in the words of Alfred Nobel — been of very great benefit to humanity” 1990 Octavio Paz “for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterised by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity” 1989 Camilo Jose Cela “for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man’s vulnerability” 1988 Naguib Mahfouz “who, through works rich in nuance — now clearsightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous — has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind” 1987 Joseph Brodsky “for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity” 1986 Wole Soyinka “who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence” 1985 Claude Simon “who in his novel combines the poet’s and the painter’s creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition” 1984 Jaroslav Seifert “for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man” 1983 William Golding “for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today” 1982 Gabriel García Márquez “for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent’s life and conflicts” 1981 Elias Canetti “for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power” 1980 Czeslaw Milosz who with uncompromising clearsightedness voices man’s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts” 1979 Odysseus Elytis “for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clearsightedness modern man’s struggle for freedom and creativeness” 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer “for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life” 1977 Vicente Aleixandre “for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man’s condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars” 1976 Saul Bellow “for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work” 1975 Eugenio Montale “for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions” 1974 Eyvind Johnson “for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom” Harry Martinson “for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos” 1973 Patrick White “for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature” 1972 Heinrich Boll “for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterisation has contributed to a renewal of German literature” 1971 Pablo Neruda “for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent’s destiny and dreams” 1970 Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn “for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature” 1969 Samuel Beckett “for his writing, which — in new forms for the novel and drama — in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation” 1968 Yasunari Kawabata “for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind” 1967 Miguel Angel Asturias “for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America” 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon “for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people” Nelly Sachs” for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s destiny with touching strength” 1965 Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov “for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people” 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre “for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age” 1963 Giorgos Seferis “for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture” 1962 John Steinbeck “for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception” 1961 Ivo Andric “for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country” 1960 Saint-John Perse “for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time” 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo “for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times” 1958 Boris Leonidovich Pasternak “for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition” 1957 Albert Camus “for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times” 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez “for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity” 1955 Halldór Kiljan Laxness “for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland” 1954 Ernest Miller Hemingway “for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style” 1953 Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill “for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values” 1952 François Mauriac “for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life” 1951 Pär Fabian Lagerkvist “for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind” 1950 Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought” 1949 William Faulkner “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel” 1948 Thomas Stearns Eliot “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry” 1947 Andre Paul Guillaume Gide “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight” 1946 Hermann Hesse “for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style” 1945 Gabriela Mistral “for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world” 1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style” 1943 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with one-third allocated to the Main Fund and with two-thirds to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with one-third allocated to the Main Fund and with two-thirds to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with one-third allocated to the Main Fund and with two-thirds to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1940 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with one-third allocated to the Main Fund and with two-thirds to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpaa “for his deep understanding of his country’s peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature” 1938 Pearl Buck “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces” 1937 Roger Martin du Gard “for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault” 1936 Eugene Gladstone O’Neill “for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy” 1935 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with one-third allocated to the Main Fund and with two-thirds to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1934 Luigi Pirandello “for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art” 1933 Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin “for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing” 1932 John Galsworthy “for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga” 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt “The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt” 1930 Sinclair Lewis “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters” 1929 Thomas Mann “principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature” 1928 Sigrid Undset “principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages” 1927 Henri Bergson “in recognition of his rich and vitalising ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented” 1926 Grazia Deledda “for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general” 1925 George Bernard Shaw “for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty” 1924 Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont “for his great national epic, The Peasants” 1923 William Butler Yeats “for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation” 1922 Jacinto Benavente “for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama” 1921 Anatole France “in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterised as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament” 1920 Knut Pedersen Hamsun “for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil” 1919 Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler “in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring” 1918 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup “for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals” Henrik Pontoppidan “for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark” 1916 Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam “in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature” 1915 Romain Rolland “as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings” 1914 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1913 Rabindranath Tagore “because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West” 1912 Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann “primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art” 1911 Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck “in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers’ own feelings and stimulate their imaginations” 1910 Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse “as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories” 1909 Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf “in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterise her writings” 1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken “in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life” 1907 Rudyard Kipling “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterise the creations of this world-famous author” 1906 Giosue Carducci “not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterise his poetic masterpieces” 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz “because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer” 1904 Frederic Mistral “in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist” Jose Echegaray y Eizaguirre “in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama” 1903 Bjornstjerne Martinus Bjornson “as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit” 1902 Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen “the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome” 1901 Sully Prudhomme “in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect”
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	17	https://www.facebook.com/EnglishLiterature11/photos/-the-nobel-prize-in-literature-2023jon-fosse-for-his-innovative-plays-and-prose-/350249800902425/	en	Bei Facebook anmelden	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	[ "https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/y1/r/4lCu2zih0ca.svg", "https://facebook.com/security/hsts-pixel.gif?c=3.2.5" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Melde dich bei Facebook an, um dich mit deinen Freunden, deiner Familie und Personen, die du kennst, zu verbinden und Inhalte zu teilen.	de	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	Facebook	https://www.facebook.com/login/web/
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	2	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/summary/	en	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	[ "https://www.nobelprize.org/images/jensen-13029-portrait-medium.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/nobelprizes_2023-1024x676.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/summary/	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style" To cite this section MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Mon. 22 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/summary/> Back to top Back To Top Takes users back to the top of the page Nobel Prizes and laureates Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women. See them all presented here.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	9	http://almaz.com/nobel/literature/1944a.html	en	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Winner of the 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature			[ "http://almaz.com/nobel/literature/images/ruler.gif", "http://www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif", "http://almaz.com/nobel/images/addlink.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Nobel", "archive", "Nobel Prize", "literature", "physics", "chemistry", "peace", "medicine", "physiology", "economics", "winner", "Java", "prize", "prizes", "award", "awards", "Johannes Vilhelm Jensen" ]	null	[]	null	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Literature, at the Nobel Prize Internet Archive.				null
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	8	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/other-resources/	en	Johannes V. Jensen – Other resources	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	[ "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/nobelprizes_2023-1024x676.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/other-resources/	Johannes V. Jensen Other resources Links to other sites On Johannes Vilhelm Jensen from Pegasos Author’s Calendar To cite this section MLA style: Johannes V. Jensen – Other resources. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Tue. 23 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/other-resources/> Back to top Back To Top Takes users back to the top of the page Nobel Prizes and laureates Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women. See them all presented here.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	57	https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/regions/country-nobel-laureates-literature/	en	Which Country Has the Most Nobel Laureates in Literature?	https://images.mapsofwor…s-literature.jpg	https://images.mapsofwor…s-literature.jpg	[ "https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-98f87jYQeyLZ6.gif", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/logo_mow_high.png", "https://images.mapsofworld.com/answers/2018/07/world-map-nobel-prize-winners-literature.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/images2016/thumbnails/large/large-world-map-thumb.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/maps/maps/thumbnails/france-thumb.gif", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/maps/maps/thumbnails/usa-thumb.gif", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/maps/maps/thumbnails/united-kingdom-thumb.gif", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/world-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/map-of-us.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/world-large-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/large-world-map-in-robinson-projection.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/world-political-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/russia-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/united-states-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/usa-major-cities-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/canada-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/world-map-with-latitude-and-longitude.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/world-political-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/china-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/usa-national-park-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/map-of-europe.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/map-of-italy.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/world-map-with-continents.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/map-of-asia.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/map-of-australia.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/uk-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/usa-states-map.jpg", "https://www.mapsofworld.com/thumbnails/answers/map-of-california.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "adminanswers" ]	2018-07-08T17:00:38+00:00	Here is a world map indicating the countries that have the most Nobel laureates in literature. Initiated in 1901, Nobel Prize is the most prestigious award given for outstanding contribution in fields like chemistry, peace, physics, mathematics, medicine, and literature.	en		Answers	https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/regions/country-nobel-laureates-literature/	There is hardly any speculation about the status of Nobel Prize. The people who outperform in their fields and have creative or intellectual achievements are honored by this prestigious award. Nobel Prize was initiated in 1901 and is given in honor of Alfred Nobel who was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. Since then it is the most prestigious award that outweighs all other awards. It sets the excellence status for generations to come. Nobel Prize is given for various fields including medicine, mathematics, chemistry, literature, peace, physiology, physics. Nobel Prize is given for literature as well. Literature is the field of study that continues to travel through time and space. It reveals the holistic picture of the society- historic, social, cultural, political, and economic fronts. By studying literature, one becomes capable of interpreting things in a manner which perhaps none but they can. Literature is not based on hard and fast rules. It accepts the individual perspectives, provided a due support to one’s argument is presented. Here is a table representing the winners of Nobel Prize in literature, with the country winning the maximum awards on the top. Year Laureate Country Language(s) Genre(s) 1901 Sully Prudhomme France French poetry, essay 1904 Frédéric Mistral France Provençal poetry, philology 1915 Romain Rolland France French novel 1921 Anatole France France French novel, poetry 1927 Henri Bergson France French philosophy 1933 Ivan Bunin France (Born in Russian Empire) Russian short story, poetry, novel 1937 Roger Martin du Gard France French novel 1947 André Gide France French novel, essay 1952 François Mauriac France French novel, short story 1957 Albert Camus France (Born in French Algeria) French novel, short story, drama, philosophy, essay 1960 Saint-John Perse France (Born in Guadeloupe) French poetry 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre France French novel, philosophy, drama, literary criticism, screenplay 1985 Claude Simon France (Born in French Madagascar) French novel 2000 Gao Xingjian France (since 1998) China (1940–1998) Chinese novel, drama, literary criticism 2008 J. M. G. Le Clézio France Mauritius French novel, short story, essay, translation 2014 Patrick Modiano France French novel 1907 Rudyard Kipling United Kingdom English novel, short story, poetry 1932 John Galsworthy United Kingdom English novel 1948 T. S. Eliot United Kingdom (Born in the United States) English poetry 1950 Bertrand Russell United Kingdom English philosophy 1953 Winston Churchill United Kingdom English history, essay, memoirs 1981 Elias Canetti United Kingdom (Born in Bulgaria) German novel, drama, memoirs, essay 1983 William Golding United Kingdom English novel, poetry, drama 2001 V. S. Naipaul United Kingdom (Born in Trinidad & Tobago) English novel, essay 2005 Harold Pinter United Kingdom English drama, screenplay 2007 Doris Lessing United Kingdom (Born in Iran) English novel, drama, poetry, short story, memoirs 1981 Elias Canetti United Kingdom (Born in Bulgaria) German novel, drama, memoirs, essay 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro United Kingdom (born in Japan) English novel 1930 Sinclair Lewis the United States English novel, short story, drama 1936 Eugene O’Neill the United States English drama 1938 Pearl S. Buck the United States English novel, biography 1949 William Faulkner the United States English novel, short story 1954 Ernest Hemingway the United States English novel, short story, screenplay 1962 John Steinbeck the United States English novel, short story, screenplay 1993 Toni Morrison the United States English novel 2016 Bob Dylan the United States English poetry, songwriting 1987 Joseph Brodsky the United States (Born in the Soviet Union) Russian and English poetry, essay 1976 Saul Bellow the United States (Born in Canada) English novel, short story 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer the United States (Born in Poland) Yiddish novel, short story, memoirs 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer the United States (Born in Poland) Yiddish novel, short story, memoirs 1902 Theodor Mommsen Germany German history, law 1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken Germany German philosophy 1910 Paul von Heyse Germany German poetry, drama, novel, short story 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann Germany German drama, novel 1929 Thomas Mann Germany German novel, short story, essay 1972 Heinrich Böll West Germany German novel, short story 1999 Günter Grass Germany German novel, drama, poetry 2009 Herta Müller Germany (Born in Romania) German novel, poetry 1909 Selma Lagerlöf Sweden Swedish novel, short story 1916 Verner von Heidenstam Sweden Swedish poetry, novel 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt Sweden Swedish poetry 1951 Pär Lagerkvist Sweden Swedish poetry, novel, short story, drama 1966 Nelly Sachs Sweden (Born in Germany) German poetry, drama 1974 Eyvind Johnson Sweden Swedish novel 1974 Harry Martinson Sweden Swedish poetry, novel, drama 2011 Tomas Tranströmer Sweden Swedish poetry, translation 1906 Giosuè Carducci Italy Italian poetry 1926 Grazia Deledda Italy Italian poetry, novel 1934 Luigi Pirandello Italy Italian drama, novel, short story 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo Italy Italian poetry 1975 Eugenio Montale Italy Italian poetry 1997 Dario Fo Italy Italian drama 1904 José Echegaray Spain Spanish drama 1922 Jacinto Benavente Spain Spanish drama 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez Spain Spanish poetry 1977 Vicente Aleixandre Spain Spanish poetry 1989 Camilo José Cela Spain Spanish novel, short story 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa Peru Spain Spanish novel, short story, essay, drama, memoirs 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland (born in Russian Empire) Polish novel 1924 Władysław Reymont Poland Polish novel 1980 Czesław Miłosz Poland (born in Lithuania) Polish poetry, essay 1996 Wisława Szymborska Poland Polish poetry 1923 William Butler Yeats Ireland English poetry 1925 George Bernard Shaw Ireland English drama, literary criticism 1969 Samuel Beckett Ireland English and French novel, drama, poetry 1995 Seamus Heaney Ireland (Born in Northern Ireland) English poetry 1958 Boris Pasternak Russia Russian novel, poetry, translation 1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup Denmark Danish poetry Henrik Pontoppidan Denmark Danish novel 1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Denmark Danish novel, short story 1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Norway Norwegian poetry, novel, drama 1920 Knut Hamsun Norway Norwegian novel 1928 Sigrid Undset Norway (Born in Denmark) Norwegian novel 1945 Gabriela Mistral Chile Spanish poetry 1971 Pablo Neruda Chile Spanish poetry 2000 Gao Xingjian France (since 1998) China (1940–1998) Chinese novel, drama, literary criticism 2012 Mo Yan China Chinese novel, short story 1963 Giorgos Seferis Greece (Born in theOttoman Empire) Greek poetry, essay, memoirs 1979 Odysseas Elytis Greece Greek poetry, essay 1968 Yasunari Kawabata Japan Japanese novel, short story 1994 Kenzaburō Ōe Japan Japanese novel, short story 1991 Nadine Gordimer South Africa English novel, short story, essay 2003 J. M. Coetzee South Africa ( Australian citizen) English novel, essay, translation 1919 Carl Spitteler Switzerland German poetry 1946 Hermann Hesse Switzerland (Born in Germany) German novel, poetry 2004 Elfriede Jelinek Austria German novel, drama 1973 Patrick White Australia (Born in the United Kingdom) English novel, short story, drama 2015 Svetlana Alexievich Belarus (Born in Ukraine) Russian history, essay 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium French drama, poetry, essay 2013 Alice Munro Canada English short story 1982 Gabriel García Márquez Colombia Spanish novel, short story, screenplay 1984 Jaroslav Seifert Czechoslovakia (Born in Austria-Hungary) Czech poetry 1988 Naguib Mahfouz Egypt Arabic novel 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää Finland Finnish novel 1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias Guatemala Spanish novel, poetry 2002 Imre Kertész Hungary Hungarian novel 1955 Halldór Laxness Iceland Icelandic novel, short story, drama, poetry 1913 Rabindranath Tagore India (formerly British Raj) Bengali and English poetry, novel, drama, short story, music 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon Israel (Born in Austria-Hungary) Hebrew novel, short story 2008 J. M. G. Le Clézio France Mauritius French novel, short story, essay, translation 1990 Octavio Paz Mexico Spanish poetry, essay 1986 Wole Soyinka Nigeria English drama, novel, poetry 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa Peru Spain Spanish novel, short story, essay, drama, memoirs 1998 José Saramago Portugal Portuguese novel, drama, poetry 1992 Derek Walcott Saint Lucia English poetry, drama 2006 Orhan Pamuk Turkey Turkish novel, screenplay, essay 1961 Ivo Andrić Yugoslavia (Born in Austria-Hungary) Serbo-Croatian[66] novel, short story
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen	en	Johannes V. Jensen	https://upload.wikimedia…_Jensen_1944.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…_Jensen_1944.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Johannes_Vilhelm_Jensen_1944.jpg/220px-Johannes_Vilhelm_Jensen_1944.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Johannes_V_Jensen_1902.jpg/220px-Johannes_V_Jensen_1902.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2002-07-27T06:32:44+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen	Danish author (1873–1950) Not to be confused with German author Wilhelm Jensen (1837–1911). Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (Danish pronunciation: [joˈhænˀəs ˈvilhelˀm ˈjensn̩];[1] 20 January 1873 – 25 November 1950) was a Danish author, known as one of the great Danish writers of the first half of 20th century. He was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style".[2] One of his sisters, Thit Jensen, was also a well-known writer and a very vocal, and occasionally controversial, early feminist. Early years [edit] He was born in Farsø, a village in North Jutland, Denmark, as the son of a veterinary surgeon[3] and he grew up in a rural environment. While studying medicine at the University of Copenhagen he worked as a writer to fund his studies. After three years of studying he chose to change careers and devote himself fully to literature. Literary works [edit] The first phase of his work as an author was influenced by fin-de-siècle pessimism. His career began with the publication of Himmerland Stories (1898–1910), comprising a series of tales set in the part of Denmark where he was born. During 1900 and 1901 he wrote his first masterpiece, Kongens Fald (translated into English as The Fall of the King in 1933), a modern historical novel centred on King Christian II. Literary critic Martin Seymour-Smith said it is an "indictment of Danish indecision and lack of vitality, which Jensen saw as a national disease. Apart from this aspect of it, it is a penetrating study of sixteenth-century people."[4] In 1906 Jensen created his greatest literary achievement:[citation needed] the collection of verses Digte 1906 (i.e. Poems 1906), which introduced[citation needed] the prose poem to Danish literature. He also wrote poetry, a few plays, and many essays, chiefly on anthropology and the philosophy of evolution. His short story "Ane og Koen" ("Anne and the Cow") was translated into English by incarcerated author and translator Victor Folke Nelson in 1928.[5] He developed his theories of evolution in a cycle of six novels, Den lange rejse (1908–22), translated into English as The Long Journey (1923–24), which was published in a two-volume edition in 1938.[6] This is often considered his main work in prose, a daring and often impressive attempt to create a Darwinian alternative to the Biblical Genesis myth. In this work we see the development of mankind from the Ice Age to the times of Columbus, focusing on pioneering individuals. Like his compatriot Hans Christian Andersen, he travelled extensively; a trip to the United States inspired a poem of his, "Paa Memphis Station" [At the train station, Memphis, Tennessee], which is well known in Denmark. Walt Whitman was among the writers who influenced Jensen. Jensen later became an atheist.[7] Late career [edit] Jensen's most popular literary works were all completed before 1920,[citation needed] a year which also marks his initiation of the 'Museumcentre Aars' in the town of Aars in Himmerland. After this he mostly concentrated on ambitious biological and zoological studies in an effort to create an ethical system based upon Darwinian ideas. He also hoped to renew classical poetry. For many years he worked in journalism, writing articles and chronicles for the daily press without ever joining the staff of any newspaper. Nobel Prize in Literature [edit] In 1944 Johannes V. Jensen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style."[8] At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1945 Anders Österling, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy said: This child of the dry and windy moors of Jutland has, almost out of spite, astonished his contemporaries by a remarkably prolific production. He could well be considered one of the most fertile Scandinavian writers. He has constructed a vast and imposing literary œuvre, comprising the most diverse genres: epic and lyric, imaginative and realistic works, as well as historical and philosophical essays, not to mention his scientific excursions in all directions.[9] Jensen had been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature on 53 occasions, the first time in 1925. He was nominated every year between 1931 and 1944.[10] Legacy [edit] Jensen was a controversial figure in Danish cultural life. He was a reckless polemicist and his often dubious racial theories have damaged his reputation. However, he never showed any fascist leanings. Today Jensen is still considered the father of Danish modernism, particularly in the area of modern poetry with his introduction of the prose poem and his use of a direct and straightforward language. His direct influence was felt as late as the 1960s. Without being a Danish answer to Kipling, Hamsun or Sandburg, he bears comparison to all three authors. He combines the outlook of the regional writer with the view of the modern academic and scientific observer. He was famous for experimenting with the form of his writing, amongst other things. In a letter sent to publisher Ernst Bojesen in December 1900, he includes both a happy and sad face. It was in the 1900s that the design evolved from a basic eye and mouth design into a more recognizable design.[11] In 1999, The Fall of the King (1901) was acclaimed as the best Danish novel of the 20th century by the newspapers Politiken and Berlingske Tidende, independently of each other.[12] Johannes V. Jensen Land in Northern Greenland was named in his honor. Bibliography [edit] Danskere, 1896 Einar Elkjær, 1898 Himmerlandsfolk, 1898 Intermezzo, 1899 Kongens Fald, 1900–1901 – The Fall of the King Den gotiske renæssance, 1901 Skovene, 1904 Nye Himmerlandshistorier, 1904 Madame d'Ora, 1904 Hjulet, 1904 Digte, 1906 Eksotiske noveller, 1907–15 Den nye verden, 1907 Singaporenoveller, 1907 Myter, 1907–45 Nye myter, 1908 Den lange rejse, 1908–22 – The Long Journey – I: Den tabte land, 1919; II: Bræen, 1908; Norne Gæst, 1919; IV: Cimbrernes tog, 1922; V: Skibet, 1912; VI: Christofer Columbus, 1922 Lille Ahasverus, 1909 Himmerlandshistorier, Tredje Samling, 1910 Myter, 1910 Bo'l, 1910 Nordisk ånd, 1911 Myter, 1912 Rudyard Kipling, 1912 Der Gletscher, Ein Neuer Mythos Vom Ersten Menschen, 1912 - The Glacier, A New Myth Of The First Man Olivia Marianne, 1915 Introduktion til vor tidsalder, 1915 Skrifter, 1916 (8 vols.) Årbog, 1916, 1917 Johannes Larsen og hans billeder, 1920 Sangerinden, 1921 Den lange rejse, 1922–24 – The Long Journey Æstetik og udviking, 1923 Årstiderne, 1923 Hamlet, 1924 Myter, 1924 Skrifter, 1925 (5 vols.) Evolution og moral, 1925 Årets højtider, 1925 Verdens lys, 1926 Jørgine, 1926 Thorvaldsens portrætbuster, 1926 Dyrenes forvandling, 1927 Åndens stadier, 1928 Ved livets bred, 1928 Retninger i tiden, 1930 Den jyske blæst, 1931 Form og sjæl, 1931 På danske veje, 1931 Pisangen, 1932 Kornmarken, 1932 Sælernes ø, 1934 Det blivende, 1934 Dr. Renaults fristelser, 1935 Gudrun, 1936 Darduse, 1937 Påskebadet, 1937 Jydske folkelivsmalere, 1937 Thorvaldsen, 1938 Nordvejen, 1939 Fra fristaterne, 1939 Gutenberg, 1939 Mariehønen, 1941 Vor oprindelse, 1941 Mindets tavle, 1941 Om sproget og undervisningen, 1942 Kvinden i sagatiden, 1942 Folkeslagene i østen, 1943 Digte 1901–43, 1943 Møllen, 1943 Afrika, 1949 Garden Colonies in Denmark, 1949 Swift og Oehlenschläger, 1950 Mytens ring, 1951 Tilblivelsen, 1951 Works in English [edit] The Long Journey, vol 1–3, (Fire and Ice; The Cimbrians; Christopher Columbus) New York, 1924. Johannes V. Jensen (1933), The Fall of the King, translated by P. T. Federspiel; Patrick Kirwan, London, Wikidata Q124218629 Johannes V. Jensen (1958), The Waving Rye, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, Wikidata Q124218987 Johannes V. Jensen (1992), The Fall of the King, translated by Alan G. Bower, Wikidata Q104691326 References [edit]
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	19	http://www.esp.org/timeline/AML-vs-ART_1940-1949.html	en	ESP Timeline: American Literature vs Arts and Culture (1940			[ "http://www.esp.org/images/ESP-new-banner-5.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/ESP-new-banner-4sm.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/burger-24-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/close-24-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/icon-bar.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/icon-bar.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/burger-24-black.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/close-24-black.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/close-24-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/facebook.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/twitter.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/googleplus.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/linkedin.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/reddit.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/email.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/l-arrow.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/r-arrow.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1940-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1941-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1942-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/broadway-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1943-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/three-studies-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1944-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1945-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1946-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/big-dipper-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1947-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/onement-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1948-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/three-men-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1949-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/new-science.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/old-science.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/weird-science.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/policy-funding.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/biodiversity.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/symbiosis.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/paleo.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/astronomy.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/climate-change.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/big-data.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/anthro.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/wtf.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/burger-20-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/close-20-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/valid-html5-blue.png", "http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/images/vcss-blue" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	img/favicon.ico		null	Painting by Piet Mondrian: Broadway Boogie Woogie was completed in 1943, shortly after Mondrian moved to New York in 1940. Compared to his earlier work, the canvas is divided into a much larger number of squares. Although he spent most of his career creating abstract work, this painting is inspired by clear real-world examples: the city grid of Manhattan, and the Broadway boogie woogie, a type of music Mondrian loved. The painting was bought by the Brazilian sculptor Maria Martins for the price of $800 at the Valentine Gallery in New York City, after Martins and Mondrian both exhibited there in 1943. Martins later donated the painting to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Casablanca wins Academy Award for best picture. The WWII drama represents the studio system at its best, where all the talent (behind and in front of the camera) worked at their peak. Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman were not the studios first choices for their roles, but they remain one of the screens all-time great romantic pairings. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style". Triptych by Francis Bacon: Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion comprises three canvasses that are based on the Eumenides — or Furies — of Aeschylus's Oresteia, and that depict three writhing anthropomorphic creatures set against a flat burnt orange background. It was executed in oil paint and pastel on Sundeala fibre board and completed within two weeks. The triptych summarises themes explored in Bacon's previous work, including his examination of Picasso's biomorphs and his interpretations of the Crucifixion and the Greek Furies. The Three Studies are generally considered Bacon's first mature piece. When the painting was first exhibited in 1945 it caused a sensation and established him as one of the foremost post-war painters. Remarking on the cultural significance of Three Studies, the critic John Russell observed in 1971 that "there was painting in England before the Three Studies, and painting after them, and no one ... can confuse the two". Going My Way wins Academy Award for best picture. Writer-director Leo McCarey once again proved his ability to balance tears and laughs, in this tale of a rule-breaking priest (Oscar winner Bing Crosby) taking over a New York parish from a retiring priest. In the latter role, Barry Fitzgerald was oddly nominated as both lead and supporting actor, winning in the latter category. Hermann Hesse awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style". The Best Years of Our Lives wins Academy Award for best picture. The world population was just adjusting to life after World War II and some film executives feared that audiences wanted escapism, not a movie reflecting their lives. But it was a huge hit, and its honesty in dealing with civilian changes and vulnerabilities are still powerful. It was produced by Samuel Goldwyn, directed by William Wyler. André Paul Guillaume Gide awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight". Painting by Jackson Pollock: Reflections of the Big Dipper, consisting of built up layers of paint with dripped enamel as the final touch, concluding the composition. It was around 1947 that Jackson Pollock traded in his brushes for sticks, trowels and knives and began adding foreign matter, such as sand, broken glass, nails, coins, paint-tube tops and bottle caps to his canvases. Reflection of the Big Dipper was exhibited at the Betty Parsons Gallery in 1948, along with sixteen other paintings by Jackson Pollock. The show received positive reviews. Pollock's works from this time are a transitional step between a more traditional handling of paint and his revolutionary technique of dripping paint on canvases off a large scale. Gentleman's Agreement wins Academy Award for best picture. The Elia Kazan-directed drama, starring Gregory Peck, was another hot-button winner, as it addressed the topic of anti-Semitism. Thomas Stearns Eliot awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry". Painting by Barnett Newman: Onement I features the first full incarnation of what Newman later called a 'zip', a vertical band of color. This motif would play a central role in many of his subsequent paintings. The painting's title is an archaic derivation of the word 'atonement', meaning, "the state of being made into one." Hamlet wins Academy Award for best picture. The black and white Shakespeare adaptation, from U.K.s J. Arthur Rank-Two Cities, was the first non-Hollywood film to take the top award. And Laurence Olivier became the first person to direct himself to a best-actor win.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	14	https://www.librarything.com/author/jensenjohannesv	en	Johannes V. Jensen	https://www.librarything.com/favicon_lt_32.ico	https://www.librarything.com/favicon_lt_32.ico	[ "https://image.librarything.com/pics/lt1wordmark_150w.png", "https://image.librarything.com/pics/ltlogo_square_fff_trans.png", "https://image.librarything.com/pics/sbar_4.png", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/4d/0a/4d0ab67711e4efc65756e7341514330414c5141_v5.jpg", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0816677549.01._SX100_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0816677549.01._SX100_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0816677549.01._SX100_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/0816677549.01._SX100_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg", "https://image.librarything.com/pics/voteup-y.gif", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/16/06/16069e3b46354d5636e532b7377424c41457341_v5.jpg", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/6d/99/6d99691d0ff0e846541666f6e41426b41414141_v5.jpg", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/4b/e8/4be8a11fd85ad1d654573727a51426b41414141_v5.jpg", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/19/eb/19ebe60cbe3789765494c744151426b41414141_v5.jpg", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/cc/ec/ccece66899281a9654530727a51426b41414141_v5.jpg", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/af/4f/af4fa5944b28b0f654630727a51426b41414141_v5.jpg", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/7e/c3/7ec37ab9ce0e572654a666c4151426b41414141_v5.jpg", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/66/06/660699e6e5d0182654351576d77426b41414141_v5.jpg", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/19/eb/19ebe60cbe3789765494c744151426b41414141_v5.jpg", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/9e/7d/9e7da8838053b77654162774151426b41414141_v5.jpg", "https://pics.cdn.librarything.com//picsizes/f4/48/f44879964ecb8c4654c67736951426b41414141_v5.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "librarything", "library", "thing", "catalog your books", "catalogue your books", "book cataloging", "library", "free book catalog", "catalogue" ]	null	[]	null	Johannes V. Jensen, author of The Fall of the King, on LibraryThing	en	/favicon_lt_32.ico	LibraryThing.com	https://www.librarything.com/author/jensenjohannesv
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	58	https://gestao.formosa.go.gov.br/papersCollection/uploaded-files/index_htm_files/The-Of-Fire-And-Ice.pdf	en	gestao.formosa.go.gov.br			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	76	https://mantex.co.uk/the-nobel-prize-for-literature/	en	The Nobel Prize for Literature	https://mantex.co.uk/wp-…07/beckett-1.jpg	https://mantex.co.uk/wp-…07/beckett-1.jpg	[ "https://mantex.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/beckett-1.jpg", "https://mantex.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/bellow-2a.jpg", "https://mantex.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/authors_nadine-gordimer_250.jpg", "https://s.zed1.com/matomo.php?idsite=38&rec=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Roy Johnson" ]	2017-03-21T20:43:55+00:00	The Nobel Prize for Literature - the rules of the award, a critical examination of prizewinners, and a complete historical list of laureates	en	https://mantex.co.uk/wp-content/themes/news-pro/images/favicon.ico	Mantex	https://mantex.co.uk/the-nobel-prize-for-literature/	tutorial, commentary, study resources, and web links The Nobel Prize for Literature was first established in 1901. It is awarded annually to a writer who has produced ‘the most outstanding work in an ideal direction’. This might appear to be a simple formula, but it has led to a number of controversies. The term ‘ideal’ has often been interpreted politically as meaning work of a naive and idealistic tendency. This has sometimes led to accusations that only works promoting virtuous behaviour were being recognised. It has sometimes been accused of being ‘a Nobel Peace Prize in disguise’. The prize is awarded in October each year, along with the prizes for Chemistry, Physics, Peace, Economics, and Medicine. It is funded from the legacy of Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel, who made his fortune from the invention of dynamite. He also owned the Bofors company which manufactured armaments. The idealism of the award and the source of its financing is an irony which has not been lost on commentators ever since. The award procedure starts with nominations that are canvassed in the early part of each year. These nominations are scrutinised by a committee, and a short list of five names is drawn up and submitted to the Swedish Academy. There is a vote, and anyone receiving more than half the votes is declared winner. The nominations are then kept secret for fifty years before being made public. The prize is awarded for a body of work, rather than for a single publication. The prize itself consists of a gold medal, a diploma, a cash award, and an invitation to deliver a lecture at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm. The value of the award is determined by percentage returns on the investment made in Nobel’s original will, but is usually in excess of one million US dollars. The winners A glance through the historical list of prizewinners will quickly reveal three curious features, which have been the subject of much comment. The list reveals: famous writers who were not awarded the prize prize winners who are now completely unknown winners who were once famous but are now in decline Samuel Beckett – winner 1969 The overlooked The prize must be awarded to a living writer, but the early years of the prize in particular are rich in what can now be seen as missed opportunities. Anton Chekhov was still alive in the first phase of the award, but was not given the prize. The same is true of Henrik Ibsen, who was a powerful influence on other writers and is still widely performed today. Leo Tolstoy did not die until 1910, and had a world wide reputation – but he was never a winner. Henry James was nominated for the prize three times but never given the award. Joseph Conrad and Thomas Hardy both had reputations which stretched across Europe and American and were both alive until the 1920s – but neither was given the award. Virginia Woolf was publishing mature works now regarded as modern classics for the last two decades of her life until her death in 1941. The same is true of James Joyce, who is now seen as one of the most important writers of the twentieth century. Neither Woolf nor Joyce was awarded the Prize. There are some borderline cases. Marcel Proust was still working on his masterpiece A la recherche du temps perdues when he died in 1922. Franz Kafka did not die until 1924, but he published very little in his own lifetime. Almost nothing was known of the work of the Russian writers Mikhail Bulgakov and Osip Mandelstam because of their persecution during the Stalinist period. Other notable absentees include Mark Twain, Emile Zola, and Vladimir Nabokov. Saul Bellow – winner 1976 The unknown This is a slightly embarrassing category, because somebody, somewhere, might well have heard of and maybe even have read some of these totally forgotten and unknown writers. But measured against writers of the stature of Thomas Mann, Samuel Beckett, Pablo Neruda, and Saul Bellow, it is extremely difficult to believe that anybody in the twenty-first century is seriously immersed in the works of Bjornstjerne Bjornson, Jose Echegary, Giosue Carducci, and Rudolf Christoph Eucken. Those are the older prizewinners: more recent names include Imre Kertesz, Elfride Jelinek, Herta Muller, and Thomas Transtromer. Hand on heart, have you ever even heard of these writers, let alone read their works? The fading flowers Literary reputations of even the highest order are subject to the ravages of time, and not even the imprimatur of the Swedish Academy is a guarantee against the decay of public esteem. Writers who were once regarded as unassailably great may now be deemed passe or outmoded. Does anyone really read the work of Andre Gide any more? He was celebrated in his day – and supported many worthy causes. But now, probably few, with the exception of students of the history of modern French literaturewill bother to read him. The same is true of other winners such as Sinclair Lewis and William Faulkner. An even more dramatic example is the case of the German novelist Gunter Grass, winner in 1999, whose reputation has gradually declined since the success of his first novel, The Tin Drum (1959). This fading reputation was further diminished when he revealed (after a silence of sixty years) that he had been a member of the Waffen-SS during the Second World War. Nadine Gordimer – winner 1991 Controversies The award sometimes causes controversy. Some cases arise because of the political background to the award, as well as the perceived wisdom of the choice of winner. For instance in 1958 the award went to Boris Pasternak, largely on the strength of his international best-selling novel Dr Zhivago. The Soviet government forced him to publicly reject the honour and he was forbidden to travel to Stockholm to accept the prize. However, the Prize committee does not accept rejections, and the honour still stands. The same thing happened (under more amicable circumstances) when the Prize was awarded to Jean Paul Sartre in 1964. He made it known that he could not accept the award because he had consistently argued against official honours in the past. However, his name remains on the list of winners. Other controversial issues arise from what might be called false categorisation. For a prize which is normally awarded to novelists, poets, and dramatists, it is difficult to see why it would be given to a historian (Theodo Mommsen, 1902) a philosopher (Bertrand Russell, 1950) a politician (Winston Churchill, 1953) or a pop singer (Bob Dylan, 2016) . It was claimed that Dylan’s award was for the poetry of his song lyrics – which illustrates the element of controversy still at work. To underscore the point, he did not turn up in Stockholm to deliver the acceptance lecture, but had someone else read it out for him. The Nobel Prize for Literature complete list of winners 1901 Sully Prudhomme France 1902 Theodor Mommsen Germany 1903 Bjornstjerne Bjarnsten Norway 1904 Frederick Mistral France 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland 1906 Giosuè Carducci Italy 1907 Rudyard Kipling United Kingdom 1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken Germany 1909 Selma Lagerlöf Sweden 1910 Paul von Heyse Germany 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck France 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann Germany 1913 Rabindranath Tagore India 1914 No prize awarded — 1915 Romain Rolland France 1916 Verner von Heidenstam Sweden 1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup Denmark 1918 No prize awarded — 1919 Carl Spitteler Switzerland 1920 Knut Hamsun Norway 1921 Anatole France France 1922 Jacinto Benavente Spain 1923 William Butler Yeats Ireland 1924 Wladyslaw Reymont Poland 1925 George Bernard Shaw Ireland 1926 Grazia Deledda Italy 1927 Henri Bergson France 1928 Sigrid Undset Norway 1929 Thomas Mann Germany 1930 Sinclair Lewis United States 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt Sweden 1932 John Galsworthy United Kingdom 1933 Ivan Bunin Russia/France 1934 Luigi Pirandello Italy 1935 No prize awarded — 1936 Eugene O’Neill United States 1937 Roger Martin du Gard France 1938 Pearl S. Buck United States 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää Finland 1940-43 No prizes awarded — 1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Denmark 1945 Gabriela Mistral Chile 1946 Hermann Hesse Switzerland 1947 André Gide France 1948 T.S. Eliot United Kingdom 1949 William Faulkner United States 1950 Bertrand Russell United Kingdom 1951 Per Largerkvist Sweden 1952 François Mauriac France 1953 Sir Winston Churchill United Kingdom 1954 Ernest Hemingway United States 1955 Halldór Laxness Iceland 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez Spain 1957 Albert Camus France 1958 Boris Pasternak Soviet Union 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo Italy 1960 Saint-John Perse France 1961 Ivo Andric Yugoslavia 1962 John Steinbeck United States 1963 Giorgos Seferis Greece 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre France 1965 Mikhail Sholokhov Soviet Union 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon Israel 1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias Guatemala 1968 Yasunari Kawabata Japan 1969 Samuel Beckett Ireland 1970 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Soviet Union 1971 Pablo Neruda Chile 1972 Heinrich Böll Germany 1973 Patrick White Australia 1974 Eyvind Johnson Sweden 1975 Eugenio Montale Italy 1976 Saul Bellow United States 1977 Vicente Alexandre Spain 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer United States 1979 Odysseas Elytis Greece 1980 Czeslaw Milosz Poland 1981 Elias Canetti United Kindom 1982 Gabriel García Márquez Colombia 1983 William Golding United Kingdom 1984 Jaroslav Seifert Czechoslovakia 1985 Claude Simon France 1986 Wole Soyinka Nigeria 1987 Joseph Brodsky United States 1988 Naguib Mahfouz Egypt 1989 Camilo José Cela Spain 1990 Octavio Paz Mexico 1991 Nadine Gordimer South Africa 1992 Derek Walcott Saint Lucia 1993 Toni Morrison United States 1994 Kenzaburo Oe Japan 1995 Seamus Heaney Ireland 1996 Wislawa Szymborska Poland 1997 Dario Fo Italy 1998 José Saramago Portugal 1999 Günter Grass Germany 2000 Gao Xingjian China 2001 Sir V. S. Naipaul United Kingdom 2002 Imre Kertész Hungary 2003 J.M.Coetzee South Africa 2004 Elfriede Jelinek Austria 2005 Harold Pinter United Kingdom 2006 Orhan Pamuk Turkey 2007 Doris Lessing United Kingdom 2008 J.M.G Le Clezio France 2009 Herta Mueller Germany 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa Peru 2011 Thomas Transtroemer Sweden 2012 Mo Yan China 2013 Alice Munro Canada 2014 Patrick Modiano France 2015 Svetlana Alexievich Belarus 2016 Bob Dylan United States 2017 Kasuo Ishiguro United Kingdom 2018 No prize awarded — © Roy Johnson 2017
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	23	https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-copenhagen/alumni/	en	100 Notable Alumni of University of Copenhagen [Sorted List]	https://edurank.org/asse…img/og-image.jpg	https://edurank.org/asse…img/og-image.jpg	[ "https://edurank.org/assets/img/logo.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/hans-christian-andersen.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/niels-bohr.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/soren-kierkegaard.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/tycho-brahe.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/sweden-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/lars-mikkelsen.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/alex-hogh-andersen.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", 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"https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/logo.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/misc/info-mail.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "EduRank" ]	2021-08-11T10:00:00-08:00	Below is the list of 100 notable alumni from the University of Copenhagen sorted by their wiki pages popularity. The directory includes famous graduates and former students along with research and academic staff. 5 individuals affiliated with the University of Copenhagen won Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine.	en	/favicon.png	EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location	https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-copenhagen/alumni/	100 Notable alumni of University of Copenhagen Updated: February 29, 2024 EduRank The University of Copenhagen is 115th in the world, 42nd in Europe, and 1st in Denmark by aggregated alumni prominence. Below is the list of 100 notable alumni from the University of Copenhagen sorted by their wiki pages popularity. The directory includes famous graduates and former students along with research and academic staff. 5 individuals affiliated with the University of Copenhagen won Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine. Hans Christian Andersen Born in Denmark Years 1805-1875 (aged 70) Occupations travelerwriterchildren's writerpoetnovelist Biography Hans Christian Andersen was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, he is best remembered for his literary fairy tales. Niels Bochr Awards Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 Born in Denmark Years 1885-1962 (aged 77) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen 1903-1911 graduated with Doctor of Philosophy Occupations university teacherphilosopher of sciencechemistphysicistassociation football player Biography Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. Søren Kierkegaard Born in Denmark Years 1813-1855 (aged 42) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Graduated with Doctor of Philosophy in theology Occupations theologianwriterliterary criticpoetphilosopher Biography Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was a Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, social critic, and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher. He wrote critical texts on organized religion, Christianity, morality, ethics, psychology, and the philosophy of religion, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony, and parables. Much of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as a "single individual", giving priority to concrete human reality over abstract thinking and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment. He was against literary critics who defined idealist intellectuals and philosophers of his time, and thought that Swedenborg, Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Schlegel, and Hans Christian Andersen were all "understood" far too quickly by "scholars." Tycho Brahe Born in Sweden Years 1546-1601 (aged 55) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1559-1562 Occupations astronomerastrologerwriterpoetalchemist Biography Tycho Brahe, generally called Tycho for short, was a Danish astronomer of the Renaissance, known for his comprehensive and unprecedentedly accurate astronomical observations. He was known during his lifetime as an astronomer, astrologer, and alchemist. He was the last major astronomer before the invention of the telescope. Lars Mikkelsen Born in Denmark Years 1964-.. (age 60) Occupations film actormime artisttelevision actorstreet artistjuggler Biography Lars Dittmann Mikkelsen is a Danish actor. He is best known for his roles as Copenhagen mayoral election candidate Troels Hartmann in the Danish police procedural The Killing, the character Charles Augustus Magnussen in the third series of the BBC programme Sherlock, fictional Russian president Viktor Petrov in the American political thriller TV series House of Cards, the mage Stregobor on the Netflix series The Witcher, and Grand Admiral Thrawn in Star Wars Rebels and Ahsoka. In 2011, he won the Reumert Prize of Honour for his contributions to Danish theatre. Alex Høgh Andersen Born in Denmark Years 1994-.. (age 30) Occupations voice actormodelphotographeractor Biography Alex Høgh Andersen is a Danish actor. He is mostly known for the role of Ivar the Boneless in the historical drama television series Vikings (2016–2020). Mette Frederiksen Born in Denmark Years 1977-.. (age 47) Occupations politiciantrade unionist Biography Mette Frederiksen is a Danish politician who has served as prime minister of Denmark since June 2019, and leader of the Social Democrats since June 2015. The second woman to hold either office, she is also the youngest prime minister in Danish history, the first to be born after Margrethe II's accession to the throne, and the first to serve under Frederik X. Hans Christian Ørsted Born in Denmark Years 1777-1851 (aged 74) Occupations university teacherchemistphysicistinventorengineer Biography Hans Christian Ørsted was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism. Oersted's law and the oersted unit (Oe) are named after him. Frederik IX of Denmark Born in Denmark Years 1899-1972 (aged 73) Occupations musicianmonarch Biography Frederik IX was King of Denmark from 1947 to 1972. Helle Thorning-Schmidt Born in Denmark Years 1966-.. (age 58) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen 1987-1994 graduated with Danish Master of Science in Political Science (cand.scient.pol) Occupations international forum participantpolitician Biography Helle Thorning-Schmidt is a Danish retired politician who served as the 26th Prime Minister of Denmark from 2011 to 2015, and Leader of the Social Democrats from 2005 to 2015. She is the first woman to have held each post. Following defeat in 2015, she announced that she would step down as both Danish Prime Minister and Social Democratic party leader. Ending her political career in April 2016, she was the chief executive of the NGO Save the Children until June 2019. Lars Løkke Rasmussen Born in Denmark Years 1964-.. (age 60) Occupations politicianinternational forum participantjurist Biography Lars Løkke Rasmussen is a Danish politician who has served as Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2022. He previously served as the 25th Prime Minister of Denmark from 2009 to 2011 and again from 2015 to 2019. He was the leader of the liberal Venstre party from 2009 to 2019. Margrethe Vestager Born in Denmark Years 1968-.. (age 56) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1986-1993 Occupations politicianpoet Biography Margrethe Vestager is a Danish politician currently serving as Executive Vice President of the European Commission for A Europe Fit for the Digital Age since December 2019 and European Commissioner for Competition since 2014. Vestager is a member of the Danish Social Liberal Party, and of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE) on the European level. Peter Freuchen Born in Denmark Years 1886-1957 (aged 71) Occupations writerexploreractoranthropologistjournalist Biography Lorenz Peter Elfred Freuchen was a Danish explorer, author, journalist and anthropologist. He is notable for his role in Arctic exploration, namely the Thule Expeditions. Hans Christian Gram Born in Denmark Years 1853-1938 (aged 85) Occupations bacteriologistuniversity teacherpharmacologistbotanist Biography Hans Christian Joachim Gram was a Danish bacteriologist noted for his development of the Gram stain, still a standard technique to classify bacteria and make them more visible under a microscope. Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu Born in Romania Years 1887-1973 (aged 86) Occupations inventorengineerteacher Biography Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu was a Romanian engineer who was one of the first women to obtain a degree in engineering. She was born in the Romanian town of Galați but qualified in Berlin. During World War I she managed a hospital in Romania. Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Born in Iceland Years 1930-.. (age 94) Occupations politician Biography Vigdís Finnbogadóttir is an Icelandic politician who served as the fourth president of Iceland from 1980 to 1996. Vigdís is the first woman in the world to be democratically elected as president. Having served as president of Iceland for 16 years, she is the longest-serving elected female head of state in history. Vigdís is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador and a member of the Club of Madrid. Bjørn Lomborg Born in Denmark Years 1965-.. (age 59) Occupations university teachereconomistwriterenvironmentalistecologist Biography Bjørn Lomborg is a Danish author and the president of the think tank Copenhagen Consensus Center. He is the former director of the Danish government's Environmental Assessment Institute (EAI) in Copenhagen. He became internationally known for his best-selling book The Skeptical Environmentalist (2001). Aage Bohr Awards Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 Born in Denmark Years 1922-2009 (aged 87) Occupations nuclear physicistphysicistpedagogue Biography Aage Niels Bohr was a Danish nuclear physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 with Ben Roy Mottelson and James Rainwater "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection". His father was Niels Bohr. Danica Curcic Born in Serbia Years 1985-.. (age 39) Occupations stage actorvoice actorfilm actoractor Biography Danica Curcic is a Serbian-Danish actress. Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen Born in Denmark Years 1868-1939 (aged 71) Occupations chemist Biography Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen was a Danish chemist, known for the introduction of the concept of pH, a scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity. Ole Rømer Born in Denmark Years 1644-1710 (aged 66) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1662 Occupations mathematicianuniversity teacherpolice officerphysicistastronomer Biography Ole Christensen Rømer was a Danish astronomer who, in 1676, made the first measurement of the speed of light and discovery that light travels at a finite speed. Rømer also invented the modern thermometer showing the temperature between two fixed points, namely the points at which water respectively boils and freezes. Ludvig Holberg Born in Norway Years 1684-1754 (aged 70) Occupations essayistscreenwriterpoetplaywrightautobiographer Biography Ludvig Holberg, Baron of Holberg was a writer, essayist, philosopher, historian and playwright born in Bergen, Norway, during the time of the Dano–Norwegian dual monarchy. He was influenced by Humanism, the Enlightenment and the Baroque. Holberg is considered the founder of modern Danish and Norwegian literature. He was also a prominent Neo-Latin author, known across Europe for his writing. He is best known for the comedies he wrote in 1722–1723 for the Lille Grønnegade Theatre in Copenhagen. Holberg's works about natural and common law were widely read by many Danish law students over two hundred years, from 1736 to 1936. Nicolaus Steno Born in Denmark Years 1638-1686 (aged 48) Occupations Catholic priestanatomistCatholic bishopphysicianpaleontologist Biography Niels Steensen; 1 January 1638 – 25 November 1686 [NS: 11 January 1638 – 5 December 1686]) was a Danish scientist, a pioneer in both anatomy and geology who became a Catholic bishop in his later years. Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig Born in Denmark Years 1783-1872 (aged 89) Occupations poetphilosopherphilologisthistorianhymnwriter Biography Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig, most often referred to as N. F. S. Grundtvig, was a Danish pastor, author, poet, philosopher, historian, teacher and politician. He was one of the most influential people in Danish history, as his philosophy gave rise to a new form of nationalism in the last half of the 19th century. It was steeped in the national literature and supported by deep spirituality. Jens Otto Krag Born in Denmark Years 1914-1978 (aged 64) Occupations diplomatpoliticianeconomist Biography Jens Otto Krag was a Danish politician who served as prime minister of Denmark from 1962 to 1968 and from 1971 to 1972, and as leader of the Social Democrats from 1962 to 1972. He was president of the Nordic Council in 1971. Poul Schlüter Born in Denmark Years 1929-2021 (aged 92) Occupations politicianlawyer Biography Poul Holmskov Schlüter was a Danish politician who served as Prime Minister of Denmark from 1982 to 1993. He was the first (and to date, only) member of the Conservative People's Party to become Prime Minister, as well as the first conservative to hold the office since 1901. Schlüter was a member of the Folketing (Danish parliament) for the Conservative People's Party from 1964 to 1994. He was also Chairman of the Conservative People's Party from 1974 to 1977 and from 1981 to 1993. Inge Lehmann Born in Denmark Years 1888-1993 (aged 105) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen In 1968 graduated with Cand.mag. Occupations naturalistseismologistgeophysicistsurveyorgeologist Biography Inge Lehmann was a Danish seismologist and geophysicist who is known for her discovery in 1936 of the solid inner core that exists within the molten outer core of the Earth. The seismic discontinuity in the speed of seismic waves at depths between 190 and 250 km is named the Lehmann discontinuity after her. Lehmann is considered to be a pioneer among women and scientists in seismology research. Georg Brandes Born in Denmark Years 1842-1927 (aged 85) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied aesthetics Occupations university teacherautobiographerwriterphilosopherliterary critic Biography Georg Morris Cohen Brandes was a Danish critic and scholar who greatly influenced Scandinavian and European literature from the 1870s through the turn of the 20th century. He is seen as the theorist behind the "Modern Breakthrough" of Scandinavian culture. At the age of 30, Brandes formulated the principles of a new realism and naturalism, condemning hyper-aesthetic writing and also fantasy in literature. His literary goals were shared by some other authors, among them the Norwegian "realist" playwright Henrik Ibsen. Poul Nyrup Rasmussen Born in Denmark Years 1943-.. (age 81) Occupations economistpolitician Biography Poul Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen is a retired Danish politician. Rasmussen was Prime Minister of Denmark from 25 January 1993 to 27 November 2001 and President of the Party of European Socialists (PES) from 2004 to 2011. He was the leader of the governing Social Democrats from 1992 to 2002. He was a member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009. Uffe Ellemann-Jensen Born in Denmark Years 1941-2022 (aged 81) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen 1962-1969 graduated with candidate in economics Occupations journalistautobiographerpoliticiandiplomat Biography Uffe Ellemann-Jensen was a Danish politician who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs of Denmark in the Conservative-led Poul Schlüter Administration from 1982 to 1993. He was leader of the Danish Liberal Party Venstre from 1984 to 1998 and President of the European Liberals 1995–2000. Hans Egede Born in Norway Years 1686-1758 (aged 72) Occupations pastormissionarylinguistpriestexplorer Biography Hans Poulsen Egede was a Dano-Norwegian Lutheran missionary who launched mission efforts to Greenland, which led him to be styled the Apostle of Greenland. He established a successful mission among the Inuit and is credited with revitalizing Dano-Norwegian interest in the island after contact had been broken for about 300 years. He founded Greenland's capital Godthåb, now known as Nuuk. Nella Larsen Born in United States Years 1891-1964 (aged 73) Occupations novelistwriterlibrariannurse Biography Nellallitea "Nella" Larsen was an American novelist. Working as a nurse and a librarian, she published two novels, Quicksand (1928) and Passing (1929), and a few short stories. Though her literary output was scant, she earned recognition by her contemporaries. Piet Hein Born in Denmark Years 1905-1996 (aged 91) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1924 Occupations writerpoetphysicistinventormathematician Biography Piet Hein was a Danish polymath (mathematician, inventor, designer, writer and poet), often writing under the Old Norse pseudonym Kumbel, meaning "tombstone". His short poems, known as gruks or grooks (Danish: gruk), first started to appear in the daily newspaper Politiken shortly after the German occupation of Denmark in April 1940 under the pseudonym "Kumbel Kumbell". He also invented the Soma cube and the board game Hex. Peter Høeg Born in Denmark Years 1957-.. (age 67) Occupations writer Biography Peter Høeg is a Danish writer of fiction. He is best known for his novel Miss Smilla's Feeling for Snow (1992). Ole Nydahl Born in Denmark Years 1941-.. (age 83) Occupations yogiwriterteacher Biography Ole Nydahl, also known as Lama Ole, is a lama providing Mahamudra teachings in the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Since the early 1970s, Nydahl has toured the world giving lectures and meditation courses. With his wife, Hannah Nydahl (1946-2007), he founded Diamond Way Buddhism, a worldwide Karma Kagyu Buddhist organization with over 600 centers for lay practitioners. Johannes V. Jensen Born in Denmark Years 1873-1950 (aged 77) Occupations translator-interpreterwritercolumnistcorrespondentpoet Biography Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was a Danish author, known as one of the great Danish writers of the first half of 20th century. He was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style". One of his sisters, Thit Jensen, was also a well-known writer and a very vocal, and occasionally controversial, early feminist. Ida Auken Born in Denmark Years 1978-.. (age 46) Occupations priestinternational forum participantpoliticiantheologian Biography Ida Margrete Meier Auken is a Danish politician and member of the Folketing for the Social Democrats political party. She has been a member of parliament since 2007. She was Minister for the Environment of Denmark from 2011 to 2014. Until 2014 she was a member of the Socialist People's Party, after which she moved to the Danish Social Liberal Party. In 2021, she switched to the Social Democrats. Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted Born in Denmark Years 1879-1947 (aged 68) Occupations chemistuniversity teacherphysicist Biography Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted was a Danish physical chemist, who developed the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory simultaneously with and independently of Martin Lowry. Ove Arup Born in United Kingdom Years 1895-1988 (aged 93) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1913 Occupations structural engineerengineerarchitectentrepreneur Biography Sir Ove Nyquist Arup, CBE, MICE, MIStructE, FCIOB was an English engineer who founded Arup Group Limited, a multinational corporation that offers engineering, design, planning, project management, and consulting services for building systems. Ove Arup is considered to be among the foremost architectural structural engineers of his time. Morten Messerschmidt Born in Denmark Years 1980-.. (age 44) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen 2000-2009 graduated with jurist Occupations politician Biography Morten Messerschmidt is a Danish politician and since 2022 leader of the Danish People's Party. He was an elected Member of the Folketing at the 2019 Danish general election having previously served from 2005 to 2009. At the 2014 European Parliament election, he was elected a Member of the European Parliament for Denmark with 465,758; the highest number of personal votes ever cast at a Danish election. Ester Boserup Born in Denmark Years 1910-1999 (aged 89) Occupations economistwriter Biography Ester Boserup was a Danish economist. She studied economic and agricultural development, worked at the United Nations as well as other international organizations, and wrote seminal books on agrarian change and the role of women in development. Kaj Munk Born in Denmark Years 1898-1944 (aged 46) Occupations theologianscreenwriterpoetpriestplaywright Biography Kaj Harald Leininger Munk was a Danish playwright and Lutheran pastor, known for his cultural engagement and his martyrdom during the Occupation of Denmark of World War II. He is commemorated as a martyr in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on 14 August, alongside Maximilian Kolbe. Mogens Lykketoft Born in Denmark Years 1946-.. (age 78) Occupations politiciandiplomat Biography Mogens Lykketoft is a Danish politician who served as Leader of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) from 2002 to 2005. Niels Ryberg Finsen Born in Denmark Years 1860-1904 (aged 44) Occupations university teacherphysicianscientist Biography Niels Ryberg Finsen was a physician and scientist. In 1903, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science." Jens Peter Jacobsen Born in Denmark Years 1847-1885 (aged 38) Occupations writernovelistpoetbotanisttranslator Biography Jens Peter Jacobsen was a Danish novelist, poet, and scientist, in Denmark often just written as "J. P. Jacobsen". He began the naturalist movement in Danish literature and was a part of the Modern Breakthrough. Gøsta Esping-Andersen Born in Denmark Years 1947-.. (age 77) Occupations economistuniversity teachersociologistpolitical scientist Biography Gøsta Esping-Andersen is a Danish sociologist whose primary focus has been on the welfare state and its place in capitalist economies. Jacob Hacker describes him as the "dean of welfare state scholars." Over the past decade his research has moved towards family demographic issues. A synthesis of his work was published as Families in the 21st Century (Stockholm, SNS, 2016). Naser Khader Born in Syria Years 1963-.. (age 61) Occupations writerpoliticianradio personalityinterpreterresearcher Biography Naser Khader is a Syrian-Danish politician and member of the Folketing 2001–2011 and again 2015–2022. Until 2021 he was a member of the Conservative People's Party. Adam Oehlenschläger Born in Denmark Years 1779-1850 (aged 71) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1800 Occupations university teacherlibrettistautobiographerplaywrightwriter Biography Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger was a Danish poet and playwright. He introduced romanticism into Danish literature. He wrote the lyrics to the song Der er et yndigt land, which is one of the national anthems of Denmark. Otto Jespersen Born in Denmark Years 1860-1943 (aged 83) Occupations scholar of Englishwriterautobiographerpedagogueuniversity teacher Biography Jens Otto Harry Jespersen was a Danish linguist who specialized in the grammar of the English language. Steven Mithen described him as "one of the greatest language scholars of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries." Pernille Skipper Born in Denmark Years 1984-.. (age 40) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen 2004-2011 graduated with jurist Occupations politician Biography Pernille Skipper is a former Danish politician. She was a member of the Folketing from 2011 to 2022, and was political spokesperson for the Red–Green Alliance from 2016 to 2021, succeeding Johanne Schmidt-Nielsen. In 2021 she was replaced by Mai Villadsen. Eske Willerslev Born in Denmark Years 1971-.. (age 53) Occupations biologistuniversity teacher Biography Eske Willerslev is a Danish evolutionary geneticist notable for his pioneering work in molecular anthropology, palaeontology, and ecology. He currently holds the Prince Philip Professorship in Ecology and Evolution at University of Cambridge, UK and the Lundbeck Foundation Professorship in Evolution at Copenhagen University, Denmark. He is director of the Centre of Excellence in GeoGenetics, a research associate at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, and a professorial fellow at St John's College, Cambridge. Willerslev is a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences (US) and holds the Order of the Dannebrog issued by her Majesty Queen Margrethe II of Denmark in 2017. Søren Pind Born in Denmark Years 1969-.. (age 55) Occupations politicianlawyer Biography Søren Pind is a Danish lawyer and former politician. He served as Danish Minister of Justice from 2015 to 2016, and as Minister of Science, Technology, Information and Higher Education from 2016 to May 2018, whereupon he retired from politics. Peter Naur Born in Denmark Years 1928-2016 (aged 88) Occupations astronomercomputer scientistuniversity teacherprogrammer Biography Peter Naur was a Danish computer science pioneer and 2005 Turing award winner. He is best remembered as a contributor, with John Backus, to the Backus–Naur form (BNF) notation used in describing the syntax for most programming languages. He also contributed to creating the language ALGOL 60. Sveinn Björnsson Born in Denmark Years 1881-1952 (aged 71) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied law Occupations politicianlawyer Biography Sveinn Björnsson was the first president of Iceland (1944–1952). Valdemar Poulsen Born in Denmark Years 1869-1942 (aged 73) Occupations technicianphysicistengineer Biography Valdemar Poulsen was a Danish engineer who developed a magnetic wire recorder called the telegraphone in 1898. He also made significant contributions to early radio technology, including the first continuous wave radio transmitter, the Poulsen arc, which was used for a majority of the earliest audio radio transmissions, before being supplanted by the development of vacuum-tube transmitters. Harald Bohr Born in Denmark Years 1887-1951 (aged 64) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1904-1910 Occupations mathematicianassociation football playeruniversity teacherpedagogue Biography Harald August Bohr was a Danish mathematician and footballer. After receiving his doctorate in 1910, Bohr became an eminent mathematician, founding the field of almost periodic functions. His brother was the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Niels Bohr. He was on the Denmark national team for the 1908 Summer Olympics, where he won a silver medal. Ritt Bjerregaard Born in Denmark Years 1941-2023 (aged 82) Occupations politician Biography Ritt Bjerregaard was a Danish politician who was a member of the Danish Social Democrats, and was Lord Mayor of Copenhagen from 1 January 2006 to 2010. Petter Dass Born in Norway Years 1647-1707 (aged 60) Occupations priestwriterpoet Biography Petter Pettersen Dass was a Lutheran priest and the foremost Norwegian poet of his generation, writing both baroque hymns and topographical poetry. Kristina Háfoss Born in Denmark Years 1975-.. (age 49) Occupations politicianjuristeconomist Biography Kristina Háfoss is a Faroese-Danish economist, lawyer, politician (Tjóðveldi) and former national swimmer for the Faroe Islands. She was Minister of Finance of the Faroe Islands from 2015–2019. She was elected for the Løgting again in 2019, but took leave from 1 February 2021 when she started in her new job as the Secretary-General of the Nordic Council. Agner Krarup Erlang Born in Denmark Years 1878-1929 (aged 51) Occupations statisticianengineermathematician Biography Agner Krarup Erlang was a Danish mathematician, statistician and engineer, who invented the fields of traffic engineering and queueing theory. Ole Worm Born in Denmark Years 1588-1654 (aged 66) Occupations naturalistuniversity teacherprehistorianphysicistarchaeologist Biography Ole Worm, who often went by the Latinized form of his name Olaus Wormius, was a Danish physician, natural historian and antiquary. He was a professor at the University of Copenhagen where he taught Greek, Latin, physics and medicine. August Krogh Awards Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1920 Born in Denmark Years 1874-1949 (aged 75) Occupations university teacherphysicianphysiologistzoologistpedagogue Biography Schack August Steenberg Krogh was a Danish professor at the department of zoophysiology at the University of Copenhagen from 1916 to 1945. He contributed a number of fundamental discoveries within several fields of physiology, and is famous for developing the Krogh Principle. Steen Steensen Blicher Born in Denmark Years 1782-1848 (aged 66) Occupations priestpoettranslatorwriter Biography Steen Steensen Blicher was an author and poet born in Vium near Viborg, Denmark. Sherin Khankan Born in Denmark Years 1974-.. (age 50) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Graduated with master's degree in sociology of religion and philosophy Occupations women's rights activistlecturerwriterpoliticianimam Biography Sherin Khankan is Denmark's (and Scandinavia's) first female imam; she founded a women-led mosque in Copenhagen. She is also an activist on Muslim issues including female integration and extremism, and has written numerous texts discussing Islam and politics. Wilhelm Ludwig Johannsen Born in Denmark Years 1857-1927 (aged 70) Occupations university teachergeneticistbotanist Biography Wilhelm Johannsen was a Danish pharmacist, botanist, plant physiologist, and geneticist. He is best known for coining the terms gene, phenotype and genotype, and for his 1903 "pure line" experiments in genetics. Johan Christian Fabricius Born in Denmark Years 1745-1808 (aged 63) Occupations carcinologistuniversity teacherarachnologistbiologistlepidopterist Biography Johan Christian Fabricius was a Danish zoologist, specialising in "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. He was a student of Carl Linnaeus, and is considered one of the most important entomologists of the 18th century, having named nearly 10,000 species of animals, and established the basis for the modern insect classification. Ditlev Gothard Monrad Born in Denmark Years 1811-1887 (aged 76) Occupations farmerdiplomatprelate Biography Ditlev Gothard Monrad was a Danish politician and bishop, and a founding father of Danish constitutional democracy; he also led the country as Council President in its huge defeat during the Second Schleswig War. Later, he became a New Zealand pioneer before returning to Denmark to become a bishop and politician once more. Jens Christian Skou Born in Denmark Years 1918-2018 (aged 100) Occupations university teacherbiochemistphysiologistchemistautobiographer Biography Jens Christian Skou was a Danish biochemist and Nobel laureate. Rasmus Rask Born in Denmark Years 1787-1832 (aged 45) Occupations philologistuniversity teacherlinguisthistorical linguist Biography Rasmus Kristian Rask was a Danish linguist and philologist. He wrote several grammars and worked on comparative phonology and morphology. Rask traveled extensively to study languages, first to Iceland, where he wrote the first grammar of Icelandic, and later to Russia, Persia, India, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Shortly before his death, he was hired as professor of Eastern languages at the University of Copenhagen. Rask is especially known for his contributions to comparative linguistics, including an early formulation of what would later be known as Grimm's Law. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1829. Pia Olsen Dyhr Born in Denmark Years 1971-.. (age 53) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1992-2010 Occupations politician Biography Pia Olsen Dyhr is a Danish politician who has been a member of the Folketing for the Green Left since the 2007 general elections. Dyhr has served as Minister for Trade and Investment and later Minister of Transport in the first Helle Thorning-Schmidt Cabinet. Following her party's resignation from the cabinet, Dyhr was elected as chairman of her party. Karen Melchior Born in Denmark Years 1980-.. (age 44) Occupations diplomatpoliticiancivil servant Biography Karen Melchior is a Danish lawyer and politician, formerly of the Danish Social Liberal Party, who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2019. Holger Bech Nielsen Born in Denmark Years 1941-.. (age 83) Occupations university teacherphysicisttheoretical physicist Biography Holger Bech Nielsen is a Danish theoretical physicist and professor emeritus at the Niels Bohr Institute, at the University of Copenhagen, where he started studying physics in 1961. Jón Sigurðsson Born in Iceland Years 1811-1879 (aged 68) Occupations historianpoliticianphilologist Biography Jón Sigurðsson was the leader of the 19th century Icelandic independence movement. Aksel V. Johannesen Years 1972-.. (age 52) Occupations politicianassociation football playerlawyer Biography Aksel Vilhelmsson Johannesen is a Faroese lawyer and politician for the Social Democratic Party (Javnaðarflokkurin) and the current prime minister of the Faroe Islands. He previously served as prime minister from 2015 to 2019. He is a former footballer. Peter Brixtofte Born in Denmark Years 1949-2016 (aged 67) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Graduated with Cand.polit. Occupations journalistediting staffpolitician Biography Peter Brixtofte was a Danish politician who was member of the Danish Parliament (Folketinget) representing Venstre from 1973 to 1977, from 1979 to 1981, during 1983 and from 1990 to 8 February 2005. Brixtofte served as the Tax Minister of Denmark from 19 November 1992 to 24 January 1993. He was also Mayor of Farum, and was criminally convicted for actions taken while holding that municipal office and was later jailed. He was the brother of Brixx Member, Jens Brixtofte. Peter Wilhelm Lund Born in Denmark Years 1801-1880 (aged 79) Occupations naturalistanthropologistexplorerarchaeologistzoologist Biography Peter Wilhelm Lund was a Danish Brazilian paleontologist, zoologist, and archeologist. He spent most of his life working and living in Brazil. He is considered the father of Brazilian paleontology as well as archaeology. Sofie Carsten Nielsen Born in Denmark Years 1975-.. (age 49) Occupations politician Biography Sofie Carsten Nielsen is a Danish politician, who was formerly the leader of the Danish Social Liberal Party from October 2020 to November 2022. In the 2000s, Nielsen began her political career with the European Parliament as a consultant before working for the Ministry of Gender Equality as a deputy minister. After being elected to the Folketing at the 2011 Danish general election for the Greater Copenhagen constituency, Nielsen became the Minister for Higher Education and Science in 2014. Nielsen remained in her minister position until she was replaced by Esben Lunde Larsen in 2015. Pernille Rosenkrantz-Theil Born in Denmark Years 1977-.. (age 47) Occupations politician Biography Pernille Rosenkrantz-Theil is a Danish politician, who is a member of the Folketing for the Social Democrats political party. From 2019 to 2022, she has served as Minister of Children and Education. She was elected into parliament at the 2011 Danish general election. She had previously been a member of parliament from 2001 to 2007 as a member of the Red-Green Alliance. From 2011 to 2014, she was the spokesperson on climate and energy for the Social Democrats. Oskar Klein Born in Sweden Years 1894-1977 (aged 83) Occupations university teacherphysicisttheoretical physicist Biography Oskar Benjamin Klein was a Swedish theoretical physicist. Johannes Fibiger Awards Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1926 Born in Denmark Years 1867-1928 (aged 61) Occupations parasitologistuniversity teacherchemistpathologistphysician Biography Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger was a Danish physician and professor of anatomical pathology at the University of Copenhagen. He was the recipient of the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma". He demonstrated that the roundworm which he called Spiroptera carcinoma (but correctly named Gongylonema neoplasticum) could cause stomach cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) in rats and mice. His experimental results were later proven to be a case of mistaken conclusion. Erling Norrby, who had served as the Permanent Secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and Professor and Chairman of Virology at the Karolinska Institute, declared Fibiger's Nobel Prize as "one of the biggest blunders made by the Karolinska Institute." Helmuth Nyborg Years 1937-.. (age 87) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen In 1966 graduated with Bachelor of Arts in philosophy In 1968 graduated with Master of Arts in psychology Occupations canoeistuniversity teacherpsychologistscientist Biography Helmuth Sørensen Nyborg is a Danish psychologist and former athlete. He is a former professor of developmental psychology at Aarhus University and Olympic canoeist. His main research topic is the connection between hormones and intelligence. Among other things, he has worked on increasing the intelligence of girls with Turner's syndrome by giving them estrogen. Hope Jahren Born in United States Years 1969-.. (age 55) Occupations biologistgeochemistgeobiologistgeologist Biography Anne Hope Jahren is an American geochemist and geobiologist at the University of Oslo in Norway, known for her work using stable isotope analysis to analyze fossil forests dating to the Eocene. She has won many prestigious awards in the field, including the James B. Macelwane Medal of the American Geophysical Union. Christian Bohr Born in Denmark Years 1855-1911 (aged 56) Occupations university teacherbiologistphysicianphysicistphysiologist Mia Wagner Born in Denmark Years 1977-.. (age 47) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1998-2003 Occupations chief executive officerministerlawyer Morten P. Meldal Awards Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2022 Born in Denmark Years 1954-.. (age 70) Occupations biochemistresearcherchemist Lykke Friis Born in Denmark Years 1969-.. (age 55) Occupations economistpolitician Biography Lykke Friis is Prorector for Education at the University of Copenhagen and is a former Danish politician for the party Venstre and former Minister for Climate and Energy and equal rights. Prior to her political career she has once before been Prorector at the University of Copenhagen and held the position from 2006 - 2009. Prior to her appointment as government minister, she was not a member of Venstre. Astrid Krag Born in Denmark Years 1982-.. (age 42) Occupations politician Biography Astrid Krag is a Danish politician, who is a member of the Folketing for the Social Democrats political party. She served as the Minister of Social Affairs and the Interior in the Cabinet of Mette Frederiksen. She previously served as Minister of Health and Prevention in the Cabinet of Helle Thorning-Schmidt from October 2011 until January 2014. Connie Hedegaard Born in Denmark Years 1960-.. (age 64) Occupations journalistpoliticianinternational forum participant Biography Connie Hedegaard Koksbang is a Danish politician and public intellectual. She was European Commissioner for Climate Action in the (second Barroso) European Commission from 10 February 2010 through 31 October 2014. Kristján Eldjárn Born in Iceland Years 1916-1982 (aged 66) Occupations anthropologistcuratorpoliticianarchaeologist Biography Kristján Eldjárn was the third president of Iceland, from 1968 to 1980. Helle Helle Born in Denmark Years 1965-.. (age 59) Occupations novelistwriter Biography Helle Helle is a widely translated Danish short story writer and novelist. Basing her stories on episodes in the lives of ordinary people, she gained fame in 2005 with her novel Rødby-Puttgarden. Now considered to be one of the most outstanding authors of contemporary Danish literature, since her novel This Should be Written in the Present Tense was published in English in 2014, she has also been acclaimed by American and British reviewers. Nick Hækkerup Born in Denmark Years 1968-.. (age 56) Occupations politician Biography Nick Hækkerup is a Danish writer and politician of Social Democrats who has been serving as the Minister of Justice in the Frederiksen Cabinet from 2019 to 2022. He previously served as Minister of Defence, and Minister of Health. Kåre Schultz Years 1961-.. (age 63) Occupations chief executive officerbusinesspersoneconomist Biography Kåre Schultz is a Danish business executive. Was the chief executive officer of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries between September 2017 - December 2022. Frits Clausen Born in Denmark Years 1893-1947 (aged 54) Occupations military personnelphysicianpolitician Biography Frits Clausen was a far-right Danish politician and leader of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark (DNSAP) before and during World War II. Niels Kaj Jerne Born in United Kingdom Years 1911-1994 (aged 83) Occupations university teacherphysicianimmunologist Biography Niels Kaj Jerne, FRS was a Danish immunologist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 with Georges J. F. Köhler and César Milstein "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies". Hans Ørberg Born in Denmark Years 1920-2010 (aged 90) Occupations latinistgrammarianwriterlanguage teacher Biography Hans Henning Ørberg was a Danish linguist and teacher. He received a master's degree in English, French, and Latin at the University of Copenhagen and taught these languages in many Danish high schools until 1963 and then taught in a Danish Gymnasium until 1988. He was the author of LINGVA LATINA PER SE ILLVSTRATA, a widely used method for learning Latin through the natural method. Thomas Bartholin Born in Denmark Years 1616-1680 (aged 64) Occupations physician Biography Thomas Bartholin was a Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian. He discovered the lymphatic system in humans and advanced the theory of refrigeration anesthesia, being the first to describe it scientifically. Ellen Trane Nørby Born in Denmark Years 1980-.. (age 44) Occupations politicianart historian Biography Ellen Trane Nørby is a Danish politician, who is a member of the Folketing for the Venstre political party. From 28 November 2016 to 27 June 2019 she was Denmark's Minister of Health. Hans Kramers Born in Netherlands Years 1894-1952 (aged 58) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1916-1919 Occupations university teacherphysicisttheoretical physicist Biography Hendrik Anthony "Hans" Kramers was a Dutch physicist who worked with Niels Bohr to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with matter and made important contributions to quantum mechanics and statistical physics. Eva Kjer Hansen Born in Denmark Years 1964-.. (age 60) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen In 2012 graduated with candidate in economics Occupations politician Biography Eva Kjer Hansen is a former Danish politician, who was a member of the Folketing for the Venstre political party. She held many ministerial positions, the last being as minister of Fisheries, Gender Equality and Nordic Cooperation from 2 May 2018 to 27 June 2019. Hansen was a member of parliament from the 1990 Danish general election to the 2022 Danish general election where she was not re-elected. Bernhard Severin Ingemann Born in Denmark Years 1789-1862 (aged 73) Occupations hymnwriterpoetautobiographerwriter Biography Bernhard Severin Ingemann was a Danish novelist and poet.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	21	https://greencardamom.github.io/BooksAndWriters/jjensen.htm	en	Johannes Jensen			[ "https://greencardamom.github.io/pix/bwlogo.jpg", "https://greencardamom.github.io/pix/ylamainos.gif", "https://greencardamom.github.io/pix/banneri.gif", "http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nd-nc/1.0/fi/88x31.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Danish novelist, poet, and essayist, who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1944. Jensen sought to depict through an idealized Darwinian theory how human development is part of the natural process of evolution. His major works include Kongen's fald (1900-01), one of the most significant historical novels in Danish literature, and Den lange rejse (1908-22), an evolutionary interpretation of the biblical legends. The elder spreading her dew-cold hands toward the summer moon A year later: The self-same beeches and twilight nights, the same elation! (from 'Envoi') Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was born in the small village of Fars�, Himmerland, in North Jutland. He was the second son of the district veterinary surgeon, Hans Jensen, a descendant on both sides of farmers and craftsmen, and Marie (Kirstine) Jensen. Jensen was taught by his mother until the age of eleven. Under the influence of his father, he developed a fasciation for Darwinism, which became the cornerstone of his thinking. Jensen graduated from the Cathedral School of Viborg in 1893, and subsequently studied medicine at the University of Copenhagen from 1893 to 1898. In 1904 he married Else Marie Ulrik; they had three sons. Jensen's medical studies, including preliminary examinations in botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry, deeply influenced his literary work. Between the novels Danes (1896) and Einar Elkj�r (1898), Jensen visited the United States. After these books Jensen gave up his plans for a medical career and devoted himself to writing. Jensen also published romantic potboilers and a series of detective novels which appeared under the pen name Ivar Lykke between 1895 and 1898 in Revuen, a weekly periodical. However, Jensen excluded these works from his oeuvre. His detective, the British Mason, was a parody of Sherlock Holmes. Half awake, half dozing, In an inward seawind of dadaid dreams I stand and gnash my teeth At Memphis Station, Tennessee. It is raining. (from 'At Memphis Station') Danskere and Einar Elkj�r drew from the fin de si�cle atmosphere of Copenhagen, but most of Jensen's early writings were set in his native province. Himmerlandshistorier (1898-1910) portrayed vividly his native region and its people. It was followed by a historical novel of the 16th century, Kongens fald, a fictional biography of King Christian II of Denmark, the last ruler of the three Scandinavian countries. It blended criticism of lyrical and realistic elements in the story of the king and Mikkel Th�gersen, a student and later mercenary. Jensen was a correspondent for the newspaper Politken and reported from Spain on the Spanish-American war. In 1896 and 1903 he traveled in the United States. After this trip he translated the American novelist Frank Norris's novel The Octopus, about the conflict between farmers and railroad. New technological advances inspired the novels Madame d'Ora (1904), and its sequel, Hjulet (1907), and Jensen's descriptions of American cities. Madame d'Ora played with the idea, that a cinematograph can used as a means to deceive the public. The summer of 1898 Jensen spent in Spain and Germany. This marked also the beginning of his career as a correspondent. In 1900 he wrote articles from the World Exhibition in Paris, and collected these pieces in Den gotiske ren�ssance (1901), which presented his enthusiasm about a modern, active way of life. The wheel (hjulet) was a symbol of modern American technology, speed, and traffic. At the World Exhibition Jensen had seen a 100 metre Ferris wheel (Grande Roue Paris), originally invented by George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr. for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Jensen's father and sister, the writer Thit Jense, were devout spiritualists. Noteworthy, in Madame d'Ora Edmund Hall, a German investor and scientist, whose model was the renowed British chemist Sir William Crookes, begins to doubt the nature of reality and ventures into spiritualism. Like Hall, Crookes conducted experiments in materialization with a female medium. Hall falls in love with the spectral girl, named Eld, who turns out to be part of a murder plot. In his poems Jensen rejected "Baudelaire's poisonous hall-mark," as he wrote, and turned " to simple style and sound subject matter." As literary models he kept Goethe, Heine and Whitman's prose poems, but he also wrote in the Old Norse style. His first volume of poems, Digte (1906), contained all the youthful poems. Late in life he returned to poetry with Digte 1901-43 (1943). Eksotiske noveller (1907-1917) was based on journeys in the Far East. Having developed a longing for foreign places, Jensen travelled around the world in 1902-03, to the Far East in 1912-13, and to Egypt, Palestine, and North Africa in 1925-26. In 1914 he traveled to the United States for the fourth time. Especially he praised New York: "New York har den sk�nneste Atmosf�re in Verden." J�rgine (1926) was a story of a deceived peasant girl who saves herself from disaster by an unromantic marriage and becomes a self-sacrificing mother. Myter (1907-1944), published in eleven volumes, was a series of essays and animal, travel, and nature sketches. Jensen's treatment is poetic; the essay form offers him a means to express his own ideas. Several of the myths found their way to Den lange rejse, a six-volume epic cycle, probably Jensen's major work, which earned him the Nobel Prize. Jensen developed in it his partly dubious theories of evolution and anthropology and described the evolution of the Northern peoples from the Ice Age to the 15th century, to the explorations of Christopher Columbus. He started to introduce the philosophy of evolution into literature, according to the author, because of the misinterpretation and distortion of Darwinism at the end of the 19th century. "The concept of the �bermensch had disastrous consequences in that it led to two world wars, and was destroyed only with the collapse of Germany in 1945. In the course of opposing this fallacious doctrine, I have arrived at a new interpretation of the theory of evolution and its moral implications." The first saga takes place in the most primitive times near a huge volcano and introduces a Prometheus. In the next book an outcast with his woman becomes the father of the Nordic race, rediscovers fire, and founds a new civilization. In the third saga another genius invents wagons and boats driven by oar or sail. The later sagas take the reader to historical times: Cimbrians march to Rome and the Vikings go on their raids. Finally the story ends with Christopher Columbus's voyage to America and his dream of a tropical paradise – the longing for the distant, warm places was central in this and other of Jensen's works. In 1939 Jensen again visited the United States. After the German army invaded Denmark in 1940, he destroyed much of his diaries and letters. Jensen was strongly critical of Fascism and anti-Semitism. Because of the war, no presentation ceremonies were held in Stockholm in 1944, when the author was awarded the Nobel Prize. "Were one to determine the degree of maturity of each nation according to its capacity for reasoning and comprehension, England would come out on top for her sense of realism, and the man who put forward these basically English ideas in a simple, unaffected manner was Charles Darwin." (in 'Nobel Acceptance Speech', 1944) As in the case of the Finnish writer F.E. Sillanp��, who was awarded the prize on the eve of the Winter War in 1939 between Finland and the Soviet Union, the decision of the Swedish Acamedy was undestrod as a gesture of moral support toward the Danish people. Jensen died in Copenhagen on November 25, 1950. During the last years of his life, his writings mostly dealt with the theory of evolution. Africa, which came out in 1949, reflected his interest in natural science. For further reading: 'Scientific Spirit, Spirituality and Spirited Writing: – Spiritualism Between Science, Religion and Literature' by Christiane Barz, in Tijdschrift voor Skandinavistiek, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2010); The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to Present, ed. Michael D. Sollars (2008); 'Americanism, Popular Culture and the Primitive: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Madame D'Ora (1904)' by Michael Cowan, in Orbis Litterarum, Volume 60, Number 2 (2005); 'Johannes V. Jensen's Nobel Prize – the Story of a Homecoming' by Aage J�rgensen, in Studi Nordici, vol. 10 (2005); Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century , Vol. 2, ed. Stephen R. Serafin (1999, vol. 2); Menneskelinien - mellem Johannes V. Jensen og Herman Bang by Poul Houe (1999); World Authors 1900-1950, Vol. 2, ed. Martin Seymour-Smith and Andrew C. Kimmens (1995); Johannes Jensen by S.H. Rossel (1984); A History of Scandinavian Literature, 1870-1980 by Sven H. Rossel (1982); Den unge Johannes V. Jensen by O.Friis (1974); Johannes V. Jensen: Liv og forfatterskab by Leif Nedergaard (1968); Denmark's J.V. Jensen by M.L. Nielsen (1955); Modern Danish Authors, eds. E. Heepe & N. Heltburg (1946) Selected works: Jim Blacksools Revolver. Roman fra der Fjerne Vesten, 1896 (as Ivar Lykke) Falskm�nterbandens Blodig Bog, 1896 (as Ivar Lykke) Nihilistens Ed, 1896 (as Ivar Lykke) Danskere, 1896 Milliontyvenes H�vding eller Den R�de Tiger, 1897 (as Ivar Lykke) Einar Elkj�r, 1898 Himmerlandsfolk, 1898 Intermezzo, 1899 Kongens Fald, 1900-1901 - The Fall of the King (translated by P. T. Federspiel and Patrick Kirwan, 1933; Alan G. Bower, 1992) - Kuningas murtuu: romaani (suom. Aukusti Simojoki, 1946) Den gotiske ren�ssance, 1901 Skovene, 1904 Nye Himmerlandshistorier, 1904 Madame d'Ora, 1904 - Tiedemiehen onneton kohtalo (suom. 1920) Hjulet, 1904 Digte, 1906 Eksotiske noveller, 1907-15 Den nye verden, 1907 Singaporenoveller, 1907 Myter, 1907-45 Nye myter, 1908 Den lange rejse, 1908-22 (6 vols.) - The Long Journey (translated by A. G. Chater, 1922-24) - I: Den tabte land, 1919; II: Br�en, 1908 (I-II, Fire and Ice, 1922); Norne G�st, 1919; IV: Cimbrernes tog, 1922 (III-IV: The Cimbrians, 1923); V: Skibet, 1912; VI: Christofer Columbus, 1922 (V-VI: Christopher Columbus, 1924) - J��tik�n poika: tarukertomus pohjolan j��kaudesta (alkuteos: Br�en, suom. Impi Sirkka, 1913) Lille Ahasverus, 1909 Himmerlandshistorier, Tredje Samling, 1910 Myter, 1910 Nordisk �nd, 1911 Myter, fjerde samling, 1912 Rudyard Kipling, 1912 Olivia Marianne, 1915 Introduktion til vor tidsalder, 1915 Skrifter, 1916 (8 vols.) �rbog, 1916, 1917 Johannes Larsen og hans billeder, 1920 Sangerinden, 1921 �stetik og udviking, 1923 �rstiderne, 1923 Hamlet, 1924 Myter, 1924 Skrifter, 1925 (5 vols.) Evolution og moral, 1925 �rets h�jtider, 1925 Verdens lys, 1926 J�rgine, 1926 Thorvaldsens portr�tbuster, 1926 Dyrenes forvandling, 1927 �ndens stadier, 1928 Ved livets bred, 1928 Retninger i tiden, 1930 Den jyske bl�st, 1931 Form og sj�l, 1931 P� danske veje, 1931 Pisangen, 1932 Kornmarken, 1932 S�lernes �, 1934 Det blivende, 1934 Dr. Renaults fristelser, 1935 Gudrun, 1936 Darduse, 1937 P�skebadet, 1937 Jydske folkelivsmalere, 1937 Thorvaldsen, 1938 Nordvejen, 1939 Fra fristaterne, 1939 Gutenberg, 1939 Marieh�nen, 1941 Vor oprindelse, 1941 Mindets tavle, 1941 Om sproget og undervisningen, 1942 Kvinnen i sagatiden, 1942 Folkeslagene i �sten, 1943 Digte 1901-43, 1943 M�llen, 1943 Afrika, opdagelsesrejserne, 1949 Garden Colonies in Denmark, 1949 Swift og Oehlenschl�ger, 1950 Mytens ring, 1951 Tilblivelsen, 1951 Denmark’s Johannes V. Jensen. Translations from his works and an introductory essay by Marion L. Nielsen, 1955 The Waving Rye, 1959 (tr. R. Bathgate) Grundtanken i mit Forfatterskab, 1968 (foreword by Aage Marcus) Myter og Digte i Udvalg, 1969 (edited by Leif Nedergaard) Himmerlandshistorier, 1973 (edited by Aage Marcus) M�rkets frodighed. Tidlige myter, 1973 (edited by Niels Birger Wamberg) Nordisk foraar: myter, 1999 (edited by Niels Birger Wamberg) Samlede digte, 2006 (edited by Anders Thyrring Andersen et al.) Some rights reserved Petri Liukkonen (author) & Ari Pesonen. Kuusankosken kaupunginkirjasto 2008
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	1	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/biographical/	en	Johannes V. Jensen – Biographical	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	[ "https://www.nobelprize.org/images/jensen-13029-content-portrait-mobile-tiny.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/nobelprizes_2023-1024x676.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1944/jensen/biographical/	Johannes V. Jensen Biographical I was born on the 20th of January, 1873, in a village in North Jutland, the second son of the district veterinary surgeon, H. Jensen, a descendant on both sides of farmers and craftsmen. In 1893, at the age of twenty, I graduated from the Cathedral School of Viborg, and subsequently studied medicine for three years at the University of Copenhagen. I earned my living by my pen until it became necessary for me to choose between further studies and literature. The grounding in natural sciences which I obtained in the course of my medical studies, including preliminary examinations in botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry, was to become decisive in determining the trend of my literary work. My literary career began near the turn of the century with the publication of Himmerlandshistorier (1898-1910) [Himmerland Stories], comprising a series of tales set in that part of Denmark where I was born. This was followed in the years up to 1944 by «legends» and«myths» representing literary forms I have particularly liked, and of which nine volumes have appeared (Myter, 1907-45 [Myths]). I have also written poetry, a few plays, and many essays, chiefly on anthropology and the philosophy of evolution. For many years I was engaged in journalism, writing articles and chronicles for the daily press without ever joining the staff of any newspaper. Nor have I ever belonged to any political party. After extensive journeys to the East, to Malaya and China, and several visits to the United States, I inspired a change in the Danish literature and press by introducing English and American vigour, which was to replace the then dominant trend of decadent Gallicism. The essence of my literary work is to be found in my collection of poems, which may be regarded as a reaction against the fastidious style of the day bearing Baudelaire’s poisonous hall-mark. My poems represented a turn to simple style and sound subject matter (Digte, 1904-41, 1943 [Poems]). A probing analysis of the problems of evolution forms the basis of my prose. During half a century of literary work, I have endeavoured to introduce the philosophy of evolution into the sphere of literature, and to inspire my readers to think in evolutionary terms. I was prompted to do this because of the misinterpretation and distortion of Darwinism at the end of the 19th century. The concept of the Übermensch had disastrous consequences in that it led to two world wars, and was destroyed only with the collapse of Germany in 1945. In the course of opposing this fallacious doctrine, I have arrived at a new interpretation of the theory of evolution and its moral implications. Biographical note on Johannes V. Jensen Johannes V. Jensen (1873-1950) developed his theories of evolution in a cycle of six novels, Den lange rejse (1908-22) [The Long Journey], which was published in a two-volume edition in 1938. From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. Johannes V. Jensen died on 25 November 1950. The Nobel Foundation's copyright has expired.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	79	https://github.com/lhcb/opendata-project/blob/master/Data/nobel.csv	en	opendata-project/Data/nobel.csv at master · lhcb/opendata-project	https://opengraph.githubassets.com/927fe6f4cc1eff06d65a24cfef944ce8181b5f054567321f33a765747a520606/lhcb/opendata-project	https://opengraph.githubassets.com/927fe6f4cc1eff06d65a24cfef944ce8181b5f054567321f33a765747a520606/lhcb/opendata-project	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Contribute to lhcb/opendata-project development by creating an account on GitHub.	en	https://github.com/fluidicon.png	GitHub	https://github.com/lhcb/opendata-project/blob/master/Data/nobel.csv	Skip to content Navigation Menu
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	42	https://www.jensensilver.com/the-lunning-prize	en	The Lunning Prize — Jensensilver.com	https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/51283c25e4b073748df648a0/1542480743598-MLHNS7W3BLSPS23Q3ZQ1/favicon.ico?format=100w	https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/51283c25e4b073748df648a0/1542480743598-MLHNS7W3BLSPS23Q3ZQ1/favicon.ico?format=100w	[ "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/51283c25e4b073748df648a0/3fc265f3-2580-48de-bcbb-688e2bd8c0cb/logo.jpg?format=1500w" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/51283c25e4b073748df648a0/1542480743598-MLHNS7W3BLSPS23Q3ZQ1/favicon.ico?format=100w	Jensensilver.com	https://www.jensensilver.com/the-lunning-prize	The Lunning Prize published by the Nationalmuseum, Stockholm English translation by Olivia Cole Collin, Patrick Hort, Henrik Jul-Hansen Elizabeth Seeberg, and the English Center, Helsinki For twenty years, between 1951 and 1971, the Lunning Prize was considered the "Nobel Prize" of Scandinavian Design, and was awarded every year to two young designers whom showed the most promise in the decorative arts. Meant to promote the arts and to give these young designers a chance to gain more worldly experience (and recognition), and over its time, awarded today's equivalent of over half a million dollars, which was to be used to fund expeditions where the winners would be able to study and be inspired by the decorative arts in the countries they visited. Frederik Lunning had originally set up shop in New York in the early 1920's as the only shop selling Georg Jensen in the United States, at a time when no one else thought that the American public would have any interest in Danish design. Taking a huge risk, he set up shop on 53rd Street, and quickly met with success. It wasn't very long until until he moved to Fifth Avenue, and expanded his shop. Afterwards, he started selling Royal Copenhagen, and many other Scandinavian pieces. World War II came and quickly put a stop to the imports from Denmark, and other Scandinavian countries, due to occupation and the need for metals and other raw materials for the war efforts. Due to this lack of goods perhaps, Lunning's shop soon started carrying goods from the United States, and after the war, efforts were made to regain the focus on Scandinavian design that it once possessed in prior years. Much collaboration between the Nordic nations had existed during the 40's, as the concept of Scandinavian design started to recover from the war. Many companies, like Georg Jensen whom survived the war and during shortages of silver started working with iron and steel, could once again start to grow and expand again. In 1946, the first Nordic Art Industry Conference was hosted by Denmark, it's main theme being the housing situation. Three more conferences were to be held, The nest in 1948 in Oslo, Norway, to discuss design training, and two years later in Sweden on the Art Industry market, and the final in Helsinki, Finland, featuring Alvar Aalto's lecture on standardization in 1954. The Nordic countries weren't just strengthening their bonds during this time, but also started exhibiting in the United States, as with the Scandinavia at Table exhibit, featuring place settings, flatware, and the like from many prominent design firms. Over a course of three years, and visiting 17 states and 3 Canadian Provinces, with 658,264 attendees, the exhibit was quite a success, and an achievement for Erik Herlow, whom, as architect for the exhibition, found many elegant solutions for the transport and construction of the traveling displays. It was during this period that the Lunning Prize was initiated. With the intention of drawing attention to Georg Jensen and other Scandinavian companies, as well as creating good will amongst the design community and to aid young designers in their craft, the Lunning prize was established and on December 21st, 1951, the 70th birthday of Mr. Fredrick Lunning, the first award was given. Two artists, chosen by a committee of eight members, two from each of the participating countries, (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland), one of whom was appointed by the Georg Jensen Silversmithy, (of whom Frederick Lunning and later his son, Just Lunning headed), and the other by the national society for the arts and design from the representative country, (though, for the first six years, only the members elected by Georg Jensen could vote, though this was changed in 1957). The award was designated "to support talented and original Nordic craftsmen and industrial designers - preferably young persons - for whom a carefully planned and lengthy period of study abroad stands to be of great or decisive importance for their artistic development and practical performance." Though the Lunning Prize itself might have been short lived, it's not hard to see how the travels funded by the prize left long lasting impressions upon the winners, and in turn, how much impact the winners themselves have left upon the world of design. 1951 Hans J. Wegner Hans J. Wegner was born in 1914 and by 1931 finished his apprenticeship as a joiner before attending the Technological Institute in Copenhagen as a joiner in 1936. He then studied at the School of Art, Crafts and Design in 1938 before coming a furniture designer primarily for Johannes Hansens Mobelsnedkeri A/S. He also worked for a number of design firms, including Arne Jacobsen between 1938 and 1942. He later became a teacher at the School of Arts, Crafts and Design in 1946 and then beceoming a lecturer in 1953. Among the other awards he won were the Grand Prix in 1951, the gold medal and Diplome d'Honneur in 1954, and the silver medal in 1957 for the Milan Triennial. Hans J. Wegner was awarded the Lunning Prize in 1951 for his amazing achievements in renewing the traditional styles of Danish furniture. His ability to understand wood and bring out its greatest possibilities. Working with cane and paper seats and graceful curves in wood, with a restrained design, he created many beautiful chairs and other pieces of furniture. His later works often had their roots in previous works, his Peacock Chair harkening to the traditional Windsor chair for example, however his designs were incredibly innovative. His Valet chair doubled as a rack to hang a gentleman's suit, and his folding chair in 1949 easily hung against a wall. Incredibly enough, it was his design, "The Chair", that was used during the presidential debates between Nixon and Kennedy in 1960. Being one of the first awarded the Lunning Prize, he set forth the ideas that the prize was to represent. One of his best quotes regarding design was, "Many foreigners have asked me how we made the Danish style. And I've answered that it...was rather a continuous process of purification, and for me of simplification, to cut down to the simplest possible elements of four legs, a seat and combined top rail and arm rest." Tapio Wirkkala Tapio Wirkkala was born in 1915, and studied at the Institute of Industrial Arts in Helsinki from 1933- 36. He later worked for Iittala Glassworks from 1946 -85, Rosenthal from 1956-82, hackman from 1961-70, Venini from 1965-82, and Westerback from 1955-85. He was an Honorary Royal Designer of Industry for London, England in 1964, and awarded doctor honoris causa for the Royal College of Arts in 1971. He was also took prizes from the Milan Triennal in 1951, 1954, 1960, and 1963 amongst the many, many other awards he won during his incredibly prolific life. Tapio Wirkala is primarily known for his works in glass, which he had started as early as 1946 with a competition sponsored by Iittala Glassworks for engraved glass models,and the very next year, won an award for Finland's competition for bank note design, which remained in circulation for many years. Most of his designs were naturally inspired: melting ice was a common theme, but also leaves and mushrooms. His designs for Iittala were revolutionary and called for new techniques and his most exemplary work for the company, his "Ultima Thule" (Most Northern) glasssware that took on the gorgeous look of dripping icicles. often his original designs were carved out using a traditional Finnish knife, later to be also be designed by Wirkkala and produced by Hackman Cutlery. Wirkkala worked continuously and in all manner of fields. With Rosethal he helped collaborate on a number of porcelain lines, he dabbled in jewelry, lamps, and even wooden sculpture. Even the mundane, like ketchup bottles and the Finlandia vodka bottle, were beautifully rendered by his artful hands. Of design he had once said, "All materials have their own unwritten laws... You should never be violent with a material you're working on, and the designer should aim at being in harmony with his material." 1952 Carl-Axel Acking Carl-Axel Acking was born in 1910 and studied interior design at the National college of Art, Craft, and Design from 1930-34 before studying architecture at the Institute of Technology in Stockholm from 1934-39. From there he opened his own design studio in 1939 and was a designer for the Swedish Cooperative Union and Wholesale Society, Nordiska Kompaniet, Svenska Mobelfabrikerna, Bodafors, Hantverket and Johnson Line. He was the architect of several buildings including Siris Chapel in Torsby, Telhus in Ludvika with Sven Hesselgren and Birgitta Church. He also participated in the World Exhibitions in Paris in 1937 and in New York in 1939. When Carl-Axel Acking won the Lunning Prize, it was later in his career when he headed the teaching staff for interior design of the National College of Art, Craft, and Design. In addition to his many contributions to Sweden's architecture, of which he also wrote many books, he worked extensively with plywoods and veneers as well as bent woods, creating a number of incredibly functionalist designs. His armchair design is unique in its construction: its manufacturing openly displayed all its hardware: a chair that was, simply what it was, its design purely an expression of its construction, purpose and materials. Much of this characterized his other designs for such things as telephone booths, hotel funishings, and even vending machines. Grete Prytz-Kittelsen Grete Prytz-Kittelsen was born in 1917 and studied at the National College of Art and Design in Oslo from 1936-41. Grete worked in her family's firm, J. Tolstrup in Oslo from 1945 -84, and in the Milan Triennial she took the Grand Prix in 1954 and gold medals in 1957 and 1961. She then was on the World Crafts Council board from 1968 til 1983, and an honorary member in 1984, as well as the President of the Norwegian National Association of Arts and Crafts from 1975-78. Grete Prytz Kittelsen benefited greatly from her family's involvement in the jewelry trade, as well as the international connections she had formed throughout her life. Her family's firm had been established in 1832, and produced a long line of goldsmiths, of which, Grete was trained to be part of the fifth generation of the family trade. It was while working under the family trade that she became exposed to enamelwork, an artform which she would would spend her life reinventing and pushing boundaries with. Most remarkably, she would revolutionize the engraving technique on the surfaces with which enamelwork was done. Previously, most enamellers would use the traditional guilloche technique which would only remove a thin layer of base metal, limiting the depth of color achieved. Instead Grete started by hand engraving using a cutter similar to a dentist drill which would allow greater precision as well as greater freedom in how she could cut the base metals upon which she would work, allowing for deeper cuts (and thus deeper colors) as well as unique textures beneath the surface. It was during the 1952 exhibition, "Light on the enamel art of Norway" held at the Oslo Museum of Applied Art that she made such a deep impression with her works, displaying a deep blue dish approximately 70 cm wide. Many other pieces would follow, including many items of jewelry,(The "Domino" series of finger rings comes to mind) as well as a number of bowls, dishes, plates and utensils for Catherineholm, for which there is even today great interest amongst collectors of her various patterns, notably, "Lotus" with its cheerful colors and simple leaf like designs, and many of her enameled plates with their ghostly patterns of lines, and simple geometric shapes surfacing amidst a deep ocean of color. Even to this day, she continues to work in design and enamelwork, having started once again after returning from a trip to China in 2003. 1953 Tias Eckhoff Tias Eckhoff was born in 1926 and received his diploma from the National College of Applied Arts in Oslo in 1949. A fair portion of his earlier career was attached to Porsgrunds Porcelaensfabrik from 1949,where he became an art director from 1953-60, design advisor in 1960, and from 1974 a member of the board of directors. Also a consultative designer for Trio-Ving A/S, Georg Jensen silversmithy, Lundtofte Design, and Norsk Stalpress. He also won a number of gold medals, One during the Milan Triennial in 1954, and two in 1957. In 1953, he designed Cypress for Georg Jensen, coincidentally the same year he was awarded the Lunning Prize. In June of 2007, he was awarded the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav for his "excellent service to Country and mankind". Tias Eckhoff belongs to that rare breed of designers whose incredible artistic sense develops early and whose abilities withstand the test of time. Although very well known for his immensely popular flatware sets, including Maya and Inca for Norsk Stalpress, and the exceptional aforementioned Cypress for Georg Jensen, Tias also designed a number of porcelain patterns for Porsgrunds, such as The Fluted One, with its delicate ridges on simplified forms. In fact, many of his designs were for everyday items, including stackable chairs of molded plastic, keys for Trio-Ving, and many others. Even though he was trained as a ceramicist, his method for design is incredibly thorough and rational. Not just aesthetic beauty, and functional purpose, but research and development, production methods and price: all are considered within his designs. "The most important thing was to have a viable idea when you start on a new project, a vision. But there is no easy task - industrial design can be compared with a complicated crossword puzzle," he says. "There are many aspects to consider. Besides the actual design, one must also consider the material, rational production and price... When I have worked with smaller companies, I have always had had in mind that I as a designer also has responsibility for business and jobs." Click HERE to read more about Tias Eckhoff Click HERE to see Cypress in Stock Henning Koppel Henning Koppel was born in 1918 and died in 1981. He studied at the sculptor's school of the Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1936-37 and the Acedemie Ranson in Paris from 1938 to 1939. During the Second World War he resided in Sweden working as a painter before returning to Denmark to design for Georg Jensen Silversmithy and then for Grondahls Porcelainfabrik since 1961. He won gold medals in the Milan Triennial in 1951, 1954, and 1957. Henning Koppel possessed an incredible personality and a devotion to precision and mastery over the materials he worked with that can be seen in all his creations, large or small. His sculptural background, shows in his designs, with an incredibly organic plasticine almost fluid look which separates his works from the functionalist designers of his time. Most notable from his designs are his amoebic jewelry, as well as the flatware patterns, Caravel, produced as the first stainless steel set for Georg Jensen, New York, an incredibly popular set designed for the New York's World Fair, and Strata, the most successful set, with plastic plates which could withstand the dishwasher's wear and tear. His Form 24 series for Grondahls, ( to be part of Royal Copenhagen), pushed the limits of his medium once again, rendered beautifully in its pure white surfaces, making it a timeless classic, much like his works for Georg Jensen. His early death was a tragic loss for the world of design. Click HERE to read more about the life of Henning Koppel Click HERE to see Caravel in Stock Click HERE to see Strata in Stock 1954 Ingeborg Lundin Born in 1921, Ingelborg Lundin studied at the National College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm in 1941-46. From there she became a designer for Orrefors from 1947 - 71 as part of the third generation of designers for the company. In 1957 she took a gold medal at the Milan Triennial, and her first designs for the company countered the trend towards engravings, preferring the crisp sleekness of the unadorned clear glass, as seen in her hourglass shaped vases, and her most well known piece, the Apple vase. Afterwards, her pieces would sometimes feature cut decorations in geometric or abstract patterns, however the graceful shapes, ethereal feel, and the masterful simplicity of her art glass would earn her the title, "The Balenciaga of glass" and a symbol of Swedish art glass. Jens H. Quistgaard Jen H. Quistgaard was born in 1919, and at a very early age learned to carve and sculpt wood, and by 15 years of age, had begun working with iron. Having apprenticed under Just Andersen at the Georg Jensen silversmithy, it wasn't until he met Ted Nierenberg in 1954, the same year he took hom a number of gold and silver medals at the Milan Triennial, and using Jens Quistgaard's unique designs, founded Dansk International, being the primary designer for the firm. It was his incredible knowledge and understanding of the materials he would use as well as his simple yet refined designs which felt at home in virtually any household, that elevated Dansk to its international status today. His cheerfully colored and unique Kobenstyle enamel cookware and wooden stave, turned teak bowls overflow with warmth and beauty combined with high functionality and durability. Jen Quistgaard also designed a number of equally warm and inviting flatware patterns, including Fjord, a stainless steel set with teak handles, as well as his Flamestone ceramics with their unique texture in a charcoal grey surface. 1955 Ingrid Dessau Ingrid Dessau was born in 1923 and studied at the National College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm from 1935-35, before working for the Hand Craft Society of Kristianstad County from 1945-49. Working as a freelance designer for hand knotted and tufted carpets since 1953, she also designed for Kastalls Mattfabrik from 1954-78, and Kinnasand AB from 1970-84. By the early 1950's, Ingrid Dessau was one of the leading textile designers in Sweden. Her debut in at Gallerie Moderne in 1953 was a huge success, where soon after she was designing some of the best selling fabric designs for Kasthall, giving the company worldwide recognition. Many of her designs take inspiration from varied sources, from nature to citiscapes, such as was for her Manhattan line, a series of geometric squares and rectangles resembling the cityscape's night time lights. After a number of freelance designs, in 1991, Ingrid Dessau would design the table linens for the celebration of the 90th year of the prestigious Nobel Prize. "Nobel", a gorgeous set of linens durable enough for everyday use, drew inspiration for a beautiful checked pattern woven at Dylta Mill. Kaj Franck Kaj Franck was born in 1911 and studied at the Central School of Industrial Arts in the department of furniture in Helsinki from 1929-32 before becoming a designer for lighting fixtures and textiles from 1933-45 before working as a designer for Wartsila-Arabia (later to be Iittala Group) from 1945-73, and artistic director from 1968-73. He was also artistic director and teacher of the Institute of Industrial Arts in Helsinki from 1960-68, and Professor h.c. 1973. He also took a Grand Prix in the 1957 Milan Triennial. Although even Kaj Franck admits to being a mediocre student whose ability to draw was his saving grace during his earliest years, it wasn't until he met Kurt Eckholm in 1945, the artistic director for Arabia, whom was looking for someone to bring a fresh functionalist line to the company, which until then was known mostly for its more ornamental ceramics, that he really began to shine. Functionalism had flourished in Finland as early as the 1930's, and it was Franck, whom drew inspiration from such people as French cubist Braque, that reinvented the line, with his "Kilta" tableware, which he is perhaps most well known for. His overall design principle was that all ornamentation be removed. A good design had to be functional, easy to use and clean, durable, and fitting to the materials it used. He developed a number of stunning glass works, developing new and rediscovering old techniques in the development of art glass. More than traditional glass blowing, the manufacturing of glass through automatic press inspired him, and gave him the freedom to experiment. In 1947 he shared first prize in an Iittala competition with other Lunning Prize winner, Tapio Wirkkala. Later on he would design the "Kartio" series of pressed glass jugs and glasses for Iittala, and in 1977 his "Teema" design would consist of 19 pieces, all focusing on the most basic geometric shapes: the circle, the square, and the cone. It was also during his later period, in 1979, that he would design an entire service in plastic for Sarvis Oy, demonstrating the democratic and social ideologies of the functionalist movement. In 1992, the Design Forum of Finland established the Kaj Franck Award to be given each year to the designer whose work best embodied the spirit of Kaj Franck. "An object must survive upon its own conditions instead of the designer's name, and design is an important part of those conditions." 1956 Nanna & Jorgen Ditzel Nanna was born in 1923, two years after her husband, Jorgen. Jorgen Ditzel had competed his apprenticeship as a furniture upholsterer in 1939 and attended the same School of Arts, Crafts, and Design in Copenhagen as his wife, where he graduated in 1944, two years before his wife. Both had owned a studio together since 1946, and won Silver Medals in 1951, 1954 and 1957, and finally culminating in a gold medal in 1960 in the Milan Triennial of each respective year. Nanna and Jorgen Ditzel's venture into freelance design work was a bit unusual for its time in Denmark. Both had trained in furniture making, and as a result their earlier years were spent designing a number of chairs and other related pieces. In 1950, they won first prize in a competition by the Cabinetmaker's Guild with a unique chair, described as "a basket to sit in", which hung suspended from the ceiling and had a solid wooden framework from which it was constructed. Much of Nanna Ditzel's furniture designs were in a similar design vein: taking inspiration from unexpected sources and combining in with traditional craftsmanship to created truly beautiful works of art. Furniture wasn't the only thing the Ditzel's designed. From textiles, including a stunning line of viscose and wool fabrics in pastel color, as well as carpets, wallpapers, glass, ceramics, cookware,and of course, her jewelry for Georg Jensen. Many of her jewelry pieces would become classics, including her bracelet and necklace designs, No. 111 in 1955, with its gorgeous sculptural geometric design with polished surfaces, taking its inspiration for Iron Age jewelry, yet wholly modern in its final design. Although her husband, Jorgen Ditzel had died early at only 40 years old, Nanna Ditzel was more than able to continue with her design work, winning numerous awards for her design work, well into the late 90's and on. Timo Sarpaneva Timo Sarpaneva was born in 1926, and studied at the Graphic Arts Department of the Central School of Applied Arts in Helsinki from 1941-48. Afterward, he was an independent artist for and the head of the exhibition section at the Karhula-Iittala glassworks since 1950, as well as teacher at the College of Applied Arts where he graduated since the the mid 50's. He gained a number of honorary titles, incuding Royal Designer for Industry from the Royal Society of the Arts in London in 1963, Doctor h.c. Of the Royal College of Arts in London in 1967, Professor h.c. Acedemico de Honor Extranjero, Academia de Diseno, University of Mexico City in 1985, and Honorary Doctor, University of Design in Helsinki in 1993. He also took silver medals in the Milan Triennials of 1951, 1957, and 1960, as well as Grand Prix in 1951 and 1957. Timo Sarpaneva's designed in a number of materials, including ceramics, cast iron (including a pot whose wooden carrying "handle" doubled as bar for removing the hot lid), stainless steel, silver, paintings, and most notably, glass. Many of his glass works would evolve around the methods of production he would also invent, such as when he created his glass sculptures kayak, in 1953, or vase of Orchids in 1954 utilizing his steam blowing technique. He also created the well known i-line for Iittala, which was a huge combinative line, with over 200 different combinations of item, size, and color, and which broke a number of established ideas regarding the mechanical manufactury of decorative as well as utility glass at the time. His ability to capture light, as well as color are renowned, often compared to looking through ice beneath the sea. He also is responsible for the iconic Iittala logo, which is also one of his designs. His other works include the Suomi line for Rosenthal, an unusual rounded square line of dinner plates, which was made part of the permanent collection of the Centre Pompidou in Paris for its incredible contemporary design. 1957 Hermann Bongard Hermann Bongard was born in 1921, and was educated at the National College of Applied Art in Oslo from1938-41, before being attached to the Christiania Glasmagasin/Hadelands Glassverk as a designer from 1947-55. He then became an advisor to Figgio Fajanse from 1957-63, and art director at Plus-Workshops in Fredrikstad from 1960-64. Later, he was chief design advisor to J.W. Cappelens publishing firm from 1966-68, and from 1971, senior teacher at the graphic design department of the National College of Applied Art. He took gold and silver medals at the Milan Triennial in 1954. Hermann Bongard started out as a glassworker and engraver for Christiania, where he later developed a number of art glass pieces, as well as a few series of drinking glasses, such as Hermann, Ambassador, Liqueur and Tullik. Hermann was an incredibly versatile designer, however, and it was at Figgio Fajansefabrik that he would design a number of fireproof dishes and tableware, a beautiful supple form to the materials used. Erik Hoglund Erik Hoglund was born in 1932 and studied at the National College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm from 1948-53, and designed for Boda Bruks AB from 1953 until 1973, and from then on as a sculptor in Stockholm, working with bronze, wood, and stone. By the 1950's, the world of Scandinavian glass was taking on a set look with specific characteristics of its own, primarily as being clean cut and refined, with the thinnest of glass and slender designs. Erik Hoglund was an artist in the field of glassworks whose designs went against this view, creating thick earthy designs with bubbles throughout, considered an imperfection in the works of many of his contemporaries' pieces. Many pieces were also engraved or pressed with gorgeous motifs appearing as though they were inspired by ancient cultures, or from animals in nature, and the human form, and the colors he would use, deep tobacco browns, and deep ambers, as well as deep greens and blues as well as a number of other fantastic colors. Other materials would capture his attention and soon he moved on to his more sculptural works, and in particular, a lot of his work in the 1980's consisted of a yellow type of brick, which lent itself to sculpting before firing. 1958 Poul Kjaerholm Poul Kjaerholm was born in 1929 and finished his apprenticeship as a joiner in 1948. He then studied at the School of Arts, Crafts, and Design in copenhagen, and graduated in 1952, before studying at the furniture school of the royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1953-59. He then designed for E. Kold Christensen in Copenhagen. He also spent a number of years teaching, at the School of Arts, Crafts, and Design from 1952-55, at the royal Academy in 1955, and lecturer in 1959 as well as professor in 1976. He also won the Grand Prix in 1957 and a gold medal in 1960 at the Milan Triennials of the respective years. Poul Kjaerholm's career was unfortunately cut short with his death in 1980, but not without already leaving his mark upon the world of Danish furniture. Poul Kjaerholm's furniture, typically considered "Classical Modern" had pulled from functionalist ideals at the time with influences from Bauhaus, and uses natural materials as an aesthetic source of warmth to otherwise colder designs and contrasting materials of chrome plated steel. The PK22 chair, to which is accredited to his award of the Lunning Prize, has a simple chromed metal base with a weaved cane seat and back wrapped in leather with straight lines and beautiful proportions. Another notable design was the PK 61 table whose graceful legs protrude outward overextending from its base, creating the illusion of being suspended midair. Many of his pieces are part of the permanent collection in the Museum of Modern Art in New York, as well as the V&A Museum in London. One of his last designs was a beautiful woven folding chair in maple for the concert hall in Louisiana. Signe Persson-Melin Signe Persson-Melin was born in 1925 and studied atr the National College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm 1945-46, and 1948-50 and in between at the School of Aarts, Crafts, and Design in Copenhagen from 1947-48. She owned her own studio in Malmo from 1951-66, and designed for Kosta Boda AB from 1967-77, as well as a designer at Boda Nova since 1979. Since 1980 she has designed for Rorstrand, and was appointed her first professorship at the National College of Art, Craft and Design in Stockholm in 1985. Signe Persson-Melin has specialized in pottery for over 50 years, and although her designs have been brought to llife in glass and other materials, it is stoneware that she is most well known for. During her breakout success at the H55 exhibition, she debuted with a series of spice jars with a rustic appearance, yet strong forms. The contents labeled clearly in bold lettering and unglazed exposed clay. Many later pieces would carry similar elements: unadorned geometric forms, the exposed natural earthiness of the clay accentuating various pieces, and in a number of cases, beautifully textured pattern surfaces. The forms in particular lend a strong functionalist element to the design, and yet somehow lend a sense of traditional beauty, even in her glass forms. Of her designs, she says, "My work is simple - not trendy. Classic but still right for the times." Biography Coming Soon 1959 Arne Jon Jutrem Arne Jon Jutrem was born in 1929 and studied at the National College of Art and Design in Oslo from 1946-50, and was a pupil of Fernand Leger in 1952, and spent several periods of time studying in Paris from 1968-72. He was a designer at Hadeland Glassworks from 1950-62 and took part in the foundation of the Norwegian Association of Arts and Crafts in 1963, as well as chairman of the association from 1963-66. He also was a member of the board of the National College of Art and Design from 1965-67 and chairman of the board from 1967-70. He was also member of the board of the Norwegian Design Centre from 1964-71 and held the position of Read of Aesthetics at the National Teacher Training College in Oslo. Arne Jon Jutrem had taken a gold medal at the Milan Triennial of 1954. Arne Jon Jutrem was one of the first Norwegian designers working in electronics, and had designed a number of items such as refrigerators, electric heaters and cookers for National Industri. He also worked in a number of other mass produced designs during this time, including furniture wall paper and textiles as well as postage stamps, books, posters and other materials. It was really in glassworks, however, that he made his greatest impression. During his time at Hadeland Glassworks that he designed a number of glassware sets for mass production as well as a number of stunning examples of art glass, where his depth of color and emphasis on form truly shined, displaying a number of pieces of glass, along side a furniture set in steel and glass at the Montreal World Exhibition. Afterwards, he then started to focus on painting however also designed a number of larger pieces during this time. Antti Nurmesniemi Antii Nurmesniemi was born in 1927, and after being educated at the College of Applied Arts in Helsinki, he graduated as an interior designer in 1950. From there hew worked with architect Viljo Rewell from 1951-56, and Giovanni Romano from 1954-55 in Milan. He owned his own freelance studio from 1956, and was a member of the European Council of Science, Art, and Culture in 1982. He took silver medals in both 1957 and 1964 as well as Grand Prix in 1960 as well as 1964 in the Milan Triennials of the respective years. Antii Nurmesniemi's work was prolific, and worked hard towards promoting Finnish design internationally. Designing a number of objects, from his Antii Telephone with Fujitsu Ltd. In Japan with its ultra slim flat design and sensuously arched handset, to a number of enamelware pieces for Wartsila in deep colors with simplified shapes, as well as a number of larger projects including the underground cars for the city of Helsinki with Borje Rajalin. 1960 Torun Bulow-Hube Torun Bulow Hube was born in 1927 and studied at the National College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm and owned her own studio there shortly after from 1951-56. Afterwards Torun moved to Paris and Biot in France where she lived and worked from 1956-68. During that time she had also opened a studio of her own again from 1958 onwards till she moved once again and opened her studios in Wolfburg and Wendhausen, West Germany from 1968-78. She later moved to Indonesia in 1978 and opened a studio there in 1979. Torun had been a freelance designer for the Georg Jensen Silversmithy since 1967, and won a gold medal at the Milan Triennial of 1960. Torun was one of the few women to gain international renown as a designer, and one of the first internationally recognized female silversmiths. Some of her first designs were a series of necklaces made from wire and rattan, as though an homage to the necklaces of the tribes of Africa. Many of her designs had a simple fluidity to them, working within a singular plane, a single piece of silver artfully manipulated into an almost sculptural but wholly organic shape. Torun spent a number of years working within certain shapes, including a number of pieces based on the Mobius strip, a geometric shape with a single side, or with a twisted loop, the symbol representing infinity, and various later pieces based on the spiral. Torun drew much inspiration from nature and its natural forms, and her famous mobile necklaces were inspired from the pebbles she collected on a walk along the beach of the Mediterranean Sea. During an exhibition at the Louvre, whose theme revolved around "Objects you Hate", she designed her bangle watch, which has no numerals, and a mirrored face, with the most beautiful minimalist design. It was this watch that was one of the first wristwatches ever to be put into production, and is perhaps one of their most recognized watch designs. Click HERE to read more about Torun Vibeke Klint Vibeke Klint was born in 1927 and attended the Weaving Class of in the workshop of Gerda Henning at the School of Arts, Crafts, and Design from 1949-50, and studied at Aubusson with Jean Lurcat at St Cere, as well as with Pierre Wemaere in Brittany in 1951. Afterwards, she owned her own workshop, succeeding her teacher, Gerda Henning, completing a number of textile commissions. She designed carpets for A/S C. Oleson and other design projects for production since 1956. Weaving textiles is different from many other artistic endeavors of design, in that often the quality and craftsmanship present is of greater importance than artistic free will. Vibeke Klint had trained under one of the foremost Danish weavers of the generation preceding her, Gerda Henning, and with a mastery of the art gained relatively early, Vibeke continued to produce textiles of the highest quality through the traditional methods at a time when experimentation was the norm. With only a few patterns and with great inspiration from weavers in other countries, she would continue to impress with the timelessness of her works. Bold in color, yet restrained and with simplicity in design characterized many of her designs. She also did a number of tapestries, including her most well known, The Good Samaritan, signed by Palle Nielsen and hung in Frederica Hall. 1961 Bertel Gardberg Bertel Gardberg was born in 1916 and was educated at the Goldsmith's School from 1938-41 and the Central School for Applied Arts in Helsinki where he owned his own workshop since 1949. He was artistic director of the Kilkenny Design Workshop in Ireland from 1966-68 and head of design as well as technical director of Rionor in Kilkenny from 1968-71. Afterward, he taught in Finland since 1971, and had many commissions as a designer in Denmark, France, and the United States as both craftsman and designer. He was a member of the Academy of Finland in 1982, and won gold medals in 1954 as well as 1957 and silver medals in 1960 for the Milan Triennials of the respective years. Bertel Gardberg designed in many materials, including silver, steel, wood, and stone. He is perhaps most well known for his flatware patterns including Triennale, which was made in 1957, with graceful lines and contrasting wood handles. Also made that year was Carelia for Hackman, another exceptional design in stainless steel with simple, gracefully tapering handles. Also for Hackman, he designed cooking pans, including Canton, a gorgeous design with wooden handles, a contrast beautiful juxtaposition also found in a mocha service in silver from his own studio. Bertel Gardberg also design a number of jewelry pieces for Georg Jensen in sterling silver. More than a designer, Bertel could be considered a craftsman, giving special meaning to the way he worked with his hands to form his works of beauty. "It is not just the brain that thinks, as every craftsman knows. The hands think too, when they work with various materials. The hands transmit information to the brain. And between the hands and the brain lies the human heart, and love for the work. You have to respect the qualities of the material. And you do that by building things with your own hands. Then the construction and the dimensions come out right." Erik Ploen Erik Ploen was born in 1925 and trained as a ceramist at Schneider and Knudsen's pottery in Oslo from 1941-44 and from there owned his own workshop in 1946 where he began his stoneware production in 1957. He was also a guest professor at the University of Chicago from 1963-64. Erik Ploen never received any formal education on his art, but instead learned through his experience as an apprentice. From early on his stoneware took on a dense, thick walled style with rich natural glazes and geometric design. Often his designs took inspiration from the natural world, and is reflected in his glazing, often further taking inspiration from stones. During his time at The University of Chicago, he installed a gas fired kiln, which allowed for reduction firing, a method that allowed for baking ceramics with a reduced influx of oxygen, allowing for different glazes to be used. This was a new technique in the world of Scandinavian ceramics, and the pieces by Erik Ploen of the time show his experimentation with these new colors, including fantastic oxblood reds, grey-blues and blue-blacks. 1962 Hertha Hillfon Hertha Hillfon was born in 1921 and studied at the National College of Art, Craft and Design in Stockholm from 1953-57. Afterward she owned her own studio in Stockholm since 1959, and was a member of the Swedish Academy of Fine Arts since 1971. Hertha Hillfon primarily creates her sculptures in ceramics, breathing life into their forms with beautiful glazes and was one of the first free sculptors in Sweden. Although a number of her works exist in other mediums, such as bronze, as with her "Frida the Rabbit" a beautifully rendered figure seated upon a large rabbit, invoking a slightly asiatic feel, her primary medium has been clay with free flowing glazes, and abstract shapes, as well as human figures and monumental masks. A number of her ceramic pieces have also been functional, and are displayed in her studio, with freshly baked bread, or fresh apples. Kristian Vedel Kristian Vedel was born in 1923 and completed his apprenticeship as a cabinetmaker in 1942. He then was educated at the School of Architecture of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts as well as the Furniture Design Department of the School of Arts, Crafts, and Design in Copenhagen in 1946, where he then lectured from 1953-56. From 1969-72 he organized and led the Department of Industrial Design of the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Since 1961 he has owned his own design studio with Ane Vedel and was chairman of the Industrial Designers of Denmark. From 1966-68. He took a silver medal in the 1957 Milan Triennial and gold in 1960. Kristian Vedel's did much to encourage the world of industrial design at home as well as abroad, promoting he ideals of the betterment of society through design. In an interview he is quoted as say, "The starting point for an industrial artist's work must always be that he, from his own point of view, and as objectively as possible, takes a position with regard to what he feels society and his fellow men need; he must personally take a stand on the existing possibilities and responsibilities." It was due to this effort that he was awarded the Lunning Prize of 1962, and was demonstrated through his efforts in the IDD and in founding the first department of industrial design in Africa, as a place for research and development. Kristian Vedel's designs were as innovative and as forward thinking as his educational works. He designed many pieces of furniture, including a series of module multipurpose forms, including a series of simple tray tables, as well as a line of children's furniture made of bent plywood with sectional plywood inserts, which could easily be arranged and rearranged into a table, a stool, a set of shelves, or other highly functional and fun pieces. Also recently re-released are his family of birds, a highly expressive design and coming in four different sizes, made of carved oak, they are making a second debut after their immense popularity during the 1950's. 1963 Karin Bjorquist Karin Bjorquist was born in 1927 and studied at the national College of Art, Craft and Design in Stockhold from 1945 to 1950. From 1950 onwards she was an assistant to Wilhelm Kage at Gustavsberg since 1950, and artistic director since 1980. She also won a gold medal at the 1954 Milan Triennial. Karin Bjorquist, a Swedish ceramicist, designed a number of table settings for Gustavsberg, including Cobalt, a series with simple lines and a gorgeous deep blue glaze, as well as other works such as the Nobel series, also designed for the ninetieth anniversary of the Nobel Prize, a collaboration with textile designs by Ingrid Dessau and cutlery by Gunnar Cyren, also Lunning Prize winners. Her series of pots in stoneware, "Marmite", was successful, with its deep brownish black glaze and exposed contrasting edges and thick walls, almost complimentary to her "Everyday" line in vitreous china, and glazed in green with a white edging. Borje Rajalin Borje Rajalin was born in 1933 and studied at the Institute of Industrial Arts in the department of metal design in Helsinki in 1955. He worked in the workshop of another Lunning Prize Winner, Bertel Gardberg, and designed for Oy Tillander from 1952-56. Afterward, he owned his own design studio since 1956, as well as designing for Kalevala Koru. He was a teacher at the Institute of Industrial arts in the department of Design, as well as director of the Trade School of Industrial Design in Helsinki from 1969-71. During the 1960 Milan Triennial, he won a gold medal. Applying himself to a number of projects, including the underground train cars with Antii Nurmesniemi, he is probably most well known for his work with Kalevala Koru, redesigning their silver line. Having trained as a silversmith under Bertel Gardberg, he had developed a similar respect for the craftsmanship demanded by his materials, and his designs are stunning in their simplicity. Utilizing sterling silver and Finnish gold, he accentuates the semiprecious stones he uses in his works with designs of simplicity: either a band or a simple geometric design. His jewelry has always been created with enhancing the wearer's beauty, rather than draw attention to the jewelry itself. 1964 Vuokko Eskolin-Nurmesniemi Vuokko Eskolin-Nurmesniemi was born in 1930 and studied at the Institute of Industrial Arts in the ceramics department in Helsinki from 1948-52, and then worked as a designer for Wartsila-Arabia from 1952-53 followed by Printex-Marimeko from 1953-60, and Wartsila-Nuutajarvi Glass from 1956-57. From 1960-62 she produced her own printed and woven fabrics as well as rugs, and was a teacher of composition at the Institute of Industrial Arts in Helsinki from 1964-65. She established her own textile business, Vuokko Oy in 1964. She won a gold medal in the 1957 Milan Triennial, and shared the grand Prix in 1964. She is married to fellow Lunning Prize winner, Antii Nurmesniemi. Although trained as a ceramicist, Vuokko Eskolin-Nurmesniemi did very little in ceramics and glass. Instead she is most well known for her clothing designs buring the 1950's. In many ways her designs pushed forward new manufacturing techniques and fabric designs for Printex and Marimekko are revolutionary. Hand printed fabric was incredibly new for the time, and it was in fact the use of layering stencils, utilizing one color, then reversing the stencil and using a second color, with the overlap producing a third, that would become Marimekko's trademark technique. Many of her fabric designs would utiilize bold stripes or geometric patterns, and would inspire many for years to come. Bent Gabrielsen Bent Gabrielsen was born in 1928 and finished his apprenticeship as a goldsmith in 1949 with Ejler Fangel in Copenhagen, and then continued on to study at the danish College of Jewelry, Silversmithing, and Professional Trade Design in Copenhagen from 1950-53. Afterward, he became a designer for Hans Hansen Silversmithy, A/S from 1953-69, and has owned his own workshop since then. During the Milan Triennial of 1962, he won a gold medal. A number of his designs have been manufactured for Georg Jensen as well. Bent Gabrielsen quickly rose through the ranks at Hans Hansen and became head of the jewelry department and oversaw production, and it was without a doubt due to his spectacular and innovative designs rendered in both gold and silver. A number of his designs seem almost naturally inspired by his serene surroundings, such as his "Pod" necklace, produced by Georg Jensen, with its many links, each resembling a sycamore pod, draping gently around the wearer's neck. 1965 Eli-Marie Johnsen Eli-Marie Johnsen was born in 1926 and studied at the National College of Art and Design during the evening classes in Oslo and the national College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm from 1947-51. Afterward, she did a study tour to Mexico and Guatamala in 1967 followed by a number of study tours throughout Europe. She was also a teacher and later lecturer of Arts and Crafts at the State High School of Art and Handicraft in Oslo from 1953-84. Primarily educated as a painter and in textile crafts, Eli-Marie Johnsen became most well known for her tapestries, embroideries, appliques, and other textile works, creating innovative pieces that broke with Norwegian traditions and utilizing a wide variety of materials and unique designs. Often utilizing both abstract and concrete symbolism, her works often seemed inspired by either nature or personal connections to her and her life, and were reflected in her choice of materials. One of her greatest assignments was for the decoration of the Stavanger Lirary, of which four tapestries were done, "The Milky Way, The Pleiades, The Sun, and The Earth, double woven and made with such fine materials as silk, linen, gold, and silver. Another series for the Norwegian Watercourse and Electricity Board included another four tapestry series with the natural theme, Fire, Water, Air/Earth, and Cultivated land, reminding viewers to appreciate nature and respect life itself. Hans Krondahl Hans Krondahl was born in 1929 and studied at the national College of Art, Craft, and Design as well as the Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm. He later became an industrial designer for Nordiska Kompaniet, Boras Wafweri AB, The Swedish Cooperative Union and Wholesale Society, and Katja of Sweden/MMT. During 1975-77 he was design director at Argos Design in Chicago, and from 1979-80 UNIDO expert in textile design and product development in Indonesia. He was also a lecturer of many colleges in the United States as well as senior lecturer at the National College of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm, the School of Applied Art in Oslo, and the School of Industrial Design at Gothenburg University since 1981. Hans Krondahl originally started out studying to be a painter, however quickly changed the direction of his study to the textile artist, where he soon gained much acclaim. His designs often started out as a series of sketches which he would combine to create collage like works, or through use of positive and negatives of the forms to create his patterns. During his 1964 trip to Japan, he gained much inspiration, which can even be seen through the names of his designs, such as Ginza, Kyoto, and Kabuki. Utilizing bold colors and expressive abstract lines, his works were often made a dramatic statement. His years of teaching often gave him as much inspiration as he had instructed. 1966 Gunnar Cyren Gunnar Cyren was born in 1931 and studied at the National Ocllege of Art, Craft, and Design in Stockholm. In 1951 he received his apprentice's diploma as a goldsmith, and again in 1956 as a silversmith. He studied at Kolner Werkschule in West Germany in 1954 and designed for Orrefors from 1959-70 before doing freelance work for them in 1976. He has been a freelance designer for Dansk Design Ltd. Since 1970, and owned his own silversmith studio in Gavle since 1975. During a time when the main trend in Sweden was to create more rustic works with a personal investment in the design by the artist, Gunnar Cyren countered with a more refined and perfected art, with his glassworks, which were more restrained and refined in their simplicity. Nothing was added that did not need be added, nor was anything unfinished. As time would go on he would create more modernist designs within his glassworks, often using bright vibrant colors such as in the Pop glassware from Orrefors, with its banded stems in multicolored banded glass. Later on he would do many designs for Dansk, including a number of plastic trays and glassware in bright cheerful colors. He also went on to design a number of teak pieces as well as candleholders and other items in silverplate. He also designed the cutlery for ninetieth anniversary of the Nobel Prize, a series with matte handles contrasting with the spoon bowls, fork tines, and knife blades mirror finish. Yrjo Kukkapuro Yrjo Kukkapuro was born in 1933 and was educated aqt the Institute of Industrial Arts in Helsinki where he graduated as an interior designer in 1958. From 1959 he has owned his own studio, and he had designed a number of exhibitions inculding the Finnish stand at the Milan Triennial in 1968, ARS-69, Russian Art from the Hermitage collection in 1972 and Egyptian Art in 1973 for the Ateneum Art Museum in Helsinki. He also was a designer for Marimekko, working in a number of public spaces. Yrjo Kukkapuro may have done quite a bit as an interior designer, as per his training, but it is his work as a furniture designer where he made his mark upon the world. Based off the human form, he built chairs and sofas of great comfort whilst adhering to a form of minimalism that reduces his designs to a series of beautiful and graceful lines, and unique forms, and often utilizing chrome plated steel tubes and sometimes plywood where often nothing is wasted. One of his earlier designs, the Carousel chair, is perhaps his greatest source of fame: a seat formed from fiberglass and leather whose supple shape cradles the seated body mounted on an ingenius simple leg support system that was one of the first to allow for both side to side motion as well as leaning back and forward. Even recently, Kukkapuro is creating new and innovative designs. During the 90's emphasis was starting to be placed on creating ecologically sound furniture, to which he has done much to promote. Along with aesthetics and ergonomics, ecology is seen as being one of the three key elements to the field of design, as the desire for reliability, comfort and durability he states all pertain to ecology. In 2004, as a design expert for UNESCO as part of a project utilizing bamboo as a building material, as bamboo laminate is a recyclable ecologically friendly wood alternative, developed a number of furniture designs for the Chinese domestic market. 1967 Erik Magnussen Erik Magnussen was born in 1940 and studied at the School of Arts, Crafts, and Design in Copenhagen where he graduated in 1960. He then went on to do design work for a number of companies, including Bing and Grondahl Porcelaensfabrik since 1962, Stelton A/s since 1976 and Georg Jensen since 1978. Erik Magnussen's designs have been very diverse, ranging from working with silver in the form of jewelry, as he did with the Domino series of cufflinks for Georg Jensen, to his works as a ceramicist with Bing and Grondahl on his amazing teapots, including a particular porcelain model with sleek clean lines and double wall with a cutout slot, acting as the traditional handle. The same clean lines and unusual spout are also seen in his work with Stelton nearly ten years later with his thermos carafe with its unusual self opening/closing lid. He has also worked with furniture, one of his first designed being the beautifully formed steel and canvas Z-chair, and later the Magnum and Chairik chairs by Engelbrecht, with their planar design coated in a durable melamine, and with their stacking capabilities have made them popular in many settings including schools and other public spaces. Kristi Skintveit Kristi Skintveit was born in 1942 and was educated at the Bergen Industrial School for Women from 1959-61, and then the National Industrial College for Women. She was a trainee at the Norwegian Tapesty Weaving Ltd. In Oslo in 1962 and with Eli Marie Johnsen, also a Lunning Prize winner in 1965, in 1963. She set up her own workshop, Kristi AneVev and attached it to the Plus Crafts Centre in Fredrikstad in 1964 with other employed weavers and trainees. She then designed for the United Wool Factories in Algard from 1971-76 with afterward she reestablished her workshop. Kristi Skintveit worked within the textiles industry and was one of the last designers to bridge the growing divide in Norway between craftsman whom were working towards personalized handcrafts, and designers working towards more mass industry geared designs. After her training, she had opened her own workshop and did much to promote collaboration amongst individual artists, and has worked much on her own, and yet has acted as a designer of furniture textiles as well as clothing. Most notably, she is known for her geometrically double woven wool fabrics in cheerful colors, typical of 60's fashion. She still works on her own out of her studio, KristiAneVev. 1968 Bjorn Weckstrom Bjorn Weckstrom was born in 1935 and studied at the Goldsmith School in Helsinki and graduated in 1956, which afterward, he owned his own workshop from 1956-63. From 1963 he designed for Lapponia Jewelry as well as working as a sculptor since 1981. From an early age, Bjorn Weckstrom had shown an interest in sculptural arts, and, like many Scandinavian artists of the time, was inspired by various myths, however Bjorn, unlike others took his inspiration from Greek rather than Nordic sources. Ikaros, Nike, and Prometheus are all prime examples of this, as well as the repeated use of the human form, often cast in strong angular form with polished surfaces, with a cast molten feel, often having natural "cracks" and roughed organic surfaces strategically exposed giving the metallic material the overall earthy feel and texture of marble or other stones. This same technique of rendering metal sculpturally whilst still keeping its organic form, along with the strong angular lines are present in many of his jewelry designs for Lapponia, where he did much of his jewelry work, starting with his notable series, "Space Silver". Ann & Goran Warff Goran Warff was born in 1933 and studied architecture and design in Brunswich and Ulm, West Germany and Stockholm, and designed for Pukeburg Glasshouse from 1959-64 before designing for Kosta-Boda from 1964-74. He was also a visiting lecturer at New South Wales University in Australia in 1977 and lecturer in glass and ceramics at the Sunderland Polytechnic in England from 1981-85. Ann Warff, also known as Ann Wolff, was born in 1937 in Lubeck West Germany and studied at the Hochschule fur Gestaltung in Ulm, West Germany from 1956-59 before also working in design for Pukeburg Glasshouse from 1960-64 and then for Kosta-Boda from 1964-78 which after, she opened her own studio in 1978. She's been visiting lecturer in Europe the United States, and in Japan over the years, and in particular, visiting lecturer at the Pilchuck School of Glass in the U.S. In 1977, 1979, and 1984. It was in during the summer of 1965 that Ann and Goran Warff started to show their new glass, using a thin overlay of black-blue glass and engraved. Acting as a team, Ann would often do the graphical design for each piece whilst Goran would design the forms. Even their approach to their medium, though different complimented each other. Goran's fascination with glass's effect on light, and Ann with glass as a surface for her images. This collaboration was essential to their works during the mid 60's to early 70's, however it unfortunately wasn't meant to last. During the early 70's they each went their separate artistic way, Goran traveling frequently and Ann setting up her own studio to develop her art glass further. 1969 Helga & Bent Exner Helga Exner was born in 1939 in Gablonz, Czechoslovakia and completed her apprenticeship as a goldsmith in 1960 in Bad Godesberg Germany and then set up a workshop in Norther Jutland with Bent Exner from 1961 -83 as for which, afterward she taught at Rudolph Steiner School in Arhus. Bent Exner was born in 1932 and completed his apprenticeship as a goldsmith with Silver Medal in 1954 and after several years of studying theology, opened his own workshop with Helga in 1961. He also was a member of the Curriculum committee of the Goldsmiths Academy in Copenhagen since 1969 and was guest lecturer in 1969, 1970, and 1972. Bent Exner had designed a number of unique sculptural jewelry pieces ans well as a number of other Christian art pieces. His designs were unique and incredibly sculptural with a mobile-like or armature based style. With the rings he designed, the resemblance to organic structures like tree branches was present, each ending with a small gemstone, and sometimes fractal in its nature. Uncompromising in his work, he pushed the limits of the decorative arts. Borge Lindau & Bo Lindekrantz Borge Lindau and Bo Lindekrantz were both born in 1932 and studied together at the Gothenburg School of Arts and Crafts from 1957-62. They then worked in their own office in Helsingborg doing interior design and as furniture designers since 1964. They also worked as designers for Lammhults Mekaniska AB since 1965. Bo and Borge had met during their study at the Gothenburg School of Arts and Crafts, where they were older than the rest of their class, and quickly started their collaborative works together upon graduating, starting with the Opal, a stackable chair made of blockboard, with its simple graceful curves. Also designed was the S-70-1 stackable barstool made of chrome plated steel tubing and with a plastic seat, all formed from a singular tube bent into unique Z-shaped legs, creating an airy floating quality to the seat. Many of their designs found great success for both themselves and Lammhults. One of their more well known series is the Joker set of nursery furnishings. 1970 Kim Naver Kim Naver was born in 1940 and completed her apprenticeship in weaving with Lis Ahlmann and another Lunning Prize winner, Vibeke Klint in 1966, and then opened her own independent workshop the same year. One of her major commissions included five tapestries for the reception hall of the National Bank of Denmark in Copenhagen, which was completed between 1978-79. She has also done a number of designed for A/S C. Olesen, Georg Jensen Damask Weaving Co. and others. She also was a member of the Steering Committee of the School of Arts,Crafts, and Design in Copenhagen in 1978 as well as Chairman of the Decorative Arts Council in 1982. She also has designed a number of jewelry pieces for the Georg Jensen Silversmithy. Kim Naver was the youngest of all designers to win the Lunning Prize and had done so only four years after finishing her apprenticeship., and whose abilities and skills allowed her to carry on the traditions of her teachers designing the best in household textiles as well as shown in her larger projects as well, Her beautiful patterns in checks and stripes with virtually no ornamentation, working purely with the material and the formation of the pattern itself. Another unique characteristic of Kim Naver's textile designs is the nature of which she has produced them upon her loom, and yet seemlessly they transition to work on larger machines with virtually no loss of quality, an ability that lent itself extremely well to mass production. Kim Naver had also designed a number of jewelry pieces in sterling silver for Georg Jensen, including a set of mirrored puffed hexagonal cufflinks, and a ring with a simple half twist at each side, elegantly accenting the band. Oiva Toikka Oiva Toikka was born in 1931 and studied at the Institute for Industrial Arts in the ceramics department from 1953-56 and in the department of art education from 1956-60. He worked as a designer for Wartsila-Arabia from 1956-59 and for Marimekko in 1959. He was also a teacher at the Institute of Industrial Arts from 1960-61 and at Sodankyla Secondary High School from 1961-63. Since 1963 he had been artistic director and designer at Nuutajarvi Glass and worked on costume and scenery designs for the Tampere and Savonlinna Theaters and Opera Houses since the 1960's. Although trained as a ceramicist, Oiva Toikka primarily made his name working with glass, which he had developed a unique perspective and ethic towards. Rather than intense planning and drawn out specifications, Oiva prefers a more free design, building up to a final product at a natural pace, viewing each mistake as an opportunity, creating each piece in an organically playful way. Oiva Toikka's designs often feature a fantastic vibrancy and use of color, as well as reduced designs which allow for easier use of his designs within a factory setting, where overdecoration prevents mass production. His trip sponsored through the Lunning Prize to Africa and South America where he gain an appreciation for more ancient cultures and a respect for the beauty in nature, which can be seen in his wonderfully designed glass birds for Iittala, of which a new design is produces annually.
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JensenDate November 1944 (announcement) 10 December 1945 (ceremony) LocationStockholm, SwedenPresented bySwedish AcademyFirst awarded1901WebsiteOfficial website ← 1943 · Nobel Prize in Literature · 1945 → The 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Danish author Johannes V. Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style."[1] He is the fourth Danish recipient of the literary prize. Main article: Johannes V. Jensen Jensens early works was in the fin-de-siècle pessimism style. He found his own voice as a writer with Himmerlandshistorier ("Himmerland Stories", 1898–1910), comprising a series of tales set in the part of Denmark where he was born. This was followed by the acclaimed historical novel The Fall of the King (1900-1901) centred on the Danish 16th century King Christian II. The novel series Den lange rejse ("The Long Journey", 1908–22), spanning the early history of humanity in six volumes with a focus on evolutionary theory, is regarded as Jensens greatest achievement. In addition to these books, Jensen wrote numerous prose works and essays and was also a prominent poet. His Digte ("Poems", 1906) is regarded as the start of modernist poetry in Denmark.[2] Jensen had been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature on 53 occasions since 1925. He was nominated every year between 1931 and 1944. In 1942 the Nobel committee received seven nominations for Jensen, followed by two nominations in 1943 and two nominations in 1944.[3] In total, the Nobel committee received 24 nominations for 21 writers including Gabriela Mistral (awarded in 1945), Hermann Hesse (awarded in 1946), Enrique Larreta, Johan Huizinga, Georges Duhamel, John Steinbeck (awarded in 1962) and Paul Valéry. Four were newly nominated namely Abol-Gassem E’tessam Zadeh, Luis Nueda y Santiago, Charles Ferdinand Ramuz and Arnulf Øverland. Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício, Henriette Charasson, Elisaveta Bagryana and Gabriela Mistral were the only women nominated.[4] The authors George Ade, Joaquín Álvarez Quintero, Marc Bloch, Max Brand, Édouard Bourdet, Joseph Campbell, Jean Cavaillès, Irvin S. Cobb, Olive Custance, Eugénio de Castro, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Enrique Díez Canedo, Agnes Mary Frances Duclaux, Edith Durham, Benjamin Fondane, Giovanni Gentile, Henri Ghéon, Jean Giraudoux, Philippe Henriot, Max Jacob, Napoleon Lapathiotis, Stephen Leacock, Elsa Lindberg-Dovlette, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Kaj Munk, Robert Nichols, Augusta Peaux, Karel Poláček, Armand Praviel, Arthur Quiller-Couch, Jacques Roumain, Israel Joshua Singer, Ida Tarbell, Florence Trail, Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar, Margery Williams, and Harold Bell Wright died in 1944 without having been nominated for the prize. Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize No. Nominee Country Genre(s) Nominator(s) 1 Elisaveta Bagryana (1893–1991) Bulgaria poetry, translation Stefan Mladenov (1880–1963)[a] 2 Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948) Soviet Union (Ukraine) philosophy, theology Alf Nyman (1884–1968) 3 René Béhaine (1880–1966) France novel, short story, essays Maurice Mignon (1882–1962) 4 Edmund Blunden (1896–1974) United Kingdom poetry, essays, biography Heinrich Wolfgang Donner (1904-1980) 5 Henriette Charasson (1884–1972) France poetry, essays, drama, novel, literary criticism, biography Serge Barrault (1887–1976) Pierre Moreau (1895–1972) 6 Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício (1884–1947) Portugal poetry, essays António Baião (1878–1961) 7 Teixeira de Pascoaes (1877–1952) Portugal poetry João António Mascarenhas Júdice (1898–1957) 8 Georges Duhamel (1884–1966) France novel, short story, poetry, drama, literary criticism Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953) 9 Abol-Gassem E'tessam Zadeh (?) Iran novel, essays Issa Sepahbodi (1896–?) 10 Vilhelm Grønbech (1873–1948) Denmark history, essays, poetry Sven Lönborg (1871–1959) 11 Hermann Hesse (1877–1962) Germany Switzerland novel, poetry, essays, short story Anders Österling (1884–1981) 12 Johan Huizinga (1872–1945) Netherlands history Willem van Eysinga (1878–1961) 13 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873–1950) Denmark novel, short story, essays Harry Fett (1875–1962) Carl Adolf Bodelsen (1894–1978) 14 Enrique Larreta (1875–1961) Argentina history, essays, drama, novel Carlos Obligado (1889–1949) Carlos Ibarguren (1877–1956) 15 Gabriela Mistral (1889–1957) Chile poetry Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953) 16 Charles Langbridge Morgan (1894–1958) United Kingdom drama, novel, essays, poetry Sigfrid Siwertz (1882–1970) 17 Luis Nueda y Santiago (1883–1952) Spain essays Julio Casares (1877–1964) 18 Arnulf Øverland (1889–1968) Norway poetry, essays Rolv Thesen (1896–1966) 19 Charles Ferdinand Ramuz (1878–1947) Switzerland novel, poetry, short story Sigfrid Siwertz (1882–1970) 20 John Steinbeck (1902–1968) United States novel, short story, screenplay Erik Lönnroth (1910–2002) 21 Paul Valéry (1871–1945) France poetry, philosophy, essays, drama Ernst Paulus Bendz (1880–1966) On 10 December 1944 a luncheon was held at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York in place of the customary ceremony in Stockholm. Per Hallström, chairman of the Nobel committee of the Swedish Academy, delivered a lecture on the Nobel Prize laureate in literature that was broadcast the same day. Unable to attend the 1944 award ceremony, Johannes V. Jensen received his prize at Stockholm on 10 December 1945.[5] At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1945 Anders Österling, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy said: This child of the dry and windy moors of Jutland has, almost out of spite, astonished his contemporaries by a remarkably prolific production. He could well be considered one of the most fertile Scandinavian writers. He has constructed a vast and imposing literary œuvre, comprising the most diverse genres: epic and lyric, imaginative and realistic works, as well as historical and philosophical essays, not to mention his scientific excursions in all directions.[6]
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	17	https://libguides.asu.edu/nobel-prize-literature/award-year-descending	en	Nobel Prize in Literature	https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/4141/images/favicon.ico	https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/4141/images/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.asu.edu/asuthemes/5.0/assets/arizona-state-university-logo-vertical.png", "https://www.asu.edu/asuthemes/5.0/assets/arizona-state-university-logo.png", "https://s3.amazonaws.com/libapps/customers/827/images/asu_library_white_noborder2.png", "https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/346149/images/fdlp-emblem-bw-og.png", "https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/346149/images/230918-ASU-2024-Repeatedly-rankednumber-one-global-footer-863x188.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Joe Buenker" ]	null	LibGuides: Nobel Prize in Literature: Award Year: Descending	en	https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/4141/images/favicon.ico		https://libguides.asu.edu/nobel-prize-literature/award-year-descending	The ASU Library acknowledges the twenty-three Native Nations that have inhabited this land for centuries. Arizona State University's four campuses are located in the Salt River Valley on ancestral territories of Indigenous peoples, including the Akimel O’odham (Pima) and Pee Posh (Maricopa) Indian Communities, whose care and keeping of these lands allows us to be here today. ASU Library acknowledges the sovereignty of these nations and seeks to foster an environment of success and possibility for Native American students and patrons. We are advocates for the incorporation of Indigenous knowledge systems and research methodologies within contemporary library practice. ASU Library welcomes members of the Akimel O’odham and Pee Posh, and all Native nations to the Library.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	59	http://www.esp.org/timeline/ART-vs-TEC_1940-1949.html	en	ESP Timeline: Arts and Culture vs History of Technology (1940			[ "http://www.esp.org/images/ESP-new-banner-5.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/ESP-new-banner-4sm.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/burger-24-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/close-24-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/icon-bar.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/icon-bar.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/burger-24-black.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/close-24-black.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/close-24-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/facebook.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/twitter.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/googleplus.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/linkedin.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/reddit.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/email.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/l-arrow.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/r-arrow.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1940-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1941-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1942-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/broadway-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1943-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/three-studies-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1944-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1945-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1946-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/big-dipper-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1947-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/onement-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1948-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/hasselblad-1600F-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/three-men-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/timeline/best-picture-1949-250.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/new-science.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/old-science.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/weird-science.jpg", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/policy-funding.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/biodiversity.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/symbiosis.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/paleo.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/astronomy.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/climate-change.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/big-data.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/anthro.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/of-interest/wtf.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/burger-20-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/icons/close-20-white.png", "http://www.esp.org/images/valid-html5-blue.png", "http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/images/vcss-blue" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	img/favicon.ico		null	Painting by Piet Mondrian: Broadway Boogie Woogie was completed in 1943, shortly after Mondrian moved to New York in 1940. Compared to his earlier work, the canvas is divided into a much larger number of squares. Although he spent most of his career creating abstract work, this painting is inspired by clear real-world examples: the city grid of Manhattan, and the Broadway boogie woogie, a type of music Mondrian loved. The painting was bought by the Brazilian sculptor Maria Martins for the price of $800 at the Valentine Gallery in New York City, after Martins and Mondrian both exhibited there in 1943. Martins later donated the painting to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Casablanca wins Academy Award for best picture. The WWII drama represents the studio system at its best, where all the talent (behind and in front of the camera) worked at their peak. Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman were not the studios first choices for their roles, but they remain one of the screens all-time great romantic pairings. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style". Triptych by Francis Bacon: Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion comprises three canvasses that are based on the Eumenides — or Furies — of Aeschylus's Oresteia, and that depict three writhing anthropomorphic creatures set against a flat burnt orange background. It was executed in oil paint and pastel on Sundeala fibre board and completed within two weeks. The triptych summarises themes explored in Bacon's previous work, including his examination of Picasso's biomorphs and his interpretations of the Crucifixion and the Greek Furies. The Three Studies are generally considered Bacon's first mature piece. When the painting was first exhibited in 1945 it caused a sensation and established him as one of the foremost post-war painters. Remarking on the cultural significance of Three Studies, the critic John Russell observed in 1971 that "there was painting in England before the Three Studies, and painting after them, and no one ... can confuse the two". Going My Way wins Academy Award for best picture. Writer-director Leo McCarey once again proved his ability to balance tears and laughs, in this tale of a rule-breaking priest (Oscar winner Bing Crosby) taking over a New York parish from a retiring priest. In the latter role, Barry Fitzgerald was oddly nominated as both lead and supporting actor, winning in the latter category. Hermann Hesse awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style". The Best Years of Our Lives wins Academy Award for best picture. The world population was just adjusting to life after World War II and some film executives feared that audiences wanted escapism, not a movie reflecting their lives. But it was a huge hit, and its honesty in dealing with civilian changes and vulnerabilities are still powerful. It was produced by Samuel Goldwyn, directed by William Wyler. André Paul Guillaume Gide awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight". Painting by Jackson Pollock: Reflections of the Big Dipper, consisting of built up layers of paint with dripped enamel as the final touch, concluding the composition. It was around 1947 that Jackson Pollock traded in his brushes for sticks, trowels and knives and began adding foreign matter, such as sand, broken glass, nails, coins, paint-tube tops and bottle caps to his canvases. Reflection of the Big Dipper was exhibited at the Betty Parsons Gallery in 1948, along with sixteen other paintings by Jackson Pollock. The show received positive reviews. Pollock's works from this time are a transitional step between a more traditional handling of paint and his revolutionary technique of dripping paint on canvases off a large scale. Gentleman's Agreement wins Academy Award for best picture. The Elia Kazan-directed drama, starring Gregory Peck, was another hot-button winner, as it addressed the topic of anti-Semitism. Thomas Stearns Eliot awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry". Painting by Barnett Newman: Onement I features the first full incarnation of what Newman later called a 'zip', a vertical band of color. This motif would play a central role in many of his subsequent paintings. The painting's title is an archaic derivation of the word 'atonement', meaning, "the state of being made into one." Hamlet wins Academy Award for best picture. The black and white Shakespeare adaptation, from U.K.s J. Arthur Rank-Two Cities, was the first non-Hollywood film to take the top award. And Laurence Olivier became the first person to direct himself to a best-actor win.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	40	https://bronasbooks.com/awards-prizes/nobel/	en	Nobel	https://bronasbooks.com/…banner-460px.jpg	https://bronasbooks.com/…banner-460px.jpg	[ "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-cropped-cropped-cropped-this-reading-life-1.jpg", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/f91a4-nobel-banner-460px.jpg?w=640&h=172", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image-1.png", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image.png", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-img_8603.jpg?w=50", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-img_8603.jpg?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2019-09-19T05:28:00+00:00	Nobel Prize For Literature Alfred Nobel, in his will declared that an annual award would be awarded "in the field of literature to the most outstanding work in an ideal direction". In recent years the prize has "become widely seen as a political one - a peace prize in literary disguise", whose judges are prejudiced…	en	https://bronasbooks.com/…mg_8603.jpg?w=32	This Reading Life	https://bronasbooks.com/awards-prizes/nobel/	In recent years the prize has “become widely seen as a political one – a peace prize in literary disguise”, whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them.” The prize’s focus on European men, and Swedes in particular, has been the subject of criticism over the years.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	54	https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/list-of-american-nobel-prize-winners/	en	List of American Nobel Prize Winners	https://media.geeksforge…_200x200-min.png	https://media.geeksforge…_200x200-min.png	[ "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/gfg-gg-logo.svg", "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/new-premium-rbanner.png", "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/gfgFooterLogo.png", "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/googleplay.png", "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/appstore.png", "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/suggestChangeIcon.png", "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/createImprovementIcon.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Data Structures", "Algorithms", "Python", "Java", "C", "C++", "JavaScript", "Android Development", "SQL", "Data Science", "Machine Learning", "PHP", "Web Development", "System Design", "Tutorial", "Technical Blogs", "Interview Experience", "Interview Preparation", "Programming", "Competitive Programming", "Jobs", "Coding Contests", "GATE CSE", "HTML", "CSS", "React", "NodeJS", "Placement", "Aptitude", "Quiz", "Computer Science", "Programming Examples", "GeeksforGeeks Courses", "Puzzles", "SSC", "Banking", "UPSC", "Commerce", "Finance", "CBSE", "School", "k12", "General Knowledge", "News", "Mathematics", "Exams" ]	null	[ "GeeksforGeeks" ]	2024-03-13T12:54:18	Since 1901, 954 people and 27 groups have received the Nobel Prize. The United States has the most winners, with over 400. Nearly 40% of all Nobel Prizes have gone to Americans, and about 35% of them were born in other countries.	en	https://media.geeksforge…/gfg_favicon.png	GeeksforGeeks	https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/list-of-american-nobel-prize-winners/	1901 chemistry Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff Netherlands laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure literature Sully Prudhomme France peace Henri Dunant Switzerland Frédéric Passy France physics Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany discovery of X-rays physiology/medicine Emil von Behring Germany work on serum therapy 1902 chemistry Emil Fischer Germany work on sugar and purine syntheses literature Theodor Mommsen Germany peace Élie Ducommun Switzerland Charles-Albert Gobat Switzerland physics Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation Pieter Zeeman Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation physiology/medicine Sir Ronald Ross U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an organism 1903 chemistry Svante Arrhenius Sweden theory of electrolytic dissociation literature Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson Norway peace Sir Randal Cremer U.K. physics Henri Becquerel France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Marie Curie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel Pierre Curie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel physiology/medicine Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light 1904 chemistry Sir William Ramsay U.K. discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system literature José Echegaray y Eizaguirre Spain Frédéric Mistral France peace Institute of International Law (founded 1873) physics Lord Rayleigh U.K. discovery of argon physiology/medicine Ivan Pavlov Russia work on the physiology of digestion 1905 chemistry Adolf von Baeyer Germany work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic compounds literature Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland peace Bertha, baroness von Suttner Austria-Hungary physics Philipp Lenard Germany research on cathode rays physiology/medicine Robert Koch Germany tuberculosis research 1906 chemistry Henri Moissan France isolation of fluorine; introduction of Moissan furnace literature Giosuè Carducci Italy peace Theodore Roosevelt U.S. physics Sir J.J. Thomson U.K. researches into electrical conductivity of gases physiology/medicine Camillo Golgi Italy work on the structure of the nervous system Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain work on the structure of the nervous system 1907 chemistry Eduard Buchner Germany discovery of noncellular fermentation literature Rudyard Kipling U.K. peace Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Italy Louis Renault France physics A.A. Michelson U.S. spectroscopic and metrological investigations physiology/medicine Alphonse Laveran France discovery of the role of protozoa in diseases 1908 chemistry Ernest Rutherford U.K. investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances literature Rudolf Christoph Eucken Germany peace Klas Pontus Arnoldson Sweden Fredrik Bajer Denmark physics Gabriel Lippmann France photographic reproduction of colours physiology/medicine Paul Ehrlich Germany work on immunity Élie Metchnikoff Russia work on immunity 1909 chemistry Wilhelm Ostwald Germany pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction velocities literature Selma Lagerlöf Sweden peace Auguste-Marie-François Beernaert Belgium Paul-H.-B. d’Estournelles de Constant France physics Ferdinand Braun Germany development of wireless telegraphy Guglielmo Marconi Italy development of wireless telegraphy physiology/medicine Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland 1910 chemistry Otto Wallach Germany pioneer work in alicyclic combinations literature Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse Germany peace International Peace Bureau (founded 1891) physics Johannes Diederik van der Waals Netherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids physiology/medicine Albrecht Kossel Germany researches in cellular chemistry 1911 chemistry Marie Curie France discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium literature Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium peace Tobias Michael Carel Asser Netherlands Alfred Hermann Fried Austria-Hungary physics Wilhelm Wien Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation physiology/medicine Allvar Gullstrand Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye 1912 chemistry Victor Grignard France discovery of the Grignard reagents Paul Sabatier France method of hydrogenating organic compounds literature Gerhart Hauptmann Germany peace Elihu Root U.S. physics Nils Dalén Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys physiology/medicine Alexis Carrel France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs 1913 chemistry Alfred Werner Switzerland work on the linkage of atoms in molecules literature Rabindranath Tagore India peace Henri-Marie Lafontaine Belgium physics Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium physiology/medicine Charles Richet France work on anaphylaxis 1914 chemistry Theodore William Richards U.S. accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elements physics Max von Laue Germany discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals physiology/medicine Robert Bárány Austria-Hungary work on vestibular apparatus 1915 chemistry Richard Willstätter Germany pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially chlorophyll literature Romain Rolland France physics Sir Lawrence Bragg U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays Sir William Bragg U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays 1916 literature Verner von Heidenstam Sweden 1917 literature Karl Adolph Gjellerup Denmark Henrik Pontoppidan Denmark peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) physics Charles Glover Barkla U.K. discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements 1918 chemistry Fritz Haber Germany synthesis of ammonia literature Erik Axel Karlfeldt (declined) Sweden physics Max Planck Germany discovery of the elemental quanta 1919 literature Carl Spitteler Switzerland peace Woodrow Wilson U.S. physics Johannes Stark Germany discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric field physiology/medicine Jules Bordet Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum 1920 chemistry Walther Hermann Nernst Germany work in thermochemistry literature Knut Hamsun Norway peace Léon Bourgeois France physics Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland discovery of anomalies in alloys physiology/medicine August Krogh Denmark discovery of capillary motor-regulating mechanism 1921 chemistry Frederick Soddy U.K. chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence and nature of isotopes literature Anatole France France peace Karl Hjalmar Branting Sweden Christian Lous Lange Norway physics Albert Einstein Switzerland work in theoretical physics 1922 chemistry Francis William Aston U.K. work with mass spectrograph; whole-number rule literature Jacinto Benavente y Martínez Spain peace Fridtjof Nansen Norway physics Niels Bohr Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiation physiology/medicine A.V. Hill U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in muscles Otto Meyerhof Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles 1923 chemistry Fritz Pregl Austria method of microanalysis of organic substances literature William Butler Yeats Ireland physics Robert Andrews Millikan U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect physiology/medicine Sir Frederick Grant Banting Canada discovery of insulin J.J.R. Macleod U.K. discovery of insulin 1924 literature Władysław Stanisław Reymont Poland physics Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn Sweden work in X-ray spectroscopy physiology/medicine Willem Einthoven Netherlands discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism 1925 chemistry Richard Zsigmondy Austria elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutions literature George Bernard Shaw Ireland peace Sir Austen Chamberlain U.K. Charles G. Dawes U.S. physics James Franck Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom Gustav Hertz Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom 1926 chemistry Theodor H.E. Svedberg Sweden work on disperse systems literature Grazia Deledda Italy peace Aristide Briand France Gustav Stresemann Germany physics Jean Perrin France work on discontinuous structure of matter physiology/medicine Johannes Fibiger Denmark contributions to cancer research 1927 chemistry Heinrich Otto Wieland Germany researches into the constitution of bile acids literature Henri Bergson France peace Ferdinand-Édouard Buisson France Ludwig Quidde Germany physics Arthur Holly Compton U.S. discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays C.T.R. Wilson U.K. method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particles physiology/medicine Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica 1928 chemistry Adolf Windaus Germany constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins literature Sigrid Undset Norway physics Sir Owen Willans Richardson U.K. work on electron emission by hot metals physiology/medicine Charles-Jules-Henri Nicolle France work on typhus 1929 chemistry Hans von Euler-Chelpin Sweden investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved Sir Arthur Harden U.K. investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved literature Thomas Mann Germany peace Frank B. Kellogg U.S. physics Louis de Broglie France discovery of the wave nature of electrons physiology/medicine Christiaan Eijkman Netherlands discovery of the antineuritic vitamin Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins 1930 chemistry Hans Fischer Germany hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin literature Sinclair Lewis U.S. peace Nathan Söderblom Sweden physics Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India work on light diffusion; discovery of Raman effect physiology/medicine Karl Landsteiner U.S. grouping of human blood types 1931 chemistry Friedrich Bergius Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods Carl Bosch Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods literature Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumous award) Sweden peace Jane Addams U.S. Nicholas Murray Butler U.S. physiology/medicine Otto Warburg Germany discovery of nature and action of respiratory enzyme 1932 chemistry Irving Langmuir U.S. discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry literature John Galsworthy U.K. physics Werner Heisenberg Germany creation of quantum mechanics physiology/medicine Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons Sir Charles Scott Sherrington U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons 1933 literature Ivan Bunin U.S.S.R. peace Sir Norman Angell U.K. physics P.A.M. Dirac U.K. introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics Erwin Schrödinger Austria introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics physiology/medicine Thomas Hunt Morgan U.S. heredity transmission functions of chromosomes 1934 chemistry Harold C. Urey U.S. discovery of heavy hydrogen literature Luigi Pirandello Italy peace Arthur Henderson U.K. physiology/medicine George Richards Minot U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia William P. Murphy U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia George H. Whipple U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia 1935 chemistry Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie France synthesis of new radioactive elements peace Carl von Ossietzky Germany physics Sir James Chadwick U.K. discovery of the neutron physiology/medicine Hans Spemann Germany organizer effect in embryo 1936 chemistry Peter Debye Netherlands work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases literature Eugene O’Neill U.S. peace Carlos Saavedra Lamas Argentina physics Carl David Anderson U.S. discovery of the positron Victor Francis Hess Austria discovery of cosmic radiation physiology/medicine Sir Henry Dale U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses Otto Loewi Germany work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses 1937 chemistry Sir Norman Haworth U.K. research on carbohydrates and vitamin C Paul Karrer Switzerland research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins literature Roger Martin du Gard France peace Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil U.K. physics Clinton Joseph Davisson U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons Sir George Paget Thomson U.K. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons physiology/medicine Albert Szent-Györgyi Hungary work on biological combustion 1938 chemistry Richard Kuhn (declined) Germany carotenoid and vitamin research literature Pearl Buck U.S. peace Nansen International Office for Refugees (founded 1931) physics Enrico Fermi Italy disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation physiology/medicine Corneille Heymans Belgium discovery of role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation 1939 chemistry Adolf Butenandt (declined) Germany work on sexual hormones Leopold Ruzicka Switzerland work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes literature Frans Eemil Sillanpää Finland physics Ernest Orlando Lawrence U.S. invention of the cyclotron physiology/medicine Gerhard Domagk (declined) Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil 1943 chemistry Georg Charles von Hevesy Hungary use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research physics Otto Stern U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton physiology/medicine Henrik Dam Denmark discovery of vitamin K Edward Adelbert Doisy U.S. discovery of chemical nature of vitamin K 1944 chemistry Otto Hahn Germany discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei literature Johannes V. Jensen Denmark peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) physics Isidor Isaac Rabi U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei physiology/medicine Joseph Erlanger U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres Herbert Spencer Gasser U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres 1945 chemistry Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland invention of fodder preservation method literature Gabriela Mistral Chile peace Cordell Hull U.S. physics Wolfgang Pauli Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons physiology/medicine Sir Ernst Boris Chain U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value Sir Alexander Fleming U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value 1946 chemistry John Howard Northrop U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form Wendell Meredith Stanley U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form James Batcheller Sumner U.S. discovery of enzyme crystallization literature Hermann Hesse Switzerland peace Emily Greene Balch U.S. John R. Mott U.S. physics Percy Williams Bridgman U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics physiology/medicine Hermann Joseph Muller U.S. production of mutations by X-ray irradiation 1947 chemistry Sir Robert Robinson U.K. investigation of alkaloids and other plant products literature André Gide France peace American Friends Service Committee U.S. Friends Service Council (FSC) U.K. physics Sir Edward Victor Appleton U.K. discovery of Appleton layer in upper atmosphere physiology/medicine Carl and Gerty Cori U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted Bernardo Alberto Houssay Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism 1948 chemistry Arne Tiselius Sweden researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteins literature T.S. Eliot U.K. physics Patrick M.S. Blackett U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation physiology/medicine Paul Hermann Müller Switzerland properties of DDT 1949 chemistry William Francis Giauque U.S. behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures literature William Faulkner U.S. peace John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns U.K. physics Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesons physiology/medicine António Egas Moniz Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses Walter Rudolf Hess Switzerland discovery of function of interbrain 1950 chemistry Kurt Alder West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis Otto Paul Hermann Diels West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis literature Bertrand Russell U.K. peace Ralph Bunche U.S. physics Cecil Frank Powell U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons physiology/medicine Philip Showalter Hench U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects Edward Calvin Kendall U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects Tadeus Reichstein Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects 1951 chemistry Edwin Mattison McMillan U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements Glenn T. Seaborg U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements literature Pär Lagerkvist Sweden peace Léon Jouhaux France physics Sir John Douglas Cockcroft U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles physiology/medicine Max Theiler South Africa yellow fever discoveries 1952 chemistry A.J.P. Martin U.K. development of partition chromatography R.L.M. Synge U.K. development of partition chromatography literature François Mauriac France peace Albert Schweitzer Alsace physics Felix Bloch U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids E.M. Purcell U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids physiology/medicine Selman Abraham Waksman U.S. discovery of streptomycin 1953 chemistry Hermann Staudinger West Germany work on macromolecules literature Sir Winston Churchill U.K. peace George C. Marshall U.S. physics Frits Zernike Netherlands method of phase-contrast microscopy physiology/medicine Sir Hans Adolf Krebs U.K. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates Fritz Albert Lipmann U.S. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates 1954 chemistry Linus Pauling U.S. study of the nature of the chemical bond literature Ernest Hemingway U.S. peace Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (founded 1951) physics Max Born U.K. statistical studies of atomic wave functions Walther Bothe West Germany invention of coincidence method physiology/medicine John Franklin Enders U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures Frederick Chapman Robbins U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures Thomas H. Weller U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures 1955 chemistry Vincent du Vigneaud U.S. first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone literature Halldór Laxness Iceland physics Polykarp Kusch U.S. measurement of magnetic moment of electron Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr. U.S. discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum physiology/medicine Axel Hugo Teodor Theorell Sweden nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes 1956 chemistry Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood U.K. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov U.S.S.R. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions literature Juan Ramón Jiménez Spain physics John Bardeen U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor Walter H. Brattain U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor William B. Shockley U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor physiology/medicine André F. Cournand U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes Werner Forssmann West Germany discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes Dickinson Woodruff Richards U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes 1957 chemistry Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd U.K. work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes literature Albert Camus France peace Lester B. Pearson Canada physics Tsung-Dao Lee China discovery of violations of the principle of parity Chen Ning Yang China discovery of violations of the principle of parity physiology/medicine Daniel Bovet Italy production of synthetic curare 1958 chemistry Frederick Sanger U.K. determination of the structure of the insulin molecule literature Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (declined) U.S.S.R. peace Dominique Pire Belgium physics Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect physiology/medicine George Wells Beadle U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes Joshua Lederberg U.S. genetic recombination Edward L. Tatum U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes 1959 chemistry Jaroslav Heyrovský Czechoslovakia discovery and development of polarography literature Salvatore Quasimodo Italy peace Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker U.K. physics Owen Chamberlain U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton Emilio Segrè U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton physiology/medicine Arthur Kornberg U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially Severo Ochoa U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially 1960 chemistry Willard Frank Libby U.S. development of radiocarbon dating literature Saint-John Perse France peace Albert John Luthuli South Africa physics Donald A. Glaser U.S. development of the bubble chamber physiology/medicine Sir Macfarlane Burnet Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplants Sir Peter B. Medawar U.K. acquired immunity to tissue transplants 1961 chemistry Melvin Calvin U.S. study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis literature Ivo Andric Yugoslavia peace Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden physics Robert Hofstadter U.S. determination of shape and size of atomic nucleons Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany discovery of the Mössbauer effect physiology/medicine Georg von Békésy U.S. functions of the inner ear 1962 chemistry Sir John Cowdery Kendrew U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins Max Ferdinand Perutz U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins literature John Steinbeck U.S. peace Linus Pauling U.S. physics Lev Davidovich Landau U.S.S.R. contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter physiology/medicine Francis Harry Compton Crick U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA James Dewey Watson U.S. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA Maurice Wilkins U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA 1963 chemistry Giulio Natta Italy structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics Karl Ziegler West Germany structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics literature George Seferis Greece peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) League of Red Cross Societies physics J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei Maria Goeppert Mayer U.S. development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei Eugene Paul Wigner U.S. principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus physiology/medicine Sir John Carew Eccles Australia study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre Sir Alan Hodgkin U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre 1964 chemistry Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin U.K. determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia literature Jean-Paul Sartre (declined) France peace Martin Luther King, Jr. U.S. physics Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Prokhorov U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles Charles Hard Townes U.S. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles physiology/medicine Konrad Bloch U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism Feodor Lynen West Germany discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism 1965 chemistry R.B. Woodward U.S. synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substances literature Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov U.S.S.R. peace United Nations Children’s Fund (founded 1946) physics Richard P. Feynman U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics Julian Seymour Schwinger U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics Tomonaga Shin’ichiro Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamics physiology/medicine François Jacob France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells André Lwoff France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells Jacques Monod France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells 1966 chemistry Robert Sanderson Mulliken U.S. work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules literature S.Y. Agnon Israel Nelly Sachs Sweden physics Alfred Kastler France discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms physiology/medicine Charles B. Huggins U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer Peyton Rous U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer 1967 chemistry Manfred Eigen West Germany studies of extremely fast chemical reactions Ronald George Wreyford Norrish U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions Sir George Porter U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions literature Miguel Ángel Asturias Guatemala physics Hans Bethe U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of stars physiology/medicine Ragnar Arthur Granit Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye Haldan Keffer Hartline U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye George Wald U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye 1968 chemistry Lars Onsager U.S. work on theory of thermodynamics of irreversible processes literature Kawabata Yasunari Japan peace René Cassin France physics Luis W. Alvarez U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states physiology/medicine Robert William Holley U.S. deciphering of the genetic code Har Gobind Khorana U.S. deciphering of the genetic code Marshall William Nirenberg U.S. deciphering of the genetic code 1969 chemistry Sir Derek H.R. Barton U.K. work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules Odd Hassel Norway work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules economics Ragnar Frisch Norway work in econometrics Jan Tinbergen Netherlands work in econometrics literature Samuel Beckett Ireland peace International Labour Organisation (founded 1919) physics Murray Gell-Mann U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactions physiology/medicine Max Delbrück U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases A.D. Hershey U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases Salvador Luria U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases 1970 chemistry Luis Federico Leloir Argentina discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates economics Paul Samuelson U.S. work in scientific analysis of economic theory literature Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn U.S.S.R. peace Norman Ernest Borlaug U.S. physics Hannes Alfvén Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism Louis-Eugène-Félix Néel France work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism physiology/medicine Julius Axelrod U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission Ulf von Euler Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission Sir Bernard Katz U.K. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission 1971 chemistry Gerhard Herzberg Canada research in the structure of molecules economics Simon Kuznets U.S. extensive research on the economic growth of nations literature Pablo Neruda Chile peace Willy Brandt West Germany physics Dennis Gabor U.K. invention of holography physiology/medicine Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. U.S. action of hormones 1972 chemistry Christian B. Anfinsen U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry Stanford Moore U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry William H. Stein U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry economics Kenneth J. Arrow U.S. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory Sir John R. Hicks U.K. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory literature Heinrich Böll West Germany physics John Bardeen U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity Leon N. Cooper U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity John Robert Schrieffer U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity physiology/medicine Gerald Maurice Edelman U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodies Rodney Robert Porter U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodies 1973 chemistry Ernst Otto Fischer West Germany organometallic chemistry Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson U.K. organometallic chemistry economics Wassily Leontief U.S. input-output analysis literature Patrick White Australia peace Henry A. Kissinger U.S. Le Duc Tho (declined) North Vietnam physics Leo Esaki Japan tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors Ivar Giaever U.S. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors Brian D. Josephson U.K. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors physiology/medicine Karl von Frisch Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns Konrad Lorenz Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns Nikolaas Tinbergen U.K. discoveries in animal behaviour patterns 1974 chemistry Paul J. Flory U.S. studies of long-chain molecules economics Friedrich von Hayek U.K. pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena Gunnar Myrdal Sweden pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena literature Eyvind Johnson Sweden Harry Martinson Sweden peace Seán MacBride Ireland Sato Eisaku Japan physics Antony Hewish U.K. work in radio astronomy Sir Martin Ryle U.K. work in radio astronomy physiology/medicine Albert Claude U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells Christian René de Duve Belgium research on structural and functional organization of cells George E. Palade U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells 1975 chemistry Sir John Warcup Cornforth U.K. work in stereochemistry Vladimir Prelog Switzerland work in stereochemistry economics Leonid Vitalyevich Kantorovich U.S.S.R. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources Tjalling C. Koopmans U.S. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources literature Eugenio Montale Italy peace Andrey Dmitriyevich Sakharov U.S.S.R. physics Aage N. Bohr Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion Ben R. Mottelson Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion James Rainwater U.S. work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion physiology/medicine David Baltimore U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Renato Dulbecco U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Howard Martin Temin U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell 1976 chemistry William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. U.S. structure of boranes economics Milton Friedman U.S. consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilization literature Saul Bellow U.S. peace Mairéad Corrigan Northern Ireland Betty Williams Northern Ireland physics Burton Richter U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) Samuel C.C. Ting U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) physiology/medicine Baruch S. Blumberg U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases D. Carleton Gajdusek U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases 1977 chemistry Ilya Prigogine Belgium widening the scope of thermodynamics economics James Edward Meade U.K. contributions to theory of international trade Bertil Ohlin Sweden contributions to theory of international trade literature Vicente Aleixandre Spain peace Amnesty International (founded 1961) physics Philip W. Anderson U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids Sir Nevill F. Mott U.K. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids John H. Van Vleck U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids physiology/medicine Roger Charles Louis Guillemin U.S. research on pituitary hormones Andrew Victor Schally U.S. research on pituitary hormones Rosalyn S. Yalow U.S. development of radioimmunoassay 1978 chemistry Peter Dennis Mitchell U.K. formulation of a theory of energy transfer processes in biological systems economics Herbert Alexander Simon U.S. decision-making processes in economic organizations literature Isaac Bashevis Singer U.S. peace Menachem Begin Israel Anwar el-Sadat Egypt physics Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa U.S.S.R. invention and application of helium liquefier Arno Penzias U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory Robert Woodrow Wilson U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory physiology/medicine Werner Arber Switzerland discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA Daniel Nathans U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA Hamilton Othanel Smith U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA 1979 chemistry Herbert Charles Brown U.S. introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances Georg Wittig West Germany introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances economics Sir Arthur Lewis U.K. analyses of economic processes in developing nations Theodore William Schultz U.S. analyses of economic processes in developing nations literature Odysseus Elytis Greece peace Mother Teresa India physics Sheldon Lee Glashow U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles Abdus Salam Pakistan unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles Steven Weinberg U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles physiology/medicine Allan MacLeod Cormack U.S. development of the CAT scan Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield U.K. development of the CAT scan 1980 chemistry Paul Berg U.S. first preparation of a hybrid DNA Walter Gilbert U.S. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure Frederick Sanger U.K. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure economics Lawrence Robert Klein U.S. development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuations literature Czesław Miłosz U.S. peace Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Argentina physics James Watson Cronin U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries Val Logsdon Fitch U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries physiology/medicine Baruj Benacerraf U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset France investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances George Davis Snell U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances 1981 chemistry Fukui Kenichi Japan orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions Roald Hoffmann U.S. orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions economics James Tobin U.S. portfolio selection theory of investment literature Elias Canetti Bulgaria peace Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (founded 1951) physics Nicolaas Bloembergen U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy Arthur Leonard Schawlow U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis physiology/medicine David Hunter Hubel U.S. processing of visual information by the brain Roger Wolcott Sperry U.S. functions of the cerebral hemispheres Torsten Nils Wiesel Sweden processing of visual information by the brain 1982 chemistry Aaron Klug U.K. determination of structure of biological substances economics George J. Stigler U.S. economic effects of governmental regulation literature Gabriel García Márquez Colombia peace Alfonso García Robles Mexico Alva Myrdal Sweden physics Kenneth Geddes Wilson U.S. analysis of continuous phase transitions physiology/medicine Sune K. Bergström Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins John Robert Vane U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins 1983 chemistry Henry Taube U.S. study of electron transfer reactions economics Gerard Debreu U.S. mathematical proof of supply and demand theory literature Sir William Golding U.K. peace Lech Wałęsa Poland physics Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars William A. Fowler U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars physiology/medicine Barbara McClintock U.S. discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity 1984 chemistry Bruce Merrifield U.S. development of a method of polypeptide synthesis economics Sir Richard Stone U.K. development of national income accounting system literature Jaroslav Seifert Czechoslovakia peace Desmond Tutu South Africa physics Simon van der Meer Netherlands discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory Carlo Rubbia Italy discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory physiology/medicine Niels K. Jerne U.K.-Denmark theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies Georges J.F. Köhler West Germany theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies César Milstein Argentina theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies 1985 chemistry Herbert A. Hauptman U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules Jerome Karle U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules economics Franco Modigliani U.S. analyses of household savings and financial markets literature Claude Simon France peace International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (founded 1980) physics Klaus von Klitzing West Germany discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance physiology/medicine Michael S. Brown U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism Joseph L. Goldstein U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism 1986 chemistry Dudley R. Herschbach U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions Yuan T. Lee U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions John C. Polanyi Canada development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions economics James M. Buchanan U.S. public-choice theory bridging economics and political science literature Wole Soyinka Nigeria peace Elie Wiesel U.S. physics Gerd Binnig West Germany development of special electron microscopes Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland development of special electron microscopes Ernst Ruska West Germany development of special electron microscopes physiology/medicine Stanley Cohen U.S. discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells 1987 chemistry Donald J. Cram U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules Jean-Marie Lehn France development of molecules that can link with other molecules Charles J. Pedersen U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules economics Robert Merton Solow U.S. contributions to the theory of economic growth literature Joseph Brodsky U.S. peace Oscar Arias Sánchez Costa Rica physics J. Georg Bednorz West Germany discovery of new superconducting materials Karl Alex Müller Switzerland discovery of new superconducting materials physiology/medicine Tonegawa Susumu Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies 1988 chemistry Johann Deisenhofer West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis Robert Huber West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis Hartmut Michel West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis economics Maurice Allais France contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resources literature Naguib Mahfouz Egypt peace United Nations Peacekeeping Forces physics Leon Max Lederman U.S. research in subatomic particles Melvin Schwartz U.S. research in subatomic particles Jack Steinberger U.S. research in subatomic particles physiology/medicine Sir James Black U.K. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease Gertrude Belle Elion U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease George Herbert Hitchings U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease 1989 chemistry Sidney Altman U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA Thomas Robert Cech U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA economics Trygve Haavelmo Norway development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting literature Camilo José Cela Spain peace Dalai Lama Tibet physics Hans Georg Dehmelt U.S. development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study Wolfgang Paul West Germany development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study Norman Foster Ramsey U.S. development of the atomic clock physiology/medicine J. Michael Bishop U.S. study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes Harold Varmus U.S. study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes 1990 chemistry Elias James Corey U.S. development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex molecules economics Harry M. Markowitz U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision-making Merton H. Miller U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision-making William F. Sharpe U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision-making literature Octavio Paz Mexico peace Mikhail Gorbachev U.S.S.R. physics Jerome Isaac Friedman U.S. discovery of atomic quarks Henry Way Kendall U.S. discovery of atomic quarks Richard E. Taylor Canada discovery of atomic quarks physiology/medicine Joseph E. Murray U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants E. Donnall Thomas U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants 1991 chemistry Richard R. Ernst Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy economics Ronald Coase U.S. application of economic principles to the study of law literature Nadine Gordimer South Africa peace Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar physics Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules physiology/medicine Erwin Neher Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases Bert Sakmann Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases 1992 chemistry Rudolph A. Marcus U.S. explanation of how electrons transfer between molecules economics Gary S. Becker U.S. application of economic theory to social sciences literature Derek Walcott St. Lucia peace Rigoberta Menchú Guatemala physics Georges Charpak France inventor of detector that traces subatomic particles physiology/medicine Edmond H. Fischer U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases Edwin Gerhard Krebs U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases 1993 chemistry Kary B. Mullis U.S. inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation Michael Smith Canada inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation economics Robert William Fogel U.S. contributions to economic history Douglass C. North U.S. contributions to economic history literature Toni Morrison U.S. peace F.W. de Klerk South Africa Nelson Mandela South Africa physics Russell Alan Hulse U.S. identifying binary pulsars Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. U.S. identifying binary pulsars physiology/medicine Richard J. Roberts U.K. discovery of “split,” or interrupted, genetic structure Phillip A. Sharp U.S. discovery of “split,” or interrupted, genetic structure 1994 chemistry George A. Olah U.S. development of techniques to study hydrocarbon molecules economics John C. Harsanyi U.S. development of game theory John F. Nash U.S. development of game theory Reinhard Selten Germany development of game theory literature Oe Kenzaburo Japan peace Yasser Arafat Palestinian Shimon Peres Israel Yitzhak Rabin Israel physics Bertram N. Brockhouse Canada development of neutron-scattering techniques Clifford G. Shull U.S. development of neutron-scattering techniques physiology/medicine Alfred G. Gilman U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins Martin Rodbell U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins 1995 chemistry Paul Crutzen Netherlands explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer Mario Molina U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer F. Sherwood Rowland U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer economics Robert E. Lucas, Jr. U.S. incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theory literature Seamus Heaney Ireland peace Pugwash Conferences (founded 1957) Joseph Rotblat U.K. physics Martin Lewis Perl U.S. discovery of tau subatomic particle Frederick Reines U.S. discovery of neutrino subatomic particle physiology/medicine Edward B. Lewis U.S. identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Germany identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development Eric F. Wieschaus U.S. identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development 1996 chemistry Robert F. Curl, Jr. U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes Sir Harold W. Kroto U.K. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes Richard E. Smalley U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes economics James A. Mirrlees U.K. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information William Vickrey U.S. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information literature Wisława Szymborska Poland peace Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo Timorese José Ramos-Horta Timorese physics David M. Lee U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 Douglas D. Osheroff U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 Robert C. Richardson U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 physiology/medicine Peter C. Doherty Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells Rolf M. Zinkernagel Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells 1997 chemistry Paul D. Boyer U.S. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate Jens C. Skou Denmark discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase John E. Walker U.K. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate economics Robert C. Merton U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives Myron S. Scholes U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives literature Dario Fo Italy peace International Campaign to Ban Landmines (founded 1992) Jody Williams U.S. physics Steven Chu U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France process of trapping atoms with laser cooling William D. Phillips U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling physiology/medicine Stanley B. Prusiner U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein 1998 chemistry Walter Kohn U.S. development of the density-functional theory John A. Pople U.K. development of computational methods in quantum chemistry economics Amartya Sen India contribution to welfare economics literature José Saramago Portugal peace John Hume Northern Ireland David Trimble Northern Ireland physics Robert B. Laughlin U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect Horst L. Störmer U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect Daniel C. Tsui U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect physiology/medicine Robert F. Furchgott U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system Louis J. Ignarro U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system Ferid Murad U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system 1999 chemistry Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt/U.S. study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy economics Robert A. Mundell Canada analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange rate regimes literature Günter Grass Germany peace Doctors Without Borders (founded 1971) physics Gerardus ‘t Hooft Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions physiology/medicine Günter Blobel U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization 2000 chemistry Alan J. Heeger U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity Alan G. MacDiarmid U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity Shirakawa Hideki Japan discovery of plastics that conduct electricity economics James J. Heckman U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour Daniel L. McFadden U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour literature Gao Xingjian France peace Kim Dae-Jung South Korea physics Zhores I. Alferov Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics Jack S. Kilby U.S. development of the integrated circuit (microchip) Herbert Kroemer Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics physiology/medicine Arvid Carlsson Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain Paul Greengard U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain Eric R. Kandel U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain 2001 chemistry William S. Knowles U.S. work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions Noyori Ryoji Japan work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions K. Barry Sharpless U.S. work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions economics George A. Akerlof U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information A. Michael Spence U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information Joseph E. Stiglitz U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information literature Sir V.S. Naipaul Trinidad peace United Nations (founded 1945) Kofi Annan Ghana physics Eric A. Cornell U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Wolfgang Ketterle Germany achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Carl E. Wieman U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates physiology/medicine Leland H. Hartwell U.S. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle R. Timothy Hunt U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle Sir Paul M. Nurse U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle 2002 chemistry John B. Fenn U.S. development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules Tanaka Koichi Japan development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules economics Daniel Kahneman U.S./Israel integration of psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty Vernon L. Smith U.S. establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis literature Imre Kertész Hungary peace Jimmy Carter U.S. physics Raymond Davis, Jr. U.S. detection of neutrinos Riccardo Giacconi U.S. seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays Koshiba Masatoshi Japan detection of neutrinos physiology/medicine Sydney Brenner U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) H. Robert Horvitz U.S. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) John E. Sulston U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) 2003 chemistry Peter Agre U.S. discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells Roderick MacKinnon U.S. discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells economics Robert F. Engle U.S. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data Clive W.J. Granger U.K. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data literature J.M. Coetzee South Africa peace Shirin Ebadi Iran physics Alexei A. Abrikosov U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Vitaly L. Ginzburg Russia discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Anthony J. Leggett U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures physiology/medicine Paul Lauterbur U.S. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Sir Peter Mansfield U.K. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 2004 chemistry Aaron Ciechanover Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation Avram Hershko Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation Irwin Rose U.S. discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation economics Finn E. Kydland Norway contributions to dynamic macroeconomics Edward C. Prescott U.S. contributions to dynamic macroeconomics literature Elfriede Jelinek Austria peace Wangari Maathi Kenya physics David J. Gross U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction H. David Politzer U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction Frank Wilczek U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction physiology/medicine Richard Axel U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system Linda B. Buck U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system 2005 chemistry Yves Chauvin France development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis Robert H. Grubbs U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis Richard R. Schrock U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis economics Robert J. Aumann Israel contributions to game-theory analysis Thomas C. Schelling U.S. contributions to game-theory analysis literature Harold Pinter U.K. peace Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt International Atomic Energy Agency (founded 1957) physics Roy J. Glauber U.S. contributions to the field of optics John L. Hall U.S. contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy Theodor W. Hänsch Germany contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy physiology/medicine Barry J. Marshall Australia discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease J. Robin Warren Australia discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease 2006 chemistry Roger D. Kornberg U.S. work on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription economics Edmund S. Phelps U.S. analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy literature Orhan Pamuk Turkey peace Grameen Bank (founded 1976) Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh physics John C. Mather U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation George F. Smoot U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation physiology/medicine Andrew Z. Fire U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA Craig C. Mello U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA 2007 chemistry Gerhard Ertl Germany studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces economics Leonid Hurwicz U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory Eric S. Maskin U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory Roger B. Myerson U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory literature Doris Lessing U.S. peace Al Gore U.S. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (founded 1988) physics Albert Fert France discovery of giant magnetoresistance Peter Grünberg Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistance physiology/medicine Mario R. Capecchi U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Sir Martin J. Evans U.K. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Oliver Smithies U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells 2008 chemistry Martin Chalfie U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP Osamu Shimomura U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP Roger Y. Tsien U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP economics Paul Krugman U.S. analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity literature Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio France peace Martti Ahtisaari Finland physics Kobayashi Makoto Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature Maskawa Toshihide Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature Yoichiro Nambu U.S. discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics physiology/medicine Françoise Barré-Sinoussi France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus Luc Montagnier France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus Harald zur Hausen Germany discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer 2009 chemistry Venkatraman Ramakrishnan U.S. studies of the structure and function of the ribosome Thomas Steitz U.S. studies of the structure and function of the ribosome Ada Yonath Israel studies of the structure and function of the ribosome economics Elinor Ostrom U.S. analysis of economic governance, especially the commons Oliver E. Williamson U.S. analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm literature Herta Müller Germany peace Barack Obama U.S. physics Willard Boyle Canada/U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit Charles Kao U.K./U.S. achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication George E. Smith U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit physiology/medicine Elizabeth H. Blackburn U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase Carol W. Greider U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase Jack W. Szostak U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase 2010 chemistry Richard F. Heck U.S. development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules Negishi Ei-ichi Japan development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules Suzmediuki Akira Japan development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules economics Peter A. Diamond U.S. analysis of markets with search frictions Dale T. Mortensen U.S. analysis of markets with search frictions Christopher A. Pissarides Cyprus/U.K. analysis of markets with search frictions literature Mario Vargas Llosa Peru peace Liu Xiaobo China physics Andre Geim Netherlands experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene Konstantin Novoselov Russia/U.K. experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene physiology/medicine Robert Edwards U.K. development of in vitro fertilization 2011 chemistry Daniel Shechtman Israel discovery of quasicrystals economics Thomas J. Sargent U.S. empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy Christopher A. Sims U.S. empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy literature Tomas Tranströmer Sweden peace Leymah Gbowee Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Liberia Tawakkul Karmān Yemen physics Saul Perlmutter U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae Adam G. Riess U.S./Australia discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae Brian P. Schmidt U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae physiology/medicine Bruce A. Beutler U.S. discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity 2012 chemistry Brian K. Kobilka U.S. studies of G-protein-coupled receptors Robert J. Lefkowitz U.S. studies of G-protein-coupled receptors economics Alvin E. Roth U.S. work on market design and matching theory Lloyd S. Shapley U.S. work on market design and matching theory literature Mo Yan China peace European Union (founded 1993) Shinya Yamanaka Japan discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent 2013 chemistry Martin Karplus Austria/U.S. development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems Michael Levitt U.K./U.S./Israel development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems Arieh Warshel Israel/U.S. development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems economics Eugene F. Fama U.S. empirical analysis of asset prices Lars P. Hansen U.S. empirical analysis of asset prices Robert J. Shiller U.S. empirical analysis of asset prices literature Alice Munro Canada peace Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (founded 1997) physics François Englert Belgium theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles Peter Higgs U.K. theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles physiology/medicine James E. Rothman U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells Randy W. Schekman U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells Thomas C. Südhof Germany/U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells 2014 chemistry Eric Betzig U.S. development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy Stefan W. Hell Germany development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy William E. Moerner U.S. development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy economics Jean Tirole France analysis of market power and regulation literature Patrick Modiano France peace Kailash Satyarthi India Malala Yousafzai Pakistan physics Akasaki Isamu Japan invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources Amano Hiroshi Japan invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources Shuji Nakamura U.S. invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources physiology/medicine Edvard I. Moser Norway discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain May-Britt Moser Norway discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain John O’Keefe U.S./U.K. discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain 2015 chemistry Tomas Lindahl Sweden mechanistic studies of DNA repair Paul Modrich U.S. mechanistic studies of DNA repair Aziz Sancar Turkey/U.S. mechanistic studies of DNA repair economics Angus S. Deaton U.K. analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare literature Svetlana Alexievich Belarus peace National Dialogue Quartet (founded 2013) physics Kajita Takaaki Japan discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass Arthur B. McDonald Canada discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass physiology/medicine William C. Campbell Ireland discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites Ōmura Satoshi Japan discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites Tu Youyou China discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria 2016 chemistry Jean-Pierre Sauvage France design and synthesis of molecular machines J. Fraser Stoddart U.K. design and synthesis of molecular machines Bernard Feringa Netherlands design and synthesis of molecular machines economics Oliver Hart U.K. contributions to contract theory Bengt Holmström Finland contributions to contract theory literature Bob Dylan U.S. peace Juan Manuel Santos Colombia physics David Thouless U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter Duncan Haldane U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter Michael Kosterlitz U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter physiology/medicine Yoshinori Ohsumi Japan discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy 2017 chemistry Jacques Dubochet Switzerland development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Joachim Frank Germany/U.S. development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Richard Henderson U.K. development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution economics Richard H. Thaler U.S. contributions to behavioral economics literature Kazuo Ishiguro U.K. peace International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (founded 2007) physics Barry C. Barish U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves Kip S. Thorne U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves Rainer Weiss U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves physiology/medicine Jeffrey C. Hall U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm Michael Rosbash U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm Michael W. Young U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm 2018 chemistry Frances Arnold U.S. first directed evolution of enzymes George P. Smith U.S. development of phage display, a method in which a bacteriophage can be used to evolve new proteins Gregory P. Winter U.K. work using the phage display method for the directed evolution of antibodies economics William Nordhaus U.S. integration of climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis Paul Romer U.S. integration of technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis literature** Olga Tokarczuk Poland peace Denis Mukwege Democratic Republic of the Congo Nadia Murad Iraq physics Arthur Ashkin U.S. invention of optical tweezers and their application to biological systems Gérard Mourou France invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses Donna Strickland Canada invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses physiology/medicine James P. Allison U.S. discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation Tasuku Honjo Japan discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation 2019 chemistry John B. Goodenough U.S. development of lithium-ion batteries M. Stanley Whittingham U.K./U.S. development of lithium-ion batteries Yoshino Akira Japan development of lithium-ion batteries economics Abhijit Banerjee U.S. experimental approach to alleviating global poverty Esther Duflo French/U.S. experimental approach to alleviating global poverty Michael Kremer U.S. experimental approach to alleviating global poverty literature Peter Handke Austria peace Abiy Ahmed Ethiopia physics James Peebles Canada/U.S. theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology Michel Mayor Switzerland discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star Didier Queloz Switzerland discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star physiology/medicine William G. Kaelin, Jr. U.S. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability Peter J. Ratcliffe U.K. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability Gregg L. Semenza U.S. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability 2020 chemistry Emmanuelle Charpentier France development of a method for genome editing Jennifer Doudna U.S. development of a method for genome editing economics Paul R. Milgrom U.S. improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats Robert B. Wilson U.S. improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats literature Louise Glück U.S. peace World Food Programme (founded 1961) physics Reinhard Genzel Germany discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy Andrea Ghez U.S. discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy Roger Penrose U.K. discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity physiology/medicine Harvey J. Alter U.S. discovery of hepatitis C virus Michael Houghton U.K. discovery of hepatitis C virus Charles M. Rice U.S. discovery of hepatitis C virus 2021 chemistry Benjamin List Germany development of asymmetric organocatalysis David W.C. MacMillan U.K./U.S. development of asymmetric organocatalysis economics Joshua Angrist Israel/U.S. methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships David Card Canada/U.S. empirical contributions to labour economics Guido W. Imbens Neth./U.S. methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships literature Abdulrazak Gurnah Tanz. peace Dmitry Muratov Russia Maria Ressa Phil./U.S. physics Klaus Hasselmann Germany physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming Manabe Syukuro Japan/U.S. physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming Giorgio Parisi Italy discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales physiology/medicine David Julius U.S. discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch Ardem Patapoutian U.S. discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch 2022 chemistry Carolyn R. Bertozzi U.S. development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry Morten P. Meldal Neth. development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry K. Barry Sharpless U.S. development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry economics Ben Bernanke U.S. research on banks and financial crises Douglas Diamond U.S. research on banks and financial crises Philip Dybvig U.S. research on banks and financial crises literature Annie Ernaux France peace Ales Bialiatski Belarus Center for Civil Liberties Ukraine Memorial Russia physics Alain Aspect France experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology John F. Clauser U.S. experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology Anton Zeilinger Austria experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology physiology/medicine Svante Pääbo Sweden discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution 2023 chemistry Moungi Bawendi France/U.S. discovery and synthesis of quantum dots Louis Brus U.S. discovery and synthesis of quantum dots Alexei Ekimov Russia/U.S. discovery and synthesis of quantum dots economics Claudia Goldin U.S. research on women’s labour market outcomes literature Jon Fosse U.S. peace Narges Mohammadi Iran physics Pierre Agostini France development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter Ferenc Krausz Hungary development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter Anne L’Huillier France development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter physiology/medicine Katalin Karikó Hungary/U.S. discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	36	https://petrinipage.com/2023/01/20/january-20-writer-birthdays-4/	en	January 20 Writer Birthdays	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	[ "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-01-20T00:00:00	1562 - Ottavio Rinuccini, Italian poet and librettist; in collaborating with Jacopo Peri to produce the first opera, Dafne, he became the first opera librettist. 1719 - Jean-Jacques Barthélemy, French writer best known for his work The Travels of Anarchis the Younger in Greece. 1804 - Eugène Sue, French author whose novel Mathilde contains the…	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico	The Petrini Page	https://petrinipage.com/2023/01/20/january-20-writer-birthdays-4/	1562 – Ottavio Rinuccini, Italian poet and librettist; in collaborating with Jacopo Peri to produce the first opera, Dafne, he became the first opera librettist. 1719 – Jean-Jacques Barthélemy, French writer best known for his work The Travels of Anarchis the Younger in Greece. 1804 – Eugène Sue, French author whose novel Mathilde contains the first recorded use of the phrase, “Revenge is a dish best served cold.” 1806 – Nathaniel Parker Willis (also known as N. P. Willis), U.S. author, poet, and editor who worked with iconic American writers including Poe and Longfellow. 1823 – Imre Madách, Hungarian writer, poet, politician, lawyer, and playwright whose major work is The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája), a dramatic poem about 4,000 lines long, which elaborates on ideas comparable to Goethe’s Faust. 1848 – Alexander Kazbegi, Georgian actor, writer, poet, playwright, journalist, translator, and author who was best known for his novel The Patricide, about a heroic Caucasian bandit named Koba, who, much like Robin Hood, is a defender of the poor. Kazbegi’s work was an inspiration to Joseph Stalin, who used Koba as a revolutionary pseudonym. 1866 – Euclides da Cunha, Brazilian novelist, naturalist, writer, military personnel, poet, engineer, physicist, historian, zoologist, geologist, geographer, university teacher, journalist, sociologist, botanist, and philosopher. 1873 – Hōmei Iwano, Japanese writer, poet, translator, literary critic, and novelist who was especially known for his poetical dramas and autobiographical novels. 1873 – Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Nobel Prize-winning Danish author who is regarded as one of the great Danish writers of the first half of 20th century “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style.” He was the brother of controversial feminist author Maria “Thit” Jensen. 1877 – Ștefan Petică, Romanian Symbolist poet, prose writer, playwright, author, journalist, and socialist activist. 1883 – Forrest Wilson, Pulitzer Prize-winning U.S. journalist, author, and Harriet Beecher Stowe biographer. 1885 – Ozaki Hosai (pen name of Ozaki Hideo), Japanese poet who was part of the birth of the modern free-verse haiku movement; his verses are permeated with loneliness, most likely a result of the isolation, poverty, and poor health of his final years. 1894 – Junzaburō Nishiwaki, Japanese writer, poet, translator, university teacher, literary critic, and linguist who specialized in modernism, Dadaism, and surrealism and was a seven-time Nobel Prize nominee; he was also an accomplished watercolor artist. 1896 – Kim Myeong-sun, North Korean-born South Korean novelist, poet, journalist, film actress, and autobiographer whose work was praised for her keen psychological portraits. 1908 – Jean S. Macleid, prolific British romance novelist who also wrote as Catherine Airlie. 1909 – Olive Fraser, award-winning Scottish poet; most of her work was published posthumously. 1910 – Joy Adamson (full name Friederike Victoria Joy Adamson, née Gessner), Austrian naturalist, artist and author whose book, Born Free, describes her experiences raising a lion cub named Elsa; Born Free was printed in several languages and was made into an Academy Award-winning movie of the same name. 1919 – Silva Kaputikyan, Armenian poet, writer, and political activist who was one of the best-known Armenian writers of the twentieth century, recognized as “the grand lady of twentieth century Armenian poetry; she was a member of the Communist Party and an advocate for Armenian nationalist causes. She wrote in both Armenian and Russian. 1921 – Sibnarayan Ray, Indian writer, poet, author, literary critic, academic, and philosopher who wrote in the Bengali language. 1921 – Francisco José Tenreiro, São Toméan geographer, poet, and essayist; one of his primary themes explored Blacks suffering during colonial rule and the problems of the Black diaspora in Portugal and around the world. 1925 – Ernesto Cardenal, Nicaraguan poet, politician, and Catholic priest who founded a primitivistic art colony. 1930 – Blair Lent, Caldecott Medal-winning U.S. children’s author and illustrator who sometimes wrote under the pseudonym Ernest Small; he was best known for his books with Chinese themes, such as Tikki Tikki Tembo. 1932 – Heberto Juan Padilla, Cuban writer, poet, and university professor who was the center of the so-called “Padilla affair,” in which he was imprisoned for criticizing the government. 1934 – Hennie Aucamp, South African poet, academic, and short-story writer who wrote in Afrikaans. 1937 – Curtis Earle Lang, Canadian poet, artist, photographer, seaman, inventor, and entrepreneur. 1944 – Caroline Mavis Caddy, award-winning Australian poet and dental nurse; it has been said that, “Caddy writes with equal verve about the rural southwest of WA and her time abroad, particularly in China (though also Canada and Antarctica).… Her relaxed, often conversational tone belies her sharp eye for detail which, combined with a knack for simile and metaphor, has remained acute throughout her career.” 1944 – William Henry Jackson Griffith, U.S. cartoonist who signs his work Bill Griffith or Griffy, and is best known for the comic strip “Zippy”; he is credited with originating the popular catchphrase, “Are we having fun yet?” 1945 – Robert Olen Butler, Pulitzer Prize-winning U.S. short-story writer and novelist. 1948 – Nancy Kress, multiple Hugo and Nebula Award-winning U.S. science-fiction author, short-story writer, columnist, and educator; she tends to write hard science fiction, or technically realistic stories, often set in a fairly near future. 1948 – Natan Sharansky, Soviet-born Israeli politician, author, autobiographer, and human-rights activist who was sent to prison in the Soviet Union for allegedly spying for the Defense Intelligence Agency. 1952 – Roo Borson (real name Ruth Elizabeth Borson), award-winning Canadian writer and poet who is a member of the collaborative performance poetry ensemble Pain Not Bread. 1952 – Khurshid Davron, Soviet writer, poet, historical fiction writer, translator, and playwright whose work presents historical and cultural perspectives from Uzbekistan and nearby Central Asia. 1952 – Nikos Sideris, Greek poet, novelist, nonfiction writer, translator, psychiatrist, and psychoanalyst who wrote a bestselling nonfiction book, Children Do Not Need Psychologists. They Need Parents! 1953 – Sevda Mikayilova, Azerbaijani philologist, educator, researcher, and poet. 1956 – Pía Barros Bravo, Chilean writer who is associated with her country’s Generation of ’80 literary movement; she is best known for her short stories. 1956 – Stanka Gjuric, Croatian writer, poet, essayist, actress, filmmaker, opinion writer, and philosopher; most of her published work takes the form of poems and of philosophical and lyrical essays. 1956 – Bill Maher, controversial U.S. comedian, political commentator, television personality, and author. 1958 – Paola Tiziana Cruciani, Italian writer, screenwriter, playwright, and actress. 1959 – Tami Hoag, bestselling U.S. author of romance and thriller novels. 1959 – R.A. Salvatore, U.S. author of bestselling fantasy and science fiction books, known for his “Forgotten Realms” and “Star Wars” books. 1960 – Marcello Fois, prolific, award-winning Italian screenwriter, writer, playwright, children’s writer who is a leading proponent of the New Sardinian Literature movement. 1960 – Kij Johnson, (born Katherine Irenae Johnson) award-winning U.S. novelist, essayist, writer, professor, fantasy writer, and science-fiction writer. 1961 – Li Li, award-winning Chinese poet and literary translator who currently resides in Stockholm. 1962 – Ulrike Draesner, award-winning German writer, romance novelist, poet, translator, author, editor, short-story writer, and literary critic; she frequently collaborates on cross-media projects with other artists and merges literature with sculpting, performing arts, and music. 1962 – Laima Muktupavela Kota, award-winning Latvian author. 1964 – Kazushige Nojima, Japanese screenwriter, writer, lyricist, and videogame writer who is best known for writing several installments of Square Enix’s “Final Fantasy” videogame series. 1964 – Fareed Zakaria, U.S. Indian-American journalist and author. 1967 – Alexander Ahndoril, Swedish novelist and playwright who has also written crime novels with his wife, Alexandra Coelho Ahndoril, under the joint pen name Lars Kepler.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	6	https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Long-Journey	en	The Long Journey \| work by Jensen	https://cdn.britannica.c…e.jpg?v=3.121.12	https://cdn.britannica.c…e.jpg?v=3.121.12	[ "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/57/194857-131-F5FF4C32/meadow-adder-snake-viper-Ursini-tongue.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/22/232222-050-C7D008B3/Hand-ballot-box-vote-election.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/48/221848-131-DF541F62/US-presidential-elections-in-maps.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/85/203585-131-D4FEE60A/Solar-Eclipse-Flare-Astronomy-Outer-Space.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/25/176125-131-8F24FB6D/Skeleton-aurochs-Europe-ox.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/18/418-131-A96118F7/Eagle-Grumman-lunar-module-Apollo-11-footpads-July-20-1969.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/45/189145-131-45FF672E/Secret-Service-Agent-Earpiece.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" ]	[]	[]	[ "The Long Journey", "encyclopedia", "encyclopeadia", "britannica", "article" ]	null	[]	null	Other articles where The Long Journey is discussed: Johannes V. Jensen: (1908–22; The Long Journey, 3 vol., 1922–24). This story of the rise of man from the most primitive times to the discovery of America by Columbus exhibits both his imagination and his skill as an amateur anthropologist.	en	/favicon.png	Encyclopedia Britannica	https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Long-Journey	In Johannes V. Jensen (1908–22; The Long Journey, 3 vol., 1922–24). This story of the rise of man from the most primitive times to the discovery of America by Columbus exhibits both his imagination and his skill as an amateur anthropologist. Read More
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	61	https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-copenhagen/alumni/	en	100 Notable Alumni of University of Copenhagen [Sorted List]	https://edurank.org/asse…img/og-image.jpg	https://edurank.org/asse…img/og-image.jpg	[ "https://edurank.org/assets/img/logo.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/hans-christian-andersen.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/niels-bohr.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/soren-kierkegaard.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/tycho-brahe.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/sweden-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/lars-mikkelsen.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/alex-hogh-andersen.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/mette-frederiksen.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/hans-christian-orsted.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/frederick-ix-of-denmark.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/helle-thorning-schmidt.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/lars-lokke-rasmussen.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/margrethe-vestager.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/peter-freuchen.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/alumni/hans-christian-gram.jpg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", 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"https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/flags/denmark-flag.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/logo.svg", "https://edurank.org/assets/img/misc/info-mail.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "EduRank" ]	2021-08-11T10:00:00-08:00	Below is the list of 100 notable alumni from the University of Copenhagen sorted by their wiki pages popularity. The directory includes famous graduates and former students along with research and academic staff. 5 individuals affiliated with the University of Copenhagen won Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine.	en	/favicon.png	EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location	https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-copenhagen/alumni/	100 Notable alumni of University of Copenhagen Updated: February 29, 2024 EduRank The University of Copenhagen is 115th in the world, 42nd in Europe, and 1st in Denmark by aggregated alumni prominence. Below is the list of 100 notable alumni from the University of Copenhagen sorted by their wiki pages popularity. The directory includes famous graduates and former students along with research and academic staff. 5 individuals affiliated with the University of Copenhagen won Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine. Hans Christian Andersen Born in Denmark Years 1805-1875 (aged 70) Occupations travelerwriterchildren's writerpoetnovelist Biography Hans Christian Andersen was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, he is best remembered for his literary fairy tales. Niels Bochr Awards Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 Born in Denmark Years 1885-1962 (aged 77) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen 1903-1911 graduated with Doctor of Philosophy Occupations university teacherphilosopher of sciencechemistphysicistassociation football player Biography Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. Søren Kierkegaard Born in Denmark Years 1813-1855 (aged 42) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Graduated with Doctor of Philosophy in theology Occupations theologianwriterliterary criticpoetphilosopher Biography Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was a Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, social critic, and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher. He wrote critical texts on organized religion, Christianity, morality, ethics, psychology, and the philosophy of religion, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony, and parables. Much of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as a "single individual", giving priority to concrete human reality over abstract thinking and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment. He was against literary critics who defined idealist intellectuals and philosophers of his time, and thought that Swedenborg, Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Schlegel, and Hans Christian Andersen were all "understood" far too quickly by "scholars." Tycho Brahe Born in Sweden Years 1546-1601 (aged 55) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1559-1562 Occupations astronomerastrologerwriterpoetalchemist Biography Tycho Brahe, generally called Tycho for short, was a Danish astronomer of the Renaissance, known for his comprehensive and unprecedentedly accurate astronomical observations. He was known during his lifetime as an astronomer, astrologer, and alchemist. He was the last major astronomer before the invention of the telescope. Lars Mikkelsen Born in Denmark Years 1964-.. (age 60) Occupations film actormime artisttelevision actorstreet artistjuggler Biography Lars Dittmann Mikkelsen is a Danish actor. He is best known for his roles as Copenhagen mayoral election candidate Troels Hartmann in the Danish police procedural The Killing, the character Charles Augustus Magnussen in the third series of the BBC programme Sherlock, fictional Russian president Viktor Petrov in the American political thriller TV series House of Cards, the mage Stregobor on the Netflix series The Witcher, and Grand Admiral Thrawn in Star Wars Rebels and Ahsoka. In 2011, he won the Reumert Prize of Honour for his contributions to Danish theatre. Alex Høgh Andersen Born in Denmark Years 1994-.. (age 30) Occupations voice actormodelphotographeractor Biography Alex Høgh Andersen is a Danish actor. He is mostly known for the role of Ivar the Boneless in the historical drama television series Vikings (2016–2020). Mette Frederiksen Born in Denmark Years 1977-.. (age 47) Occupations politiciantrade unionist Biography Mette Frederiksen is a Danish politician who has served as prime minister of Denmark since June 2019, and leader of the Social Democrats since June 2015. The second woman to hold either office, she is also the youngest prime minister in Danish history, the first to be born after Margrethe II's accession to the throne, and the first to serve under Frederik X. Hans Christian Ørsted Born in Denmark Years 1777-1851 (aged 74) Occupations university teacherchemistphysicistinventorengineer Biography Hans Christian Ørsted was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism. Oersted's law and the oersted unit (Oe) are named after him. Frederik IX of Denmark Born in Denmark Years 1899-1972 (aged 73) Occupations musicianmonarch Biography Frederik IX was King of Denmark from 1947 to 1972. Helle Thorning-Schmidt Born in Denmark Years 1966-.. (age 58) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen 1987-1994 graduated with Danish Master of Science in Political Science (cand.scient.pol) Occupations international forum participantpolitician Biography Helle Thorning-Schmidt is a Danish retired politician who served as the 26th Prime Minister of Denmark from 2011 to 2015, and Leader of the Social Democrats from 2005 to 2015. She is the first woman to have held each post. Following defeat in 2015, she announced that she would step down as both Danish Prime Minister and Social Democratic party leader. Ending her political career in April 2016, she was the chief executive of the NGO Save the Children until June 2019. Lars Løkke Rasmussen Born in Denmark Years 1964-.. (age 60) Occupations politicianinternational forum participantjurist Biography Lars Løkke Rasmussen is a Danish politician who has served as Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2022. He previously served as the 25th Prime Minister of Denmark from 2009 to 2011 and again from 2015 to 2019. He was the leader of the liberal Venstre party from 2009 to 2019. Margrethe Vestager Born in Denmark Years 1968-.. (age 56) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1986-1993 Occupations politicianpoet Biography Margrethe Vestager is a Danish politician currently serving as Executive Vice President of the European Commission for A Europe Fit for the Digital Age since December 2019 and European Commissioner for Competition since 2014. Vestager is a member of the Danish Social Liberal Party, and of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE) on the European level. Peter Freuchen Born in Denmark Years 1886-1957 (aged 71) Occupations writerexploreractoranthropologistjournalist Biography Lorenz Peter Elfred Freuchen was a Danish explorer, author, journalist and anthropologist. He is notable for his role in Arctic exploration, namely the Thule Expeditions. Hans Christian Gram Born in Denmark Years 1853-1938 (aged 85) Occupations bacteriologistuniversity teacherpharmacologistbotanist Biography Hans Christian Joachim Gram was a Danish bacteriologist noted for his development of the Gram stain, still a standard technique to classify bacteria and make them more visible under a microscope. Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu Born in Romania Years 1887-1973 (aged 86) Occupations inventorengineerteacher Biography Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu was a Romanian engineer who was one of the first women to obtain a degree in engineering. She was born in the Romanian town of Galați but qualified in Berlin. During World War I she managed a hospital in Romania. Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Born in Iceland Years 1930-.. (age 94) Occupations politician Biography Vigdís Finnbogadóttir is an Icelandic politician who served as the fourth president of Iceland from 1980 to 1996. Vigdís is the first woman in the world to be democratically elected as president. Having served as president of Iceland for 16 years, she is the longest-serving elected female head of state in history. Vigdís is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador and a member of the Club of Madrid. Bjørn Lomborg Born in Denmark Years 1965-.. (age 59) Occupations university teachereconomistwriterenvironmentalistecologist Biography Bjørn Lomborg is a Danish author and the president of the think tank Copenhagen Consensus Center. He is the former director of the Danish government's Environmental Assessment Institute (EAI) in Copenhagen. He became internationally known for his best-selling book The Skeptical Environmentalist (2001). Aage Bohr Awards Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 Born in Denmark Years 1922-2009 (aged 87) Occupations nuclear physicistphysicistpedagogue Biography Aage Niels Bohr was a Danish nuclear physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 with Ben Roy Mottelson and James Rainwater "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection". His father was Niels Bohr. Danica Curcic Born in Serbia Years 1985-.. (age 39) Occupations stage actorvoice actorfilm actoractor Biography Danica Curcic is a Serbian-Danish actress. Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen Born in Denmark Years 1868-1939 (aged 71) Occupations chemist Biography Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen was a Danish chemist, known for the introduction of the concept of pH, a scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity. Ole Rømer Born in Denmark Years 1644-1710 (aged 66) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1662 Occupations mathematicianuniversity teacherpolice officerphysicistastronomer Biography Ole Christensen Rømer was a Danish astronomer who, in 1676, made the first measurement of the speed of light and discovery that light travels at a finite speed. Rømer also invented the modern thermometer showing the temperature between two fixed points, namely the points at which water respectively boils and freezes. Ludvig Holberg Born in Norway Years 1684-1754 (aged 70) Occupations essayistscreenwriterpoetplaywrightautobiographer Biography Ludvig Holberg, Baron of Holberg was a writer, essayist, philosopher, historian and playwright born in Bergen, Norway, during the time of the Dano–Norwegian dual monarchy. He was influenced by Humanism, the Enlightenment and the Baroque. Holberg is considered the founder of modern Danish and Norwegian literature. He was also a prominent Neo-Latin author, known across Europe for his writing. He is best known for the comedies he wrote in 1722–1723 for the Lille Grønnegade Theatre in Copenhagen. Holberg's works about natural and common law were widely read by many Danish law students over two hundred years, from 1736 to 1936. Nicolaus Steno Born in Denmark Years 1638-1686 (aged 48) Occupations Catholic priestanatomistCatholic bishopphysicianpaleontologist Biography Niels Steensen; 1 January 1638 – 25 November 1686 [NS: 11 January 1638 – 5 December 1686]) was a Danish scientist, a pioneer in both anatomy and geology who became a Catholic bishop in his later years. Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig Born in Denmark Years 1783-1872 (aged 89) Occupations poetphilosopherphilologisthistorianhymnwriter Biography Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig, most often referred to as N. F. S. Grundtvig, was a Danish pastor, author, poet, philosopher, historian, teacher and politician. He was one of the most influential people in Danish history, as his philosophy gave rise to a new form of nationalism in the last half of the 19th century. It was steeped in the national literature and supported by deep spirituality. Jens Otto Krag Born in Denmark Years 1914-1978 (aged 64) Occupations diplomatpoliticianeconomist Biography Jens Otto Krag was a Danish politician who served as prime minister of Denmark from 1962 to 1968 and from 1971 to 1972, and as leader of the Social Democrats from 1962 to 1972. He was president of the Nordic Council in 1971. Poul Schlüter Born in Denmark Years 1929-2021 (aged 92) Occupations politicianlawyer Biography Poul Holmskov Schlüter was a Danish politician who served as Prime Minister of Denmark from 1982 to 1993. He was the first (and to date, only) member of the Conservative People's Party to become Prime Minister, as well as the first conservative to hold the office since 1901. Schlüter was a member of the Folketing (Danish parliament) for the Conservative People's Party from 1964 to 1994. He was also Chairman of the Conservative People's Party from 1974 to 1977 and from 1981 to 1993. Inge Lehmann Born in Denmark Years 1888-1993 (aged 105) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen In 1968 graduated with Cand.mag. Occupations naturalistseismologistgeophysicistsurveyorgeologist Biography Inge Lehmann was a Danish seismologist and geophysicist who is known for her discovery in 1936 of the solid inner core that exists within the molten outer core of the Earth. The seismic discontinuity in the speed of seismic waves at depths between 190 and 250 km is named the Lehmann discontinuity after her. Lehmann is considered to be a pioneer among women and scientists in seismology research. Georg Brandes Born in Denmark Years 1842-1927 (aged 85) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied aesthetics Occupations university teacherautobiographerwriterphilosopherliterary critic Biography Georg Morris Cohen Brandes was a Danish critic and scholar who greatly influenced Scandinavian and European literature from the 1870s through the turn of the 20th century. He is seen as the theorist behind the "Modern Breakthrough" of Scandinavian culture. At the age of 30, Brandes formulated the principles of a new realism and naturalism, condemning hyper-aesthetic writing and also fantasy in literature. His literary goals were shared by some other authors, among them the Norwegian "realist" playwright Henrik Ibsen. Poul Nyrup Rasmussen Born in Denmark Years 1943-.. (age 81) Occupations economistpolitician Biography Poul Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen is a retired Danish politician. Rasmussen was Prime Minister of Denmark from 25 January 1993 to 27 November 2001 and President of the Party of European Socialists (PES) from 2004 to 2011. He was the leader of the governing Social Democrats from 1992 to 2002. He was a member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009. Uffe Ellemann-Jensen Born in Denmark Years 1941-2022 (aged 81) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen 1962-1969 graduated with candidate in economics Occupations journalistautobiographerpoliticiandiplomat Biography Uffe Ellemann-Jensen was a Danish politician who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs of Denmark in the Conservative-led Poul Schlüter Administration from 1982 to 1993. He was leader of the Danish Liberal Party Venstre from 1984 to 1998 and President of the European Liberals 1995–2000. Hans Egede Born in Norway Years 1686-1758 (aged 72) Occupations pastormissionarylinguistpriestexplorer Biography Hans Poulsen Egede was a Dano-Norwegian Lutheran missionary who launched mission efforts to Greenland, which led him to be styled the Apostle of Greenland. He established a successful mission among the Inuit and is credited with revitalizing Dano-Norwegian interest in the island after contact had been broken for about 300 years. He founded Greenland's capital Godthåb, now known as Nuuk. Nella Larsen Born in United States Years 1891-1964 (aged 73) Occupations novelistwriterlibrariannurse Biography Nellallitea "Nella" Larsen was an American novelist. Working as a nurse and a librarian, she published two novels, Quicksand (1928) and Passing (1929), and a few short stories. Though her literary output was scant, she earned recognition by her contemporaries. Piet Hein Born in Denmark Years 1905-1996 (aged 91) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1924 Occupations writerpoetphysicistinventormathematician Biography Piet Hein was a Danish polymath (mathematician, inventor, designer, writer and poet), often writing under the Old Norse pseudonym Kumbel, meaning "tombstone". His short poems, known as gruks or grooks (Danish: gruk), first started to appear in the daily newspaper Politiken shortly after the German occupation of Denmark in April 1940 under the pseudonym "Kumbel Kumbell". He also invented the Soma cube and the board game Hex. Peter Høeg Born in Denmark Years 1957-.. (age 67) Occupations writer Biography Peter Høeg is a Danish writer of fiction. He is best known for his novel Miss Smilla's Feeling for Snow (1992). Ole Nydahl Born in Denmark Years 1941-.. (age 83) Occupations yogiwriterteacher Biography Ole Nydahl, also known as Lama Ole, is a lama providing Mahamudra teachings in the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Since the early 1970s, Nydahl has toured the world giving lectures and meditation courses. With his wife, Hannah Nydahl (1946-2007), he founded Diamond Way Buddhism, a worldwide Karma Kagyu Buddhist organization with over 600 centers for lay practitioners. Johannes V. Jensen Born in Denmark Years 1873-1950 (aged 77) Occupations translator-interpreterwritercolumnistcorrespondentpoet Biography Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was a Danish author, known as one of the great Danish writers of the first half of 20th century. He was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style". One of his sisters, Thit Jensen, was also a well-known writer and a very vocal, and occasionally controversial, early feminist. Ida Auken Born in Denmark Years 1978-.. (age 46) Occupations priestinternational forum participantpoliticiantheologian Biography Ida Margrete Meier Auken is a Danish politician and member of the Folketing for the Social Democrats political party. She has been a member of parliament since 2007. She was Minister for the Environment of Denmark from 2011 to 2014. Until 2014 she was a member of the Socialist People's Party, after which she moved to the Danish Social Liberal Party. In 2021, she switched to the Social Democrats. Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted Born in Denmark Years 1879-1947 (aged 68) Occupations chemistuniversity teacherphysicist Biography Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted was a Danish physical chemist, who developed the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory simultaneously with and independently of Martin Lowry. Ove Arup Born in United Kingdom Years 1895-1988 (aged 93) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1913 Occupations structural engineerengineerarchitectentrepreneur Biography Sir Ove Nyquist Arup, CBE, MICE, MIStructE, FCIOB was an English engineer who founded Arup Group Limited, a multinational corporation that offers engineering, design, planning, project management, and consulting services for building systems. Ove Arup is considered to be among the foremost architectural structural engineers of his time. Morten Messerschmidt Born in Denmark Years 1980-.. (age 44) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen 2000-2009 graduated with jurist Occupations politician Biography Morten Messerschmidt is a Danish politician and since 2022 leader of the Danish People's Party. He was an elected Member of the Folketing at the 2019 Danish general election having previously served from 2005 to 2009. At the 2014 European Parliament election, he was elected a Member of the European Parliament for Denmark with 465,758; the highest number of personal votes ever cast at a Danish election. Ester Boserup Born in Denmark Years 1910-1999 (aged 89) Occupations economistwriter Biography Ester Boserup was a Danish economist. She studied economic and agricultural development, worked at the United Nations as well as other international organizations, and wrote seminal books on agrarian change and the role of women in development. Kaj Munk Born in Denmark Years 1898-1944 (aged 46) Occupations theologianscreenwriterpoetpriestplaywright Biography Kaj Harald Leininger Munk was a Danish playwright and Lutheran pastor, known for his cultural engagement and his martyrdom during the Occupation of Denmark of World War II. He is commemorated as a martyr in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on 14 August, alongside Maximilian Kolbe. Mogens Lykketoft Born in Denmark Years 1946-.. (age 78) Occupations politiciandiplomat Biography Mogens Lykketoft is a Danish politician who served as Leader of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) from 2002 to 2005. Niels Ryberg Finsen Born in Denmark Years 1860-1904 (aged 44) Occupations university teacherphysicianscientist Biography Niels Ryberg Finsen was a physician and scientist. In 1903, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science." Jens Peter Jacobsen Born in Denmark Years 1847-1885 (aged 38) Occupations writernovelistpoetbotanisttranslator Biography Jens Peter Jacobsen was a Danish novelist, poet, and scientist, in Denmark often just written as "J. P. Jacobsen". He began the naturalist movement in Danish literature and was a part of the Modern Breakthrough. Gøsta Esping-Andersen Born in Denmark Years 1947-.. (age 77) Occupations economistuniversity teachersociologistpolitical scientist Biography Gøsta Esping-Andersen is a Danish sociologist whose primary focus has been on the welfare state and its place in capitalist economies. Jacob Hacker describes him as the "dean of welfare state scholars." Over the past decade his research has moved towards family demographic issues. A synthesis of his work was published as Families in the 21st Century (Stockholm, SNS, 2016). Naser Khader Born in Syria Years 1963-.. (age 61) Occupations writerpoliticianradio personalityinterpreterresearcher Biography Naser Khader is a Syrian-Danish politician and member of the Folketing 2001–2011 and again 2015–2022. Until 2021 he was a member of the Conservative People's Party. Adam Oehlenschläger Born in Denmark Years 1779-1850 (aged 71) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1800 Occupations university teacherlibrettistautobiographerplaywrightwriter Biography Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger was a Danish poet and playwright. He introduced romanticism into Danish literature. He wrote the lyrics to the song Der er et yndigt land, which is one of the national anthems of Denmark. Otto Jespersen Born in Denmark Years 1860-1943 (aged 83) Occupations scholar of Englishwriterautobiographerpedagogueuniversity teacher Biography Jens Otto Harry Jespersen was a Danish linguist who specialized in the grammar of the English language. Steven Mithen described him as "one of the greatest language scholars of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries." Pernille Skipper Born in Denmark Years 1984-.. (age 40) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen 2004-2011 graduated with jurist Occupations politician Biography Pernille Skipper is a former Danish politician. She was a member of the Folketing from 2011 to 2022, and was political spokesperson for the Red–Green Alliance from 2016 to 2021, succeeding Johanne Schmidt-Nielsen. In 2021 she was replaced by Mai Villadsen. Eske Willerslev Born in Denmark Years 1971-.. (age 53) Occupations biologistuniversity teacher Biography Eske Willerslev is a Danish evolutionary geneticist notable for his pioneering work in molecular anthropology, palaeontology, and ecology. He currently holds the Prince Philip Professorship in Ecology and Evolution at University of Cambridge, UK and the Lundbeck Foundation Professorship in Evolution at Copenhagen University, Denmark. He is director of the Centre of Excellence in GeoGenetics, a research associate at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, and a professorial fellow at St John's College, Cambridge. Willerslev is a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences (US) and holds the Order of the Dannebrog issued by her Majesty Queen Margrethe II of Denmark in 2017. Søren Pind Born in Denmark Years 1969-.. (age 55) Occupations politicianlawyer Biography Søren Pind is a Danish lawyer and former politician. He served as Danish Minister of Justice from 2015 to 2016, and as Minister of Science, Technology, Information and Higher Education from 2016 to May 2018, whereupon he retired from politics. Peter Naur Born in Denmark Years 1928-2016 (aged 88) Occupations astronomercomputer scientistuniversity teacherprogrammer Biography Peter Naur was a Danish computer science pioneer and 2005 Turing award winner. He is best remembered as a contributor, with John Backus, to the Backus–Naur form (BNF) notation used in describing the syntax for most programming languages. He also contributed to creating the language ALGOL 60. Sveinn Björnsson Born in Denmark Years 1881-1952 (aged 71) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied law Occupations politicianlawyer Biography Sveinn Björnsson was the first president of Iceland (1944–1952). Valdemar Poulsen Born in Denmark Years 1869-1942 (aged 73) Occupations technicianphysicistengineer Biography Valdemar Poulsen was a Danish engineer who developed a magnetic wire recorder called the telegraphone in 1898. He also made significant contributions to early radio technology, including the first continuous wave radio transmitter, the Poulsen arc, which was used for a majority of the earliest audio radio transmissions, before being supplanted by the development of vacuum-tube transmitters. Harald Bohr Born in Denmark Years 1887-1951 (aged 64) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1904-1910 Occupations mathematicianassociation football playeruniversity teacherpedagogue Biography Harald August Bohr was a Danish mathematician and footballer. After receiving his doctorate in 1910, Bohr became an eminent mathematician, founding the field of almost periodic functions. His brother was the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Niels Bohr. He was on the Denmark national team for the 1908 Summer Olympics, where he won a silver medal. Ritt Bjerregaard Born in Denmark Years 1941-2023 (aged 82) Occupations politician Biography Ritt Bjerregaard was a Danish politician who was a member of the Danish Social Democrats, and was Lord Mayor of Copenhagen from 1 January 2006 to 2010. Petter Dass Born in Norway Years 1647-1707 (aged 60) Occupations priestwriterpoet Biography Petter Pettersen Dass was a Lutheran priest and the foremost Norwegian poet of his generation, writing both baroque hymns and topographical poetry. Kristina Háfoss Born in Denmark Years 1975-.. (age 49) Occupations politicianjuristeconomist Biography Kristina Háfoss is a Faroese-Danish economist, lawyer, politician (Tjóðveldi) and former national swimmer for the Faroe Islands. She was Minister of Finance of the Faroe Islands from 2015–2019. She was elected for the Løgting again in 2019, but took leave from 1 February 2021 when she started in her new job as the Secretary-General of the Nordic Council. Agner Krarup Erlang Born in Denmark Years 1878-1929 (aged 51) Occupations statisticianengineermathematician Biography Agner Krarup Erlang was a Danish mathematician, statistician and engineer, who invented the fields of traffic engineering and queueing theory. Ole Worm Born in Denmark Years 1588-1654 (aged 66) Occupations naturalistuniversity teacherprehistorianphysicistarchaeologist Biography Ole Worm, who often went by the Latinized form of his name Olaus Wormius, was a Danish physician, natural historian and antiquary. He was a professor at the University of Copenhagen where he taught Greek, Latin, physics and medicine. August Krogh Awards Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1920 Born in Denmark Years 1874-1949 (aged 75) Occupations university teacherphysicianphysiologistzoologistpedagogue Biography Schack August Steenberg Krogh was a Danish professor at the department of zoophysiology at the University of Copenhagen from 1916 to 1945. He contributed a number of fundamental discoveries within several fields of physiology, and is famous for developing the Krogh Principle. Steen Steensen Blicher Born in Denmark Years 1782-1848 (aged 66) Occupations priestpoettranslatorwriter Biography Steen Steensen Blicher was an author and poet born in Vium near Viborg, Denmark. Sherin Khankan Born in Denmark Years 1974-.. (age 50) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Graduated with master's degree in sociology of religion and philosophy Occupations women's rights activistlecturerwriterpoliticianimam Biography Sherin Khankan is Denmark's (and Scandinavia's) first female imam; she founded a women-led mosque in Copenhagen. She is also an activist on Muslim issues including female integration and extremism, and has written numerous texts discussing Islam and politics. Wilhelm Ludwig Johannsen Born in Denmark Years 1857-1927 (aged 70) Occupations university teachergeneticistbotanist Biography Wilhelm Johannsen was a Danish pharmacist, botanist, plant physiologist, and geneticist. He is best known for coining the terms gene, phenotype and genotype, and for his 1903 "pure line" experiments in genetics. Johan Christian Fabricius Born in Denmark Years 1745-1808 (aged 63) Occupations carcinologistuniversity teacherarachnologistbiologistlepidopterist Biography Johan Christian Fabricius was a Danish zoologist, specialising in "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. He was a student of Carl Linnaeus, and is considered one of the most important entomologists of the 18th century, having named nearly 10,000 species of animals, and established the basis for the modern insect classification. Ditlev Gothard Monrad Born in Denmark Years 1811-1887 (aged 76) Occupations farmerdiplomatprelate Biography Ditlev Gothard Monrad was a Danish politician and bishop, and a founding father of Danish constitutional democracy; he also led the country as Council President in its huge defeat during the Second Schleswig War. Later, he became a New Zealand pioneer before returning to Denmark to become a bishop and politician once more. Jens Christian Skou Born in Denmark Years 1918-2018 (aged 100) Occupations university teacherbiochemistphysiologistchemistautobiographer Biography Jens Christian Skou was a Danish biochemist and Nobel laureate. Rasmus Rask Born in Denmark Years 1787-1832 (aged 45) Occupations philologistuniversity teacherlinguisthistorical linguist Biography Rasmus Kristian Rask was a Danish linguist and philologist. He wrote several grammars and worked on comparative phonology and morphology. Rask traveled extensively to study languages, first to Iceland, where he wrote the first grammar of Icelandic, and later to Russia, Persia, India, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Shortly before his death, he was hired as professor of Eastern languages at the University of Copenhagen. Rask is especially known for his contributions to comparative linguistics, including an early formulation of what would later be known as Grimm's Law. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1829. Pia Olsen Dyhr Born in Denmark Years 1971-.. (age 53) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1992-2010 Occupations politician Biography Pia Olsen Dyhr is a Danish politician who has been a member of the Folketing for the Green Left since the 2007 general elections. Dyhr has served as Minister for Trade and Investment and later Minister of Transport in the first Helle Thorning-Schmidt Cabinet. Following her party's resignation from the cabinet, Dyhr was elected as chairman of her party. Karen Melchior Born in Denmark Years 1980-.. (age 44) Occupations diplomatpoliticiancivil servant Biography Karen Melchior is a Danish lawyer and politician, formerly of the Danish Social Liberal Party, who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2019. Holger Bech Nielsen Born in Denmark Years 1941-.. (age 83) Occupations university teacherphysicisttheoretical physicist Biography Holger Bech Nielsen is a Danish theoretical physicist and professor emeritus at the Niels Bohr Institute, at the University of Copenhagen, where he started studying physics in 1961. Jón Sigurðsson Born in Iceland Years 1811-1879 (aged 68) Occupations historianpoliticianphilologist Biography Jón Sigurðsson was the leader of the 19th century Icelandic independence movement. Aksel V. Johannesen Years 1972-.. (age 52) Occupations politicianassociation football playerlawyer Biography Aksel Vilhelmsson Johannesen is a Faroese lawyer and politician for the Social Democratic Party (Javnaðarflokkurin) and the current prime minister of the Faroe Islands. He previously served as prime minister from 2015 to 2019. He is a former footballer. Peter Brixtofte Born in Denmark Years 1949-2016 (aged 67) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Graduated with Cand.polit. Occupations journalistediting staffpolitician Biography Peter Brixtofte was a Danish politician who was member of the Danish Parliament (Folketinget) representing Venstre from 1973 to 1977, from 1979 to 1981, during 1983 and from 1990 to 8 February 2005. Brixtofte served as the Tax Minister of Denmark from 19 November 1992 to 24 January 1993. He was also Mayor of Farum, and was criminally convicted for actions taken while holding that municipal office and was later jailed. He was the brother of Brixx Member, Jens Brixtofte. Peter Wilhelm Lund Born in Denmark Years 1801-1880 (aged 79) Occupations naturalistanthropologistexplorerarchaeologistzoologist Biography Peter Wilhelm Lund was a Danish Brazilian paleontologist, zoologist, and archeologist. He spent most of his life working and living in Brazil. He is considered the father of Brazilian paleontology as well as archaeology. Sofie Carsten Nielsen Born in Denmark Years 1975-.. (age 49) Occupations politician Biography Sofie Carsten Nielsen is a Danish politician, who was formerly the leader of the Danish Social Liberal Party from October 2020 to November 2022. In the 2000s, Nielsen began her political career with the European Parliament as a consultant before working for the Ministry of Gender Equality as a deputy minister. After being elected to the Folketing at the 2011 Danish general election for the Greater Copenhagen constituency, Nielsen became the Minister for Higher Education and Science in 2014. Nielsen remained in her minister position until she was replaced by Esben Lunde Larsen in 2015. Pernille Rosenkrantz-Theil Born in Denmark Years 1977-.. (age 47) Occupations politician Biography Pernille Rosenkrantz-Theil is a Danish politician, who is a member of the Folketing for the Social Democrats political party. From 2019 to 2022, she has served as Minister of Children and Education. She was elected into parliament at the 2011 Danish general election. She had previously been a member of parliament from 2001 to 2007 as a member of the Red-Green Alliance. From 2011 to 2014, she was the spokesperson on climate and energy for the Social Democrats. Oskar Klein Born in Sweden Years 1894-1977 (aged 83) Occupations university teacherphysicisttheoretical physicist Biography Oskar Benjamin Klein was a Swedish theoretical physicist. Johannes Fibiger Awards Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1926 Born in Denmark Years 1867-1928 (aged 61) Occupations parasitologistuniversity teacherchemistpathologistphysician Biography Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger was a Danish physician and professor of anatomical pathology at the University of Copenhagen. He was the recipient of the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma". He demonstrated that the roundworm which he called Spiroptera carcinoma (but correctly named Gongylonema neoplasticum) could cause stomach cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) in rats and mice. His experimental results were later proven to be a case of mistaken conclusion. Erling Norrby, who had served as the Permanent Secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and Professor and Chairman of Virology at the Karolinska Institute, declared Fibiger's Nobel Prize as "one of the biggest blunders made by the Karolinska Institute." Helmuth Nyborg Years 1937-.. (age 87) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen In 1966 graduated with Bachelor of Arts in philosophy In 1968 graduated with Master of Arts in psychology Occupations canoeistuniversity teacherpsychologistscientist Biography Helmuth Sørensen Nyborg is a Danish psychologist and former athlete. He is a former professor of developmental psychology at Aarhus University and Olympic canoeist. His main research topic is the connection between hormones and intelligence. Among other things, he has worked on increasing the intelligence of girls with Turner's syndrome by giving them estrogen. Hope Jahren Born in United States Years 1969-.. (age 55) Occupations biologistgeochemistgeobiologistgeologist Biography Anne Hope Jahren is an American geochemist and geobiologist at the University of Oslo in Norway, known for her work using stable isotope analysis to analyze fossil forests dating to the Eocene. She has won many prestigious awards in the field, including the James B. Macelwane Medal of the American Geophysical Union. Christian Bohr Born in Denmark Years 1855-1911 (aged 56) Occupations university teacherbiologistphysicianphysicistphysiologist Mia Wagner Born in Denmark Years 1977-.. (age 47) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1998-2003 Occupations chief executive officerministerlawyer Morten P. Meldal Awards Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2022 Born in Denmark Years 1954-.. (age 70) Occupations biochemistresearcherchemist Lykke Friis Born in Denmark Years 1969-.. (age 55) Occupations economistpolitician Biography Lykke Friis is Prorector for Education at the University of Copenhagen and is a former Danish politician for the party Venstre and former Minister for Climate and Energy and equal rights. Prior to her political career she has once before been Prorector at the University of Copenhagen and held the position from 2006 - 2009. Prior to her appointment as government minister, she was not a member of Venstre. Astrid Krag Born in Denmark Years 1982-.. (age 42) Occupations politician Biography Astrid Krag is a Danish politician, who is a member of the Folketing for the Social Democrats political party. She served as the Minister of Social Affairs and the Interior in the Cabinet of Mette Frederiksen. She previously served as Minister of Health and Prevention in the Cabinet of Helle Thorning-Schmidt from October 2011 until January 2014. Connie Hedegaard Born in Denmark Years 1960-.. (age 64) Occupations journalistpoliticianinternational forum participant Biography Connie Hedegaard Koksbang is a Danish politician and public intellectual. She was European Commissioner for Climate Action in the (second Barroso) European Commission from 10 February 2010 through 31 October 2014. Kristján Eldjárn Born in Iceland Years 1916-1982 (aged 66) Occupations anthropologistcuratorpoliticianarchaeologist Biography Kristján Eldjárn was the third president of Iceland, from 1968 to 1980. Helle Helle Born in Denmark Years 1965-.. (age 59) Occupations novelistwriter Biography Helle Helle is a widely translated Danish short story writer and novelist. Basing her stories on episodes in the lives of ordinary people, she gained fame in 2005 with her novel Rødby-Puttgarden. Now considered to be one of the most outstanding authors of contemporary Danish literature, since her novel This Should be Written in the Present Tense was published in English in 2014, she has also been acclaimed by American and British reviewers. Nick Hækkerup Born in Denmark Years 1968-.. (age 56) Occupations politician Biography Nick Hækkerup is a Danish writer and politician of Social Democrats who has been serving as the Minister of Justice in the Frederiksen Cabinet from 2019 to 2022. He previously served as Minister of Defence, and Minister of Health. Kåre Schultz Years 1961-.. (age 63) Occupations chief executive officerbusinesspersoneconomist Biography Kåre Schultz is a Danish business executive. Was the chief executive officer of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries between September 2017 - December 2022. Frits Clausen Born in Denmark Years 1893-1947 (aged 54) Occupations military personnelphysicianpolitician Biography Frits Clausen was a far-right Danish politician and leader of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark (DNSAP) before and during World War II. Niels Kaj Jerne Born in United Kingdom Years 1911-1994 (aged 83) Occupations university teacherphysicianimmunologist Biography Niels Kaj Jerne, FRS was a Danish immunologist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 with Georges J. F. Köhler and César Milstein "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies". Hans Ørberg Born in Denmark Years 1920-2010 (aged 90) Occupations latinistgrammarianwriterlanguage teacher Biography Hans Henning Ørberg was a Danish linguist and teacher. He received a master's degree in English, French, and Latin at the University of Copenhagen and taught these languages in many Danish high schools until 1963 and then taught in a Danish Gymnasium until 1988. He was the author of LINGVA LATINA PER SE ILLVSTRATA, a widely used method for learning Latin through the natural method. Thomas Bartholin Born in Denmark Years 1616-1680 (aged 64) Occupations physician Biography Thomas Bartholin was a Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian. He discovered the lymphatic system in humans and advanced the theory of refrigeration anesthesia, being the first to describe it scientifically. Ellen Trane Nørby Born in Denmark Years 1980-.. (age 44) Occupations politicianart historian Biography Ellen Trane Nørby is a Danish politician, who is a member of the Folketing for the Venstre political party. From 28 November 2016 to 27 June 2019 she was Denmark's Minister of Health. Hans Kramers Born in Netherlands Years 1894-1952 (aged 58) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen Studied in 1916-1919 Occupations university teacherphysicisttheoretical physicist Biography Hendrik Anthony "Hans" Kramers was a Dutch physicist who worked with Niels Bohr to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with matter and made important contributions to quantum mechanics and statistical physics. Eva Kjer Hansen Born in Denmark Years 1964-.. (age 60) Enrolled in the University of Copenhagen In 2012 graduated with candidate in economics Occupations politician Biography Eva Kjer Hansen is a former Danish politician, who was a member of the Folketing for the Venstre political party. She held many ministerial positions, the last being as minister of Fisheries, Gender Equality and Nordic Cooperation from 2 May 2018 to 27 June 2019. Hansen was a member of parliament from the 1990 Danish general election to the 2022 Danish general election where she was not re-elected. Bernhard Severin Ingemann Born in Denmark Years 1789-1862 (aged 73) Occupations hymnwriterpoetautobiographerwriter Biography Bernhard Severin Ingemann was a Danish novelist and poet.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	3	97	https://www.collegesidekick.com/study-docs/15071407	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
correct_award_00093	FactBench	1	20	https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse%3Ftype%3Dlcsubc%26key%3DJensen%252C%2520Johannes%2520V%252E%2520%2528Johannes%2520Vilhelm%2529%252C%25201873%252D1950%2520%252D%252D%2520Bibliography%26c%3Dx	en	The Online Books Page			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	Listing over 3 million free books on the Web - Updated Friday, July 19, 2024 BOOKS ONLINE Search our Listings -- New Listings -- Authors -- Titles -- Subjects -- Serials NEWS Celebrating Many Years of Online Books -- Blog (Everybody's Libraries) -- Latest Book Listings FEATURES A Celebration of Women Writers -- Banned Books Online -- Prize Winners Online ARCHIVES AND INDEXES General -- Non-English Language -- Specialty THE INSIDE STORY About Us -- FAQ -- Get Involved! -- Suggest a Book -- In Progress/Requested -- More Links
correct_award_00093	FactBench	0	83	https://www.sources.com/SSR/Docs/Winners-NobelLiterature.htm	en	Winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature	https://www.sources.com/SourcesBookmark.ico	https://www.sources.com/SourcesBookmark.ico	[ "https://www.sources.com/Graphics/BannerJournalistPages.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/SourcesBookmark.ico		null	2006 ORHAN PAMUK who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures. 2005 HAROLD PINTER who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms. 2004 ELFRIEDE JELINEKfor her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clich s and their subjugating power 2003 JOHN MAXWELL COETZEE who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider 2002 IMRE KERTÉSZ for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history 2001 V. S. NAIPAUL for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories. 2000 GAO XINGJIAN for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama. 1999 GUNTER GRASS whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history. 1998 JOSE SARAMAGO who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality. 1997 DARIO FO who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden. 1996 WISLAWA SZYMBORSKA for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality. 1995 SEAMUS HEANEY for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past. 1994 KENZABURO OE who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today. 1993 TONI MORRISON who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality. 1992 DEREK WALCOTT for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment. 1991 NADINE GORDIMER who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity. 1990 OCTAVIO PAZ for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity. 1989 CAMILO JOSÉ CELA for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability. 1988 NAGUIB MAHFOUZ who, through works rich in nuance-now clearsightedly realistic, now evocatively ambigous-has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind. 1987 JOSEPH BRODSKY for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity. 1986 WOLE SOYINKA who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence. 1985 CLAUDE SIMON who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition. 1984 JAROSLAV SEIFERT for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man. 1983 SIR WILLIAM GOLDING for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today. 1982 GABRIEL GARCÍA MáRQUEZ for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts. 1981 ELIAS CANETTI for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power. 1980 CZESLAW MILOSZ who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts. 1979 ODYSSEUS ELYTIS (pen-name of ODYSSEUS ALEPOUDHELIS), for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness. 1978 ISAAC BASHEVIS SINGER for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life. 1977 VICENTE ALEIXANDRE for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry beween the wars. 1976 SAUL BELLOW for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work. 1975 EUGENIO MONTALE for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions. 1974 The prize was divided equally between: EYVIND JOHNSON for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom. HARRY MARTINSON for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos. 1973 PATRICK WHITE for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature. 1972 HEINRICH BöLL for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature. 1971 PABLO NERUDA for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams. 1970 ALEKSANDR ISAEVICH SOLZHENITSYN for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature. 1969 SAMUEL BECKETT for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation. 1968 YASUNARI KAWABATA for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind. 1967 MIGUEL ANGEL ASTURIAS for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America. 1966 The prize was divided equally between: SHMUEL YOSEF AGNON for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people. NELLY SACHS for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength. 1965 MICHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH SHOLOKHOV for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people. 1964 JEAN-PAUL SARTRE for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a farreaching influence on our age. (Declined the prize.) 1963 GIORGOS SEFERIS (pen-name of GIORGOS SEFERIADIS ), for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture. 1962 JOHN STEINBECK for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception. 1961 IVO ANDRIC for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country. 1960 SAINT-JOHN PERSE (pen-name of ALEXIS LÉGER), for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time. 1959 SALVATORE QUASIMODO for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times. 1958 BORIS LEONIDOVICH PASTERNAK for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition. (Accepted first, later caused by the authorities of his country to decline the prize.) 1957 ALBERT CAMUS for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times. 1956 JUAN RAMóN JIMÉNEZ for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity. 1955 HALLDóR KILJAN LAXNESS for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland. 1954 ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea ,and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style. 1953 SIR WINSTON LEONARD SPENCER CHURCHILL for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values. 1952 FRANçOIS MAURIAC for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life. 1951 PäR FABIAN LAGERKVIST for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind. 1950 EARL BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought. 1949 WILLIAM FAULKNER for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel. 1948 THOMAS STEARNS ELIOT for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry. 1947 ANDRÉ PAUL GUILLAUME GIDE for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight. 1946 HERMANN HESSE for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humaitarian ideals and high qualities of style. 1945 GABRIELA MISTRAL (pen-name of LUCILA GODOY Y ALCA-YAGA), for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world. 1944 JOHANNES VILHELM JENSEN for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style. 1943-1940 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section. 1939 FRANS EEMIL SILLANPää for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature. 1938 PEARL BUCK (pen-name of PEARL WALSH nÉe SYDENSTRICKER ), for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces. 1937 ROGER MARTIN DU GARD for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novelcycle Les Thibault. 1936 EUGENE GLADSTONE O'NEILL for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy. 1935 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section. 1934 LUIGI PIRANDELLO for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art. 1933 IVAN ALEKSEYEVICH BUNIN for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing. 1932 JOHN GALSWORTHY for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsythe Saga. 1931 ERIK AXEL KARLFELDT The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt. 1930 SINCLAIR LEWIS for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters. 1929 THOMAS MANN principially for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature. 1928 SIGRID UNDSET principially for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages. 1927 HENRI BERGSON in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brillant skill with which they have been presented. 1926 GRAZIA DELEDDA (pen-name of GRAZIA MADESANI nÉe DELEDDA), for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general. 1925 GEORGE BERNARD SHAW for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty. 1924 WLADYSLAW STANISLAW REYMONT (pen-name of REYMENT ), for his great national epic, The Peasants. 1923 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation. 1922 JACINTO BENAVENTE for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama. 1921 ANATOLE FRANCE (pen-name of JACQUES ANATOLE THIBAULT), in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament. 1920 KNUT PEDERSEN HAMSUN for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil. 1919 CARL FRIEDRICH GEORG SPITTELER in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring. 1918 The prize money for 1918 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1917 The prize was divided equally between: KARL ADOLPH GJELLERUP for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals. HENRIK PONTOPPIDAN for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark. 1916 CARL GUSTAF VERNER VON HEIDENSTAM in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature. 1915 ROMAIN ROLLAND as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings. 1914 The prize money for 1914 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1913 RABINDRANATH TAGORE because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with comsummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West. 1912 GERHART JOHANN ROBERT HAUPTMANN primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art. 1911 COUNT MAURICE (MOORIS) POLIDORE MARIE BERNHARD MAETERLINCK, in appreciation of his manysided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations. 1910 PAUL JOHANN LUDWIG HEYSE as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories. 1909 SELMA OTTILIA LOVISA LAGERLöF in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings. 1908 RUDOLF CHRISTOPH EUCKEN in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life. 1907 RUDYARD KIPLING in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author. 1906 GIOSUÈ CARDUCCI not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces. 1905 HENRYK SIENKIEWICZ because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer. 1904 The prize was divided equally between: FRÉDÉRIC MISTRAL in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist. JOSÉ ECHEGARAY Y EIZAGUIRRE in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama. 1903 BJøRNSTJERNE MARTINUS BJøRNSON as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit. 1902 CHRISTIAN MATTHIAS THEODOR MOMMSEN the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome. 1901 SULLY PRUDHOMME (pen-name of RENÉ FRANçOIS ARMAND ), in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualitites of both heart and intellect. Sources sources@sources.ca Tel: Copyright © Sources, All rights reserved.
correct_award_00093	FactBench	2	75	https://www.pinterest.com/pin/johannes-vilhelm-jensen--315111305162129740/	en		https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2016-11-02T22:09:09+00:00	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded to Johannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"	en	https://s.pinimg.com/web…144-3da7a67b.png	Pinterest	https://www.pinterest.com/pin/the-nobel-prize-in-literature-1944--381609768441497123/
9077	dbpedia	0	14	https://everything-everywhere.com/the-knights-of-malta/	en	The Knights of Malta	https://photos.smugmug.c…of%20Malta-L.png	https://photos.smugmug.c…of%20Malta-L.png	[ "https://everything-everywhere.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/NewLogo200Trans.png", "https://everything-everywhere.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/NewLogo200Trans.png", "https://everything-everywhere.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/NewLogo200Trans.png", "https://everything-everywhere.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/NewLogo200Trans.png", "https://photos.smugmug.com/Other/n-hRFP2/Podcast-Images/i-cn5pm4h/0/adb618d7/L/Knights%20of%20Malta-L.png", "https://photos.smugmug.com/Other/n-hRFP2/Podcast-Images/i-cn5pm4h/0/adb618d7/L/Knights%20of%20Malta-L.png", "https://photos.smugmug.com/Other/n-hRFP2/Misc/i-zGqp5HM/0/d41c466a/400x400/EverythingEverywherePodcastLarge-400x400.jpg", "https://photos.smugmug.com/Other/n-hRFP2/Misc/i-zGqp5HM/0/d41c466a/400x400/EverythingEverywherePodcastLarge-400x400.jpg" ]	[ "about:blank", "https://embed.podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-knights-of-malta/id1521870190?i=1000603269341" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Gary Arndt", "www.facebook.com" ]	2023-03-08T08:09:46+00:00	The Knights of Malta	en	https://everything-every…square-32x32.png	Everything Everywhere	https://everything-everywhere.com/the-knights-of-malta/	Subscribe Apple \| Spotify \| Amazon \| iHeart Radio \| Player.FM \| TuneIn Castbox \| Podurama \| Podcast Republic \| RSS \| Patreon Podcast Transcript In the early 11th century, a group of merchants from the Amalfi Coast of Italy received permission from the Caliph of Egypt to rebuild a church and hospital in Jerusalem to care for pilgrims to the Holy Land. They called themselves The Order of St. John of Jerusalem. Fast forward almost one thousand years later, and this group still exist. Not only do they still exist, but they have a unique status in the world of international diplomacy. Learn more about the Knights of Malta and their thousand-year history on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. There are very few organizations that can claim a lineage of almost 1,000 years. Most countries aren’t even that old. Yet, there is one organization that can make that claim. They are officially known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta. The origins of this order date back to the year 1048, almost 50 years before the start of the first crusade. I point this out because Christian monastic military orders are strongly associated with the crusades. However, the hospitallers were founded well before the crusades began. The first hospital in Jerusalem was constructed in the year 603 by the order of Pope Gregory I. Its purpose was to take care of pilgrims to the Holy Land. A hospital at this time was more than just a medical building, but was an entire compound with churches, housing, and commercial quarters. Emperor Charlemagne expanded it in the year 800, adding a library and other structures. However, in 1009, it was destroyed by the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. In the year 1020, the new Fatimid caliph, Ali az-Zahir, gave permission to a group of merchants from the Amalfi Coast to rebuild the hospital. Monks of the Benedictine order managed the day-to-day affairs of the hospital, and they named their order after Saint John the Baptist and became known as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. In 1080, a monk by the name of Gérard de Martigues, known to history as Blessed Gerard, became the rector of the facility. Under his guidance, the order became independent of other monastic orders. With the start of the first crusade in 1096, the hospital took on increased importance. More Christians and pilgrims began flooding into the Holy Land, which was in need of service. The early 12th century saw the rise of other monastic military orders in Jerusalem, including the Knights Templar and the Teutonic Knights, both of which will be the subject of future episodes. In 1113, Pope Paschal II issued a Papal Bull titled Pie postulatio voluntatis which established the order as a military monastic order directly under the authority of the pope and allowed them to elect their own leaders. It also effectively made them independent of all local church authorities. Over the next several centuries, the order grew in scope and size. They established hospitals all over the holy land and throughout Europe. With the Fall of Acer in 1291, the crusaders were removed from the Holy Land, and with them went the Order of Saint John. The order briefly moved its headquarters from Jerusalem to Cyprus before moving to Rhodes in 1310. The mission of the order changed now that they were evicted from Jerusalem. They still were to protect Christian travelers but now had to do so at sea, so they created a naval fleet. They now went by the name the Knights of Rhodes. The order was organized by groups which were known as Langues or tongues. The primary divisions of the order around Europe were by language, so German, French, Spanish, Italian, etc. The leader of the order was now also the Prince of Rhodes. The order became very independent, having its own military, coinage, and diplomatic relations with other states. This was the foundation of the order being considered a sovereign entity, a subject I’ll be discussing more in a bit. The orders time in Rhodes lasted a little over 200 years. In 1522, the island was conquered by Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. The Knights of Rhodes, now without Rhodes, spent several years in the wilderness before they were given the islands of Malta by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1530. The former knights of Rhodes, formerly the knights of Jerusalem, were now the knights of Malta. The condition upon which they were granted Malta was known as the Tribue of the Maltese Flacon. One of the conditions was that the knights had to pay a tribute every year to Charles V and his mother, Queen Joanna of Castile, who was the sovereign of Sicily. In addition to money, every year on All Saints Day, they had to provide a falcon. Once again, the Ottomans attacked the knights as they did in Rhodes and tried to take Malta. From May to September 1586, the Ottomans conducted what became known as the Great Siege. This time, unlike in Rhodes, the knights managed to defend the island successfully. The knights managed to rule Malta for 268 years. Under their rule, Malta became a prosperous little country in the middle of the Mediterranean. However, the Protestant Reformation and changes in Europe weakened and reduced the size of the order. Chapters in many countries closed, and some just flat-out converted. There was some expansion into the New World. In 1651, they purchased the islands of Saint Barts, Saint Kitts, Saint Croix, and Saint Martin from the French, and they ruled them for fourteen years. The rule of Knights of Malta over Malta ended in 1798 when the islands were invaded by Napoleon. The knights were overwhelmed and surrendered the island, and the French expelled all the knights. In 1799, the Grand Master of the Order resigned. This put the Knights of Malta in a very unusual position. They were a sovereign military order. They ruled a country, issued their own currency and had diplomatic relations with other countries. Now, they had no country, but they still had their diplomatic status. For years the order floundered in limbo. They were given refuge in Russia, for which they elected the Russian Tsar Paul I, the orders Grand Master. They were offered the island of Gotland in Sweeden as a replacement for Malta, but they rejected the offer because it would require renouncing their claims to Malta. In the 19th century, the order continued to contract with priories closing across Europe. The order didn’t even have a Grand Master from 1805 to 1879. It was run by lieutenants of the Order. In 1834, the order formally moved their headquarters to Rome. In particular, two buildings, the Palazzo Malta on the Via Condotti and the Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill. Both of these are still in use by the order today. The Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill is the location of one of the most iconic photos of Rome. The keyhole of the main door lines up perfectly with an arch in the garden and the dome of Saint Peters Basilica. In 1879, Pope Leo XIII reestablished the Grand Master of the order. The 19th century saw great changes the in the order. Having no territory of their own, they shifted the focus of the order back toward their original mission of helping those in need. The entire organization was reorganized, replacing the tongues with national chapters. While the word “military” remained in the title of the organization, they no longer had any actual military force. Their only involvement in military affairs is serving as medical units during conflicts. Despite all the changes, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta still has the word “sovereign.” Sovereignty is a very tricky concept. It is usually defined as being a supreme authority, and the ultimate test case for this is the Knights of Malta. The Knights of Malta haven’t controlled any territory of their own for over two hundred years. However, the sovereignty they had from controlling territory never disappeared. Today, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta has diplomatic relations with 112 countries and official relations with five other countries. They also have observer status in the United Nations General Assembly, UNESCO, the United Nations High Commission on Refugees, the World Health Organization, the Council of Europe, and many other international organizations. They issue their own stamps and passports, and even their own currency, the scudo, which was the currency when they controlled Malta. The coins they issue today are mostly for collectors. Their buildings in Rome have been granted extraterritoriality, which means they have the same status as an embassy. Extraterritoriality is also extended to Fort St. Angelo in Malta. Today, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta is primarily engaged in humanitarian operations. The closest comparison would be the International Red Cross, although the organizations are run very differently. The Knights of Malta are still a religious order. There are three different classes of knights, with 13,500 members worldwide. They also have 80,000 volunteers and over 25,000 staff, most of whom are medical professionals. They provide disaster relief, help refugees, and send food shipments to war zones. In many countries, most people are familiar with the Order of Malta as they run the ambulance service. They also manage hundreds of medical centers, 20 hospitals, and over 100 homes for the elderly. They are far more active in Europe than they are in North America, so Europeans listening to this are probably far more familiar with them than Americans or Canadians. The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta is a unique institution in the world. Its thousand-year history, its unique international status, and its humanitarian mission make the Knights of Malta unlike anything else.
9077	dbpedia	3	16	https://globalfinancialdata.com/malta	en	Global Financial Data	https://globalfinanciald…avicon-32x32.png	https://globalfinanciald…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://globalfinancialdata.com/images/global/global-financial-data-logo-white.png 1x", "https://globalfinancialdata.com/images/currency/Malta.JPG", "https://globalfinancialdata.com/images/blog/GFD_Sector_and_Industry_Classification_System_Revised.jpg", "https://globalfinancialdata.com/images/address_icon.png", "https://globalfinancialdata.com/images/phone_icon_bl.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Odin Mayland" ]	0001-11-29T16:07:02-07:52	We are a Global Data provider: For over 25 years Global Financial Data has been providing alternative historical economic and financial data.	en	/templates/shaper_helixultimate/images/favicon.ico		https://globalfinancialdata.com/malta	After the fall of the Roman Empire, Malta was ruled in turn by the Byzantines, the Arabs, the Normans, the Swabians, Angevins, the Aragonese and Castilians. In 1530, Emperor Charles V of Spain donated the Maltese Islands in fief to the Order of St John of Jerusalem, officially known nowadays as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta. Malta was under French control from 1798, when the moribumd Order of St. John was dispossessed by Napoleon, until the British began ruling Malta on September 5, 1800, and Malta became a crown colony in 1814. Malta was a British crown colony until 1922, had self-government from 1922 until 1964 gained its independence on September 21, 1964 and became a republic in December 13, 1974. The coins of Sicily circulated in Malta during Medieval times and into the Renaissance. When the Knights of Malta arrived, they adapted the Sicilian system so that 1 Scudo = 12 tari = 240 grani with the zecchino (equal to 4 scudi 3 tari) being the most prominent coin since it was based on the Venetian ducat. During the first fifty years of British rule, the legal circulating coinage included the coins of the Knights, Spanish Doubloons and dollars, Sicilian Dollars, South American Dollars, French 5 Franc pieces and English coins. Other foreign coins, though not legally current, also circulated in Malta; these consisted mainly of French Louis d'Or and Maria Theresa Dollars. In October 1855, a Proclamation declared Sterling to be the sole legal tender currency in Malta. In spite of this, however, the business and banking community continued to make use of gold and silver coins of the Order as well as certain foreign coins, particularly the Sicilian Dollar. These non-sterling coins were removed from local circulation during the period October 1885-November 1886 following a decree by the Italian Government withdrawing the coins of the Pontifical State and those of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. These developments left British coins as the only legal tender coinage on the Island. They remained so until the early 1970s when the Island's coinage system was radically changed. The first banknotes of Malta were issued by the Banco Anglo-Maltese, established in 1809, and by the Banco di Malta, established in 1812. These banknotes were not accepted by Government Departments and were issued more for the conveniency of the Commercial body. In 1855, when sterling was declared the sole legal tender in Malta, banks stopped issuing notes in scudi and introduced notes in pounds sterling. Between 1873 and 1875 these notes were overprinted 'Payable in Sicilian Dollars', reflecting the wide-spread popularity of the Sicilian dollar, notwithstanding the 1857 proclamation. In 1882 the entire business of the Treasury Chest in Malta was transferred to the Anglo-Egyptian Banking Company's branch which had been opened in the previous year. In 1886 approval was given for the issue of the bank's own notes. All these private issues continued to be made until 1903. The first official Maltese Currency Notes were issued on August 1914, prompted by reasons of expediency and precaution. Between 7 May and 30 September 1915, these notes were demonetised and replaced by British notes. British Pound Sterling (GBP) treasury notes were made legal tender on June 16, 1915. Pound Sterling notes continued to be legal tender in Malta until July 1949 when the government introduced a currency board which remained in place until 1965. The government of Malta began issuing its own currency in 1914, and in April 17, 1968 the Central Bank of Malta took over responsibility for issuing currency in Malta.
9077	dbpedia	0	43	https://www.facebook.com/1452128815088075/posts/the-18th-century-1714-16-qolla-l-bajda-battery-one-of-the-few-surviving-coastal-/1889884474645838/	en	Facebook			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		de	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico		null
9077	dbpedia	0	5	https://dbpedia.org/page/Maltese_scudo	en	About: Maltese scudo	http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2_Scudi_di_Ramon_Despuig.jpg?width=300	http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2_Scudi_di_Ramon_Despuig.jpg?width=300	[ "https://dbpedia.org/statics/images/dbpedia_logo_land_120.png", "http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2_Scudi_di_Ramon_Despuig.jpg?width=300", "https://dbpedia.org/statics/images/virt_power_no_border.png", "https://dbpedia.org/statics/images/LoDLogo.gif", "https://dbpedia.org/statics/images/sw-sparql-blue.png", "https://dbpedia.org/statics/images/od_80x15_red_green.png", "https://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-xhtml-rdfa" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tarì (singular tarì), each of 20 grani (singular grano) with 6 piccoli (singular piccolo) to the grano. It is pegged to the euro (at a rate of 1 scudo to €0.24, which translates to €1 = 4 scudi 2 tarì).			DBpedia	http://dbpedia.org/resource/Maltese_scudo	dbo:abstract Το Μαλτέζικο σκούντο ήταν το επίσημο νόμισμα του Κυρίαρχου Στρατιωτικού Τάγματος της Μάλτας, υπό την κυριαρχία του Τάγματος της Μάλτας, η οποία έληξε το 1798. Διαιρείτο σε 12 τάρι, και κάθε τάρι διαιρείται σε 20 γκράνι. Είναι συνδεδεμένο με το Ευρώ. (el) Das Währungswesen des Malteserordens hat heute vorwiegend historische Bedeutung. Die Währungseinheit des Malteserordens heißt Scudo. 1 Scudo entspricht 12 Tari, die wiederum 240 entsprechen. Der Malteserorden verfügt heute, unbeschadet seines Status als Völkerrechtssubjekt, nicht mehr über ein Hoheitsgebiet mit einer dort ansässigen Bevölkerung. Somit ist eine eigene Währung volkswirtschaftlich nicht mehr notwendig. (de) Para la antigua moneda de Malta, ver lira maltesa El escudo (plural scudi), es la moneda oficial de la Orden de Malta. y fue la moneda de Malta durante el gobierno de la Orden hasta 1798. Se subdivide en 12 tari (singular taro) y 240 grani. Está vinculado al euro (a razón de 1 escudo por cada 0,24€). (es) The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tarì (singular tarì), each of 20 grani (singular grano) with 6 piccoli (singular piccolo) to the grano. It is pegged to the euro (at a rate of 1 scudo to €0.24, which translates to €1 = 4 scudi 2 tarì). (en) Lo scudo è stata la moneta ufficiale di Malta durante il governo dei cavalieri ospedalieri. Si suddivideva in 12 tarì, a loro volta divisi in 20 grani e questi ultimi in 6 piccioli per grano. Lo scudo circolò anche dopo il 1798, cioè dopo l'allontanamento dei cavalieri da Malta, e solo nel 1825 fu rimpiazzato dal sterlina britannica al cambio di 1 sterlina per 12 scudi. L'ordine, che ora ha la propria sede a Roma, adotta ufficialmente lo scudo come moneta ma, dal 1961, essa viene prodotta solo come ricordo per i turisti; ugualmente accade per i tarì e i grani. Le monete vengono coniate dalla zecca propria dello SMOM: tali monete infatti non riportano il segno di zecca dell'Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, ovvero la R, ma un segno proprio, ovvero una croce ottagona con le iniziali S M O M nei quattro campi da essa formati. Gli antichi valori della moneta erano i seguenti: 1, 2½, 5 e 10 grani; 1, 2, 4 e 6 tarì; 1, 1¼, 1⅓, 2, 2½, 5, 10 e 20 scudi. I grani e la moneta da 1 tarì erano di in rame, con le monete da 2½ grani denominate come 15 piccioli. Le monete da 2, 4 e 6 tarì, e quelle da 1, 1¼, 1⅓, 2 e 2½ scudi erano coniate in argento, con quelle da 1¼, 1⅓ e 2½ scudi denominate come 15, 16 e 30 tarì rispettivamente. Le monete da 5, 10 e 20 scudi erano coniate in oro. Vengono coniate monete in argento da 1 e 2 scudi, in oro da 5 e 10 Scudi, in bronzo da 10 grani ed in argento da 9 tarì. (it) Scudo maltańskie, skud maltański – oficjalna jednostka monetarna Zakonu Maltańskiego. Skud maltański był używany na Malcie od 1798, a w 1825 roku został zastąpiony przez funt brytyjski o równowartości 12 skudów. Od 1961 Zakon ponownie emituje swoją monetę, chociaż niewiele krajów uznaje ją za prawny środek płatniczy. Od 1964 r. Zakon bije swe monety w kilku miastach europejskich, głównie dla celów kolekcjonerskich (podobnie jak sprzedaż własnych znaczków pocztowych), co pozwala mu gromadzić środki na działalność charytatywną. Wartość scudo powiązana jest z euro w parytecie 1 scudo = 0,24 euro (1 taro = 0,02 euro). (pl) Мальти́йский ску́до (итал. scudo maltese) — денежная единица Мальтийского ордена.Скудо = 12 тари = 240 грано. До 1777 года чеканились также монеты в пикколи (грано = 6 пикколи). (ru) Мальтійський скудо (італ. Scudo maltese, мальт. Skud Malti) — офіційна валюта Мальтійського ордену. Скудо = 12 тарі = 240 грано. До 1777 карбувалися також монети в пікколі (гран = 6 пікколі). (uk) rdfs:comment Το Μαλτέζικο σκούντο ήταν το επίσημο νόμισμα του Κυρίαρχου Στρατιωτικού Τάγματος της Μάλτας, υπό την κυριαρχία του Τάγματος της Μάλτας, η οποία έληξε το 1798. Διαιρείτο σε 12 τάρι, και κάθε τάρι διαιρείται σε 20 γκράνι. Είναι συνδεδεμένο με το Ευρώ. (el) Das Währungswesen des Malteserordens hat heute vorwiegend historische Bedeutung. Die Währungseinheit des Malteserordens heißt Scudo. 1 Scudo entspricht 12 Tari, die wiederum 240 entsprechen. Der Malteserorden verfügt heute, unbeschadet seines Status als Völkerrechtssubjekt, nicht mehr über ein Hoheitsgebiet mit einer dort ansässigen Bevölkerung. Somit ist eine eigene Währung volkswirtschaftlich nicht mehr notwendig. (de) Para la antigua moneda de Malta, ver lira maltesa El escudo (plural scudi), es la moneda oficial de la Orden de Malta. y fue la moneda de Malta durante el gobierno de la Orden hasta 1798. Se subdivide en 12 tari (singular taro) y 240 grani. Está vinculado al euro (a razón de 1 escudo por cada 0,24€). (es) The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tarì (singular tarì), each of 20 grani (singular grano) with 6 piccoli (singular piccolo) to the grano. It is pegged to the euro (at a rate of 1 scudo to €0.24, which translates to €1 = 4 scudi 2 tarì). (en) Scudo maltańskie, skud maltański – oficjalna jednostka monetarna Zakonu Maltańskiego. Skud maltański był używany na Malcie od 1798, a w 1825 roku został zastąpiony przez funt brytyjski o równowartości 12 skudów. Od 1961 Zakon ponownie emituje swoją monetę, chociaż niewiele krajów uznaje ją za prawny środek płatniczy. Od 1964 r. Zakon bije swe monety w kilku miastach europejskich, głównie dla celów kolekcjonerskich (podobnie jak sprzedaż własnych znaczków pocztowych), co pozwala mu gromadzić środki na działalność charytatywną. Wartość scudo powiązana jest z euro w parytecie 1 scudo = 0,24 euro (1 taro = 0,02 euro). (pl) Мальти́йский ску́до (итал. scudo maltese) — денежная единица Мальтийского ордена.Скудо = 12 тари = 240 грано. До 1777 года чеканились также монеты в пикколи (грано = 6 пикколи). (ru) Мальтійський скудо (італ. Scudo maltese, мальт. Skud Malti) — офіційна валюта Мальтійського ордену. Скудо = 12 тарі = 240 грано. До 1777 карбувалися також монети в пікколі (гран = 6 пікколі). (uk) Lo scudo è stata la moneta ufficiale di Malta durante il governo dei cavalieri ospedalieri. Si suddivideva in 12 tarì, a loro volta divisi in 20 grani e questi ultimi in 6 piccioli per grano. Lo scudo circolò anche dopo il 1798, cioè dopo l'allontanamento dei cavalieri da Malta, e solo nel 1825 fu rimpiazzato dal sterlina britannica al cambio di 1 sterlina per 12 scudi. Vengono coniate monete in argento da 1 e 2 scudi, in oro da 5 e 10 Scudi, in bronzo da 10 grani ed in argento da 9 tarì. (it)
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9077	dbpedia	2	21	https://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Maltese%2BScudo	en	Maltese+Scudo	http://img.tfd.com/TFDlogo1200x1200.png	http://img.tfd.com/TFDlogo1200x1200.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Definition of Maltese+Scudo in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is Maltese+Scudo? Meaning of Maltese+Scudo as a finance term. What does Maltese+Scudo mean in finance?		https://img.tfd.com/favicon.ico	TheFreeDictionary.com	null
9077	dbpedia	1	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_scudo	en	Maltese scudo	https://upload.wikimedia…amon_Despuig.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…amon_Despuig.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2_Scudi_di_Ramon_Despuig.jpg/252px-2_Scudi_di_Ramon_Despuig.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png", 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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/28px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Croix-de-Malte.svg/15px-Croix-de-Malte.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cross_Hospitalier.svg/15px-Cross_Hospitalier.svg.png", 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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/80px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2005-12-02T10:20:15+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_scudo	Scudo maltese (Italian) Skud Malti (Maltese) ISO 4217CodenoneUnitPluralscudiDenominationsSubunit 1⁄12tarì 1⁄240grano 1⁄1440piccoloPlural tarìtarì granograni piccolopiccoliCoins15 piccoli 1, 5, 10 grani 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 30 tarì 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 scudiDemographicsUser(s) Sovereign Military Order of Malta Previously: Hospitaller Rhodes (1318–1522) Hospitaller Malta (1530–1798) French Malta (1798–1800) Independent Gozo (1798–1801) Malta Protectorate (1800–1813) Crown Colony of Malta (1813–1825/1886)ValuationPegged witheuro €0.24 = 1 scudo The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency[1] of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tarì (singular tarì), each of 20 grani (singular grano) with 6 piccioli (singular picciolo) to the grano. It is pegged to the euro (at a rate of 1 scudo to €0.24, which translates to €1 = 4 scudi 2 tarì).[2] History [edit] The scudo was first minted in Rhodes in 1318. By 1500, the coins had the distinctive characteristics of a cross and the Order's and Grandmaster's coat of arms on one side, and the head of St. John the Baptist on the other. The scudo was first minted in Malta during the reign of Piero de Ponte. The quality of the coins improved especially during the reign of António Manoel de Vilhena in the early 18th century. At some points in time, foreign coinage was allowed to circulate in Malta alongside the scudo. These included Spanish dollars, Venetian lira, Louis d'or and other currencies.[3] During the French occupation of Malta in 1798, the French authorities melted down some of the silver from the island's churches and struck them into 15 and 30 tarì coins from the 1798 dies of Grandmaster Hompesch. After the Maltese rebellion, gold and silver ingots were stamped with a face value in grani, tarì and scudi and they briefly circulated as coinage in Valletta and the surrounding area.[4] The scudo continued to circulate on the island of Malta, which had become a British colony, along with some other currencies until they were all replaced by sterling[5] in 1825, at a rate of £1 to 12 scudi (or 1 scudo = 1s. 8d.) using British coinage. Despite this, some scudi remained in use and the last coins were withdrawn from circulation and demonetized in November 1886.[6] 1 scudo in 1886 had the spending power equivalent to £3.82 or €4.35 in 2011.[7] The present-day Republic of Malta adopted the decimal Maltese pound in 1972, and the euro in 2008. The SMOM, which is now based in Rome, has issued souvenir coins denominated in grani, tarì and scudi since 1961. The 1961 issues were minted in Rome, while mints in Paris and Arezzo were used in 1962 and 1963. From 1964 onwards coins were minted in the Order's own mint.[citation needed] The scudo was also the currency used on the Order's stamps from 1961 to 2005, when the euro began to be used.[citation needed] Coins [edit] Coins were issued in denominations of 1, 2+1⁄2, 5 and 10 grani, 1, 2, 4 and 6 tarì, 1, 1+1⁄4, 1+1⁄3, 2, 2+1⁄2, 5, 10 and 20 scudi. The 1, 2+1⁄2, 5 and 10 grani and 1 tarì were minted in copper, with the 2+1⁄2 grani denominated as 15 piccoli. The 2, 4 and 6 tarì, 1, 1+1⁄4, 1+1⁄3, 2 and 2+1⁄2 scudi were silver coins, with the 1+1⁄4, 1+1⁄3 and 2+1⁄2 scudi denominated as 15, 16 and 30 tarì. The 5, 10, 20 scudi coins were gold. Coins minted today include bronze 10 grani, silver 9 tarì, 1 and 2 scudi and gold 5 and 10 scudi.[8][9] In 2011, a gold coin of António Manoel de Vilhena minted in 1725 sold for US$340,000.[10] References [edit]
9077	dbpedia	1	15	https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-10-04/business-news/The-700-year-minting-history-of-the-Order-of-Malta-6736197261	en	year minting history of the Order of Malta	https://www.independent.com.mt/file.aspx?f=178361	https://www.independent.com.mt/file.aspx?f=178361	[ "https://d5nxst8fruw4z.cloudfront.net/atrk.gif?account=R75Ej1acJf00Mn", "https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-10-04/img/loader.gif", "https://ads.independent.com.mt/www/delivery/avw.php?zoneid=45&cb=237&n=af5b33be", "https://ads.independent.com.mt/www/delivery/avw.php?zoneid=119&cb=142&n=a5d6fd8a", "https://www.independent.com.mt/img/logo-sm-new.png", "https://ads.independent.com.mt/www/delivery/avw.php?zoneid=116&cb=70&n=a511b697", "https://www.independent.com.mt/img/icon-home.png", "https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-10-04/img/mbw.png", "https://www.independent.com.mt/file.aspx?f=178361&width=630&height=340", "https://ads.independent.com.mt/www/delivery/avw.php?zoneid=22&cb=112&n=afef72b0", "https://ads.independent.com.mt/www/delivery/avw.php?zoneid=44&cb=8&n=a592d092", "https://ads.independent.com.mt/www/delivery/avw.php?zoneid=115&cb=81&n=a5e989a8", "https://ads.independent.com.mt/www/delivery/avw.php?zoneid=147&cb=248&n=afda3e6e", "https://ads.independent.com.mt/www/delivery/avw.php?zoneid=43&cb=22&n=af479980", "https://www.independent.com.mt/file.aspx?f=244110&width=160&height=145", "https://www.independent.com.mt/file.aspx?f=243976&width=160&height=145", "https://www.independent.com.mt/file.aspx?f=243983&width=160&height=145", "https://www.independent.com.mt/file.aspx?f=243982&width=160&height=145", "https://www.independent.com.mt/file.aspx?f=243981&width=160&height=145", "https://www.independent.com.mt/file.aspx?f=243937&width=160&height=145", "https://www.independent.com.mt/file.aspx?f=243935&width=160&height=145", "https://www.independent.com.mt/file.aspx?f=243934&width=160&height=145" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2018-10-04T00:00:00	It is quite extraordinary that the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, better known as the Order of St John, which originated in Palestine before the Crusades, is still in existence after almost a		~/favicon.ico		httpss://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-10-04/business-news/The-700-year-minting-history-of-the-Order-of-Malta-6736197261	It is quite extraordinary that the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, better known as the Order of St John, which originated in Palestine before the Crusades, is still in existence after almost a thousand years. The Order of St John no longer has a military function, as it had in the Holy Land, Rhodes and Malta, but has gone back to its original mission of offering medical assistance and tending to those in need. Few people would know today that the Order, which is a sovereign institution based in Rome, issues its own coins and stamps. The 700-year minting history of the Order is the subject of a special exhibition entitled, The coinage of the Order of St John: between Rhodes, Malta and Rome. The exhibition brings together a selection of coins that gives visitors an overview of the output of the Order's mints in Rhodes, Malta and Rome. The Order of St John originated around the year 1070 as a hospice set up by some Amalfitan merchants for the succour of pilgrims in Jerusalem. The hospice attracted significant donations of land, property and money especially after the conquest of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099. During the 12th century the Hospitallers evolved into a chivalric order entrusted with the defence of the Holy Land. It was only when the Order of St John became the sovereign master of Rhodes in 1309/10 that it minted its first silver coin known as grosso. Grand Master Helion the Villeneuve (1319-46) replaced it with a new silver coin, the gigliato, while Dieudonne de Gozon (1346-53) issued the Order's first gold coin based on the Venetian zecchino. The zecchino became the standard gold coin of the Order and its imagery remained basically unchanged for the next 300 years. The zecchino was the only coin, which after the loss of Rhodes in 1522, continued to be minted by the Order in Malta after 1530. On 24 March 1530, after prolonged and difficult negotiations, Charles V of Spain signed the Charter which vested the Order with the "feudal perpetuity" of the Maltese islands and Tripoli. But the Order risked losing the privilege of minting its own coinage. The Viceroy of Sicily informed Grand Master L'Isle Adam that the Emperor would not suffer the Order to mint its own coins on Malta. This was tantamount to a shackling of the Order's independence and was much resented by many knights. This question was settled in the Order's favour through the Pope's intervention. The Order's coinage reached its apogee on Malta. But by the mid-18th century the Order's currency took a downward turn. A reform of the currency by Grand Master Emmanuel Pinto in 1756 resulted in the issue of new coin types like the gold 10 scudi and the silver 30 tari, which continued to circulate in Malta well after the Order's expulsion from the island by Napoleon in June 1798. In 1834, after many vicissitudes, the Order established its permanent quarters in Rome. By this time it had abandoned its military function and reverted to its original charitable mission. The constitutional charter of the Order, approved by Pope John XXIII, was promulgated in 1961, and in that year the Order reasserted its minting rights and issued a set of coins which reproduced four designs inspired by the pre-1798 coins minted in Malta. Today the Order's coinage is principally intended for collectors and is struck in limited numbers. Nevertheless, it remains a potent symbol of the jealously-guarded sovereign status enjoyed by this old yet still vital Order. This special exhibition will be open to the public at the Central Bank of Malta, Castille Place Valletta on 6 October during the Notte Bianca event. Visitors would also be able to view the other coin exhibits, which form part of the bank's Currency Museum. During Notte Bianca the bank will be putting up an art exhibition featuring a small number of works by Gabriel Caruana and will be opening the Victor Pasmore Gallery. Numismatic products will also be on sale.
9077	dbpedia	0	9	https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Malta_knights.htm	en	Sovereign Military Order of Malta			[ "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/smom.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/smom1.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "ben cahoon" ]	null					null	Adopted 15 Feb 1113 Flag of the Order's Works Adopted c.1305 Map of SMOM headquarters Hear SMOM Anthem "Ave Crux Alba" (Hail Thou White Cross) Text of SMOM Anthem Adopted c.Nov 1932 (composed 1930) Constitutional Charter (3 Sep 2022; in Italian) --------------------------------- Former Constitutions (21 Nov 1956; 27 Jun 1961; in Italian) Headquarters: Palazzo di Malta Via Condotti 68 (Rome, Italy) (Jerusalem 1113-1244; Acre 1244-1291; Limassol 1291-1310; Rhodes 1310-1522; Valletta 26 Oct 1530 - 12 Jun 1798; Messina 1803-1805; Catania 1805-12 May 1826; Ferrara 12 May 1826 - 2 Jun 1834) Currency: Maltese Scudo (1530-1798 and from 1961) National Holiday: 24 Jun (Nativitas Sancti Johannis Baptistae/Natività di San Giovanni Battista) (Nativity of St. John the Baptist) Citizens: 3 (2022) Total Knights/Dames Worldwide: 13,191 (2023) Budget: $N/A Income: $N/A Expenditures: $N/A Religion: Roman Catholic 100% International Organizations/Treaties: APM (observer), AU (observer), CE (observer), CPLP (observer), CTBTO (observer), ESCAP (observer), EU (observer), FAO (observer), IADB (observer), IAEA (observer), ICRC (observer), ICRM (observer), IFAD (observer), IFRCS (observer), InOC (observer), IOM (observer), IPU (permanent observer), OAS (observer), OIF (observer), PAM (associate), SICA (observer), UN (observer), UNEP (observer), UNESCO (observer), UNHCR (observer), UNIDO (observer), WFP (observer), WHO (observer) Sovereign Military Order of Malta Chronology c.1099 The Roman Catholic Order of Saint John is founded under the abbey of St. Mary of the Latins in Jerusalem. 15 Feb 1113 Pope Paschal II approved the establishment of the Fraternal Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem by Papal Bull Pie Postulatio Voluntatis (The Most Pious Request) as a separate Roman Catholic religious order (Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani). 1244 Fall of Jerusalem, headquarters moved at Sainct- Jehan-d'Acre (Akko), Krak des Chevaliers (Hisn al-Akrad)(fell 1271), and Château de Margat (Marqab)(fell 25 May 1285). 21 May 1291 Fall of Acre (Akko) to Muslim forces. 1291 Headquarters moved to Limassol (Lemesós), Cyprus. 27 May 1306 Vignolo de' Vignoli ceded by contract his rights on Kós (Coo) and Léros (Lero) to the Hospitallers, with the right of retaining Lardos and one more estate of his own choice on Ródos (Rhodes). 20 Sep 1306 Hospitallers captured the Feraklos Castle on the eastern coast of the island of Rhodes. 5 Sep 1307 The Pope issued an act confirming the Hospitallers' possession of the island of Rhodes. 15 Aug 1310 The Knights Hospitaller occupy the island of Rhodes (Sacred Order of the Knights of Saint John Hospitaller of Jerusalem [Latin: Ordo Sacrae Domus Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani]). Apr 1383 - 5 Jun 1409 During the Great Schism in the Papacy, the Order on Rhodes, under Grand Master Fernándes de Heredia, recognizes the Papal court at Avignon. As a consequence the Pope in Rome declares Heredia deposed and appoints Lieutenants in his place who were not recognized on Rhodes. 1400 - 1404 Mystras (Mistrás)(and from 1397 Corinth [Kórinthos]) in the Morea, Greece leased to the Order by the Despot of Morea. 24 Dec 1522 The Knights are expelled from Rhodes by the Ottoman Empire. 24 Mar 1530 The islands of Malta and Gozo, and the city of Tripoli (now in Libya), are ceded as a perpetual fief by theKing of Two Sicilies to the Order in accordance with adeed signed in Castelfranco. 25 Apr 1530 The grant of the fief is accepted by a decree approved by the Council of the Order. 26 Oct 1530 Knights of St. John Hospitaller take possession (formal ceremony of enfeoffment 13 Nov 1530). 14 Aug 1551 Tripoli (in modern Libya) lost to the Ottomans. 18 May 1565 - 8 Sep 1565 Ottoman siege of Malta. 16 Jul 1620 Grand Master is invested with the title of Prince (reichsfürst) of the Holy Roman Empire and the style of "Serene Highness" (durchlaucht). 6 Sep 1629 Modern Palazzo dell'Ordine di Maltabuilding on Via Trinitatis (now Via Condotti), Rome is bequeathed to the Order by Antonio Bosio (b. 1575? - d. 1629) 10 Jun 1630 Grand masters awarded ecclesiastic equality with Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Urban VIII, with the style of "Most Eminent Highness" (Eminentiae celsitudo). 24 May 1651 - 4 Jan 1666 Caribbean islands of Saint-Barthélemy, Saint- Christophe, Saint-Croix, and Saint-Martin are administered by the Order. 12 Jun 1798 Sovereignty over the islands of Malta, Gozo and Comino is renounced by the Order in favor of France by a convention signed aboard the French ship Orient. 24 Nov 1798-23/24 Mar 1801 Russian Emperor Paul I assumed the office of the Grand Master by a proclamation of 24 Nov 1798; formally installed at a ceremony held in the Winter Palace of St. Petersburg on 10 Dec 1798; imperial manifesto on the assumption of the office of the Grand Master was published on 27 Dec 1798. 8 Sep 1800 British occupy Malta (making it a colony in 1813). 25 Mar 1802 Treaty of Amiens between U.K. and France under article X stated that Malta, Gozo and Comino to be restored to the Knights Hospitaller and to be declared neutral under the protection and guarantee of Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, Spain, and the U.K. (article never applied). 9 Feb 1803 Notional re-establishment of the Order after the loss of Malta. Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta (in Italian: Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, detto di Rodi, detto di Malta). 14 Dec 1822 By the Treaty of Verona the Order is recognized as a sovereign state. 2 Jun 1834 Headquarters of the Order moved to the Palazzo di Malta in Rome. 1869 The Palazzo di Malta and the Villa Malta receive extraterritorial rights, in this way becoming the only "sovereign" territorial possessions of modern the Order. 21 Nov 1956 Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta (Italian: Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, detto di Rodi, detto di Malta [Latin is used in the Apostolic Letters of 21 Nov 1956 and 27 Jun 1961 promulgating the Constitutional Charters:Sacer Ordo Fratrum Militum Hospitalis Sancti Joannis Hierosolymitani]). 11 Jan 1969 Autonomy granted to the Order resident in Rome by Italy. 24 Aug 1994 Permanent observer status at the United Nations 30 Apr 1997 Italian designated as the official language of the Order in the amended Charter (Italian was the language of the Constitutinal Charters of the Order promulgated in 1956 and 1961). 1 Nov 2001 Malta government grants SMOM the use, with limited extraterritoriality, of the upper portion of Fort St. Angelo in the city of Birgu for 99 years. Heitersheim Principality (1248-1806) SMOM website Diplomatic Recognition List Note: Though without a territory since 12 Jun 1798, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta still regards itself, and is regarded by the states that give it diplomatic recognition¹, as a sovereign state. The Knights of Malta (full style Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta [SMOM]) now functions as a Roman Catholic charitable organization with limited diplomatic status as a "sovereign entity", complete with passports, coinage (via the world's smallest national mint), license plates, ITU amateur radio license prefix (1A) and a post office. Rector 1113 - 3 Sep 1120 Geraudo (Gérard)("Blessed Gerard") (b. c.1040 - d. 1120) Custodians (Custos) 1120 - af.25 Oct 1158 Raimond Dupui (du Puy) (b. 1083 - d. 1160) bf.29Nov1160-af.11Mar1162 Auger de Balben (d. c.1163) 1162 - 1163 Arnaud de Comps [uncertain] (d. 1163) bf.19 Jan 1163 - 1169/1170 Gilbert de Sailli (d'Aissailli) (d. 1183) 1169/1170 - 1172 Gastone de Murols (d. 1172) 1172/1173 - Oct 1177 Joubert de Sirie (d. 1177?) 1177 - 1 May 1187 Roger des Moulins (d. 1187) 1187 - 1189/1190 Ermengard d'Aps (Emengarde Daps) (d. 1192) (provisor?) 1190 - af.Jun 1192 Garnier de Napoli (Garnier de Naplouse)(b. 1147 - d. 1192) 1192 - 1202 Geofroi de Duisson (d. 1202) 1203 - 1206 Fernando Afonso de Portugal, mestre (b. 1135 - d. 1207) de Avis 1206 - af.22 May 1207 Geofroi Le Rat (Gothofredus Mus) (d. 1207) bf.Oct 1207-af.11 Nov 1227 Gerin de Montaigu (d. 1230) bf.1 Mar 1228 - 1231 Bertrand de Thercy (Thessy) (d. 1231) bf.1 May 1231-af.May 1236 Gerin Lebrun (d. 1236) (died in Egyptian captivity) bf.20 Sep 1236-1239/1240 Bertrand de Comps (d. 1240) 1239/1240 - 17 Sep 1242 Pierre de Villebride (Vieille-Brioude) (d. 1242) 31 May 1243-af.24 Jun 1258 Guillaume de Chasteauneuf (d. 1258) (Khwarezmian prisoner 18 Oct 1244 - 17 Oct 1250) 18 Oct 1244 - 11 Feb 1250 Jean de Ronay (d. 1250) (Lieutenant during the captivity of Chasteauneuf) bf.9 Oct 1258 - 1 Apr 1277 Hugue de Revel (d. 1277) Masters (Magister)bf.4 Aug 1277-12 Mar 1284 Nicolas de Lorgue (Lorgne) (d. 1284) bf.Sep 1285 - 20 Oct 1293 Jean de Villers (d. 1293) bf.30 Sep 1294-17 Mar 1296 Odon de Pins (Eudes de Pin) (d. 1296) 26 Mar 1296 - 1305 Guillaume de Villaret (d. 1305) (Guilhem del Vilaret) bf.3 Nov 1305 - Sep 1317 Foulques de Villaret (1st time) (d. 1327) (Folco del Vilaret) 18 Sep 1317 - 1319 Gérard de Pins (Lieutenant) 1317 - 1319 Maurice de Pagnac (in dissidence) (d. 1322) (anti-Master; election not recognized by Pope) 1319 - 13 Jun 1319 Foulques de Villaret (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Jun 1319 - May 1346 Hélion (Elie) de Villeneuve (b. c.1270 d. 1346) May 1346 - 3 Dec 1353 Dieudone de Gozon (d. 1353) (until 28 Jun 1346, Lieutenant) 8 Dec 1353 - 24 Aug 1355 Pierre de Corneillan (d. 1355) Aug 1355 - 28 May 1365 Roger de Pins (d. 1365) 1 Jun 1365 - 16 Feb 1374 Raimundo Berenguer (Raimond Bérenger) (d. 1374) Feb 1374 - 1376 Robert de Juliac (Robert de Juilly) (d. 1377) 24 Oct 1377 - 1396 Juan Fernándes de Heredia (b. 1310 d. 1396) (prisoner of Gjin Bua Shpata Despot of Angelokastron Apr 1378 - May 1379) Apr 1383 - 18 May 1395 Riccardo Caracciolo (d. 1395) (anti-Master, appointed by Pope Urban VI in Rome) 1395 - 25 Apr 1405 Bartolomeo Carafa della Spina (d. 1405) (anti-Lieutenant, appointed by Pope Urban VI in Rome) 1405 - 1409 Nicola Orsini di Campodifiore (anti-Lieutenant, appointed by Pope Innocent VII in Rome) 6 May 1396 - Jun 1421 Philibert de Naillac (d. 1421) 1 Jul 1421 - 26 Oct 1437 Anton Flavian de Ripa (d. 1437) Grand Masters¹ 6 Nov 1437 - 19 May 1454 Jean de Lastic (b. 1371 - d. 1454) 1 Jun 1454 - 17 Aug 1461 Jacques de Milly (d. 1461) 24 Aug 1461 - 21 Feb 1467 Pere Ramón Sacosta (b. 1404 - d. 1467) 28 Feb 1467 - 8 Jun 1476 Giovanni Battista Orsini (d. 1476) 17 Jun 1476 - 3 Jul 1503 Pierre d'Aubusson (b. 1423 - d. 1503) (from 9 Mar 1489, Pierre Cardinal d'Aubusson) 10 Jul 1503 - 13 Nov 1512 Emeri d'Amboise, dit Chaumont (b. 1434 - d. 1512) 22 Nov 1512 - 24 Nov 1513 Guy de Blanchefort (b. 1446 - d. 1513) (died on the way to Rhodes) 15 Dec 1513 - 10 Jan 1521 Fabrizio Del Carretto (b. 1455 - d. 1521) 22 Jan 1521 - 21 Aug 1534 Philippe de Villiers, seigneur de (b. 1464 d. 1534) l'Isle-Adam 23? Aug 1534 - 10 Nov 1534 Giovanni de Boniface (Locum tenens) 10 Nov 1534 - 17 Nov 1535 Pierino di Antonio Giovanni del Ponte (b. 1462 - d. 1535) (elected in absentia 26 Aug 1534) 19 Nov 1535 - 21 Jan 1538 Jacques de Pelloquin (Locum tenens) 22 Nov 1535 - 26 Sep 1536 Didier de Saint-Jaille, dit Tholon (b. 14.. - d. 1536) (elected in absentia, did not take office) 21 Jan 1538 - 6 Sep 1553 Johan de Omedes i Coscón (b. 1473 - d. 1553) (elected in absentia 20 Oct 1536) 8? Sep 1553 - 2 Jan 1554 Claudi (Claude) de Gruel de la Bourelh (Locum tenens) 2 Jan 1554 - 18 Aug 1557 Claude de la Sengle (b. 1494 d. 1557) (elected in absentia 11 Sep 1553) 20? Aug 1557 - 21 Aug 1568 Jean de Valetta, seigneurde Parisot (b. 1494 - d. 1568) (Locum tenens to 21 Aug 1557) 22 Aug 1568 - 23 Aug 1568 Claude de Glandèves (Locum tenens) 23 Aug 1568 - 26 Jan 1572 Pietro di Francesco di Monte (b. 1499 - d. 1572) (= Pietro di Francesco Guidalotti Ciocchi) 27? Jan 1572 - 30 Jan 1572 Antonio Cressino (Locum tenens) 30 Jan 1572 - 21 Dec 1581 Jean Levesque de la Cassière (b. 1503 - d. 1581) (deposed and held in custody 12 Jul 1581 - 11 Sep 1581, departed Malta and died in Rome) 6 Jul 1581 - 3/4 Nov 1581 Mathurin d'Aux-Lescout, dit de Romegas (b. c.1525 - d. 1581) (Locum tenens; in dissidence, departed Malta for Rome on 28 Sep 1581) 8 Sep 1581 - 12 Jan 1582 Gaspare Visconti -Papal Legate (b. 1538 - d. 1595) 21 Dec 1581 - 12 Jan 1582 Vacant 12 Jan 1582 - 4 May 1595 Hugo de Loubenx de Verdala (b. 1531 - d. 1595) (Hugues de Loubens de Verdalle) (from 18 Dec 1587, Hugo Cardinal de Loubenx de Verdala)6 May 1595 - 8 May 1595 Esteve (Esteban) Claramonte (Locum tenens) 8 May 1595 - 7 Feb 1601 Martín Garcés (b. 1526 - d. 1601) 9 Feb 1601 - 10 Feb 1601 Pèire (Pierre) d'Esparvez (Esparbez) Lussan (Locum tenens) 10 Feb 1601 - 14 Sep 1622 Aloph (Alof) de Wignacourt, seigneur (b. 1547 - d. 1622) de Lits 16 Sep 1622 - 17 Sep 1622 Pedro de Urrea y Camarasa (b. 1555 - d. 1624) (Locum tenens) 17 Sep 1622 - 7 Mar 1623 Luís Mendes de Vasconcelos (b. 1542? - d. 1623) 9? Mar 1623 - 10 Mar 1623 Balthazar (Balthazard) d'Agoult (Agout) de Mouriès (Locum tenens) 10 Mar 1623 - 9 Jun 1636 Anthoni de Paula (Antoine de Paule) (b. 1552? - d. 1636)9 Jun 1636-12/13 Jun 1636 Honoré de Quiquéran de Beaujeu (Locum tenens) 12/13 Jun 1636-14 Aug 1657 Johan Paul Lascaris-Castellar (b. 1561 - d. 1657) 15 Aug 1657 - 17 Aug 1657 Flaminio Balbiano, di Chieri (Locum tenens) 17 Aug 1657 - 6 Feb 1660 Martín de Redín y Cruzat (b. 1590 - d. 1660)7 Feb 1660 - 9 Feb 1660 Antonio Tancredi, di Siena (Locum tenens) 9 Feb 1660 - 2 Jun 1660 Annet Clermont de Chattes Gessan (b. 1587 - d. 1660) 3? Jun 1660 - 5 Jun 1660 Charles de Montagnac, dit l'Arfeuillère (Locum tenens) 5 Jun 1660 - 20 Oct 1663 Rafael Cotoner i d'Olesa (b. 1601 - d. 1663) 21 Oct 1663 - 23 Oct 1663 Ottaviano Bandinelli, di Siena (Locum tenens) 23 Oct 1663 - 29 Apr 1680 Nicolau Cotoner i d'Olesa (b. 1608 - d. 1680)30 Apr 1680 - 2 May 1680 Arnau Serralta (Locum tenens) 2 May 1680 - 21 Jul 1690 Gregorio di Girolamo Caraffa (Carafa) (b. 1615 - d. 1690) d'Aragona, (de' Principi della Roccella) 22? Jul 1690 - 24 Jul 1690 Carlo Caraffa (Carafa) d'Aragona (Locum tenens) 24 Jul 1690 - 4 Feb 1697 Adrien de Wignacourt, seigneur (b. 1619 - d. 1697) de Lits 5? Feb 1697 - 7 Feb 1697 Gasparo Carnero (Locum tenens) 7 Feb 1697 - 10 Jan 1720 Ramon Rabassa de Perellós i de (b. 1637 - d. 1720) Rocafull (dels senyors de Benetússer i Barons de Dosaigües)11? Jan 1720 - 13 Jan 1720 Ramon Despuig i Martínez de Marcilla (b. 1670 - d. 1741) (1st time) (Locum tenens) 13 Jan 1720 - 16 Jun 1722 Marc'Antonio di Ansano Zondadari (b. 1658 - d. 1722) 17? Jun 1722 - 19 Jun 1722 Ramon Despuig i Martínez de Marcilla (s.a.) (2nd time) (Locum tenens) 19 Jun 1722 - 12 Dec 1736 António Manuel de Vilhena (b. 1663 - d. 1736) 13? Dec 1736 - 15 Jan 1741 Ramon Despuig i Martínez de Marcilla (s.a.) (Locum tenens to 16 Dec 1736) (3rd time) 16 Jan 1741 - 18 Jan 1741 Pietro Francesco Federico Roero di Guarene (Locum tenens) 18 Jan 1741 - 24 Jan 1773 Manuel Pinto da Fonseca (b. 1681 - d. 1773) 26 Jan 1773 - 28 Jan 1773 Giovanni Battista d'Afflitto (Locum tenens) 28 Jan 1773 - 9 Nov 1775 Francisco Antonio Ximénez de Tejada y (b. 1703 - d. 1775) Eslava9 Nov 1775 - 12 Nov 1775 Ferdinando Rosselmini, di Pisa (Locum tenens) 12 Nov 1775 - 13 Jul 1797 François-Marie-des-Neiges-Emmanuel de (b. 1725 - d. 1797) Rohan14? Jul 1797 - 17 Jul 1797 .... (Locum tenens) 17 Jul 1797 - 26 Aug 1798 Ferdinand Joseph Hermann Anton (b. 1744 - d. 1805) Freiherr von Hompesch zu Bollheim (left Malta 17 Jun 1798; declared deposed at a meeting of the Russian Grand Priory in St. Petersburg, Russia, 26 Aug 1798; abdicated 6 Jul 1799, but continued to use the title) 24 Nov 1798 - 24 Mar 1801 Pavel I (= Pavel Petrovich) (b. 1754 - d. 1801) (also Emperor of Russia Pavel I) (formally installed on 10 Dec 1798) Deputy to the Grand Master 24 Mar 1801 - 9 Feb 1803 Graf Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (b. 1736 - d. 1816) (took office 10 Apr 1799, solely in Russia) 1802 - 9 Feb 1803 Giuseppe Caracciolo dei marchesi di (b. 1762 - d. 1839) Sant'Eramo (Locum tenens) (in opposition, appointed by the Pope) Prince and Grand Master 9 Feb 1803 - 13 Jun 1805 Giovanni Battista Tommasi de Cortona (b. 1731 - d. 1805) Lieutenant of the Grand Master (acting as Grand Masters) 15 Jun 1805 - 25 Apr 1814 Innico Maria Guevara Suardo (b. 1744 - d. 1814) (confirmed 5 Dec 1805) Prince and Grand Master 17 Jun 1805 - 10 Feb 1809 Giuseppe Caracciolo dei marchesi di (s.a.) Sant'Eramo (canonically elected, but not confirmed) Lieutenants of the Grand Master (acting as Grand Masters) 26 Apr 1814 - 10 Jun 1821 Andrea Di Giovanni e Centelles (b. 1742 - d. 1821) (confirmed 25 Jun 1814) 11 Jun 1821 - 19 May 1834 Antonio Busca Arconati Visconti (b. 1767 - d. 1834) 23 May 1834 - 12 Jul 1845 Conte Carlo Candida (b. 1762 - d. 1845) (= Carlo de Candida dei Normanni) 15 Sep 1845 - 9 Oct 1864 Philipp Graf von Colloredo-Mels (b. 1779 - d. 1864) und-Waldsee (confirmed 30 Sep 1845) 26 Feb 1865 - 13 Jan 1872 Alessandro Ponsian Borgia (b. 1783 - d. 1872) 14 Feb 1872 - 28 Mar 1879 Baron Giovanni Battista Ceschi à Santa (b. 1827 - d. 1905) Croce, conte di CavedinePrinces and Grand Masters28 Mar 1879 - 24 Jan 1905 Baron Giovanni Battista Ceschi à Santa (s.a.) Croce, conte di Cavedine 24 Jan 1905 - 6 Mar 1905 Alessandro Capranica dei marchesi (b. c.1830 - d. 19..) Capranica del Grillo (ad-interim lieutenant; acting) 6 Mar 1905 - 26 Mar 1931 Galeazzo Maria Graf von Thun und (b. 1850 - d. 1931) Hohenstein (elected in absentia 6 Mar 1905, arrived in Rome 8 Mar 1905, confirmed 14 Mar 1905; left Rome for Austria 18 May 1915 - Oct 1920) 18 May 1915 - Oct 1920 Bernardo Lambertenghi, conte (b. 1839 - d. 1929) Lambertenghi (grand chancellor acting for absent Grand master) 1929 - 30 May 1931 Pio Franchi de' Cavalieri (b. 1869 - d. 1960) (acting forGrand masterto 26 Mar 1931;then ad-interim lieutenant) 30 May 1931 - 14 Nov 1951 Ludovico Chigi Della Rovere Albani, (b. 1866 - d. 1951) principe del Santo Romano Impero, principe di Farnese, di Campagnano e di Soriano, duca di Ariccia e di Formello, marchese di Magliano Pecorareccio, signore di Castelfusano, Cesano, Scrofano e dell'Olgiata, principe romano e nobile romano coscritto14 Nov 1951 - 25 Apr 1955 Conte Palatino Antonio Hercolani Fava (b. 1883 - d. 1962) Simonetti (ad-interim lieutenant; acting) 25 Apr 1955 - 12 May 1962 Ernesto Vittorio Maria Vincenzo Luigi (b. 1882 - d. 1971) Paternò-Castello dei duchi di Càrcaci (lieutenant of the grand master; acting) 12 May 1962 - 18 Jan 1988 Angelo De Mojana dei signori di (b. 1905 - d. 1988) Cologna 18 Jan 1988 - 12 Apr 1988 Giancarlo Pallavicini (b. 1911 - d. 1999) (ad-interim lieutenant; acting) 12 Apr 1988 - 7 Feb 2008 Andrew Willoughby Ninian Bertie (b. 1929 - d. 2008) 7 Feb 2008 - 11 Mar 2008 Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di (b. 1944 - d. 2020) Sanguinetto, conte di Sanguinetto (ad-interim lieutenant; acting) (1st time) 11 Mar 2008 - 28 Jan 2017 Robert Matthew Festing (b. 1949 - d. 2021) 28 Jan 2017 - 30 Apr 2017 Ludwig Franz Xaver Irenäus Joseph (b. 1937 - d. 2022) Peter Raimund Maria Hoffmann von Rumerstein (ad-interim lieutenant; acting)30 Apr 2017 - 29 Apr 2020 Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di (s.a.) Sanguinetto, conte di Sanguinetto (as lieutenant of the grand master, acting to 3 May 2018) (2nd time) 29 Apr 2020 - 8 Nov 2020 Ruy Gonçalo do Valle Peixoto de Villas (b. 1939) Boas (1st time) (ad-interim lieutenant; acting) 8 Nov 2020 - 7 Jun 2022 Marco Luzzago (b. 1950 - d. 2022) (lieutenant of the grand master; acting) 7 Jun 2022 - 14 Jun 2022 Ruy Gonçalo do Valle Peixoto de Villas (s.a.) Boas (2nd time) (ad-interim lieutenant; acting) 14 Jun 2022 - John Timothy Dunlap (b. 1957) (as lieutenant of the grand master; acting to 3 May 2023) Chancellors3 (Piliers of the Langues of Castille and Portugal alternate) bf.29 Nov1469-c.18 Jan1476 Gonsalvo Aries del Rio c.29 Jan 1476-31 Aug 1478 Payas (Pelagius) Correa 7 Nov 1478-bf.16 Feb 1499 Pedro Modarra (d. 1499) 16 Feb 1499 - 15 Jul 1508 João Coelho (d. 1511) 24 Mar 1511 - 23 Jul 1521 André d'Amaral (d. 1522) 1523 - 1525 Diego Nuñez del Aguila 1525 - 1531 Alvaro Pinto 1531 - af.1538 Diego Briceño 1538 - c.1539 Guglielmo Ramón Beneit (Benitez?) (lieutenant/regent in 1539) 1542 - 1551 Christovão de Solis Farfan (d. 1551) 1551 - 1558 Lope Fernandez de Paz (d. 1558) 1558 - 1569 Christovão de Sernache Pereira Grand Chancellors3 (Piliers of the Langues of Castille and Portugal alternate to 1799) 1569 - 1574 Ferdinando de Alarcón (b. 1510 - d. 1582) 1574 - 1577 Alonso de Solis 1577 - Oct 1582 Antonio Maldonado 1582 - 1583? Francesco Guiral 158. - 1584 Luis de Quintanilla 1584 - 1585 Francisco de Valencia 1585 - 1592 Martin de Nietto 1592 - 159. Alfonso de Texeda c.1595 Hernando Ruiz del Corral (1st time) (lieutenant) c.1596 - 1597 João de la Rocha Pereira 1597 - 1599 Antonio de Toledo 1599 - 1606 Hernando Ruiz del Corral (2nd time) 1606 - 1609 Gonsalvo de Porras 1609 - 1611 Pedro Gonzales de Mendoza 1611 - 1613 Antonio Centeno Guiral 1613 - 1614 Diego Brochero 1614 - 1620 Diego de Guzman y Toledo 1620 - c.1625 Rodrigo Tello de Guzman c.1622 Luis de Brito (lieutenant) 162. - 1628 Ferdinando Giron 1628 - 1630 Lourenço de Figueroa 1630 - 1631 Alfonso del Castillo y Samano 1631 Rafael Ortiz de Sottomaior (Sotomayor?) 1631 - 1634 Thomas de Hoces 1634 - 1638 Miguel Solis de la Rocha 1638 - 1639 Gonçalvo de Saavedra 1639 - 1643 Ferdinando de Aldana 1643? - 164. Antonio del Encina (Elenzina) c.1647 - c.1648 Juan de Zúñiga 1648 - 1649? Juan de Tordesillas 1649? - 1651 Alvaro de Ulloa 1651 - 1653 Gasppar de Alderete 1653 Diego Pereira de Melo 12 Dec 1653 - 16 May 1656 Lope Pereira de Lima 16 May 1656 - 17 Jan 1663 Juan Ximenes de Vedoja 1663 Diego de Villalobos 1663 - 1664 Diego de Morales 1664 - 1665 Francisco de Torres Pacheco y Cardenas 1665 - 1671 Iñigo de Velandia 1671 - 1675 Lourenço Muñoz de Figueroa 1675 - 1678 Diego de Bejarano y Orellana 1678 - 1680 Antonio Pereira Brandao 1680 - 1681 Bernardo d'Almeida 1681 - 1687 Antonio Correa de Sousa Montenegro 1687 - 1... Felipe de Escobedo y Aboz 1... - 1702 Felix Zapata (b. 1630? - d. 1708) 1703 - 1706 Antonio Manuel de Vilhena 2 Apr 1712 - 17 Dec 1713 Diego Velez de Guevara 17.. - 17.. Martinho Pinto da Fonseca 1713 - 1736 .... 12 Nov 1736 - 31 May 1744? José Peixoto da Silva (b. 1676 - d. 1744) bf.1750 Manuel Antonio de Souza e Almeida (b. 1689 - d. 1750) bf.1788 Manuel Ballesteros (d. 1788) c.1798 Felipe Sarzana (Zarzana) 1798 - 10 Apr 1799 Hyacinthe Laurent Victor de La Houssaye(b. 1760 - d. 1800)10 Apr 1799 - 4 Mar 1801 Graf Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin (b. 1763 - d. 1826)4 Mar 1801 - 11 Jul 1801 Peter Ludwig Graf von der Pahlen (b. 1745 - d. 1826)(= Graf Pyotr Alekseyevich fon der Palen) 11 Jul 1801 - 9 Feb 1803 Knyaz' Aleksandr Borisovich Kurakin (b. 1752 - d. 1818) Chancellors1812/14 - 1831 Amabile Vella (vice chancellor) (b. 1771 - d. 1831) 1829 - 1834? Alessandro Ponsian Borgia (s.a.) (lieutenant of the grand chancellor)1844 - 18.. Filippo Filippi (b. 1810 - d. 1878) c.1861 - c.1862 Felice Patroni Griffi (b. 1828 - d. 1895) c.1867 - c.1877 Decio de'Conti Bentivoglio c.1877 - c.1880 Francesco Meraviglia Crivelli (lieutenant of the grand chancellor)c.1880 Carlo Pacca 1882 - c.1909 Antonio da Mosto, conte da Mosto (b. 1833 - d. 1909)Grand Chancellors16 Jan 1915 - 13 Feb 1929 Bernardo Lambertenghi, conte (s.a.) Lambertenghi 1929 - 1931 Francesco d'Afflitto, marchese (b. 1861 - d. 1934)d'Afflitto (chancellor) 7 Nov 1931 - c.1952 Luigi Rangoni-Machiavelli, marchese, (b. 1870 - d. 1952)conte di Castelcrescente e di Borgofranco (chancellor) 1952 - 1958 Gabriel baron von Apor zu Altorja (b. 1889 - d. 1969) (Gábor báróApor altorjai) 1959 - 3 Feb 1965 Vincenzo di Napoli Rampolla (b. 1898 - d. 1965)Barresi Bellacera, principi di Resuttano12 Mar 1965 - Jan 1968 Carlo Lovera di Castiglione, dei (b. 1884 - d. 1968) marchese di Maria (ad-interim) Jan 1968 - 1978 Quintin Peter Thorsby Jermy Gwyn (b. 1906 - d. 1994) 12 Nov 1978 - 15 Feb 1980 Vittorio Marullo di Condojanni (b. 1907 - d. 1982) (ad-interim) 15 Feb 1980 - 19 Apr 1997 Felice Catalano di Melilli, barone (b. 1914 - d. 2003) Catalano di Melilli 19 Apr 1997 - 1 Oct 2001 Carlo Marullo, conte Marullo di (b. 1946) Condojanni, principe di Casalnuovo (acting ad-interim for di Melilli in 1995) 1 Oct 2001 - 16 Apr 2005 Jacques de Liedekerke, comte de (b. 1928 - d. 2022) Liedekerke (acting to 1 Jan 2002) 16 Apr 2005 - 31 May 2014 Jean-Pierre Mazery (b. 1942) (acting for Liedekerke from 3 Nov 2004) 31 May 2014 - 10 Dec 2016 Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager (b. 1949) (1st time) 14 Dec 2016 - 28 Jan 2017 John Edward Critien (ad-interim) (b. 1949 - d. 2022) 28 Jan 2017 - 3 Sep 2022 Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager (s.a.) (2nd time) 3 Sep 2022 - Riccardo Paternò di Montecupo (b. 1945) Papal Special Delegates to the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta 2 Feb 2017 - 1 Nov 2020 Giovanni Angelo Becciu (b. 1948) (from 28 Jun 2018, Giovanni Angelo Cardinal Becciu) 1 Nov 2020 - Silvano Maria Tomasi (b. 1940) (from 28 Nov 2020, Silvano Maria Cardinal Tomasi) ¹full style of the Grand Masters: (a) c.1437 - 1798 (in Latin): Dei Gratia Sacrae Domus Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani et militaris Ordinis Sancti Sepulchri Dominici Magister humilis pauperumque Iesu Christi custos ("By the Grace of God, Grand Master of the Sacred Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem and of the military Order of the Holy Sepulcher, humble guardian of the poor of Jesus Christ"), the phrase "et militaris Ordinis Sancti Sepulchri Dominici" ceases to be effective 4 Nov 1497, but was not deleted. Short form Magnus Magister ("Grand Master"); (b) 24 Nov 1798 - 23/24 Mar 1801 (in Russian): Velikiy Magistr Derzhavnogo Ordena Svyatogo Ioanna Iyerusalimskogo ("Grand Master of the Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem"); (c) 24 Mar 1801 - 9 Feb 1803 (in Russian): Poruchik Velikogo Magistra ("Deputy to the Grand Master"); (d) from 9 Feb 1803 (in Italian): Principe e Gran Maestro("Prince and Grand Master"); Long form: Sua Altezza Eminentissima, Principe e Gran Maestro del Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospitaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, di Rodi e di Malta, il più umile Guardiano dei Poveri di Gesù Cristo ("His Most Eminent Highness, Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta, Most Humble Guardian of the Poor of Jesus Christ"). 2Currently the SMOM maintains diplomatic relations with 113 countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, The Bahamas, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Niger, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Sudan, Spain, The Sudan, Suriname, Tajikistan, Thailand, Togo, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uruguay, Vatican City and Venezuela. The Order of Malta also has official relations with: Belgium, Canada, European Union, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Switzerland. The Order of Malta has relations at Ambassador level with: Palestine. 3until 1798, the Chancellor (from 1569, Grand Chancellor) was a coequal, but not superior, member of the Grand Master's Council along with the Grand Commander [Grand Marshal], Grand Hospitalier, Receiver of the Common Treasure, and the Turcopolier. However, it was the Vice-chancellor who administered the day-to-day government of the Order during this period: Vice-chancellors1467 - 1501 Guillaume Caoursin (b. 1430 - d. 1501)20 Jul 1501 - 1513 Bartolomeo Poliziano (Policiano)20 Jan 1513 - 1526 Thomas Guichard (d. 1526)1526 - 1538 Tommaso Bosio1538? - 1566? Martin Rojas (Roxas de Portalruvio)1567 - c.1571 François Mégo (= Francisco Mego)c.1577 - 1578 Tommaso Gargallo (b. 1536 - d. 1614)1578 - c.1587 Diego de Ovando15.. - 1593 Giovanni Giampieri 1593 - 1617 Gianotto Bosio (d. 1622)1617 - 1626 Eugenio Ramirez Maldonado 1626? - 1655 Gian Francesco Abela (b. 1582 - d. 1655) 1655 - 1662 Pedro Barriga (d. 1686)1662 - 1682 Manuel Arias Porres1682 - 1696? Gaspar Carneiro 5 Nov 1714 - 1735 Manuel Pinto da Fonseca (s.a.) 5 Feb 1735 - 19 Jul 1743 Roque de Távora e Noronha (b. 1706 - d. 1743)1743? - 1781 Francisco Guedes de Magalhaes (b. 1716 - d. 1781) 1781 - c.1792 Luis de Almeida Portugalc.1795 - c.1798 Francisco Carvalho Pinto (b. 1746 - d. 1818)
9077	dbpedia	3	20	https://currencies.fandom.com/wiki/Maltese_lira	en	Maltese lira	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/currencies/images/f/f5/Maltese_20_Liri_.png/revision/latest?cb=20210511115308	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/currencies/images/f/f5/Maltese_20_Liri_.png/revision/latest?cb=20210511115308	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/currencies/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713171449", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/currencies/images/e/e3/Maltese_20_Liri.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20210511115201", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/currencies/images/f/f5/Maltese_20_Liri_.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20210511115308", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/currencies/images/1/11/Maltese_1_Lira_Coin.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20210511115400", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Currency Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	The lira (Maltese: lira Maltija, plural: liri, ISO 4217 code : MTL) was the currency of Malta from 1972 until 31 December 2007. The lira was abbreviated as Lm, although the traditional ₤ sign was often used locally. In English, the currency was still frequently called the pound because of the...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Currency Wiki	https://currencies.fandom.com/wiki/Maltese_lira	The lira (Maltese: lira Maltija, plural: liri, ISO 4217 code : MTL) was the currency of Malta from 1972 until 31 December 2007. The lira was abbreviated as Lm, although the traditional ₤ sign was often used locally. In English, the currency was still frequently called the pound because of the past usage of British currency on the islands. The euro replaced the Maltese lira as the official currency of Malta on 1 January 2008 at the irrevocable fixed exchange rate of €1 per 0.4293 lira. History[] Pound Sterling[] In 1825, an imperial order-in-council introduced British currency to Malta, replacing a system under which various coinages circulated, including that issued in Malta by the Knights of St John. The pound was valued at 12 scudi of the local currency. This exchange rate meant that the smallest Maltese coin, the grano, was worth one third of a farthing (1 scudo = 20 tari = 240 grani). Consequently, 1⁄3-farthing (1⁄12-penny) coins were issued for use in Malta until 1913, alongside the regular British coinage. Amongst the British colonies which used the sterling coinage, Malta was unique in having the 1⁄3-farthing coin. Between 1914 and 1918, wartime emergency paper money issues were made by the government. Until 1972, it was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence with 4 farthings to the penny; from May 1972 it was divided into 100 cents, and each cent into 10 mils. Pre-decimal British sterling coinage continued to circulate in Malta for nearly a year after it was withdrawn in the UK due to decimalization on 15 February 1971. Then in 1972, a new, decimal Maltese currency, the lira, was introduced, in both coin and banknote form. The lira was initially equal to the pound sterling, however this parity did not survive long after the floating of sterling on 22 June 1972. Banknotes[edit source][] Emergency issues between 1914 and 1918 were in denominations of 5 and 10 shillings, 1, 5 and 10 pounds. In 1940, notes dated 13 September 1939 in denominations of 2+1⁄2, 5 and 10 shillings and 1 pound were issued, followed late in the year by a provisional 1 shilling note overprinted on an old 2 shilling dated 20 November 1918. Note production continued after the Second World War in denominations of 10 shillings and 1 pound, with 5 pounds notes reintroduced between 1961–1963. After the Central Bank of Malta was established by the Central Bank Act of 1967 and began operating on April 17, 1968, the issuing body named on the banknotes switched from "Government of Malta" to "Central Bank of Malta." While the designs of the notes remained unchanged, the colors were changed. The Central Bank refers to this series as the "CBM first series". The CBM second series began with the introduction of lira-denominated notes on January 15, 1973. Lira[] Banknotes issued by the Government of Malta and then by the Central Bank of Malta were written in English up to 1972, with the denomination pounds (or shillings). From 1973 to 1985, they were written in Maltese on the obverse using the denomination liri, and in English on the reverse using pounds. From 1986 to 2007, Maltese and liri were used on both sides. Although using British coins, Malta did not decimalize with the UK in 1971. Instead, it adopted a decimal system in 1972, based on the lira (equal to the pound) subdivided into 1000 mils or 100 cents. The name "lira" was used on banknotes beginning in 1973, initially jointly with "pound", and exclusively on both coins and banknotes since 1986. Mils were removed from circulation in 1994. On entry into the European Union, Malta agreed to adopt the euro. The lira was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2008, as part of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union. Euro changeover[] The Maltese lira was replaced by the euro as the official currency of Malta at the irrevocable fixed exchange rate of 0.429300 MTL per 1 EUR. However, Maltese lira banknotes and coins continued to have legal tender status and were accepted for cash payments until 31 January 2008. Maltese liri were convertible free of charge at all Maltese credit institutions until 30 March 2008. Maltese coins were convertible at the Central Bank of Malta until 1 February 2010, and banknotes remained convertible until 31 January 2018. Exchange rate[] The Maltese lira was on a par with the British pound sterling (GBP) until 13 December 1971; since then the lira had been allowed to float, anchored to a basket of reserve currencies. The lira had subsequently[when?] been worth around £1.60 sterling. After the Kuwaiti dinar, it was the second-highest-valued currency unit in the world, being worth US$3.1596 as of 28 April 2007. After the dollar weakened against other currencies in mid-2006, the lira was worth US$3.35289 as of 16 December 2007. The currency entered the ERM II on 2 May 2005, by which its value had to be maintained within a 15% band around the central parity rate of 0.429300 LM per euro. The Central Bank of Malta and Maltese Government unilaterally decided to keep the actual LM/euro exchange rate equal to the central parity rate (i.e., doing away with the 15% band) throughout the ERM II period. The irrevocable fixed conversion rate was established by the ECOFIN on 10 July 2007, at 0.4293 lira to one euro. Coins[] Main article: Coins of the Maltese lira Decimal coinage was introduced in 1972 (one year after the United Kingdom) in denominations of 2, 3, and 5 mils, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 50 cents. The division of the lira into 100 cents (rather than the 240 pence of the old system) meant that the cent was a relatively large unit - the United Kingdom introduced the decimal 1⁄2 penny for this reason. Malta went further in introducing the mil, equal to 1⁄10 cent. There was no one-mil coin. However, the coins that were provided (2, 3, and 5 mils) allowed goods to be priced (and change given) for any number of mils. In 1975, a 25-cent coin was introduced. A new coinage was issued in 1986 in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 cents and 1 lira. A third series was introduced in 1991 due to the change in Malta's coat of arms. The mils were withdrawn in 1994, although for some time only the 5 mils had been seen (and then only rarely). Banknotes[] On 15 January 1973, banknotes were introduced, denominated in liri on the obverse and pounds on the reverse, in denominations of 1, 5 and 10 liri. In 1986, 1 lira notes were replaced by coins and 2 lira and 20 lira notes were introduced. Four series had been issuing, designated the second to the fifth series by the Central Bank, with the first series in the pound.
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"https://www.orderofmalta.int/2021/12/07/activity-report-2021-available-online-english-italian-french-spanish-and-german/embed/#?secret=yaha23NRcS" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Darren McLean" ]	2021-12-29T03:30:21+00:00	A Sovereign Military Order of Malta Travel Guide, which describes the three SMOM properties in downtown Rome.	en	https://usercontent.one/…media=1723973806	taste2travel	https://www.taste2travel.com/sovereign-military-order-of-malta-travel-guide/	This is the taste2travel guide to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Date Visited: December 2021 Introduction I love geographical oddities, so when I learnt about a sovereign state which issues its own passports, stamps, currency, license plates, has a government, a permanent mission to the UN but no territory – I was fascinated. Most tourists rarely hear about SMOM – the Sovereign Order of Malta, a lay Catholic religious order which has existed for 930 years. Also known as the Order of Malta or Knights of Malta, the order was traditionally of a military, chivalric and noble nature. Despite its name, the Knights haven’t had any military function since leaving Malta in 1798 and today are known for their relief corps – the Maltesers – who provide humanitarian assistance around the globe. The SMOM are headquartered at the Magistral Palace (Palazzo Malta), which is located in the heart of Rome on Via dei Condotti, a short stroll from the Spanish Steps. The Palace serves as the residence of the Grand Master of the Order (position currently vacant) and also as the seat of government. The Palace grounds have been granted extraterritorial status by the Italian government – just like Embassies around the world. While the Palace isn’t open to visitors, you can step onto the grounds of this sovereign state by entering the horse carriageway which is the main entrance, A security gate ensures you cannot enter the Palace itself. You can also enter the Palace complex by visiting the post office (see ‘Philately‘ below) which is located in the administration wing at the rear of the Palace. Located on the Aventine Hill, overlooking the river Tiber, the city of Rome and the Vatican is the Magistral Villa, the 2nd property which serves as the Embassy of the SMOM to Italy and as the seat of the Roman branch of the Order of Malta. Like the Magistral Palace, the Magistral Villa has been granted extraterritorial status by the Italian government. If there is anything the SMOM is known for – it’s the famous ‘Keyhole of Malta‘ (Il Buco Della Serratura), a small keyhole in a gate which offers a spectacular, telescopic view of the dome of St. Peter’s through a long tunnel of cypress hedge. On any given day, a constant stream of tourist’s queue in the square outside the Villa to peek through the keyhole, trying to compose a perfect shot of the dome. While tourists are aware of the keyhole, they have little idea about the Magistral Villa or the SMOM. The Magistral Villa, which is surrounded by high security walls, isn’t open to the public but can be accessed by joining a private tour which is conducted every Friday morning (see ‘Sightseeing‘ below for details on booking tours). I highly recommend the tour – it’s the best way to get that famous photo as you have the opportunity to stand in the middle of the hedge and compose the perfect shot. What is covered on a tour of the Villa is the garden and the famous church – Santa Maria del Priorato (St. Mary of the Priory), a fine example of Neoclassical architecture by famed Venetian architect Giovanni Battista Piranesi. An explosion of stucco relief, Piranesi chose the church as his final resting place. A third, lesser-known property – the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi (House of the Knights of Rhodes), rises up out of the ancient rubble which is the Forum of Augustus, a short stroll from the Coliseum. This property is also closed to the public but can be accessed by joining a private tour, which are conducted every Saturday morning (see ‘Sightseeing‘ below for details on booking tours). For those who like collecting passport stamps, you’ll be disappointed to learn that the SMOM doesn’t issue any stamps – not even souvenir stamps. Possibly this will change in the future! You can learn more about the Order of Malta on their website or you can contact the Visitor’s Centre at – visitorscentre@orderofmalta.int Activity Report If you would like to learn more about the global humanitarian work conducted by the Order of Malta, you can refer to their annual Activity Report which is published in several languages: Activity Report 2021: available online in English, Italian, French, Spanish and German Location Piazza del Grillo, 1, 00184 Roma RM, Italy Piazza dei Cavalieri di Malta, 00153 Roma RM, Italy Via dei Condotti, 68, 00187 Roma RM, Italy The three properties of the Order of Malta are located in central Rome at the following locations: Magistral Palace (Palazzo Malta): Via dei Condotti,68 (Metro Station: Red line – Spagna) Magistral Villa (Villa Malta): Piazza dei Cavalieri di Malta,4, Aventine Hill (Metro Stations: Blue line – Circo Massimo or Piramide) Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi (House of the Knights of Rhodes): Piazza del Grillo, 1 (Metro Station: Blue line – Colosseo) History The Order of Malta was founded in 1048 by Amalfian merchants in Jerusalem as a monastic order that ran a hospital to tend to Christian pilgrims in the Holy Land. The flag of Amalfi, which features an 8-pointed cross on a blue field was adopted by the Knights of St. John, who substituted the blue for red. At the height of its power, the order was also tasked by Rome with the additional military function of defending Christians from the local Muslim population. The Knights of St. John were just one of a number of Christian military orders founded during this period — including the fabled but now defunct Knights Templar. The Knights, also known as the Hospitallers both cared for the sick and defended Jerusalem until 1187, when the Sultan of Egypt conquered the holy city. The Knights went into exile in 1291, relocating to Limassol, Cyprus. The impressive Kolossi Castle, which was originally built in 1210 by the Knights, served as a base for the Order. The Order then bought the island of Rhodes in 1309 and relocated there. While on Rhodes, it is claimed the Knights harassed Muslim merchants in the Eastern Mediterranean. This harassment ended in 1523, when they were forced from Rhodes by the Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent. England’s King Charles V, offer the island of Malta to the Knights in exchange for an annual falcon – now known as the Maltese falcon! The Knights of St. John ruled Malta until they were dislodged by Napoleon’s army in 1798. The order settled in Rome in the mid-19th century, where it remains to this day. Flags & Emblems Flags The constitution of the Order of Malta states: “The flag of the Order bears either the white Latin cross on a red field or the white eight-pointed cross (cross of Malta) on a red field.“ The two flags of the Order of Malta are: State Flag: The State flag, which looks very similar to the Danish flag, consists of a white Latin cross on a red field. The state flag is derived from the design worn by the Knights Hospitaller during the Crusades. Flag of the Order’s Works: The Flag of the Order’s Works consists of a white Maltese cross on a red field. Both flags are flown above the entrance to the Magistral Palace, where a third (middle) flagpole is reserved for the flag of the Grand Master, which is flown when he is in residence. Although not visible from the street, a large Maltese cross flag flies above the Palace. This can clearly be seen from the top of the Spanish steps. Similarly, a large Maltese cross flag flies above the Magistral Villa (not visible from the street) and also from the balcony of the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi. Coat-of-Arms The coat-of-arms of the Order displays a white Latin cross on a red oval field, surrounded by a rosary, which is all superimposed on a white eight-pointed cross and displayed under a princely cloak surmounted by a crown. You can read more about the flags and emblems on the Order or Malta website. Philately The Knights Hospitaller established an early form of postal service in Malta in the early 1530s. Today, the Order’s modern postal administration, known as the Poste Magistrali, issues several sets of stamps each year, which are denominated in euro. Stamps can be purchased at the post office at the Magistral Post Office, which is located on the 2nd floor of the administration wing of the Magistral Palace at Via delle Carrozze, 79. Opening Hours: The post office is open: Monday, Tuesday and Thursday from 08:30 to 13:30 Wednesday and Friday from 08:30 to 13:30 and 14:00 to 16:00 Current stamp issues can be viewed on the Order of Malta website. An online philately shop is being planned, but in the meantime, the post office can be contacted via email at postemagistrali@orderofmalta.int Stamp Validity It should be noted that the stamps of the Order of Malta are not valid for postage to all countries. The SMOM has bi-lateral postal agreements with 50 different countries (not including the US, UK or Australia) to which postage can be sent bearing SMOM stamps. Mail stamped with Sovereign Order of Malta stamps can be sent to the countries listed here, provided it is posted at the Magistral Post Office. Additionally red ‘Poste Magistrali‘ post boxes can be found on the ground floor of the administration building at Via delle Carrozze, 79 or on the grounds of the Magistral Villa. Currency The official currency of the SMOM is the scudo, an historic currency which dates back to a time when the Order ruled over Malta – from 1530 until 1798. Coins, which are minted in gold, silver and bronze, cannot be used for transactions and serve only as collector’s items. The scudo is subdivided into 12 tarì, and the tari subsequently subdivided into 20 grani (singular grano). The following coins are currently available for purchase: Bronze: 10 grani Silver: 9 tarì, 1 and 2 scudi Gold: 5 and 10 scudi Full details of the scudo coins on issue are available on the Order of Malta website A complete set of uncirculated scudo coins can be purchased for €80 from the Magistral Post Office, which is located on the 2nd floor of the administration wing of the Magistral Palace at Via delle Carrozze, 79. The de-facto currency of the SMOM is the euro (€). SMOM License Plates The SMOM issues its own car license plates, although these are very scare. I saw one car bearing such a plate which was parked inside the (locked) courtyard of the Magistral Palace. I wasn’t able to properly photograph the plate so I’ve sourced an image from the internet. Government With the position of Grand Master currently vacant, the Order of Malta is presently headed by a Lieutenant of the Grand Master, which is Fra’ Marco Luzzago. The Grand Master usually resides inside the Magistral Palace which is the seat of the SMOM government. The body of government is the Superior Council which consists of a group of 11 elected individuals (all men). Heading the council is the Grand Master along with the holders of the four High Offices (Grand Commander, Grand Chancellor, Grand Hospitaller and Receiver of the Common Treasure) and six members. Sightseeing There are three SMOM properties in downtown Rome, all of which are easily accessed via public transport. Tours Of the three properties, the Magistral Villa and the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi are open to the public. Both properties are open one day per week for private tours, with the Villa open on Friday mornings (except July and August) and the Casa open on Saturday mornings. Due to it serving as the residence of the Grand Master and being the seat of government for the Order, the Magistral Palace is not open to the public. Private tours of the SMOM properties can be organised by emailing the SMOM Visitor’s centre at visitorscentre@orderofmalta.int Magistral Palace (Palazzo Malta) Address: Via dei Condotti,68 With the highest concentration of luxury brands, Via dei Condotti is Rome’s most elegant shopping street – provided money is no object! Located at number 68, just two blocks in front of the Spanish Steps, the Magistral Palace lies in the heart of this ritzy shopping precinct. While Via dei Condotti is a busy shopping street, almost everyone passes by the palace without ever noticing it, totally unaware of its importance or of its extraterritorial nature, and fully focussed on window shopping in the glitzy boutiques. The Order generates handsome revenue by renting out the ground floor retail premises to the likes of Jimmy Choo, Hermes and Mont Blanc. The palace was left to the Order of Malta in 1629 by its representative in Rome, Fra’ Antonio Bosio. Since 1834, the palace has served as the residence of the Grand Master and seat of the Sovereign Order of Malta’s government. The palace serves as the headquarters of the Order of Malta. From here, the Order’s diplomatic, religious, humanitarian and administrative undertakings are overseen. The palace grounds have been granted extraterritorial rights by the Italian Republic. The Magistral Palace is closed to the public, but you are able to stand inside the main entrance which once served as a horse carriageway. For those who count ‘countries visited’, you can claim to have stood on the territory of the SMOM by standing inside the main entrance. From the entrance, two large gates block public access to the palace courtyard. The rear wall of the courtyard features a Maltese cross which is mounted above a fountain. At the time of my visit in December of 2021, a small Christmas tree had been installed in front of the fountain. The tiny courtyard is normally used as a car park by visiting diplomats. SMOM Visitor’s Centre The Magistral Palace is bounded by three streets; Via dei Condotti (front), Via Bocca di Leone (side) and Via delle Carrozze (rear). Previously, an SMOM Visitor’s Centre operated from the small premises at Via Bocca di Leone, 73. At the start of the pandemic, the Order made the decision to close the shop, in an attempt to raise more revenue, by offering the premises for rental income. However, as of my visit in December 2021, the premises had yet to be rented with the space in front of the door being used for parking. The current Visitors Centre is now located on the 2nd floor of the administration building, around the corner at Via delle Carrozze, 79. SMOM Post Office For those wishing to purchase postage stamps, coins and postcards, you can do so from the Magistral Post Office, which is located on the 2nd floor of the administration wing at Via delle Carrozze, 79. Although the palace isn’t open to visitors, the administration section of the palace is. Once inside the doors, you are on the territory of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Inside, on the ground floor, a bright red ‘Poste Magistrali‘ post box can be used for postage, provided the destination country recognises the stamps of the SMOM (refer to the Philately section above). The post office (a desk in the hallway) is located on the 2nd floor! The Visitor’s Centre is also located here. Magistral Villa (Villa Malta) Address: Piazza dei Cavalieri di Malta,4, Aventine Hill The Magistral Villa, which is also known as the Villa del Priorato di Malta and Villa Malta has been in the possession of the Order of Malta since the 14th century and, together with the Magistral Palace, is one of its two institutional seats. Like the palace, the villa has also been granted extraterritorial status by Italy. The Grand Master receives heads of state and representatives of governments at the Villa, as well as the ambassadors accredited to the Order. Tours: Private tours of the Magistral Villa are conducted each Friday morning (except during July and August) and can be arranged by emailing the SMOM Visitor’s Centre at: visitorscentre@orderofmalta.int While the garden and church are open to visitors, the villa cannot be visited. Originally built in 939 as a Benedictian monastery, the property was transferred to the Knights Templar in the 12th century. In 1312 the Order of Templars was suspended and the monastery was given to the Knights of Rhodes, at a time when the Order was headquartered on Rhodes. In 1522, when the Order moved from Rhodes to Malta, the name of the order was changed to the Sovereign Order of Malta (Sovrano Ordine di Malta). The Roman seat of the Order, which was called the Gran Priorato di Roma dei Cavalieri di Malta, was also located at the property. In 1765, under the direction of the Grand Prior Giovan Battista Rezzonico, nephew of pope Clement XIII, and with the Venetian architect Giovanni Battista Piranesi, the entire property was radically transformed. Santa Maria del Priorato The church of Santa Maria del Priorato is one of the oldest churches in Rome, having first been established in the 10th century when the property was a monastery. As part of the reconstruction project overseen by Giovanni Battista Piranesi, a former medieval church was modified and renamed as Santa Maria del Priorato (St. Mary of the Priory). The Virgin Mary is venerated by the Order of Malta as its patroness. The church is used today as a place of worship by the Order and includes a Magistral Throne, which is used by the Grand Master. Whenever the Order is without a Grand Master, the throne is turned to face the back of the canopy. A key event for the church is the feast of St. John the Baptist, patron saint of the Order, which is celebrated on the 24th of June. The church is unique in that it is the only example of the architectural work of Piranesi – it is the only building he ever built. It is also considered to be the earliest example in Rome of Neoclassical architecture. At the time is was completed, Piranesi’s stucco craze faced some criticism – it was just a little too ‘neo‘ for some. So enamoured was Piranesi with his masterpiece, he wanted always to remain in the church. Today, his ashes are interred underneath a statue of himself, wearing a Roman toga, which was sculptured by Giuseppe Angelini (1735-1811). The interior of the church is striking for its whiteness, with all statues, and the many stucco reliefs, in the same shade of white. The centre-piece is the high altar which is also in stucco and was created by Tommaso Righi, an apprentice of Piranesi. The original design of the altar, as described by Piranesi himself was “a sarcophagus as the base and table of the altar, an elaborate superstructure with a medallion (on which a Madonna and Child would be carved), and a depiction of the Apotheosis of St. Basil (the namesake of the order’s original church at the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi)”. Keyhole of Malta Most visitors to the Magistral Villa never enter the Villa, but instead join a queue in the square outside to wait their turn to view the dome of St. Peter’s through the famous Keyhole of Malta (Il Buco Della Serratura). The majestic dome of St. Peter’s, designed by Michelangelo and completed in the 16th century is visible all across Rome, but, what’s possibly the best view, is completely invisible at first sight – until you look through the tiny (1 cm-wide) keyhole. Incredibly, a wonderful telescoped view of St. Peter’s opens up before you, symmetrically framed by the Cypress hedges of the Villa garden. The unique vista is the brainchild of Piranesi. Guarding access to the Villa from the Piazza dei Cavalieri di Malta is a majestic entrance screen which was also designed by Piranesi. The famous keyhole is installed in the arch-headed central gate. Trying to photograph a distant dome, through a tunnel hedge, through a 1 cm wide keyhole, isn’t an easy task, especially when you have a long line of people waiting behind you wishing to do the same thing. I took several photos through the keyhole which were all bad. The photo I have included above was taken inside the grounds of the Villa, which meant I had to briefly block someone’s view. If you want to get the perfect shot, it’s best to book a private tour. What is unique about this view is that you can view three ‘lands’ simultaneously; with the SMOM in the foreground, Italy in the mid-ground and Vatican City in the background. Magistral Villa Garden As part of the great makeover project, led by Piranesi, the Villa garden was also completely remodelled. Exotic plants, including different varieties of palm trees were planted. From the garden, you can also enjoy an unobstructed view of the dome of St. Peter’s without peering through a tiny keyhole. Worth taking a private tour! The centre-piece of the garden is a towering 500-year-old Lebanese cedar tree. The garden features fountains and a well which dates back to the time of the monastery. A highlight of the garden is the small, 17th-century coffee-house whose walls are lined with the coats-of-arms of the Professed Knights of the Order of Malta from 1800 to today. The Villa serves as the main function centre for the Order, with garden functions being popular, especially during the Covid pandemic. For such functions, the coffee-room provides the perfect catering venue. The coffee-house lies alongside the cypress hedge tunnel, which you need to pass through (briefly blocking someone’s view), in order to enter. Magistral Villa As part of the reconstruction project conducted by Piranesi in the 17th century, the Magistral Villa, a former monastery, was transformed. Today, the Villa serves as the Embassy of the SMOM to Italy and is the seat of the Roman branch of the Order. Public access is prohibited. Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi (House of the Knights of Rhodes) Address: Piazza del Grillo, 1 While most reports on the Order of Malta mention the Magistral Villa and the Magistral Palace, there is a 3rd, lesser-known property, which is often overlooked – the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi (House of the Knights of Rhodes). The haphazard external appearance of the House of the Knights of Rhodes is the result of a stratification of monuments on the area that housed the Forum of Augustus in the imperial age. Located at the Forum of Augustus, across the road from the wedding cake monument which is the Victor Emmanuel II National Monument (Altare della Patria), you could be mistaken for thinking the Casa is a ruin. However, a fluttering Maltese Cross flag on the balcony of the upper floor indicates that this building is indeed functional and occupied. In the 9th century, monks began the construction of a church and a monastery dedicated to St. Basil on the area of the Forum of Augustus. As was the practice at the time, parts of old wall structures were utilised in the construction process. In 1230, the complex was then incorporated into a property of the Knights of St. John. Loggia – Terrace In 1466, renovations were commissioned by Cardinal Marco Barbo, a Roman prior of the Order, which included the construction of the upper floor terrace (loggia) which offers panoramic views of the Forum of Augustus. When in 1566 the Knights of St. John moved its headquarters to the Magistral Villa on Aventine hill, Pope Pius V entrusted the building to the Institute of the Dominican Sisters. The Dominican Sisters occupied the property until 1930, at which time the convent was demolished to make way for the Via dei Fori, a wide avenue which runs in a straight line from the Piazza Venezia to the Colosseum. During the 1940s and 1950s, the City of Rome made renovations to the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi, which made it possible to recover the entire house, which was then granted back to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in 1946. Palatine Chapel of Saint John the Baptist On the ground floor of the Casa is the Palatine Chapel, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, patron of the Order of the Knights. A niche on the rear wall includes an altar with a statue of St John. Despite its appearance, the chapel is a modern edition to the property, built in 1946 into one of the rooms of the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi. Hall of Honour Upstairs, on the 1st floor of the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi, is the Hall of Honour. Characterised by its lofty ceiling, the flags of the eight “languages” of the Order hang from the two side walls. Two large paintings, which date from the 20th century, show the island of Rhodes and Malta; while a 2nd painting shows the possessions of the ancient Order. From the Hall of Honour, a doorway leads into the Hall of the Loggetta. Hall of the Loggetta The Hall of the Loggetta features sculptures and paintings from different periods. It is used as a function room by the Order. Tours Private tours of the Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi are conducted each Saturday morning. Bookings need to be made in advance by emailing the SMOM Visitor’s Centre at – visitorscentre@orderofmalta.int Visa Requirements There’s no immigration control between Italy and the two extra-territorial properties controlled by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. For those who like collecting passport stamps, you’re out of luck! Passport stamps are not issued by the SMOM. SMOM Passports The world’s rarest passport, with only 500 in circulation, belongs to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the one country in the world without land! Diplomatic Passports There are just three people who carry an Order of Malta diplomatic passport: The Grand Master The Grand Commander The Grand Chancellor Service Passports Service passports of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta are issued only to people who are in charge of a special mission within the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The validity of the passport is strictly linked to the duration of the assignment. That concludes my report for the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Safe Travels! Darren Follow me on Instagram: Sovereign Military Order of Malta Travel Guide Sovereign Military Order of Malta Travel Guide Sovereign Military Order of Malta Travel Guide Sovereign Military Order of Malta Travel Guide Sovereign Military Order of Malta Travel Guide Sovereign Military Order of Malta Travel Guide Sovereign Military Order of Malta Travel Guide Sovereign Military Order of Malta Travel Guide Sovereign Military Order of Malta Travel Guide Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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Local coins, probably also minted in Malta are, however, known to have existed in the third century BC. During later classical times, more Maltese…	en	https://vassallohistory.…ed-logo.png?w=32	Vassallo History	https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/maltese-currency-history/	Brief History of Currency in Malta The Coinage of Malta Throughout Malta’s chequered history, the coinage used was mostly that of the ruling power of the central Mediterranean at the time. Local coins, probably also minted in Malta are, however, known to have existed in the third century BC. During later classical times, more Maltese coins were in circulation. Unfortunately, this privilege ended with the coming of the Arabs in 870 AD. During their rule in Malta from 1530 to 1798, the Knights of St. John minted and circulated their own coins. This was discontinued during the French occupation from 1798 to 1800. At the time when Malta was a British Protectorate, followed by the granting of the Maltese Islands to Britain as a colony in 1814, the circulating currency was mainly Sicilian, Spanish and French. Steps to regularise the monetary system were taken in 1825, and on 24 June that year British Silver and Copper became legal tender. British Gold Sovereigns and Half Sovereigns were minted in England for exclusive use in Malta. This coinage, meant to replace the so-called Malta Grain which had been minted by the Order, continued to be struck until 1913. British copper coins were declared the sole legal tender in October 1857 and remained so until 1972, in spite of the fact that Malta gained Independence in 1964. In May 1972 the Malta Currency came into being and the currency system was changed into a decimal one. The Malta pound was divided into 100 cents, and 1 cent into 10 mils. Eight distinctive coins in base metal were issued. In November of the same year, the first series of the Malta Numismatic Gold and Silver Sets were issued. These coins and those of subsequent issues were legal tender till 31 January 2008. The Maltese lira remained legal tender till 31 January 2008. On 1 January 2008, Malta adopted the euro as its national currency and the euro became Malta’s legal tender. Ancient and medieval coins If one had to go through Malta’s history, one is bound to find that the coinage used was mainly that of the foreign ruling power of the Island or of neighbouring countries with which Malta had extensive trade links. The first known coins introduced into the Maltese Islands were those of the Carthaginians who occupied the Islands from approximately the mid-sixth century BC. These coins, which remained the standard currency for about two centuries, contained figures of divinities and various symbols. Various Greek coins struck in the Greek colonies in nearby Sicily and Southern Italy have also been found in Malta and Gozo. Following the Roman conquest of the Islands from the Carthaginians at the start of the Second Punic War in 218 B.C., the Maltese Islands were allowed a limited measure of self-government and even minted their own coinage. The Punic influence in Malta was slow to disappear and remained evident well into the Roman Period. The Maltese coins of that period were all struck in bronze, the only metal the Roman authorities permitted to be coined. However, Roman silver and bronze coins dating to this period were also current in the Maltese Islands. The early coins struck reflect the double culture prevalent at the time in the Maltese Islands – Punic and Greek. Although they were struck during the Roman period they bear either the Punic legend ANN (which may mean ship) or the Greek legend MELITAIWN (meaning of Malta). Also one coin-type minted in Gozo bears the legend in Greek characters ‘GAYLITWN’, (of Gozo). The Greek legend reflects Greek influence on the Maltese Islands during the Hellenistic Period. This influence progressively increased in evidence after Malta and Gozo were annexed to the Roman Province of Sicily whose dominant culture was Greek. Towards the mid-first century B.C. coins based on Sicilian standards were struck in Malta, reflecting increasing contacts between the two Mediterranean islands. One coin bears the Greek legend MELITAIWN on the obverse and on the reverse there is the name of the Roman Propraetor C Arruntanus Balbus who governed the Sicilian province from 35 to 27 B.C. After the first century B.C. there are no records to show that the Maltese Islands continued to mint their own coins. From this date on the coinage of Rome was used throughout the Empire. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Malta was ruled in turn by the Byzantines, the Arabs, the Normans, the Swabians, Angevins, the Aragonese and Castilians. The coinage of these rulers was current in the Maltese Islands. Coinage of the Knights in Malta In 1530, Emperor Charles V of Spain donated the Maltese Islands in fief to the Order of St John of Jerusalem, officially known nowadays as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta. Through the intercession of Pope Clement VII, the Order, in spite of strong insistence by the Master of the Mint at Messina to deny it the right of mintage, obtained the privilege of striking coins in Malta. The first coins which appear to have been minted in Malta by the Knights were struck during the brief reign of the second Grand Master, Pietro del Ponte (1534-35). The Order of St John minted coins in gold, silver and copper during its 268-year rule in Malta. After their arrival on the Island the monetary system was adapted to that of Sicily. In 1609, the Council of the Order also appointed a Commission to study the new regulations issued for the Sicilian Mint at Messina to ensure that coins struck in Malta would in future conform in weight and fineness to those of Sicily. From time to time foreign coins, including Spanish Doubloons and Piastres, Venetian Zecchini, Livournine, Genovine and Louis d’Or were allowed to circulate with the local coinage. Because of the critical financial difficulties following Malta’s Great Siege of the Turks against the Knights in 1565, and to have funds to pay the several thousand labourers engaged in the building of the new city of Valletta, the Order found it expedient to strike fiduciary copper coins. The reverse side of these coins depicted clasped hands surrounded by the legend ‘NON AES SED FIDES’, (Not Money But Trust). According to Giacomo Bosio, historian of the Order, Grand Master Jean de La Vallete (1557-1568) promised to redeem these copper coins in “noble, metal” and also fixed their rate of exchange at par not only with Maltese silver coins but also with Sicilian silver pieces. Fiduciary copper coins, struck by other Grand Masters continued to pass current in Malta at par with Sicilian silver and to maintain their value with local silver coins until the death of Grand Master Antoine de Paule in 1636 as the amount put in circulation had remained more or less proportionate to the internal needs of the Island. But when Grand Master Jean-Paul Lascaris Castellar (1636-1657) struck these fiduciary pieces in excessive quantities, the rate of exchange between copper and silver was completely unbalanced and increased rapidly from year to year to such an extent that in 1764 local copper was reported to be losing the amount of 107% in exchange for silver. The Knights’ minting art reached its peak in the gold and silver coins issued during the office of Grand Master Antonio Manoel de Vilhena (1722-1736). Vilhena was the first to coin the 12 Zecchini gold piece, the highest denomination in the Order’s coinage. He also introduced the silver 2 Scudi and the 8 and 12 Tari pieces. The highest value silver coin minted by the Order was the Maltese dollar, known as the “pezza”, “oncia d’argento” or “uqija” This was first issued during the long reign of Grand Master Emmanuel Pinto (1741 – 1773). The Mint of Malta Little is known of the first mint in Malta before the time of Grand Master La Vallete. And even for some time afterwards, only fragments of information have been unearthed. Bosio, in his ‘Storia della Sacra Religione’ wrote in the year 1684 that the Master of the Mint in 1566 (shortly after the Great Siege) was a Fleming named Simon Prevost. He engraved and struck the special coins and medals which were placed in a copper urn under the foundation stone of the new city of Valletta. The site of the first mint of the Order of St. John in Malta is also unknown. Numismatic historians, however, believe it was probably first located at either Fort St. Angelo or in Birgu (Vittoriosa). Shortly after 1573, the Mint was transferred to the tower of the Grand Master’s Palace in Valletta. After 1604, it was installed in St. Sebastian Street in Valletta, today known as Old Mint Street. In 1778 the Mint was moved again, this time to the “Conservatoria” (today the National Malta Library), still in the capital city of Valletta, and remained there until it ceased to function in 1800. Under the rule of the Knights, the Grand Master himself was responsible for appointing the Master of the Mint who, in turn, had jurisdiction over all goldsmiths and silversmiths operating in Malta. Between 1722 and 1727, Grand Master Antonio Manoel de Vilhena (1722-1736) struck no less than 200,000 Zecchini pieces but these quickly began to disappear from circulation as, through prejudice or lack of expertise in the art of finance, they were issued at well below their real value when compared with foreign gold coins whose value had risen on the market. Large quantities of these Zecchini were exported, mainly to Naples and Sicily where gold was rated at a higher value than in Malta and where they were subsequently melted down at a profit. Vilhena had in the meantime also made a complete alteration in the silver coinage by issuing new denominations and because the silver standard had also been raised it became just as profitable for speculators to export the Order’s silver coins. To check the constant flow of the coinage of the Order outside Malta the Mint was ordered to stop striking Zecchini and in 1730 a strict prohibition of the oexportation of local gold and silver was imposed. These measures were partly successful until Vilhena’s death in December 1736. However, two years after the election of Grand Master Ramon Despuig (1736-1741) it was again found out that the 2 Scudi and Scudo silver coins were being exported by speculators or melted down by the local silversmiths. In spite of the reimposition of heavy fines and harsher penalties for those who either exported or melted down the coinage, silver coins continued to disappear from circulation. In March and April 1738 Despuig withdrew from circulation all silver coins of the Order and coined them into new coins of inferior fineness thereby making it unprofitable for speculators to export them. Though this drastic measure saved the Order from a total disappearance of the silver coins of the Knights from Malta and increased the amount of the coinage, it also resulted in the extinction of a large number of Vilhena’s beautifully executed silver coins. In March of the succeeding year, again through lack of expertise in financial matters, the Order committed the grave error of arbitrarily raising the value of foreign coins and leaving the rate of the Island’s standard coin, the Zecchino, at the old rate. An immediate exportation of the Order’s gold and silver coins took place and within a short while Malta’s currency practically consisted of its over abundant copper token coins which at that time were worth about 100% less than their nominal value. On his election, Grand Master Emmanuel Pinto (1741-1773), faced with a great shortage of gold and silver coins, quickly struck a good amount of Zecchini but these were afterwards replaced with new denominations of 10 and 5 Scudi gold pieces (Single Louis and Half Louis – Lwig u nofs Lwig) as the former coins proved to be unpopular due to their inferior fineness. Although Pinto also introduced new denominations in silver including the 30 and 15 Tari pieces (L-Uqija u Nofs Uqija) he was unable to restore confidence in the Order’s currency. In 1762 or 1763, unable to find a remedy he sought the competent advice of Zanobio Paoli, a former Master of the Mint in Florence. When Paoli arrived in Malta he found the local Mint in a deplorable state and in an elaborate ‘ ‘Trattato della Zecca’ ‘ submitted soon after his arrival, he made various recommendations including the introduction of new denominations, the striking of new Zecchini of 22½ carats and the withdrawal of the fiduciary copper coins. Unfortunately no records exist as towhat measures were taken to reorganise the Mint after Paoli’s report during Pinto’s rule. Apart from prolific issues of certain denominations and the introduction of the gold 20 Scudi or Double Louis of Malta (Lwig doppju) in 1764 very little appears to have been adopted from Paoli’s report and the local Mint continued to be run at a loss. During the short rule of Grand Master Francisco Ximenes de Texada (1773-1775) matters remained just as bad, for the Commissioners of the Mint in 1774 blamed the Mintmaster for the issue of a debased and discredited coinage. Within the period 1766 and 1776 minting had in fact been very erratic and the accounts for the Mint show a loss of just over 2,446 Scudi. In 1777 the Treasury of the Order, to reorganise the Mint and to stop it from operating at a loss, decided to adopt Paoli’s recommendations with regard to the method of work and the various duties of those employed in that establishment. To restore confidence in the Order’s coinage it was also recommended that the standard gold coin, the Zecchino, was to be restored to its original fineness of 22 ½ carats and 3 1/6 deniers in weight and its value regulated periodically according to the rate at which Spanish Doubloons were bought by the mints of Naples and Palermo. The standard silver coin, the Maltese Scudo, was also to be restored to the fineness of 10 ozs. 12 grs. fine silver per pound and the Commissioners of the Mint were also to issue periodically a tariff showing the purchase price of foreign coins Amongst other matters it was also recommended that Pinto’s debased Zecchini and the copper fiduciary coins were to be withdrawn. Many of these recommendations, though approved by Grand Master Emmanuel de Rohan (1775-1779) were ignored; for instance Pinto’s Zecchini were never withdrawn and the copper pieces were only countermarked against forgery. However, there is no doubt that necessary measures and changes in the Mint’s administration were carried out, as the coins of de Rohan are most exact in weight and purity. The financial records of the mint also reveal that this establishment, though losing in certain years, made an overall profit of over 25,000 Scudi over the period 1778 to 1788. Nevertheless, during De Rohan’s rule the financial position of the Order deteriorated further and seriously chiefly because of developments occurring overseas. The economic affairs of Malta depended to a large degree on the steady inflow of capital from abroad. Much of these funds originated from ‘responsions’ or remittances in connection with property income from the large number of land holdings in Europe belonging to the Order. During the French Revolution however, much of the income-producing property owned in France was confiscated and many Knights fled to Malta. With little money available, the Order was forced to incur huge debts in Malta and abroad to maintain its operations, and to make up for the loss, it was obliged to coin the silver plate of its galleys as well as much of the silverware in the Grand Master’s Palace, the Hospital and other places. The Mint of the Order continued to function during the two-year reign of Ferdinand von Hompesch (1797-98) who relinquished Malta without any serious effort to defend it from the French who landed on the Island in June 1798. French Rule, 1798-1800 When Napoleon landed in Malta, he seized whatever gold, silver and precious stones he could find in the Co-Cathedral of the Knights (the Church of St John) in Valletta and various other churches and institutions elsewhere in the Island. Some of the silver found was melted down at the Malta Mint and struck into 30 and 15 Tari pieces depicting the bust and arms of Hompesch, the last Grand Master of the Order to govern in Malta. In September 1798 the Maltese revolted against the French. All the gold and silver of the Monte di Pieta’, a state-owned pawning institution, was seized by the French and later used to finance the troops and inhabitants during the blockade of Valletta by the Maltese insurgents. As no coins could be minted owing to the lack of certain materials, the French struck ingots made of gold and silver during the blockade of the French garrison in Valletta. These ingots circulated for a time as money. On one side of the ingots were stamped the arms of the city of Valletta and on the obverse the value in Scudi, Tari and Grani. British Era, 1800-1964 With the advent of the British Protectorate in 1800, which was followed by the granting of Malta to Britain as a colony in 1814, the Mint of the Order ceased to function, and the machinery was taken to the Civil Arsenal for storage. In 1828 after being polished and put in working order it was sold to the Greek Government for the petty sum of £100. During the first fifty years of British rule, the legal circulating coinage included the coins of the Knights, Spanish Doubloons and dollars, Sicilian Dollars, South American Dollars, French 5 Franc pieces and English coins. Other foreign coins, though not legally current, also circulated in Malta; these consisted mainly of French Louis d’Or and Maria Theresa Dollars. The dissimilarity of the intrinsic value of British silver coins with more acceptable continental coins, as well as with the cosmopolitan collection of currencies which circulated in Malta during the British era, were the cause of much discontent in the Island. Furthermore, projects for an Island coinage proposed by the local Merchants and recommended by the local Government were for various reasons not adopted and the currency situation was often very difficult. Steps for the regularisation of the local monetary system were taken in June 1825 when British silver and copper coins (the Crown, Half Crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Penny, Halfpenny and Farthings) were declared legal tender as a preparatory measure to the general introduction of British metallic currency as the circulating medium in Malta. However, British silver coined in England after 1816 on the basis of 66 shillings instead of 62 shillings per Pound Troy remained unpopular in Malta for a long time after their introduction. Such a type of coin was wholly unserviceable then in operations with the markets of the Mediterranean where the preferred coins such as the Spanish and Sicilian Dollars had an approximate and corresponding value in proportion to their weight of fine silver. Furthermore, though in December 1825 Government departments began to keep their accounts exclusively in Sterling, the Banks, the Commercial Body and the inhabitants did not change their mode of keeping their accounts and of making sales, contracts etc., in Scudi, Tari and Grani. British gold Sovereigns and Half Sovereigns were introduced in 1826. British copper coins were declared the sole legal tender copper currency in Malta in November 1827 and in April of the following year all copper coins of the Order ceased to be legal tender. To this effect, a copper coin, called the British Grain (1/3 farthing), had been struck by the Royal Mint in England for exclusive use in Malta and issued for local circulation in 1827. This coin, meant to replace the so-called Malta Grain, locally known as “Habba”, and which had been minted by the Order, continued to be struck until 1913. A proposed design for the Grain, sent by the local Government to the Secretary of State in 1825 which depicted the value “1G” within a circle surmounted by the name ‘MELITA’ on the reverse, was not adopted by the Royal Mint who instead preferred the seated figure of Britannia. In October 1855, a Proclamation declared Sterling to be the sole legal tender currency in Malta. In spite of this, however, the business and banking community continued to make use of gold and silver coins of the Order as well as certain foreign coins, particularly the Sicilian Dollar. These non-sterling coins were removed from local circulation during the period October 1885 – November 1886 following a decree by the Italian Government withdrawing the coins of the Pontifical State and those of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The remaining gold and silver coins of the Order of St John were demonetised and withdrawn from circulation between October and November 1886. These developments left British coins as the only legal tender coinage on the Island. They remained so until the early 1970s when the Island’s coinage system was radically changed. New Coins for Malta In the light of recommendations of the Currency Decimalisation Committee appointed in 1967, the Maltese Government approved legislation in September 1971 providing for the decimalisation of the local coin currency. The British coins in local circulation – the ¼d, ½d, 1d, 3d, 6d, 1/-, 2/-, 2/6, the 5/- (Churchill Crown), and the 5p, 10p and 50p – were thus demonetised in stages, and in May 1972 a set of Maltese coins was issued in replacement. The Malta pound, which was renamed Maltese lira (Lm) in 1983, was retained as the currency unit. This was divided into 100 cents, and the 1 cent into 10 mils. Initially, eight coins were issued in the following denominations: 2 mils, 3 mils, 5 mils, 1 cent, 2 cents, 5 cents, 10 cents, 50 cents. The mils were in aluminium, the 1 cent in bronze, and the rest in cupro-nickel. On 13 December 1974, Malta was proclaimed a Republic within the Commonwealth. To commemorate this event, a 25 cents coin in nickel brass was issued in June 1975. This decimal set represented the first coinage issued by Malta as an independent nation and marked a new era in which Malta’s own coins could circulate exclusively as the Island’s sole legal tender coinage. In 1986, a new set of seven definitive coins was issued, in denominations of Lm1, 50 cents, 25 cents, 10 cents, 5 cents, 2 cents and 1 cent. The 10 cent coin was the first in the new set to be issued, introduced on 19 May 1986. An innovative feature in the new set was the Lm1 coin which replaced the Lm1 currency note. Maltese Bank and Currency Notes The first banknotes of Malta were issued by the Banco Anglo-Maltese, established in 1809, and by the Banco di Malta, established in 1812. The notes were issued in various denominations of scudi with 12 scudi equivalent to one pound sterling. These banknotes were not accepted by government departments and were issued more for the convenience of the commercial body. In 1855, when sterling was declared the sole legal tender in Malta, banks stopped issuing notes in scudi and introduced notes in pounds sterling in denominations of £1, £5, £10, £20, £30, £50 and £100. Between 1873 and 1875, these notes were overprinted ‘Payable in Sicilian Dollars’, reflecting the wide-spread popularity of the Sicilian dollar, notwithstanding the 1857 proclamation. Banknotes ceased being issued in 1878. However, when the Sicilian dollar was withdrawn between November 1885 and February 1886 following a decree by the Italian government, the banks again reverted to the issue of notes in sterling. In 1882 the entire business of the Treasury Chest in Malta was transferred to the Anglo-Egyptian Banking Company’s branch which had been opened the previous year. In 1886, approval was given for the issue of the bank’s own notes. All these private issues continued to be made until 1903. The first official Maltese Currency Notes were issued on August 1914, prompted by reasons of expediency and precaution. Following the outbreak of the First World War, a massive hoarding of gold and silver coins set in, generating a run on the banks. Under such emergency conditions, Ordinance No VIII of 1914 was rushed, providing for the issue of temporary paper currency. The new issue was in denominations of five shillings, ten shillings, £1, £5 and £10. Between 7 May and 30 September 1915, these notes were demonetised and replaced by British notes, in denominations of £1 and 10 shillings, which remained in circulation for some twenty years. With the outbreak of World War II, legislation was passed on 13 September 1939, authorising the Maltese government to issue Maltese notes in denominations of 2/-, 2/6, 5/-, 10/- and £1. These were put into circulation at different dates during 1940, except for the 2/- note which was issued in March 1942. A 1/- note (overprinted on old 2/- unissued stock) was issued in November 1942 and replaced by a new 1/- note in 1943. The issue of small denomination paper currency was necessitated by the scarcity of metal for coinage, and by the difficulty of shipping British currency to Malta during the war. With the war’s end, these small denomination notes became obsolete and fell into disuse, mainly because paper wore out too quickly, and they were again replaced by British coins which continued to circulate as legal tender up to 1972. The notes issued in Malta during the Second World War were uniface (single faced) notes except for the 1/- note which represented an overprint on old stocks of the 1918 2/- note. This was probably a wartime austerity measure applicable to note issues for the British colonial empire, as all other colonial note-issuing territories had similar uniface notes. The Malta notes therefore formed part of the colonial omnibus issues. The paper currency issued during both World Wars though intended only for temporary use, was however found convenient, and Ordinance No 1 of 1949 (The Currency Notes Ordinance) finally put the issue of local paper currency on a permanent basis. Between 1949 and 1968 the notes detailed below were issued by the Currency Board. On 8 May 1951, new 10/- and £1 Maltese notes came into circulation. These came to be known as the ‘New’ series. Similar notes bearing Queen Elizabeth’s portrait were issued in April 1954 to commemorate Her Majesty’s visit to Malta. On 2 June 1961 a £5 denomination note was issued for the first time, bearing the famous Annigoni portrait of HM The Queen. Two years later a 10/- and £1 note were issued on the same design, and these three came to be known as the ‘Pictorial’ series. The Central Bank of Malta, which was established by the Central Bank Act of 1967 and began operating on 17 April 1968, took over the assets and liabilities of the Note Security Fund from the Currency Board in June 1968. From that date responsibility for the issue of currency notes passed to the Central Bank and during the same month the Bank issued its first 10/- and £5 notes bearing the same design as the ‘Pictorial’ series. The £1 note in this series was issued on 24 September 1969 and these three notes were called the CBM 1st series. The Central Bank issued its second series, the CBM 2nd series, on 15 January 1973. The 10/- note was dropped (a 50c coin had been issued in May 1972 as part of the coin changeover to decimalisation) and a £M10 note was introduced. The third series, called the CBM 3rd series, was issued on 30 March 1979, and has kept the same denominations of £M1, £M5 and £M10 as the previous one. On 17 March 1986, the Central Bank issued a new set of four notes -namely Lm2, Lm5, Lm10, Lm20 called the CBM 4th series. This issue marked the appearance of the Lm20 and the Lm2 note. The Lm1 note was replaced in 1986 by a coin. For the first time the notes included a portrait of the President of the Republic as Head of State. On 18 September 1989 the Bank issued a new set of currency notes, the fifth series. This coincided with the twentyfifth anniversary of Malta’s Independence. These banknotes, which had the same denominations as those of the fourth series, were enhanced with security features in 1994. On 20 March 1974, legislation was passed whereby notes demonetised previously would no longer be exchangeable at the Central Bank as from 20 March 1984, and other notes would no longer be exchangeable as from 10 years after their demonetisation date. Malta’s euro coins Malta adopted the euro as its national currency and the euro became Malta’s legal tender on 1 January 2008. The choice of the designs for the national sides of Malta’s euro coins was decided through public consultation. In the first consultation twelve themes were presented to the public. Of these, three of the designs – the Statue of the Baptism of Christ, Malta’s Coat of Arms and the Mnajdra Temple Altar – were chosen. The fourth design, that of the Maltese eight-pointed Cross, was also considered after it received the highest number of votes from the public as an alternative to the twelve themes presented in the consultation process. The second consultation resulted in the Maltese eight-pointed Cross, Malta’s Coat of Arms and the Mnajdra Temple Altar being chosen as designs for the Maltese euro coins. Following the choice of the coins, the Monnaie de Paris was awarded the contract for the minting of euro coins bearing the Maltese national side. The Monnaie de Paris is the State-owned mint that has been responsible for the minting of all French euro coins. Malta entered into an agreement with the Commission of the European Communities through a Memorandum of Understanding that was divided into two phases. The preparatory phase, included the production of a certain quantity of test coins. The second phase consisted of the mass production of the whole quantity of coins required for the changeover, which started after Malta received the formal approval from the EU Council of Ministers to adopt the euro. The designs for the Maltese side of the euro coins was approved by the EU Commission and this resulted in some small changes that were carried out to the original designs selected by the public to make them conform fully to the Commission Recommendation on common guidelines for the national sides of euro circulation coins. Each country in the euro area uses its own symbol or design on the euro coins. Although the national sides are different, all the euro coins can be used in all parts of the euro area. The Central Bank of Malta issued its first €2 commemorative coin on Monday 5 Jannuary 2009. The coin commemorated the 10th anniversary of Economic and Monetary Union. Each euro area country issued a similar coin bearing the same design but with the name of the country and the legend ‘EMU 1999-2009′ shown in the respective language. The Maltese euro coin has the legend ‘UEM 1999-2009′, where the letters UEM stand for ‘Unjoni Ekonomika u Monetarja’. The deliberately primitive design of the coin symbolizes the euro as the latest step in the long history of trade up to the formation of economic and monetary union. It was created by George Stamatopoulos, a sculptor from the minting department at the Bank of Greece. On Friday 30 March 2012, the Central Bank of Malta issued the €2 coin commemorating ‘’Ten years of the Euro’’. Euro area citizens were invited to submit designs in May 2011. A professional jury selected five from more than 800 designs. The short-listed designs were then placed online, open to all euro area citizens, for a public vote in June 2011. Close to 35,000 participated in the vote. The winning design, receiving 34% of the votes, was created by Mr Helmut Andexlinger, a professional designer at the Austrian Mint. The design symbolises the way in which the euro has become a truly global player in the last ten years and shows its importance in ordinary people’s lives (represented by the people in the design), trade (the ship), industry (the factory) and energy (wind power stations). This was the third time that all euro area countries issued a euro coin with a common design on the national side. The first was the commemorative €2 coin issued to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome in 2007 and the second, in 2009, commemorated ten years of Economic and Monetary union and the creation of the euro as a unit of account. The Central Bank of Malta on 24 June 2013 issued a new euro coin set dated 2013. The set incorporates the eight Maltese euro coins as well as a €2 coin, commemorating the 1921 Constitution granting self-government to Malta. All coins were struck at the Royal Dutch Mint. The euro coins were designed by Noel Galea Bason while the €2 coin was designed by Ganni Bonnici. The set also includes a replica coin from the Byzantine period and is packed in a distinctive presentation box. The minting is limited to 35,000 sets. Brief History of the Maltese Pound
9077	dbpedia	1	78	https://www.passport-collector.com/sovereign-military-order-of-malta-passport/	en	Sovereign Military Order of Malta Passport	https://www.passport-col…MOM-1959-009.jpg	https://www.passport-col…MOM-1959-009.jpg	[ "https://www.passport-collector.com/wp-content/uploads/PPC-Logo-e1698066136918.png", "https://www.passport-collector.com/wp-content/uploads/Header.webp", "https://www.passport-collector.com/wp-content/uploads/PPC-Logo-mobile.png", "https://www.passport-collector.com/wp-content/uploads/Header_new.png", "https://www.passport-collector.com/wp-content/uploads/Ritterhaus-Bubikon-e1617408704172.jpg", "https://www.passport-collector.com/wp-content/uploads/MALTA_ORDER-SMOM.jpg", "https://www.passport-collector.com/wp-content/uploads/LOUIS-XII-OF-FRANCE.jpg", "https://www.passport-collector.com/wp-content/uploads/Lady_Diana_Cooper_on_TIME_Magazine_February_15_1926-228x300.jpg", "https://www.passport-collector.com/wp-content/uploads/Iceland-Diplomatic-1971_300dpi-013-238x300.jpg", "https://www.passport-collector.com/wp-content/uploads/Sam_Houston_circa1850.jpg", "https://www.passport-collector.com/wp-content/uploads/breaking-news.jpg", "https://www.passport-collector.com/wp-content/uploads/Orig-Japanese-Woodblock-Print-Map-of-Choson-Korea-213x300.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "T T" ]	2021-04-05T23:52:23+00:00	Sovereign Military Order of Malta Passport spotted at a Knight's house in Switzerland. What an unexpected discovery.	en	https://www.passport-col…x512-1-32x32.png	Passport-collector.com	https://www.passport-collector.com/sovereign-military-order-of-malta-passport/	The following diplomatic passport was offered on an auction platform and is the rarest passports in general. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta or SMOM. It is reported in 2018 that the order issued only about 500 diplomatic passports. There are more than 13,500 knights, dames, and chaplains in the Order, along with 80,000 volunteers and 25,000 medical employees. Passports are granted for four-year terms so that passport-holders can carry out diplomatic assignments. As well as passports, the order also issues its own postage stamps and currency. Sovereign military order of Malta What an unexpected discovery However, the displayed diplomatic passport is an old version from 1959, and back then, there were most likely even fewer of them issued. Many years ago, I visited a Knight’s House in Bubikon, Switzerland, and was surprised to see that they had a SMOM on display, issued to Paul Rudolf Schnyder von Wartensee. His passport was issued in 1968. Sovereign military order of Malta This, 1959 diplomatic passport was issued to Conte Carlo Masalli Rocca Di Cozneliano from Piacenza, Italy. It seems back then, diplomatic passports had a validity of only one year, and his travel document was renewed several times until 1964. The passport comes with a red wax seal with is partly broken and incomplete. There is also a slip case for the passport. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a Catholic order so exclusive that its passports are granted to only a few hundred people worldwide. The Order was granted in 1994 an observer status at the United Nations, which means they can participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations. By the way, the International Olympic Committee was granted such status only in 2006. The International Committee of the Red Cross was the first organization granted such observer status in 1990. The latest organization with this status is the International Chamber of Commerce, granted in 2016. It’s only the second time I see such a document in over a decade, and the first time ever that such a document was offered to collectors. Vatican Travel Document for a Noble Guard Member Passport history, vintage passport collector, collectible documents, travel history, i94 travel history, passport collection, passport, diplomatic passport, passport office, famous people passports, celebrity passports, vintage passport, travel document, vintage passports for sale, old passports for sale, value of old passports, Reisepass, Reisepasskosten, passport fees,
9077	dbpedia	3	3	https://www.monito.com/en/what-is-the-currency-in/malta	en	What's the Currency in Malta?	https://cdn.sanity.io/im…629-1200x630.png	https://cdn.sanity.io/im…629-1200x630.png	[ "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/whc4dqyy/production/93dd74426696afd7a3eab05a44e97868b06c90cc-24x24.svg/Menu-icon-transfer.svg", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/whc4dqyy/production/3451b53db70c3f7aa29b179ceba8f848df3478f5-24x24.svg/Menu-icon-deal.svg", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/whc4dqyy/production/bca7f392b158219fd83aa069f874d3c0d370e9fe-24x24.svg/Menu-icon-information-circle.svg", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/whc4dqyy/production/05b5448bb017d1e47d5f00aa1df47ec7142c83b9-24x24.svg/Menu-icon-reviews.svg", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/whc4dqyy/production/bca7f392b158219fd83aa069f874d3c0d370e9fe-24x24.svg/Menu-icon-information-circle.svg", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/whc4dqyy/production/93dd74426696afd7a3eab05a44e97868b06c90cc-24x24.svg/Menu-icon-transfer.svg", 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"https://cdn.sanity.io/images/whc4dqyy/production/1d4c8cc6a5235c3f63977c3340df7321ba53244d-5184x3456.jpg?w=600&blur=300&fit=max&auto=format", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/whc4dqyy/production/249713bfb9e642cc255786a87e7222d5ddb89012-1920x1280.jpg?w=600&blur=300&fit=max&auto=format", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/whc4dqyy/production/5b500c7f7e1ec0ee381a2fb30a8efa9093cbc2a4-2252x1224.jpg?w=600&blur=300&fit=max&auto=format", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/whc4dqyy/production/41b7f9f09ac0d213eff3c4087108ff22d6b4f5ba-88x88.svg/callout-icon-globe.svg", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/whc4dqyy/production/fcecdd6132a128e58b71ce5a728ec63fc36543df-88x88.svg/callout-icon-search-magnifier.svg", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/whc4dqyy/production/75412148e61bbfd4cec72f62ffd5c808a13e2c54-88x88.svg/callout-icon-invoice-fee.svg", "https://www.monito.com/images/monito-logo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Planning a trip to Malta? Learn what is the currency in Malta: All about the Euro in 2024 with tips and methods for saving while spending money on your trip.	en	/favicons/favicon-16x16.png		https://www.monito.com/en/what-is-the-currency-in/malta	Advertiser disclosure Links on this page, including products and brands featured on ‘Sponsored’ content, may earn us an affiliate commission. This does not affect the opinions and recommendations of our editors. Read more The currency in Malta is the euro. As the official legal tender in Malta, the euro is officially recognized by the Maltese government, meaning you can use it to settle all financial obligations in the country, including paying for goods, services, taxes, and debts. Besides the euro, no other currency is officially accepted in Malta, although major currencies like US dollars and pounds can easily be exchanged for euros at bureaux de change in tourist centres like Valletta. There are a couple of reasons why you might be interested to find out the currency in Malta. Click on the reason that best applies to you below to find out more: I'm travelling to Malta I'm sending money to Malta I want to follow the euro exchange rate I'm just curious Travelling to Malta With its different currency, banking system, and money customs, figuring out the best way to pay in Malta if you travel there can be tricky. Fortunately, many forms of payments have become ubiquitous around the globe, including: Credit cards: Cards from VISA and Mastercard are accepted in Malta, especially in touristy establishments. Debit cards: Debit cards linked to your bank account let you make purchases at point-of-sale terminals and withdraw cash. Cash: Having some euro banknotes could help for small purchases, tipping, and emergencies. You can typically exchange currency at a bank or exchange bureau before or upon arrival. Mobile payments: Mobile payment services like Apple Pay, Google Pay, or Alipay are an increasingly popular way to pay, but you'll need to check beforehand how available these methods are in Malta. Prepaid travel cards: A reloadable debit card with a euro balance can give you good value, security, and convenience. Of these methods, using a prepaid travel card is almost always the best way to pay in Malta because they generally incur lower fees on euro currency exchange than credit cards or bank debit cards do. Moreover, many prepaid travel cards let you hold multi-currency balances, allowing you to dodge DCCs and other sneaky fees while travelling — all while providing the same level of security and convenience as you're used to from your credit or debit card! Depending on where you're from, you may be able to find a prepaid travel card from your bank. Still, we recommend using a global provider like Revolut because it offers excellent exchange rates, multi-currency balances, and a travel debit card that allows you to spend on your holiday like a local and enjoy peace of mind after each tap, swipe, or cash withdrawal. Revolut is only available in the United States, the United Kingdom, the EU/EEA, Australia, Japan, Singapore, Azerbaijan, Sri Lanka, Brazil, and Chile. If you live in Canada or New Zealand, the Wise Account is another excellent option to consider. If you're from any other country, we recommend checking out what multi-currency cards are available in your country or whether your bank offers any similar products. Sending Money to Malta Every year, many people send money to Malta for all kinds of reasons. These include supporting friends or family, paying for someone's tuition, settling business transactions, purchasing or upgrading property, and many others. If you want to send an international money transfer to a euro bank account in Malta, then you should be aware of the high fees and exchange rates that go along with global money transfers with your international bank (these fees often constitute more than 10% of your transfer amount — you can read all about this in our dedicated explainer here). Fortunately, international money transfers are a competitive market with many trustworthy alternative providers jostling to offer you the best exchange rates (rates which almost always far outdo those you'll find at the bank!). However, because the cheapest provider to send money abroad differs depending on factors such as where you're sending from, the amount you're sending, the payment method and others, we recommend skipping the hassle and finding the cheapest provider in real time with Monito's live comparison tool below 👇 Find the best deal when sending money to Malta: Country from Select a country Arrow down Country to Malta Arrow down You send Arrow down To Arrow down Euro Exchange Rates The euro is one of around 180 currencies worldwide. This means that the euro trades against all other official currencies around the globe, giving us exchange rates: a measure of how much of one currency we can exchange for another. Exchange rates can fluctuate over time due to various economic, political, and market factors. A higher exchange rate means that the value of one currency has increased compared to another, while a lower exchange rate means the opposite. Exchange rates are essential when travelling to, buying goods and services from, or sending money to Malta. With Monito's currency pages, you can follow the live exchange rate to the euro, see which providers offer the best deals, and set up smart email alerts to follow fluctuations: You can also use the above tool to enter your currency to see its exchange rate with the euro or set up email alerts to be notified when the exchange rate passes a certain value. Key Facts About the Euro Currencies and foreign money can be interesting, unique, fun to learn about because they offer a glimpse into a country's culture, history, and economics. If you're just curious the euro and how it's used as the currency of Malta, here are a few key facts: Malta Currency Name Euro Malta Currency ISO Code EUR Currency Symbol € Banknote Denominations €5, €10, €20, €50, €100, €200, €500 Minor Unit Cent Central Bank ECB Maltese Currency Since 2008 Alternative Currencies None
9077	dbpedia	1	80	https://mtp.travel/locations/318	en	Most Traveled People	https://mtp.travel/templates/default/icons/favicons/favicon.ico?v=2023	https://mtp.travel/templates/default/icons/favicons/favicon.ico?v=2023	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=149867857643749&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://mtp.travel/templates/default/most_traveled_people.svg?ver=2.1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/templates/default/icons/favicons/favicon.ico?v=2023		null
9077	dbpedia	3	21	https://coinmill.com/MTL_calculator.html	en	Calculator for Maltese Liri (MTL) Currency Exchange Rate Conversion			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Convert money in Maltese Lira (MTL) to and from foreign currencies using up to date exchange rates.	en	data:image/png;base64,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		https://coinmill.com/MTL_calculator.html	This currency convertor is up to date with exchange rates from August 18, 2024. Enter the amount to be converted in the box to the left of the currency and press the "convert" button. To show Maltese Liri and just one other currency click on any other currency. The Maltese Lira is the currency in Malta (MT, MLT). The symbol for MTL can be written Lm. The Maltese Lira is divided into 100 cents. The exchange rate for the Maltese Lira was last updated on August 18, 2024 from The International Monetary Fund. The MTL conversion factor has 6 significant digits.
9077	dbpedia	1	14	https://www.orderofmaltafederal.org/625	en	The Order of Malta Federal Association, USA is a lay religious order of the Catholic Church.			[ "https://www.orderofmaltafederal.org/library/public/designs/malta/logo-federal.png", "https://www.orderofmaltafederal.org/library/public_preview/AWebsite/gerard.jpg", "https://www.orderofmaltafederal.org/library/public_preview/WebsitePhotos/RHoades.jpg", "https://www.orderofmaltafederal.org/library/public_preview/WebsitePhotos/GrandMaster.jpg", "https://www.orderofmaltafederal.org/library/public_preview/WebsitePhotos/OOMHospital.jpg", "https://www.orderofmaltafederal.org/library/public72/designs/malta/icon.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Order of Malta Federal Association", "Order", "Malta", "Federal", "Association", "USA", "lay religious order", "Catholic Church", "Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order", "Sovereign", "Military", "Hospitaller", "St. John of Jerusalem", "of Rhodes", "Malta", "Western", "Christian", "Glorify God", "working with the poor and the sick", "poor", "sick", "witness", "faith", "Hospitaller Regions", "Atlanta", "Baltimore", "Charlotte", "Chicago", "Dallas", "Hartford", "Houston", "Jacksonville", "Kansas City", "Lancaster", "PA", "Montgomery County", "MD", "New Orleans", "Northern Virginia", "Pittsburgh", "St. Joseph", "MO", "Syracuse", "Tallahassee", "Washington", "DC", "Wilmington", "New Orleans", "NOLA", "OrderofMaltaNewOrleansHomeRepairProgram", "Program", "Repair", "Home" ]	null	[]	null	The Order of Malta Federal Association, USA: The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta - commonly known as the Order of Malta - is a lay, religious order of the Catholic Church. The Order of Malta - one of the oldest institutions of Western and Christian civilization - was founded in Jerusalem during the eleventh century. Members of the Order seek to glorify God through their work with the poor and the sick and their witness of the Catholic faith. The Order of Malta Federal Association is headquartered in Washington DC. Hospitaller Regions include: Atlanta, Baltimore, Charlotte, Chicago, Dallas, Hartford, Houston, Jacksonville, Kansas City, Lancaster, PA, Montgomery County, MD, New Orleans, Northern Virginia, Pittsburgh, St. Joseph, MO, Syracuse, Tallahassee, Washington, DC, and Wilmington.	en			https://www.orderofmaltafederal.org/625	The birth of the Order of St. John dating back to 1048. Merchants from the ancient Marine Republic of Amalfi obtained from the Caliph of Egypt the authorization to build in Jerusalem, a church, a convent and a hospital to care for pilgrims of any religious faith or race. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem - the monastic community that ran the hospital for the pilgrims in the Holy Land - became independent under the leadership of its founder, Blessed Gérard. On 15 February 1113, Pope Paschal II puts the hospital under the care of St. John's Church, with the right to freely elect its superiors without interference from other secular or religious authorities. By virtue of the Papal Bull, the Hospital became a lay religious order. All the knights were religious, bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. The constitution of the Kingdom of Jerusalem obliged the Order to take on the military defense of the sick and pilgrims and to protect its medical centers and major roads. The mission hospital, the Order adds the defense of the faith. As a result, the Order adopts the white eight-pointed Cross that is still its symbol. After the fall of Saint John of Acre and the loss of the Holy Land in 1291, the Hospitaller Order of St John transferred its seat and hospital to Limassol on the island of Cyprus, where it had been present since 1210 thanks to the concession of important properties, privileges and commercial rights. It continued to build new hospitals faithful to its hospitaller mission, and benefitted from the strategic position of the Island to constitute a naval fleet to protect pilgrims on the sea route to the Holy Land. The number of members coming from all over Europe continued to grow and contributed to the strengthening of the Order’s structure, acquiring new possessions on the Mediterranean shore. Amongst these were the important port of Famagusta, the city of Nicosia and numerous Commanderies. Due to the consequences of increasing instability in Cyprus, which resulted in restricting their expansion on the island, the Hospitallers sought to consider a more suitable base for the seat of the Order of St John on the Island of Rhodes. Nevertheless, Magistral Lieutenants remained present in Cyprus to govern the Priories and Commanderies (said to have been over sixty by 1374) for another century until the middle of the fifteen century, when the Knights were recalled to the Conventual Seat in Rhodes. Under the guidance of Grand Master Fra 'Foulques de Villaret, in 1307 the knights of the Order of St. John landed in Rhodes. After completing the acquisition of the island in 1310, will relocate their headquarters. Since then, the defense of the Christian world requires a naval force and the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the Eastern Mediterranean, fighting many famous battles. Independence Order from other nations granted by Pontifical deed, with the universally recognized right to maintain and deploy armed forces and to appoint ambassadors, forms the basis of its sovereignty. Since the beginning of the fourteenth century institutions of the Order and the knights who came to Rhodes from all over Europe come together on the basis of spoken language. At first there were seven languages: Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon (Navarre), England (with Scotland and Ireland) and Germany. In 1492 constituted the eighth Langue of Castile and Portugal. Each Langue included Priories or Grand Priories, Commanderies and Bailiwicks. The Order was governed by the Grand Master (the Prince of Rhodes) and Council, minted its own money and maintained diplomatic relations with other states. The highest offices of the Order were given to representatives of different Langues. The headquarters of the Order, the Convent, was composed of religious of various nationalities. After six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1523 the knights were forced to surrender and leave with full military honors on the island of Rhodes. The Order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra’ Philippe de Villiers de l’Isle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the Order by Emperor Charles V with the approval of Pope Clement VII. It was decided that the Order should remain neutral in any war between Christian nations. In 1565 the knights, led by Grand Master Fra’ Jean de la Vallette defended the island for more than three months during the Great Siege of the Ottomans. Following this victory the city and port of La Valletta was built and named after the Grand Master, its founder. The knights transformed Malta, undertaking urban construction projects: palaces and churches were built, as well as formidable new defence bastions and gardens. Architecture flourished as well as artistic patronage. The island was given a large new hospital, considered to be one of the best organised and most effective in the world. A school of anatomy was also founded and the faculty of medicine followed. In particular, the Order contributed to the development of ophthalmology and pharmacology. As well as these activities, for centuries the Order of Malta’s fleet took part in the most important manoeuvres in the Mediterranean against the Ottoman fleet and against North African pirates. The year 2024 marks the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Federal Association, USA (originally known as the Southern Association). In order to celebrate this milestone, the Board of Directors last fall authorized the creation of the “History Committee” whose purpose was to educate the members of the Association regarding the history and patrimony of the Order of Malta and the Federal Association. To that end, we hope that you will read and enjoy this message from the Committee. 50th Anniversary of the Founding of the Federal Association The 50th Anniversary of the Federal Association is a momentous occasion. The Order of Malta in the United States dates back to 1927 with the founding of the American Association in New York City. The Western Association in San Francisco was established in the 1950s. In 1974, the Sovereign Council approved the formation of the Southern Association, known today as our Federal Association. Something that might not be well known to our membership is that our own Order produced a magazine, for over 50 years, to publicize the works of the Order. We have attached the relevant articles in this magazine (then known as the “International Review”) which relate the founding of our Association. The first article describes the meeting, first in New York and later Washington, DC, between the Grand Chancellor of the Order, H.E. Quintin Jermy Gwyn, Bailiff Grand Cross of Obedience, and the Honorable William H.G. Fitzgerald, KM, who had entered the Order in the American Association in 1959. Here, you can imagine, occurred the first serious discussions regarding the founding of a new Association. The second article quickly describes further meetings the next summer in Washington, DC, again between the Grand Chancellor and Bill Fitzgerald and announces the formation of the Southern Association. William H. G. Fitzgerald was appointed the first President of the new Association. Please click here to read the articles. Day of Formation Materials As you know, the history of the Order of Malta is an enormous topic, involving over 900 years of activity, which is difficult to cover in short talks and presentations. The Federal Association has hosted a talk on the History of the Order of Malta at its Day of Formation for many years. As Historian, I have had the honor to give this lecture to candidates nearly every year since 1989. In order to facilitate a better background and understanding of our history, please find attached the document a “Short History” which is an outline of the history of the Order, as well as the document “Order of Malta Bibliography 2024”. These documents were distributed to our candidates at the Day of Formation this year, and we thought that everyone would benefit from receiving them. Also, here is a link to the video presentation on the history of the Order that was recorded a few years ago: A History of the Order of Malta - Henry Lane Hull, K.M. (youtube.com) The “Short History” provides an outline of the course of the Order across the centuries, and the Bibliography will lead you to many books on aspects of the history that interest you. Please click here to access the Short History. Please click here to access the Bibliography. Yours confraternally for the History Committee, Henry Lane Hull, Chair Historian of the Federal Association, USA Charles Mifsud, Chair Pro-Tem
9077	dbpedia	0	19	https://globalfinancialdata.com/malta	en	Global Financial Data	https://globalfinanciald…avicon-32x32.png	https://globalfinanciald…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://globalfinancialdata.com/images/global/global-financial-data-logo-white.png 1x", "https://globalfinancialdata.com/images/currency/Malta.JPG", "https://globalfinancialdata.com/images/blog/GFD_Sector_and_Industry_Classification_System_Revised.jpg", "https://globalfinancialdata.com/images/address_icon.png", "https://globalfinancialdata.com/images/phone_icon_bl.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Odin Mayland" ]	0001-11-29T16:07:02-07:52	We are a Global Data provider: For over 25 years Global Financial Data has been providing alternative historical economic and financial data.	en	/templates/shaper_helixultimate/images/favicon.ico		https://globalfinancialdata.com/malta	After the fall of the Roman Empire, Malta was ruled in turn by the Byzantines, the Arabs, the Normans, the Swabians, Angevins, the Aragonese and Castilians. In 1530, Emperor Charles V of Spain donated the Maltese Islands in fief to the Order of St John of Jerusalem, officially known nowadays as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta. Malta was under French control from 1798, when the moribumd Order of St. John was dispossessed by Napoleon, until the British began ruling Malta on September 5, 1800, and Malta became a crown colony in 1814. Malta was a British crown colony until 1922, had self-government from 1922 until 1964 gained its independence on September 21, 1964 and became a republic in December 13, 1974. The coins of Sicily circulated in Malta during Medieval times and into the Renaissance. When the Knights of Malta arrived, they adapted the Sicilian system so that 1 Scudo = 12 tari = 240 grani with the zecchino (equal to 4 scudi 3 tari) being the most prominent coin since it was based on the Venetian ducat. During the first fifty years of British rule, the legal circulating coinage included the coins of the Knights, Spanish Doubloons and dollars, Sicilian Dollars, South American Dollars, French 5 Franc pieces and English coins. Other foreign coins, though not legally current, also circulated in Malta; these consisted mainly of French Louis d'Or and Maria Theresa Dollars. In October 1855, a Proclamation declared Sterling to be the sole legal tender currency in Malta. In spite of this, however, the business and banking community continued to make use of gold and silver coins of the Order as well as certain foreign coins, particularly the Sicilian Dollar. These non-sterling coins were removed from local circulation during the period October 1885-November 1886 following a decree by the Italian Government withdrawing the coins of the Pontifical State and those of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. These developments left British coins as the only legal tender coinage on the Island. They remained so until the early 1970s when the Island's coinage system was radically changed. The first banknotes of Malta were issued by the Banco Anglo-Maltese, established in 1809, and by the Banco di Malta, established in 1812. These banknotes were not accepted by Government Departments and were issued more for the conveniency of the Commercial body. In 1855, when sterling was declared the sole legal tender in Malta, banks stopped issuing notes in scudi and introduced notes in pounds sterling. Between 1873 and 1875 these notes were overprinted 'Payable in Sicilian Dollars', reflecting the wide-spread popularity of the Sicilian dollar, notwithstanding the 1857 proclamation. In 1882 the entire business of the Treasury Chest in Malta was transferred to the Anglo-Egyptian Banking Company's branch which had been opened in the previous year. In 1886 approval was given for the issue of the bank's own notes. All these private issues continued to be made until 1903. The first official Maltese Currency Notes were issued on August 1914, prompted by reasons of expediency and precaution. Between 7 May and 30 September 1915, these notes were demonetised and replaced by British notes. British Pound Sterling (GBP) treasury notes were made legal tender on June 16, 1915. Pound Sterling notes continued to be legal tender in Malta until July 1949 when the government introduced a currency board which remained in place until 1965. The government of Malta began issuing its own currency in 1914, and in April 17, 1968 the Central Bank of Malta took over responsibility for issuing currency in Malta.
9077	dbpedia	1	22	https://www.britannica.com/summary/Hospitallers	en	Knights of Malta summary	https://cdn.britannica.c…rface-square.jpg	https://cdn.britannica.c…rface-square.jpg	[ "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/12/130512-004-AD0A7CA4/campus-Riverside-Ottawa-The-Hospital-Ont.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/60/8860-050-E153922C/St-Peters-Basilica-Square-Vatican-City.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/46/154246-050-7C72E12F/view-Rome.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/51/188351-131-33B12E70/Valletta-Malta.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/45/189145-131-45FF672E/Secret-Service-Agent-Earpiece.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/91/223091-131-A986B08A/relief-Zoroastrian-god-Ahura-Mazda-Persepolis-Iran.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/55/164555-131-D8A6E6C8/rat-glass-table.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/01/190901-131-2048BEEC/vector-illustration-sport-pentathlon-competition-series-Fencing.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/16/175316-131-39FF106B/Big-Sur-Waves-Beach-Pacific-Ocean-Point.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/36/162636-131-E4AA93A0/Colosseum-Rome-Italy.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/12/130512-004-AD0A7CA4/campus-Riverside-Ottawa-The-Hospital-Ont.jpg?w=100&h=75&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/60/8860-050-E153922C/St-Peters-Basilica-Square-Vatican-City.jpg?w=100&h=75&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/46/154246-050-7C72E12F/view-Rome.jpg?w=100&h=75&c=crop" ]	[]	[]	[ "britannica", "reference", "online", "encyclopedia", "encyclopaedia", "store", "dictionary", "thesaurus" ]	null	[]	null	Knights of Malta, or Hospitallers in full (since 1961) Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St.	en	/favicon.png	Encyclopedia Britannica	https://www.britannica.com/summary/Hospitallers	Knights of Malta, or Hospitallers in full (since 1961) Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta, Religious order founded at Jerusalem in the 11th century to care for sick pilgrims. Recognized by the pope in 1113, the order built hostels along the routes to the Holy Land. The Hospitallers acquired wealth and lands and began to combine the task of tending the sick with waging war on Islam, eventually becoming a major military force in the Crusades. After the fall of the Crusader states, they moved their headquarters to Cyprus and later to Rhodes (1309). They ruled Rhodes until it fell to the Turks in 1522–23. They moved to Malta, where they ruled until their defeat by Napoleon I in 1798. In 1834 they moved to their present headquarters in Rome.
9077	dbpedia	1	75	https://timesofmalta.com/article/marsovin-donation-maltese-association-sovereign-military-order-malta.1076322	en	Marsovin makes donation to Maltese Association Sovereign Military Order of Malta	https://cdn-attachments.…1c2-1200x630.jpg	https://cdn-attachments.…1c2-1200x630.jpg	[ "https://cdn-attachments.timesofmalta.com/6f4d8f6cd70e8dba315c9c949dd309aaf747bf44-1704377872-c740310a-1200x630.jpg", "https://cdn-attachments.timesofmalta.com/d7206123afd7c6b047b0ed6de51d8ac0795fadb0-1704378962-304bb0fd-1200x630.jpg", "https://cdn-assets.timesofmalta.com/logos/logo-square.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Press Release" ]	2024-01-04T15:22:00+01:00	Donation presented to H.E. The Noble Daniel de Petri Testaferrata, president of the Maltese Association Sovereign Military Order of Malta	en	https://timesofmalta.com…cons/icon-48.png	Times of Malta	https://timesofmalta.com/article/marsovin-donation-maltese-association-sovereign-military-order-malta.1076322	Marsovin CEO, Jeremy Cassar presents donation to H.E. The Noble Daniel de Petri Testaferrata president of the Maltese Association Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Marsovin donates a sum of money from the production of each vintage of Grand Maître to the Maltese Association Sovereign Military Order of Malta which the order uses for charitable purposes. A commitment which Marsovin has maintained towards the order since the first vintage in 1998. Grand Maître is a collectable boutique wine produced by appointment to the MASMOM. Every year, the label of this wine is dedicated to a different Grand Master in chronological order of succession, the first one being Fra Philippe Villiers de L’Isle Adam for the 1998 vintage. The Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes used to produce Grand Maître come from a privately owned single estate, Għajn Riħana, which is in the same area where the last battle of the Great Siege between the Knights of the Order of St John was fought against the Turks in 1565. This wine continues to forge Marsovin’s reputation with red wine drinkers by combing the intense fruit character of the Merlot with the structure of the Cabernet Sauvignon.
9077	dbpedia	0	54	https://search.proquest.com/openview/96de3708b80737d4b4219c3407a680f0/1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D51922%26diss%3Dy	en	The Impact of the Arrival of the Knights of the Order of St John on the Commercial Economy of Malta 1530	https://search.proquest.…roQuest_logo.gif	https://search.proquest.…roQuest_logo.gif	[ "https://search.proquest.com/assets/ctx/51be0a5b/images/icons/blank.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.	en	/apple-icon-57x57.png		null	This graduate work has been published as open access. The Impact of the Arrival of the Knights of the Order of St John on the Commercial Economy of Malta 1530-1565 Abela, Joan Angela Preview author details . University of Exeter (United Kingdom) ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2012. U616452.
9077	dbpedia	2	6	https://en.ucoin.net/coin/order_of_malta-1-scudo-1968/%3Ftid%3D73935	en	International Catalog of World Coins			[ "https://en.ucoin.net/coin/order_of_malta-1-scudo-1968/%3Ftid%3D73935?func=logo" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Oops! Unfortunately, it's looks like that your IP (167.71.63.233) is blocked. Please confirm your are a human to continue use our site.
9077	dbpedia	0	49	https://medievalcrusades.tripod.com/Knights_Hospitallers.htm	en	Hospitallers			[ "https://medievalcrusades.tripod.com/images/title.gif", "https://medievalcrusades.tripod.com/_derived/home_cmp_classic010_vbtn.gif", "https://medievalcrusades.tripod.com/_derived/The_Crusades.htm_cmp_classic010_vbtn.gif", "https://medievalcrusades.tripod.com/_derived/Knights_Templar.htm_cmp_classic010_vbtn.gif", "https://medievalcrusades.tripod.com/_derived/Knights_Hospitallers.htm_cmp_classic010_vbtn_p.gif", "https://medievalcrusades.tripod.com/_derived/Weapons.htm_cmp_classic010_vbtn.gif", "https://medievalcrusades.tripod.com/_derived/Castles.htm_cmp_classic010_vbtn.gif", "https://medievalcrusades.tripod.com/_derived/Gallery.htm_cmp_classic010_vbtn.gif", "https://medievalcrusades.tripod.com/_derived/Links.htm_cmp_classic010_vbtn.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	The Knights Hospitaller is a tradition which began as a Benedictine nursing Order founded in the 11th century based in the Holy Land, but soon became a militant Christian Chivalric Order under its own charter, and was charged with the care and defense of pilgrims. Following the loss of Christian territory in the Holy Land, the Order operated from Rhodes, over which it was sovereign, and later from Malta as a vassal state under the King of Sicily. The mediæval Order can be said to have come to an end following its ejection from Malta by Napoleon. The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta is the main successor to this tradition. History Foundation and early history In 600, Abbot Probus was commissioned by Pope Gregory the Great to build a hostel in Jerusalem to treat and care for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. In 800, Charlemagne, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, enlarged Probus' hostel and added a library to it. Unfortunately, about 200 years later, in 1005, Caliph El Hakim, destroyed the hostel in addition to 3000 other buildings. He made the Christians wear wooden crosses, half a meter long by half a meter wide, around their necks. Although Christians were not allowed to buy slaves, male or female, and had few other privileges, they were allowed to ride horses on the condition that they ride with wooden saddles and unornamented girths. Ironically, El Hakim's mother was Christian. In 1023, merchants from Amalfi and Salerno in Italy were given permission by the Caliph Haroun el Raschid of Egypt to rebuild the hospice in Jerusalem. The hospice, which was built on the site of the monastery of Saint John the Baptist, took in Christian pilgrims traveling to visit the birthplace of Jesus. It was served by Benedictine Brothers. The monastic hospitaller order was founded following the First Crusade by the Blessed Gerard, whose role as founder was confirmed by a Papal bull of Pope Paschal II in 1113. Gerard acquired territory and revenues for his order throughout the Kingdom of Jerusalem and beyond. His successor, Raymond du Puy of Provence, established the first significant Hospitaller infirmary near to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Initially the group just cared for those pilgrims who made it to Jerusalem but the order soon extended into providing an armed escort to pilgrims. The escort soon grew into a substantial force. Together with the Knights Templar, formed in 1119, they became one of the most powerful Christian groups in the area. The order came to distinguish itself in battles with the Muslims, its soldiers wearing a black surcoat with a white cross. By the mid-12th century, the order was clearly divided into military brothers and those who worked with the sick. It was still a religious order and had useful privileges granted by the Papacy, for example, the order was exempt from all authority save that of the Pope, and it paid no tithes and was allowed its own religious buildings. Many of the more substantial Christian fortifications in the Holy Land were the work of either the Templars or Hospitallers, at the height of the Kingdom of Jerusalem the Hospitallers held seven great forts and 140 other estates in the area. The two largest of these, their bases of power in the Kingdom and in the Principality of Antioch, were Krak des Chevaliers, and Margat, both located near Tripoli. The property of the Order was divided into priories, subdivided into bailiwicks, which in turn were divided into commanderies. Knights of Rhodes The rising power of Islam eventually pushed the Knights out of their traditional holdings in Jerusalem. After the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Jerusalem itself fell in 1187), the Knights were confined to the County of Tripoli and when Acre was captured in 1291 the order sought refuge in the Kingdom of Cyprus. Finding themselves becoming enmeshed in the politics of that kingdom, their Grand Master Guillaume de Villaret created a plan of acquiring their own temporal domain, selecting Rhodes to be their new home. His successor Fulkes de Villaret executed the plan, and on August 15, 1309 after over two years of campaigning, the island of Rhodes surrendered to the knights. They also gained control of a number of neighboring islands, as well as the Anatolian ports of Bodrum and Castellorizon. The Knights Templar were dissolved in 1312 and much of their property was given to the Hospitallers. The holdings were organized into eight tongues The English prior at the time was Philip Thame, who acquired the estates allocated to the English tongue from 1330 to 1358. On Rhodes, now known as the Knights of Rhodes they were forced to become a more militarized force, fighting especially with the Barbary pirates. They withstood two invasions in the 15th century, one by the Sultan of Egypt in 1444 and another by Mehmed II in 1480, who after the fall of Constantinople made the Knights a priority target. However in 1522 an entirely new sort of force arrived when 400 ships under the command of Suleiman delivered 200,000 men to the island. Against this force the Knights had about 7,000 men-at-arms, and the walls of the city. The resulting siege lasted six months, at the end of which the survivors were allowed to leave Rhodes and retreated to the Kingdom of Sicily. In exchange, the knights promised to leave Suleiman's minions in peace. It would not be a promise they would keep. Knights of Malta After seven years of moving from place to place in Europe, the Knights were re-established on Malta in 1530 by the order of Pope Clement VIII and Emperor Charles V of Austria, with the consent of their feudal landlord the King of Sicily. Their annual fee for the island was a single Maltese falcon, which they had to give annually on All Souls Day to the Viceroy of Sicily, who acted as the King's representative. Here the renamed Knights of Malta continued their actions against piracy, their fleet targeting the Barbary pirates. Although they had only a small number of ships, they nevertheless quickly drew the ire of the Ottomans who were less than happy to see the order re-established. Accordingly, they assembled another massive army in order to dislodge the Knights from Malta, and in 1565 invaded, starting the Great Siege of Malta. At first the battle looked to be a repeat of the one on Rhodes. Most of the cities were destroyed and about half the Knights died in battle. But things changed dramatically when a relief force arrived from Spain. In the ensuing retreat the Ottomans lost some 30,000 men, enough to secure the island for a time. The siege is portrayed vividly in the frescoes of Matteo Perez d'Aleccio in the Hall of St. Michael and St. George, also known as the Throne Room, in the Grandmaster's Palace, Valletta. Four of the original modellos, painted in oils by Perez d'Aleccio between 1576 and 1581, can be found in the Cube Room of the Queen's House, Greenwich, London. After the siege a new city had to be built -- the present city of Valletta, so named in memory of its valiant grand master Jean de la Vallette who had sustained this siege. In 1571, the growing Ottoman fleet decided to give challenge once again, but this time were met at sea by a huge modern Spanish fleet under the command of Don Juan de Austria, son of Emperor Charles V. The Ottomans were outgunned, outmanuvered and outrun, and by the end of the day almost the entirety of their fleet was destroyed or captured in what is now known as the Battle of Lepanto. Following the victory at Lepanto the Knights continued to attack pirates, and their base became a center for slave trading, selling captured Africans and Turks and conversely freeing Christian slaves. Malta remained a slave market until well into the eighteenth century. It required a thousand slaves to equip merely the galleys of the order. Retreat in Europe The group lost a number of its European holdings following the rise of Protestantism but survived on Malta. The property of the English branch was confiscated in 1540. In 1577, the German Bailiwick of Brandenburg became Lutheran, but continued to pay its financial contribution to the Order, until the branch was turned into a merit Order by the King of Prussia in 1812. The "Johanniter Orden" was restored as a Prussian Order of Knights Hospitaller in 1852. The Knights of Malta had a strong presence within the Imperial Russian Navy and the pre-revolutionary French Navy. When De Poincy was appointed Governor of the French colony on St. Kitts in 1639, he was a prominent Knight of St. John and dressed his retinue with the emblems of the order. The Order's presence in the Caribbean was eclipsed with his death in 1660. He also bought the island of Saint Croix as his personal estate and deeded it to the Knights of St. John. In 1665, St. Croix was bought by the French West India Company, ending their exploits in the Caribbean. The loss of Malta Their Mediterranean stronghold of Malta was captured by Napoleon in 1798 when he made his expedition to Egypt. As a ruse, Napoleon asked for safe harbor to resupply his ships, and then turned against his hosts once safely inside Valetta. Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch failed to anticipate or prepare for this threat, provided no effective leadership, and readily capitulated to Napoleon. This was a terrible affront to most of the Knights desiring to defend their stronghold and sovereignty. The Order continued to exist in a diminished form and negotiated with European governments for a return to power. The Emperor of Russia gave the largest number of Knights shelter in St. Petersburg and this gave rise to the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller and recognition within the Russian Imperial Orders. In gratitude, the Knights declared Ferdinand von Hompesch deposed and Emperor Paul I was elected as the new Grand Master. Following Paul's murder in 1801, in 1803 a Roman Catholic master was restored to the Order in Rome. By the early 1800s, the Order had been severely weakened by the loss of its Priories throughout Europe. Only 10% of the Order's income came from traditional sources in Europe, with the remaining 90% being generated by the Russian Grand Priory until 1810. This was partly reflected in the government of the Order being under Lieutenants, rather than Grand Masters in the period 1805 to 1879, when Pope Leo XIII restored a Grand Master to the Order. This signalled the revival of the Order's fortunes as a hrumanitarian and ceremonial organization. In 1834, the revived Order established a new headquarters in Rome. The revived organization is known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, which is discussed further. Revival in England as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem The property of the Order in England was confiscated by Henry VIII because of a dispute with the Pope over the dissolution of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which eventually led to the dissolution of the monasteries. Although not formally suppressed, this caused the activities of the English Langue to come to an end. A few Scottish Knights remained in communion with the French Langue of the Order. In 1831, a revived English Order was founded by French Knights and became known as the Most Venerable Order of St. John of Jersualem of the British Realm. It received a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria in 1888 and spread across the United Kingdom, the British Commonwealth, and the United States of America. However, it was only recognized by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in 1963. Its most well-known activities are based around St. John Ambulance. Protestant Continuation in continental Europe Following the Protestant Reformation, most German chapters of the order declared their continued adherence to the Order while accepting Protestant theology. As the Balley Brandenburg des Ritterlichen Ordens Sankt Johannis vom Spital zu Jerusalem, the order continues today, gaining increasing independence from its Roman Catholic mother order. The Protestant branch spread into several other protestant countries (i.e. Hungary, the Netherlands, and Sweden). These sub-branches are now independent too. All four branches are under one governing authority with the British order in the Alliance of Orders of St John of Jerusalem. The modern Sovereign Military Order of Malta The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, better known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta or SMOM, is a Catholic lay order that claims to be a sovereign entity and has permanent observer status at the United Nations. SMOM is considered to be the most direct successor to the medieval Knights Hospitaller, also known as the Knights of Malta, and today operates as a largely charitable and ceremonial organization. Name and motto The full official name is Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (in Engrlish) or Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta (in Italian). Conventionally, they are also known as the Order of Malta. The order has a large number of local chapters around the world but there also exist a number of organizations with similar-sounding names that are unrelated, including several fraudulent orders seeking to caplitalize on the name. The Order's motto is Tuitio Fidei et Obsequium Pauperum International status of the Order The exact nature of the entity is somewhat nebulous and subject to controversy: it claims to be a traditional example of a sovereign entity other than a state. Its two headquarters in Rome, namely the Palazzo Malta in Via dei Condotti 68 (where the Grand Master resides and Government Bodies meet), and the Villa Malta on the Aventine (which hosts the Grand Priory of Rome, the Embassy of the Order to Holy See and the Embassy of the Order to Italy), are granted with extraterritoriality. However, unlike Vatican City, SMOM has no sovereign territory. The United Nations does not classify it as a "non-member state" but as one of the "entities and intergovernmental organizations having received a standing invitation to participate as observers." For instance, while the International Telecommunication Union has granted radio identification prefixes to such quasi-sovereign jurisdictions as the United Nations and the Palestinian Authority, SMOM has never received one. For awards purposes, amateur radio operators consider SMOM to be a separate "country," but stations transmitting from there use an entirely unofficial callsign starting with the prefix "1A0". Although some legal scholars accept a claim to sovereign status, leading experts in international law, notably Dr. Ian Brownlie, Dr. Helmut Steinberger, and Dr. Wilhelm Wengler, do not take into account its ambassadorial status among many nations. The Holy See in 1953 proclaimed "in the Lord's name" that it [the Order of Malta] was only a "functional sovereignty" - due to the fact that it did not have all that pertained to true sovereignty, such as territory. SMOM has formal diplomatic relations with 93 states (many of which are non-Catholic), and has official relations with another 6 countries, non-state subjects of international law like European Union and International Committee of the Red Cross, and a number of international organizations. Its international nature is useful in enabling it to pursue its humanitarian activities without being seen as an operative of any particular nation. Its claimed sovereignty is also expressed in the issuance of passports, licence plates, stamps, and coins. The latter are appreciated more for their subject matter rather than for use as postage or currency. Starting in 2005, SMOM issues stamps with the Euro as the unit of postage, while Scudo (pl. Scudi) remains the SMOM's official currency. Government of the Order The proceedings of the Order are governed by its Constitutional Charter and the Order's Code. It is divided internationally into various territorial Grand Priories, Priories, and Sub-Priories. The supreme head of the Order is the Grand Master, who is elected for life by the Council Complete of State. Voters in the Council include the members of the Sovereign Council, other office-holders and representatives of the members of the Order. The Grand Master is aided by the Sovereign Council, which is elected by the Chapter General, the legislative body of the Order. The Chapter General meets every five years; at each meeting, all seats of the Sovereign Council are up for election. The Sovereign Council includes six members and four High Officers: the Grand Commander, the Grand Chancellor, the Grand Hospitaller and the Receiver of the Common Treasure. The Grand Commander is the chief religious officer of the Order and serves as "Interim Lieutenant" during a vacancy in the office of Grand Master. The Grand Chancellor is responsible for the administration of the Order. The Grand Hospitaller coordinates the Order's humanitarian and charitable activities. Finally, the Receiver of the Common Treasure is the Order's financial officer. Prior to the 1990s, all officers of the Order must be of noble birth, i.e armigerous for at least 100 years. This remains the case. However, Knights of Magistral Grace [i.e. those without noble proofs], may make the Promise of Obedience and may, at the discretion of the Grand Master & Sovereign Council, enter the novitiate to become professed Knights of Justice. The Order's finances are audited by a Board of Auditors, which includes a President and four Councillors, all elected by the Chapter General. The Order's judicial powers are exercised by a group of Magistral Courts, whose judges are appointed by the Grand Master and Sovereign Council. Mimic Orders Following the end of World War II, and taking advantage of the lack of State Orders in the Italian Republic, an Italian had given himself an identity of a Polish Prince, and did a brisk trade in Maltese Crosses as the Grand Prior of the fictitious "Grand Priory of Podolia". Others followed suit such as the Grand Prior of the Holy Trinity of Villeneuve. The former was successfully prosecuted for fraud, and the latter gave up after a police visit. However, the latter organisation resurfaced in Malta in 1975, and then by 1978 in the USA, where it still continues. The large passage fees (alleged in some cases to be in the region of $50,000) collected by the American Association of "SMOM" in the early 1950s seemed to have tempted a man named Charles Pichel to create his own "Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller" in 1956. Pichel avoided the problems of being an imitation of "SMOM" by giving his organization a mythical history by falsely claiming the American organization he led was founded within the genuine Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller in 1908, a spurious claim, but which nevertheless misled many including some academics.
9077	dbpedia	1	6	https://kids.kiddle.co/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta	en	Sovereign Military Order of Malta facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…e_Saint-Jean.jpg	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…e_Saint-Jean.jpg	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/b/bb/Gravure_de_Fra_Gerard_fondateur_des_Hospitaliers_de_Saint-Jean.jpg/300px-Gravure_de_Fra_Gerard_fondateur_des_Hospitaliers_de_Saint-Jean.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/1/18/Tiziano%2C_cavaliere_di_malta.jpg/300px-Tiziano%2C_cavaliere_di_malta.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/3/39/Emperor_Paul_in_the_Crown_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Order_of_Malta.jpeg/300px-Emperor_Paul_in_the_Crown_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Order_of_Malta.jpeg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/8/83/Palazzo_di_Malta_%28Roma%29.jpg/300px-Palazzo_di_Malta_%28Roma%29.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/55/Fra_John_Dunlap_in_Lourdes_2023.jpg/230px-Fra_John_Dunlap_in_Lourdes_2023.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/1/1b/Knight_of_Malta_XXI_century.JPG/230px-Knight_of_Malta_XXI_century.JPG", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/a/ab/Diplomatic_relations_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.svg/500px-Diplomatic_relations_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/6/6d/San_Giovannino_dei_Cavalieri_stemma_Cavalieri_di_Malta.JPG/300px-San_Giovannino_dei_Cavalieri_stemma_Cavalieri_di_Malta.JPG", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/9/9f/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_license_plate.jpg/300px-Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_license_plate.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/9/97/Turkey.Bodrum082.jpg/300px-Turkey.Bodrum082.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/e/e2/St-Angelo-Malta.jpg/300px-St-Angelo-Malta.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/8/89/Cross_Hospitalier.svg/100px-Cross_Hospitalier.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/6/63/2june_2007_489.jpg/300px-2june_2007_489.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/55/Roundel_of_SMOM.svg/100px-Roundel_of_SMOM.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/0/0c/Vigna_di_Valle_20110812_%E2%80%94_Savoia-Marchetti_S.M.82_vista_dall%27alto.jpg/300px-Vigna_di_Valle_20110812_%E2%80%94_Savoia-Marchetti_S.M.82_vista_dall%27alto.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5f/Kids_robot.svg/60px-Kids_robot.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn Sovereign Military Order of Malta facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta	The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), officially the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (Italian: Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, di Rodi e di Malta; Latin: Supremus Militaris Ordo Hospitalarius Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodiensis et Melitensis), commonly known as the Order of Malta or Knights of Malta, is a Catholic lay religious order, traditionally of a military, chivalric, and noble nature. Though it possesses no territory, the order is often considered a sovereign entity under international law. The order claims continuity with the Knights Hospitaller, a chivalric order that was founded about 1099 by the Blessed Gerard in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The order is led by an elected prince and grand master. Its motto is Tuitio fidei et obsequium pauperum ("Defence of the faith and assistance to the poor"). The order venerates the Virgin Mary as its patroness, under the title of Our Lady of Philermos. The Order's membership includes about 13,500 Knights, Dames and Chaplains. Thirty-three of these are professed religious Knights of Justice. Until the 1990s, the highest classes of membership, including officers, required proof of noble lineage. More recently, a path was created for Knights and Dames of the lowest class (of whom proof of aristocratic lineage is not required) to be specially elevated to the highest class, making them eligible for office in the order. The Order's modern-day role is largely focused on providing humanitarian assistance and assisting with international humanitarian relations, for which purpose it has had permanent observer status at the United Nations General Assembly since 1994. The Order employs about 52,000 doctors, nurses, auxiliaries and paramedics assisted by 95,000 volunteers in more than 120 countries, assisting children, homeless, disabled, elderly, and terminally ill people, refugees, and lepers around the world without distinction of ethnicity or religion. Through its worldwide relief corps, Malteser International, the order aids victims of natural disasters, epidemics and war. The Order maintains diplomatic relations with 113 states, enters into treaties, and issues its own passports, coins and postage stamps. Its two headquarters buildings in Rome enjoy extraterritoriality, similar to embassies, and it maintains embassies in other countries. The Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata news agency has called it "the smallest sovereign state in the world". The three principal officers are counted as citizens. Although the Order has been a United Nations General Assembly observer since 1994, this was granted in view of its "long-standing dedication [...] in providing humanitarian assistance and its special role in international humanitarian relations"; the same category is held by other non-state entities such as the International Olympic Committee and International Committee of the Red Cross. Name and insignia Main article: Flag and coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta The Order of Malta comprises a large number of Priories, Sub-priories, and National Associations around the world, but there also exist various organizations with similar-sounding names that are unrelated to the Order. These include a number of mimic orders, such as masonic and non-Catholic organizations. The Order has two flags: the State Flag is rectangular with a red background upon which there is a white Latin cross. The Flag of the Order's works is rectangular with a red background upon which there is a white eight-pointed Maltese cross. The Grand Master displays a rectangular flag with a red background upon which there is a white eight-pointed Maltese cross, encircled by the Collar of the Order and surmounted by a crown. The coat of arms of the Order, gules a cross argent (a white/silver cross on a red field), is most often depicted on an oval shield surrounded by a rosary, all superimposed on a white eight-pointed cross over a princely mantle surmounted by a crown. In ecclesiastical heraldry of the Catholic Church, the Order of Malta is one of only two orders (along with the Order of the Holy Sepulchre) whose insignia may be displayed in a clerical coat of arms (laypersons having no such restriction). The shield is surrounded with a silver rosary for Professed Knights, or for others the ribbon of their rank. Some members may also display the Maltese cross behind their shield instead of the ribbon. To protect its heritage against fraud, the Order has legally registered sixteen versions of its names and emblems in some one hundred countries. History of the Order of Saint John Main article: Knights Hospitaller Founding The birth of the Knights Hospitaller dates back to around 1048. Merchants from the ancient Marine Republic of Amalfi obtained from the Caliph of Egypt the authorisation to build a church, convent, and hospital in Jerusalem, to care for pilgrims of any religious faith or race. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem – the monastic community that ran the hospital for the pilgrims in the Holy Land – became independent under the guidance of its founder, the religious brother Gerard. With the Papal bull Pie postulatio voluntatis dated 15 February 1113, Pope Paschal II approved the foundation of the Hospital and placed it under the aegis of the Holy See, granting it the right to freely elect its superiors without interference from other secular or religious authorities. By virtue of the Papal Bull, the hospital became an order exempt from the control of the local church. All the Knights were religious, bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. The constitution of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem during the Crusades obliged the order to take on the military defence of the sick, the pilgrims, and the captured territories. The order thus added the task of defending the faith to that of its hospitaller mission. As time went on, the order adopted the white, eight-pointed Cross that is still its symbol today. The eight points represent the eight beatitudes that Jesus pronounced in his Sermon on the Mount. Cyprus When the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell after the Siege of Acre in 1291, the order settled first in Cyprus. Rhodes In 1310, led by Grand Master Fra' Foulques de Villaret, the knights regrouped on the island of Rhodes. From there, the defense of the Christian world required the organization of a naval force, so the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the eastern Mediterranean, fighting battles for the sake of Christendom, including Crusades in Syria and Egypt. In the early 14th century, the institutions of the Order and the knights who came to Rhodes from every corner of Europe were grouped according to the languages they spoke. The first seven such groups, or Langues (Tongues) – from Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon (Navarre), England (with Scotland and Ireland), and Germany – became eight in 1492, when Castile and Portugal were separated from the Langue of Aragon. Each Langue included Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks, and Commanderies. The Order was governed by its Grand Master, the Prince of Rhodes, and its Council. From its beginning, independence from other nations granted by pontifical charter and the universally recognised right to maintain and deploy armed forces constituted grounds for the international sovereignty of the Order, which minted its own coins and maintained diplomatic relations with other states. The senior positions of the Order were given to representatives of different Langues. In 1523, after six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the walls collapsed from undermining explosives, and by a negotiated surrender the Knights left Rhodes carrying their arms. Malta The Order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra' Philippe de Villiers de l'Isle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the order by Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother Queen Joanna of Castile as monarchs of Sicily, with the approval of Pope Clement VII, for which the order had to honour the conditions of the Tribute of the Maltese Falcon. In 1565, the Knights, led by Grand Master Fra' Jean de Vallette (after whom the capital of Malta, Valletta, was named), defended the island for more than three months during the Great Siege by the Ottomans. The fleet of the Order contributed to the ultimate destruction of the Ottoman naval power in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, led by John of Austria, half brother of King Philip II of Spain. The Reformation, which split Western Europe into Protestant and Catholic states, affected the knights as well. In several countries, including England, Scotland, and Sweden, the order dissolved. In others, including the Netherlands and Germany, entire bailiwicks or commanderies (administrative divisions of the order) experienced Protestant conversions; these "Johanniter orders" survive in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden and many other countries, including the United States and South Africa. It was established that the order should remain neutral in any war between Christian nations. From 1651 to 1665, the Order ruled four islands in the Caribbean. On 21 May 1651 it acquired the islands of Saint Barthélemy, Saint Christopher, Saint Croix and Saint Martin. These were purchased from the French Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique which had just been dissolved. In 1665, the four islands were sold to the French West India Company. In 1798, Napoleon led the French occupation of Malta. Napoleon demanded from Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim that his ships be allowed to enter the port and to take on water and supplies. The Grand Master replied that only two foreign ships could be allowed to enter the port at a time. Bonaparte, aware that such a procedure would take a long time and leave his forces vulnerable to British Admiral Horatio Nelson, immediately ordered a cannon fusillade against Malta. The French soldiers disembarked in Malta at seven points on the morning of 11 June and attacked. After several hours of fierce fighting, the Maltese in the west were forced to surrender. Napoleon opened negotiations with the fortress capital of Valletta. Faced with vastly superior French forces and the loss of western Malta, the Grand Master negotiated a surrender to the invasion. Hompesch left Malta for Trieste on 18 June. He resigned as Grand Master on 6 July 1799. The knights were dispersed, though the Order continued to exist in a diminished form and negotiated with European governments for a return to power as part of the agreement between France and Holy Roman Empire during the German mediatisation. The Russian Emperor, Paul I, gave the largest number of knights shelter in Saint Petersburg, an action that gave rise to the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller and the Order's recognition among the Russian Imperial Orders. The refugee knights in Saint Petersburg proceeded to elect Tsar Paul as their Grand Master – a rival to Grand Master von Hompesch until the latter's abdication left Paul as the sole Grand Master. Grand Master Paul I created, in addition to the Catholic Grand Priory, a "Russian Grand Priory" of no fewer than 118 Commanderies, dwarfing the rest of the Order and open to all Christians. Paul's election as Grand Master was, however, never ratified under Catholic canon law, and he was the de facto rather than de jure Grand Master of the Order. By the early 19th century, the Order was severely weakened by the loss of its priories throughout Europe. Only 10% of the order's income came from traditional sources in Europe, with the remaining 90% being generated by the Russian Grand Priory until 1810. This was partly reflected in the government of the Order being under Lieutenants, rather than Grand Masters, in the period 1805 to 1879, when Pope Leo XIII restored a Grand Master to the order. This signaled the renewal of the Order's fortunes as a humanitarian and religious organization. On 19 September 1806, the Swedish government offered the sovereignty of the island of Gotland to the Order. The offer was rejected since it would have meant the Order renouncing their claim to Malta. Exile The French forces occupying Malta expelled the Knights Hospitaller from the country. During the seventeen years that separated the seizure of Malta and the General Peace, "the formality of electing a brother Chief to discharge the office of Grand Master, and thus to preserve the vitality of the Sovereign Institute, was duty attended to". The office of Lieutenant of the Magistery and ad interim of Grand Master was held by the Grand Baillies Field Marshal Counto Soltikoff, Giovanni Tommasi, De Gaevera, Giovanni y Centelles, De Candida and the Count Colloredo. Their mandates complexively covered the period until the death of the Emperor Paul in 1801. The Treaty of Amiens (1802) obliged the United Kingdom to evacuate Malta, which was to be restored to a recreated Order of St. John, whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by all of the major European powers, to be determined at the final peace. However, this did not happen because of objections to the treaty that quickly grew in the United Kingdom. Bonaparte's rejection of a British offer involving a ten-year lease of Malta prompted the reactivation of the British blockade of the French coast; Britain declared war on France on 18 May. The 1802 treaty was never implemented. The United Kingdom resumed hostilities citing France's imperialist policies in the West Indies, Italy, and Switzerland. Sovereign Military Order of Malta The Congress of Vienna of 1815 confirmed the loss of Malta. After having temporarily resided in Messina, Catania and Ferrara, the seat of the order was moved to Ferrara in 1826 and to Rome in 1834. The Magistral Palace in Via Condotti 68 and the Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill enjoy extraterritorial status. The grand priories of Lombardy-Venetia and of Sicily were restored from 1839 to 1841. The office of Grand Master was restored by Pope Leo XIII in 1879, after a vacancy of 75 years, confirming Giovanni Battista Ceschi a Santa Croce as the first Grand Master of the restored Order of Malta. However, the loss of possession of Malta during this period did not affect the right of active and passive legation for the Order, which is legally important for the absolute continuity of international status, regardless of the former territorial possession. The original hospitaller mission became the main activity of the order, growing ever stronger during the 20th century, most especially because of the contribution of the activities carried out by the Grand Priories and National Associations in many countries around the world. Large-scale hospitaller and charitable activities were carried out during World Wars I and II under Grand Master Fra' Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere (1931–1951). Under the Grand Masters Fra' Angelo de Mojana di Cologna (1962–88) and Fra' Andrew Bertie (1988–2008), the projects expanded. In February 2013, the Order celebrated the 900th anniversary of its papal recognition with a general audience with Pope Benedict XVI and a Mass celebrated by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone in Saint Peter's Basilica. Constitutional reform The Order experienced a leadership crisis beginning in December 2016, when Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager protested his removal as Grand Chancellor by Grand Master Fra' Matthew Festing. In January 2017 Pope Francis ordered von Boeselager reinstated and required Festing's resignation. Francis also named Archbishop (later Cardinal) Giovanni Becciu as his personal representative to the Order – sidelining the Order's Cardinal Patron Raymond Burke – until the election of a new Grand Master. The pope effectively taking control over the Order was seen by some as a break with tradition and the Order's independence. In May 2017, the Order named Mauro Bertero Gutiérrez, a Bolivian member of the Government Council, to lead its constitutional reform process. In June 2017, in a departure from tradition, the leadership of the Order wore informal attire rather than formal wear full dress uniforms to their annual papal audience. In May 2018 when a new Grand Master was elected, Francis extended Becciu's mandate indefinitely. When the Order's Chapter General met in May 2019 three of the 62 participants were women for the first time. On 1 November 2020, Pope Francis named Archbishop (later Cardinal) Silvano Tomasi to replace Becciu as his Special Delegate to the Order, reiterating the responsibilities of that office as his sole representative. On 3 September 2022, Pope Francis promulgated the new constitution of the Order and made provisional appointments to the Sovereign Council; he scheduled a convocation of the Extraordinary General Chapter for 25 January 2023, when regular appointments can be made in place of his provisional ones. On 26 January, the General Chapter elected to six-year terms on the Sovereign Council the same four members Francis had appointed the previous September and six of the nine Councillors he had named. On 19 June 2023, Pope Francis named Cardinal Gianfranco Ghirlanda to succeed Burke as patron. Organisation Governance The proceedings of the Order are governed by its Constitutional Charter and Code. The Prince and Grand Master is the head of the order and governs both as sovereign and as religious superior. He is "entitled to sovereign prerogatives and honors as well as the title of "Most Eminent Highness". He is elected to a term of ten years and may be elected to a second term, but may not serve beyond the completion of his 85th year. The Prince and Grand Master is Fra' John T. Dunlap who was elected on 3 May 2023. "In the event of permanent impediment, resignation or death of the Grand Master, the Order is governed by a Lieutenant ad interim in the person of the Grand Commander, who can only perform acts of ordinary administration without making any innovations." If it is not possible to elect a Grand Master, a Lieutenant of the Grand Master is elected, who has the same powers as the Grand Master with the exception of the prerogatives of honour pertaining to a sovereign. Both the Lieutenant ad interim and the Lieutenant of the Grand Master are styled Eccellenza (Excellency). The Sovereign Council is the primary governing body of the Order that handles regular business. The members are the Grand Master (or Lieutenant), the holders of the four High Officers (the Grand Commander, the Grand Chancellor, the Grand Hospitaller and the Receiver of the Common Treasure), the five Councilors of the Council of the Professed Knights, and four Councilors. The Council of the Professed Knights "assists the Grand Master in the spiritual care of the Order and in the governance of the First and Second Class". It includes the Grand Master (or Lieutenant), the Grand Commander, and five Councilors elected by the Chapter of the Professed. The Chapter General is the legislative body of the Order, which meets every six years. It elects the members of the Sovereign Council. The Council Complete of State elects the Grand Master or the Lieutenant of the Grand Master. The Board of Auditors audits the Order's finances. It includes a President elected among the seven Councillors, all elected by the Chapter General. The Government Council is the advisory board to the Sovereign Council in charge of studying political, religious, humanitarian assistance and international issues. The Order's judicial powers are exercised by a group of Magistral Courts, whose judges are appointed by the Grand Master and the Sovereign Council. Regional divisions The order is divided regionally into six Grand Priories, six Sub-Priories and 48 associations. The six Grand Priories are: Grand Priory of Rome (founded 1214; expropriated 1808; restored 1816) Grand Priory of Lombardy and Venice (founded as two priories about 1180; expropriated 1796–1806; restored as a single priory 1839) Grand Priory of Naples and Sicily (founded as the Priory of Messina, the Priory of Barletta, and the Priory of Capua in the 12th and 13th centuries; suppressed 1806–1826; restored as a single priory 1839) Grand Priory of Bohemia (founded 1182) Grand Priory of Austria (separated from the Grand Priory of Bohemia 1938) Grand Priory of England (re-established 1993) The six Sub-Priories are: Sub-Priory of St. Michael (Cologne, Germany) Sub-Priory of St. George and St. James (Madrid, Spain) Sub-Priory of Our Lady of Philermo (San Francisco, United States) Sub-Priory of Our Lady of Lourdes (New York, United States) Sub-Priory of The Immaculate Conception (Melbourne, Australia) Sub-Priory of St. Oliver Plunkett (Ireland) Most of the 48 associations are national, but several countries (Brazil, Germany, the United States) have more than one association. Until the beginning of the nineteenth century the Order was divided regionally into Langues. Membership Membership in the Order is divided into three classes each of which is subdivided into several categories: First Class, who make religious vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience: Knights of Justice or Professed Knights Professed Conventual Chaplains There are currently (2023) 33 Knights of Justice and six Professed Conventual Chaplains. Second Class: Knights and Dames in Obedience make a Promise of Obedience: Knights and Dames of Honour and Devotion in Obedience Knights and Dames of Grace and Devotion in Obedience Knights and Dames of Magistral Grace in Obedience There are currently (2023) 541 Knights in Obedience and 137 Dames in Obedience. Third Class, who make no vows or promises, but live according to the principles of the Church and the Order: Knights and Dames of Honour and Devotion Conventual Chaplains ad honorem Knights and Dames of Grace and Devotion Magistral Chaplains Knights and Dames of Magistral Grace Donats (male and female) of Devotion There are currently (2023) 12,395 members of the Third Class. Within each class and category of knights there are ranks of Knight, Knight Grand Cross, and Bailiff Knight Grand Cross. Bishops and priests are generally admitted as chaplains of the Order of Malta. There are some priests who are knights of the order, usually because they were admitted to the order prior to ordination. The priests of the Order of Malta are ranked as Honorary Canons, as in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre; and they are entitled to wear the black mozetta with purple piping and purple fascia. Prior to the 1990s, all officers of the order had to be of noble birth (defined differently in different countries), as they were all Knights of Justice or Knights in Obedience. However, Knights of Magistral Grace (i.e. those who do not have proof of noble birth) now may make the Promise of Obedience and, at the discretion of the Grand Master and Sovereign Council, may enter the novitiate to become professed Knights of Justice. Religious officers Cardinal Patron The Cardinalis Patronus (Cardinal Patron), who is either a cardinal when appointed by the pope or soon raised to that rank, promotes the spiritual interests of the order and its members, and its relations with the Holy See. Paolo Giobbe (8 August 1961 – 3 July 1969) Giacomo Violardo (3 July 1969 – 17 March 1978) Paul-Pierre Philippe, O.P. (10 November 1978 – 9 April 1984) Sebastiano Baggio (26 May 1984 – 21 March 1993) Pio Laghi (8 May 1993 – 11 January 2009) Paolo Sardi (6 June 2009 – 8 November 2014) Raymond Burke (8 November 2014–19 June 2023) Gianfranco Ghirlanda (19 June 2023-present) Special delegate Since 2017, Pope Francis has appointed special delegates to fulfill the role that was previously assigned to the patron. On 2 February 2017 Pope Francis appointed Archbishop Giovanni Angelo Becciu as his special delegate to the order. After Becciu resigned from the rights and privileges of a cardinal after being implicated in a financial corruption scandal, in October 2020, Pope Francis appointed Archbishop Silvano Tomasi as his special delegate to the order on 1 November 2020. Prelate The Prelate of the order is responsible for the clergy of the order and assists the Grand Master, the Grand Commander and the Coordinator of the Second Class in the care of the spiritual life and in the religious observance of all members of the order. He is appointed by the Pope on the advice of the Cardinal Patron. On 4 July 2015 Pope Francis named as Prelate Bishop Jean Laffitte. Laffitte succeeded Archbishop Angelo Acerbi, who had held the office since 2001. Relationship with other mutually-recognised Orders of Saint John The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has collaborated with other mutually-recognized Orders of Saint John; for example, the SMOM is a major donor of the St John Eye Hospital in Jerusalem, which is primarily operated by the Most Venerable Order of Saint John. Nuns of the Order There are three enclosed monasteries of nuns of the Order, two in Spain that date from the 11/12th centuries and one in Malta. The existence of the nuns is not mentioned in the Constitutional Charter or the Code of the Order. International status Main article: Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta For more details, see List of Permanent Observers of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to the United Nations and List of diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta The Order "as a subject of international law, exercises sovereign functions with regard to [its] purposes", namely "promoting the glory of God and the sanctification of its members" and performing works of mercy "towards the sick, the needy, and people without a country without distinction of religion, race, sex, origin and age". The Order has formal diplomatic relations with 113 states (including the Holy See) and has official relations with another five states and with the European Union. The Order maintains diplomatic missions around the world and many of the states reciprocate by accrediting ambassadors to the Order (usually their ambassador to the Holy See). During the reign of Fra' Andrew Bertie as Prince and Grand Master (1988–2008), the number of nations extending diplomatic relations to the Order more than doubled from 49 to 100. The Order has observer status at the General Assembly of the United Nations and some of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. One such example is the UN Central Emergency Response Fund, to which it contributed USD $36,000 from 2006–2022. The Order is not classified as a "non-member state" nor as an "intergovernmental organization", but rather as one of the "other entities having received a standing invitation to participate as observers." The Order has relations with the International Committee of the Red Cross and a number of international organizations. While the International Telecommunication Union has granted radio identification prefixes to the United Nations and the Palestinian Authority, the Order has never received one. For awards purposes, amateur radio operators consider the Order a separate "entity"—but stations transmitting from there use an unofficial callsign, starting with the prefix "1A". The Order has neither sought nor been granted a top-level domain for the Internet or an international dialing code for telephone purposes. The Order's international nature is useful in enabling it to pursue its humanitarian activities without being seen as an operative of any particular nation. Its sovereignty is also expressed in the issuance of passports, licence plates, stamps, and coins. With its unique history and unusual present circumstances, the exact status of the Order in international law has been the subject of debate. Some scholars have questioned the Order's sovereignty based on the fact that the Order has very limited geographical territories and on account of the Order's relationship with the Holy See. The connection between the Holy See and the Order of Malta was seen as so close as to call into question the actual sovereignty of the order as a separate entity. This has prompted constitutional changes on the part of the Order, which were implemented in 1997. Since then, the Order has been widely recognized as a sovereign subject of international law in its own right. Some legal experts claim that the Order's claim to sovereignty cannot be maintained. Wilhelm Wengler rejects the notion that recognition of the Order by some states (for example, the Republic of San Marino in 1935 recognized SMOM as a sovereign state in its own right.) makes it a subject of international law. Ian Brownlie writes that, "Even in the sphere of recognition and bilateral relations, the legal capacities of institutions like the Sovereign Order of Jerusalem and Malta must be limited simply because they lack the territorial and demographic characteristics of states." Helmut Steinberger states that, "With the historical exception of the Holy See, which maintains diplomatic relations with more than 100 States, in contemporary international law only States as distinguished from international organizations or other subjects of international law are accorded sovereignty." Even taking into account the Order's ambassadorial diplomatic status among many nations, a claim to sovereign status is sometimes rejected. Other legal experts argue in favour of the Order's claim to sovereignty. Georg Dahm affirms that the Order is a "subject of international law without territory". Berthold Waldstein-Wartenberg writes that the sovereignty of the Order and its personality in international law is "generally recognized by international law doctrine". Gerhard von Glahn affirms that "the Order can be classified as a nonstate subject of international law, although of a somewhat peculiar nature." Rebecca Wallace explains that a sovereign entity does not have to be a country, and that the Order is an example of this. Relations with the Holy See On 24 January 1953, the Tribunal of Cardinals appointed by Pope Pius XII stated that, "The quality of the sovereign Order of the institution is functional, that is, aimed at ensuring the achievement of the purposes of the Order itself and its development in the world." The Tribunal of Cardinals further stated that, "The status of sovereign Order...consists in the enjoyment of certain prerogatives inherent to the Order itself as a Subject of international law. These prerogatives, which are proper to sovereignty—in accordance with the principles of international law—and which, following the example of the Holy See, have also been recognized by some States, do not however constitute in the Order that complex of powers and prerogatives, which it belongs to sovereign bodies in the full sense of the word." On 24 June 1961, Pope John XXIII approved the Constitutional Charter of the Order, which stated that "the Order is a legal entity formally approved by the Holy See. It has the quality of a subject of international law" (Article 1) and that "the intimate connection existing between the two qualities of a religious order and a sovereign order do not oppose the autonomy of the order in the exercise of its sovereignty and prerogatives inherent to it as a subject of international law in relation to States." (Article 3) Relations with Italy The Order has signed treaties with Italy dated 20 February 1884, 23 December 1915, 4 January 1938, and 1956. The Supreme Court of Cassation decreed on 6 June 1974 that, "the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Malta constitutes a sovereign international subject, in all terms equal, even if without territory, to a foreign state with which Italy has normal diplomatic relations, so there is no doubt, as already this Supreme Court has warned, that it has the legal treatment of foreign states". The two most important properties of the Order in Rome – the Palazzo Malta in Via dei Condotti 68, where the Grand Master resides and Government Bodies meet, and the Villa del Priorato di Malta on the Aventine Hill, which hosts the Grand Priory of Rome – as well as the Embassy of the Order to Holy See and the Embassy of the Order to Italy are all recognised as extraterritorial by Italy. As Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping. By a decree of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy of 28 November 1929, "The Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta enjoys in Italy the honors due to the Cardinals, and takes place after them." Further, "The representation of the Grand Magistry of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . . . immediately follows the representations of the Foreign Diplomatic Corps." Finally, the decree affirms that the Bailiffs Knights Grand Cross of Justice in Italy shall be styled "Excellency" (Italian: Eccellenza). The Order is one of the largest landowners in Italy; its properties are exempted from certain Italian fiscal jurisdiction. Diplomatic vehicles of the Order in Italy receive diplomatic license plates with the code "XA". Other vehicles of the Order receive Italian license plates with the prefix SMOM. Relations with the Republic of Malta Two bilateral treaties have been concluded between the Order and the Republic of Malta. The first treaty, dated 21 June 1991, is now no longer in force. The second treaty was signed on 5 December 1998 and ratified on 1 November 2001. This agreement grants the Order the use with limited extraterritoriality of the upper portion of Fort St. Angelo in the city of Birgu. Its stated purpose is "to give the Order the opportunity to be better enabled to carry out its humanitarian activities as Knights Hospitallers from Saint Angelo, as well as to better define the legal status of Saint Angelo subject to the sovereignty of Malta over it". The agreement has a duration of 99 years, but the document allows the Government of Malta to terminate it at any time after 50 years. Under the terms of the agreement, the flag of Malta is to be flown together with the flag of the Order in a prominent position over Fort St. Angelo. No asylum may be granted by the Order and generally the Maltese courts have full jurisdiction and Maltese law shall apply. The second bilateral treaty mentions a number of immunities and privileges, none of which appeared in the earlier treaty. Currency and postage stamps See also: Postage stamps and postal history of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta The Order's coins are appreciated more as collector's items than for use as currency. Some 58 countries recognize the Order's postage stamps for franking purposes, including several such as Canada and Mongolia that lack full diplomatic relations with the Order. In 2005, Poste italiane, the Italian postal service, agreed with the Order to deliver internationally most classes of mail other than registered, insured, and special-delivery mail. The Order began issuing euro-denominated postage stamps in 2005, although the scudo remains the official currency of the Order. Military Corps The Order states that it was the hospitaller role that enabled the Order to survive the end of the crusading era; nonetheless, it retains its military title and traditions. On 26 March 1876, the Association of the Italian Knights of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (Associazione dei cavalieri italiani del sovrano militare ordine di Malta, ACISMOM) reformed the Order's military to a modern military unit of the era. This unit provided medical support to the Italian Army and on 9 April 1909 the military corps officially became a special auxiliary volunteer corps of the Italian Army under the name Corpo Militare dell'Esercito dell'ACISMOM (Army Military Corps of the ACISMOM), wearing Italian uniforms. Since then the Military Corps have operated with the Italian Army both in wartime and peacetime in medical or paramedical military functions, and in ceremonial functions for the Order, such as standing guard around the coffins of high officers of the Order before and during funeral rites. I believe that it is a unique case in the world that a unit of the army of one country is supervised by a body of another sovereign country. Just think that whenever our staff (medical officers mainly) is engaged in a military mission abroad, there is the flag of the Order flying below the Italian flag. Air force In 1947, after the post-World War II peace treaty forbade Italy to own or operate bomber aircraft and only operate a limited number of transport aircraft, the Italian Air Force opted to transfer some of its Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 aircraft to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, pending the definition of their exact status (the SM.82 were properly long range transport aircraft that could be adapted for bombing missions). These aircraft were operated by Italian Air Force personnel temporarily flying for the Order, carried the Order's roundels on the fuselage and Italian ones on the wings, and were used mainly for standard Italian Air Force training and transport missions but also for some humanitarian tasks proper of the Order of Malta (like the transport of sick pilgrims to the Lourdes sanctuary). In the early 1950s, when the strictures of the peace treaty had been much relaxed by the Allied authorities, the aircraft returned under full control of the Italian Air Force. One of the aircraft transferred to the Order of Malta, still with the Order's fuselage roundels, is preserved in the Italian Air Force Museum. Logistics The Military Corps has become known in mainland Europe for its operation of hospital trains, a service carried out intensively during both World Wars. The Military Corps still operates a modern 28-car hospital train with 192 hospital beds, serviced by a medical staff of 38 medics and paramedics provided by the Order and a technical staff provided by the Italian Army's Ferrovieri Engineer Regiment. Orders, decorations, and medals Main article: Orders, decorations, and medals of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order pro Merito Melitensi See also In Spanish: Orden de Malta para niños
9077	dbpedia	2	11	https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/maltese-currency-conversion/	en	Maltese Currency Conversion	https://vassallohistory.…d-logo.png?w=200	https://vassallohistory.…d-logo.png?w=200	[ "https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cropped-logo.png?w=50", "https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cropped-logo.png?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2014-06-19T11:33:19+00:00	Maltese scudo The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tari (singular taro), each of 20 grani with 6 piccioli to the grano. The loss…	en	https://vassallohistory.…ed-logo.png?w=32	Vassallo History	https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/maltese-currency-conversion/	Maltese scudo The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tari (singular taro), each of 20 grani with 6 piccioli to the grano. The loss of Malta in 1798 interrupted the issuing of the Order of St John’s coin. Minting of its coins was not resumed until 1961, since which time the Order has regularly issued new coins as part of its monetary system: 1 Scudo = 12 Tarì = 240 Grani. 1 scudo = 1s 8d (British) 1 scudo = 8c 3m (Maltese) 1 scudo = 19.1 cents (Euro) 1 scudo = 12 tari 1 taro = 1⅗d (British) 1 taro = 6.4m (Maltese) 1 taro = 1.6 cent (euro) 1 grano = ⅓ farthing 12 grani = 1 cent (euro) During the British rule the pound was valued at 12 scudi of the local currency. This exchange rate meant that the smallest Maltese coin, the grano, was worth one third of a farthing (1 scudo = 12 tari = 240 grani). Consequently, ⅓ farthing coins were issued for use in Malta until 1913, alongside the regular British coinage. The rate of conversion of the present Order of St John scudo with the Euro is: 1 Scudo = 0.24 Euro; and 1 Tarì = 0.02 Euro. The Order’s new coins after Malta were minted in Rome (1961), Paris (1962) and Arezzo (1963), and was transferred to the Order’s own Mint in 1964. British 1£ = 20s = 240d 1s = 12d half crown = 2s 6d 1crown = 5s Money was divided into pounds (£) shillings (s. or /-) and pennies (d.). Thus, 4 pounds, eight shillings and fourpence would be written as £4/8/4d. or £4-8-4d. There were: 20 shillings in £1 – a shilling was often called ‘bob’, so ‘ten bob’ was 10/- 12 pennies in1 shilling 240 pennies in £1 Pennies were broken down into other coins: a farthing (a fourth-thing) was ¼ of a penny a halfpenny (hay-p’ny) was ½ of a penny three farthings was ¾ of a penny British Grain (Habba) ⅓ farthing Other coins of a value less than 1/- were a half-groat (2d) 6 x 2d = 1/- a threepenny bit (3d) made of silver 4 x 3d. = 1/- a groat (4d) 3 x 4d = 1/- sixpence (silver) – often called a ‘tanner’ 2 x 6d = 1/- Coins of more than 1/- but less than £1 in value were a two shilling piece (called a florin) 10 x 2/- = £1 a half-crown ( 2/6d) 8 x 2/6d = £1 a crown (5/-) 4 x 5/- = £1 ten shillings (a half-sovereign) 2 x 10/- = £1 a half-guinea (10/6d) 2 x 10/6d = £1/1/- A £1 coin was called a Sovereign and was made of gold. A paper pound often was called a ‘quid’. Coins of more than £1 were a guinea (£1/1/-) a £5 coin Maltese to British
9077	dbpedia	0	24	https://theculturetrip.com/europe/malta/articles/this-is-the-only-country-in-the-world-that-is-recognised-by-the-un-but-has-no-land	en	This Is The Only Country In The World That Has No Land	https://cdn-v2.thecultur…-of-malta91.webp	https://cdn-v2.thecultur…-of-malta91.webp	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=786443818164980&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/ct-full.svg", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/currency-flags/USD.svg", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/currency-flags/USD.svg", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/currency-flags/EUR.svg", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/currency-flags/GBP.svg", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/currency-flags/AUD.svg", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/currency-flags/CAD.svg", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/currency-flags/NZD.svg", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/20x11/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/sovereign-military-order-of-malta91.webp", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e35ccae927d6a6d07da356f9d3fe519c?s=96&d=mm&r=g", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/ct-full.svg", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/gettyimages-1296649087_9-1024x576.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/gettyimages-1327648851_1-1024x576.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/sovereign-military-order-of-malta-entrance.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/sovereign-military-order-of-malta5.webp", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/banners/sign-up-banner-right.webp?s=10x", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/banners/sign-up-banner-right.webp?s=10x", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/sovereign-military-order-of-malta12.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/gettyimages-1296649087_9-1024x576.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/gettyimages-1327648851_1-1024x576.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/1926-hotel-spa-2-1024x576.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/malta-valletta-skyline-e1609949533475-1024x576.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/keith-camilleri-6tykwl08eau-unsplash-1024x576.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ga4y26-1024x575.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/66-saint-pauls-spa-hero-1024x576.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/66-saint-pauls-spa-24c11527-e1610359462559-1024x576.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/baby-raptor-vittoriosa-jurassic-wd_3096-1024x593.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/holm-boutique-spa-e1611317979259-1024x576.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/edpjp7-e1620225913951-1024x576.webp", "https://cdn-v2.theculturetrip.com/10x/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/a1jwpr_0-1024x577.webp", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/toast-message/toast_message_mobile.png", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/icons/cross.svg", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/icons/privacyoptions.svg", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/footer/pt-logo.webp", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/stores/app-store-badge.svg", "https://theculturetrip.com/img/stores/google-play-badge.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Country", "World", "Recognised", "Land", "little-known", "entity", "", "stamps", "passports", "history", "find", "visit", "Europe", "Malta" ]	null	[ "Jonny Blair" ]	2017-12-30T22:59:18+00:00	Take a look at this little-known entity with its own stamps passports and history and find out how you can visit a country that has no land.	en	/img/apple-touch-icon.png	Culture Trip	https://theculturetrip.com/europe/malta/articles/this-is-the-only-country-in-the-world-that-is-recognised-by-the-un-but-has-no-land	Hold on a second… a country with no land? Are you serious? Absolutely! While the United Nations has 193 recognised countries, it also has two observer states, namely Palestine and the Holy See. But there is a little-known third entity that also holds observer status in the UN. Yes, get ready for this – this is an officially recognised country with no land! Welcome to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The order, complete with its own website has no actual land, yet it is recognised by the UN and maintains diplomatic relations with 107 countries. What exactly is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta? The official name of this order is the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta. Their official language is Italian, their currency is the (now defunct elsewhere) Maltese Scudo and they are a Roman Catholic religious order founded way back in 1099 in Jerusalem, by the Blessed Gerard. Officially, it is the world’s oldest surviving chivalric order. In its long history, the Order has owned land and resided in modern day Israel, Cyprus, Greece, Italy and Malta. These days, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta lives on, with its own government, laws, passport and population. They also have a church in their residence on the island of Malta. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has its own flag and coat of arms. This flag flies from a number of places around the world, mostly on the island of Malta and in Italy at its headquarters. The official flag is a white cross on a red background. Who controls the Sovereign Military Order of Malta? The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is an elective monarchy and is ruled by a Prince and Grand Master. This means the official population is two citizens, plus 13,000 members and 80,000 volunteers. One of the Knights of the Order is currently resident of the Upper Section of Fort St Angelo in the Republic of Malta. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta’s members also hold parades and events throughout the world including in Omagh in Northern Ireland for St Patrick’s Day. Is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta an official country? I mean, does it have its own currency? And stamps? Yes, yes and yes! The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has formal diplomatic relations with 107 other states and with the European Union. It also has official (but not diplomatic) relations with another six states, and it has full observer status at the UN. You can also feel like you are a tourist by picking up some Sovereign Military Order of Malta souvenirs, such as official stamps and coins. The Order also issues passports for its citizens (fully valid for travel) and car licence plates, despite not having any roads to drive on. For further reading, there are some great blogs on the Sovereign Military Order of Malta at YPT Life and Don’t Stop Living. Can you visit the Sovereign Military Order of Malta? OK, for all you budding backpackers, travel freaks and tourists, this is the cool part. You can actually visit this ‘country with no land’. Yes, the peculiar fact is that, despite having no official land, there are three venues which are either occupied or part-owned by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and here they are… 1. Palazzo Malta (Rome, Italy) To all intents and purposes, Palazzo Malta is the “capital” of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. It is a building located in Rome, Italy, and is also known as Palazzo di Malta or Palazzo dell’Ordine di Malta. Out of the three potential places to visit the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, this is the most important headquarters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and is located in Via dei Condotti 68. The order flag flies from the building’s exterior. See privacy policy. 2. Villa Malta (Rome, Italy) Also in Rome, Italy, you can visit Villa Malta, which is officially called Villa del Priorato di Malta. This is an elaborate building on top of a hill and is home to the Grand Priory of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Although the Villa Malta and the Palazzo Malta sit within the borders of Italy, both venues have been granted extraterritorial status. This is because Italy is one of the 107 countries that recognises the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Villa Malta also contains the embassy of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to Italy. 3. Fort St Angelo (Vittoriosa, Malta) On the island of Malta (that’s the Republic of Malta) you can visit Fort St Angelo, which is currently part-owned by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta on a 99-year lease. This is the largest of the three territories currently belonging to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Fort St Angelo is in the city of Vittoriosa (also called Birgu), and the upper part of the fort has been leased to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The country was only given this “land” back in 1998, and you can now visit it and add it to your list of obscure countries that you never knew existed. Guided tours of the Knights’ Residence are available on request. So there you have it. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta lives on and is a real country. If you share a keen interest in these types of places, check out our article on 11 Unclaimed Lands You Can Actually Rule.
9077	dbpedia	3	4	https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/mtl.asp	en	Maltese Lira (MTL): What It is, Transition to Euro	https://www.investopedia…7c00519aa6e6.jpg	https://www.investopedia…7c00519aa6e6.jpg	[ "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/fC8yHJ3qR8sD3QKlnUkXl_dWjZ0=/90x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/jason_mugshot__jason_fernando-5bfc261946e0fb00260a1cea.jpg 90w", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/i-eo2Ru_EAzhBaCwuGWlw4lJ1us=/90x200/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/jason_mugshot__jason_fernando-5bfc261946e0fb00260a1cea.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/gu2qB1LTenatu5Lq2af1f6A8DYU=/90x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/P2-ThomasCatalano-d5607267f385443798ae950ece178afd.jpg 90w", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/hCPQoiOLfRVmstDbVjzxkbdGk1Q=/90x200/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/P2-ThomasCatalano-d5607267f385443798ae950ece178afd.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/PIgfm-9xyj4GGhI0MuXJO4NPiGA=/90x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/SuzannesHeadshot-3dcd99dc3f2e405e8bd37271894491ac.jpg 90w", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/Rwo3v14ZTW8GxnkaFVq_nRPnL0E=/90x200/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/SuzannesHeadshot-3dcd99dc3f2e405e8bd37271894491ac.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/VGqXjeyB3erCF45KoB8iZeu63mQ=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/87178248-5bfc2b9346e0fb0051bde1fa.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/VGqXjeyB3erCF45KoB8iZeu63mQ=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/87178248-5bfc2b9346e0fb0051bde1fa.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/uQwugkewJqCEaJGef3tmWxbOdyw=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/154317257-5bfc2b93c9e77c005143f206.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/uQwugkewJqCEaJGef3tmWxbOdyw=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/154317257-5bfc2b93c9e77c005143f206.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/p_mPMBiQwND2J489P1RgIRQ_GlI=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/147426339-5bfc2b9446e0fb005144dd09.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/p_mPMBiQwND2J489P1RgIRQ_GlI=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/147426339-5bfc2b9446e0fb005144dd09.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/K2ez_lq5ZD4Eoia3yWaIKhEoL90=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/kwd.asp-FINAL-1-5b7f5076e04d422b873ee69411adb023.png", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/K2ez_lq5ZD4Eoia3yWaIKhEoL90=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/kwd.asp-FINAL-1-5b7f5076e04d422b873ee69411adb023.png", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/F_pg0GpvpCC6UzymsCxDmvs1bLg=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ScreenShot2021-07-17at2.57.32PM-92d8ff721bf641aa82eb5f389144be94.png", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/F_pg0GpvpCC6UzymsCxDmvs1bLg=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ScreenShot2021-07-17at2.57.32PM-92d8ff721bf641aa82eb5f389144be94.png", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/9t4FwV1cyPN72HSnCvTLvSRHfP8=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/pip-value-by-currency-pair-and-account-currency-57a38bea3df78cf4593c2124.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/9t4FwV1cyPN72HSnCvTLvSRHfP8=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/pip-value-by-currency-pair-and-account-currency-57a38bea3df78cf4593c2124.jpg", "https://privacy-policy.truste.com/privacy-seal/seal?rid=f8e1238d-6371-460f-8ea0-1b8cad9e9c4b" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Jason Fernando" ]	2003-11-24T12:00:00-05:00	The Maltese Lira (MTL) was the national currency of the Republic of Malta prior to being replaced by the Euro (EUR) in 2007.	en	/favicon.ico	Investopedia	https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/mtl.asp	What Was the Maltese Lira (MTL)? The Maltese Lira (MTL) was the national currency of the Republic of Malta, prior to being replaced by the Euro (EUR) in 2007. The Lira saw circulation as legal tender in Malta between 1972 and Dec. 31, 2007. Abbreviated Lm, and sometimes referred to with the ₤ sign, the Maltese Lira was sometimes referred to as the Maltese Pound. Denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 lira banknotes circulated along with 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 lira coins. Understanding Malta The Republic of Malta is a small island nation located in the Mediterranean Sea. The country has an extremely long history, having shown signs of human inhabitation dating back nearly 8,000 years. Because of its long history and strategic position in the heart of the Mediterranean, Malta has been influenced by a diverse range of cultures over the years and has long been a central trading hub for the region. Malta was a British colony between 1813 and has undergone several significant political changes in recent decades. In 1964, Malta became independent from Britain and subsequently joined the European Union in 2004. The Central Bank of Malta, founded in 1968, once handled monetary policy for the Republic. Today, the overarching governing financial authority is the Malta Financial Services (MFSA), established in 2002. MFSA operates independently and is the sole regulator of financial affairs. In its current role, the MFSA is responsible for all of the financial supervision tasks that were previously carried out by the Central Bank of Malta, the Malta Stock Exchange, and the Malta Financial Services Centre. Transition to the Euro In 2007, Malta adopted the common euro currency as its official money prior to joining the Eurozone on Jan. 1, 2008. Because Malta now uses the EUR rather than the MTL, the strength of its currency is related to the economies of all European Union countries rather than being solely reliant on its own economy. Nevertheless, the economy of Malta is still one of the factors supporting the long-run strength of its currency, the EUR. Malta is a highly developed economy with a per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) of roughly $30,000 U.S. dollars (USD). It ranks highly on international indices of wealth, innovation, and quality of life. Today, Malta’s economy is based largely on the services sector, comprising about 76% of the 2019 GDP. Financial services, in particular, are especially important to the nation’s economy, with Malta serving as a major banking and insurance center. Due to its central Mediterranean location and its proximity to the Suez Canal, Malta is a significant hub for maritime trade. In 2019, Malta transported almost 5.2 million tonnes of seaborne freight.
9077	dbpedia	0	32	https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/ministates-sovereign-military-hospitaller-order-of-saint-john-of-jerusalem-of-rhodes-and-of-malta.410828/	en	Ministates: Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta			[ "https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/styles/default/xenforo/xenforo-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "garabik" ]	2017-02-26T10:31:53+00:00	This is a (hopefully) mini series of miniposts about ministates, in somewhat Wikipedia-like form. Previous two installments are here and here. Sovereign...	en		alternatehistory.com	https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/ministates-sovereign-military-hospitaller-order-of-saint-john-of-jerusalem-of-rhodes-and-of-malta.410828/	This is a (hopefully) mini series of miniposts about ministates, in somewhat Wikipedia-like form. Previous two installments are here and here. Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Name: Supremus Ordo Militaris Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodius et Melitensis(Latin), Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta (Italian) Short form: Order of Malta Capital: Palazzo Malta (in Rome), 41°54′19″N 12°28′50.1″E Official languages: Italian, Latin (not in use) Religion: Roman Catholic Demonym: Maltese Government: Theocratic military order Grand master: Ludwig Hoffmann von Rumerstein (acting) Independence: 1113 (Papal recognition of sovereignty) Area: 18 ha Population: about 12000 members Currency: Maltese scudo Time zone: CET Drives on the: N/A Calling code: not in use, +302 is reserved ISO 3166 code: OM Internet TLD: .om The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (Latin: Supremus Ordo Militaris Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodius et Melitensis), also known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) or Order of Malta, is a Roman Catholic lay religious order traditionally of military, chivalrous and noble nature. It was founded as the Knights Hospitaller circa 1099 in Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem, by the Blessed Gerard, making it the world's oldest surviving chivalric order. Its mission is summed up in its motto: Tuitio fidei et obsequium pauperum, "Defence of the (Catholic) faith and assistance to the poor". The order is a sovereign subject of international law, with its territory comprising two enclaves withing Rome: Palazzo Malta and Villa del Priorato di Malta, and one in Malta: Fort Saint Angelo. Generally it is considered the smallest country in the world, although technically it is the order as an international organization that is sovereign over its territory. It should therefore be considered a dependent territory. However, as there are no separate administrative structures governing the territory (understandable given its size), the administration of the territory is completely within the order itself, unlike the situation of the Holy See State. Citizenship and Passports The constitution of the Order does not mention the term "citizen", it speaks only about "members". The question about the number of citizens is therefore a bit difficult to answer - the current number of members is about 12000, the Order extends limited protection to them in international relations, however the membership in the Order is generally not considered a citizenship by other countries. Countries not recognizing dual citizenship of their citizens do not consider the membership in the Order a citizenship of another country - e.g. Order members travelling to the USA do not need to declare their membership; Slovakia does not automatically strip Slovak citizenship from Order members etc. The Order however issues internationally recognized passports. Diplomatic passports are issued only to the members of the Sovereign Council, to heads and members of Diplomatic Missions of the Order (as well as their spouse and minor children), and for those who are in charge of a special missions within the Sovereign Order of Malta. The validity of the passport is strictly linked to the duration of the assignment. Currently 400 diplomatic passports are in use. The numerous other members and volunteers of the Order are using travel documents of their own respective countries. The Order only issues three ordinary passports, these are issued to: The Grand Master The Grand Commander The Grand Chancellor It could be therefore argued that the Order (as a country) has only three citizens. Currently each of them is also a citizen of another country. History The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is the present-day continuation of the medieval Knights Hospitaller, with origins in the Fraternitas Hospitalaria hospital founded circa 1048 by merchants from the Duchy of Amalfi in the Muristan district of Jerusalem, Fatimid Caliphate, to provide medical care for pilgrims to the Holy Land. Following the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade and the loss of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to the Mamluk Sultanate, it became a military order to protect Christians against Islamic persecution and was recognised as sovereign in 1113 by Pope Paschal II. When the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell after the Siege of Acre in 1291, the order settled in Cyprus, where it remained until 1310. In 1310, led by Grand Master Fra' Foulques de Villaret, the knights regrouped on the island of Rhodes. From there, the defense of the Christian world required the organization of a naval force; so the Order built a powerful fleet and sailed the eastern Mediterranean, fighting battles for the sake of Christendom, including Crusades in Syria and Egypt. After six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Knights were forced to surrender in 1523 and left Rhodes with military honours. The order remained without a territory of its own until 1530, when Grand Master Fra' Philippe de Villiers de l'Isle Adam took possession of the island of Malta, granted to the order by Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his mother Queen Joanna of Castile as monarchs of Sicily, with the approval of Pope Clement VII From 1651 to 1665, the Order of Saint John ruled four islands in the Caribbean. On 21 May 1651, it acquired the islands of Saint Barthélemy, Saint Christopher, Saint Croix and Saint Martin. These were purchased from the French Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique which had just been dissolved. In 1665 the four islands were sold to the French Compagnie française des Indes occidentales. In 1798, the order surrendered the Maltese islands to the French First Republic under Napoleon, following the French Revolution and the subsequent French Revolutionary Wars. Following the French occupation of Malta, the knights were expelled from the territory. The Treaty of Amiens (1802) obliged the United Kingdom to evacuate Malta which was to be restored to a recreated Order of St. John, whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by all of the major European powers, to be determined at the final peace. However, this was not to be because objections to the treaty quickly grew in the UK and the treaty was never implemented. After having temporarily resided in Messina, Catania, and Ferrara, in 1834 the precursor of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta settled definitively in Rome, buying the Magistral Palace in Via Condotti 68 and the Magistral Villa on the Aventine Hill. Italy recognized the independence of the Order territories in 1869. An agreement with the Republic of Malta, signed in 1998 and ratified in 2001 transferred the Fort St Angelo in the city of Birgu to the Order. This made a significant expansion of the Order's territory. The fort is leased for 99 years but the document allows the Maltese Government to terminate it at any time after 50 years. By the bilateral treaty, no asylum may be granted by the Order and generally the Maltese law shall apply in the fort. Status as a Country The Order views itself as a sovereign international organization with diplomatic relation with other countries. It is therefore an example of an organization sovereign over a territory (similar to the Holy See). Its status as an independent country is often disputed because as a Roman Catholic order, it is subordinate to the Roman Curia. However, the subordination is primarily in religious matters, the order has been given full sovereignty by Pope Paschal II in 1113. While the sovereignty could in theory be revoked by a pope (and the crisis in February 2017 shows that the Holy See does indeed exercise its authority over Order members), that would only end the existence of the Order as an entity of international law - and would make the Holy See sovereign over two countries, the Holy See State and the territory of the Maltese Order. All these facts make it clear that the territory of the Order is currently a sovereign country, and would remain a country even if the Order (as an organization) were somehow to lose its sovereignty - it would just come under the sovereignty of whoever controls the Order. The Order is a member of the United Nations, Universal Postal Union (its postage stamps are highly appreciated by collectors), the International Telecommunication Union and several other international organizations. It maintains full embassies to 112 countries and numerous consulates. The Order's military corps, three brigades, are stationed throughout Italy, liaisoned with the Italian Armed Forces. The Order issues its own vehicle registration plates. However, there is no regulation concerning traffic rules on the Order's territory (elsewhere the vehicles are subject to the traffic rules of the country they drive in) - this makes the Order not only to be one of the few countries without maximum speed limit, but without any formal traffic rules at all (not even the side of the road to drive on is specified). While vehicles can (and do) enter Order's territory, its size and lack of roads make this issue only theoretical.
9077	dbpedia	2	1	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967990	en	Maltese scudo	https://upload.wikimedia…amon_Despuig.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…amon_Despuig.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2_Scudi_di_Ramon_Despuig.jpg/220px-2_Scudi_di_Ramon_Despuig.jpg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta; the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798	en	/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png		https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967990	official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta; the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798 Coins of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem
9077	dbpedia	0	12	https://www.linns.com/insights/collecting-malta-and-the-sovereign-military-order-of-malta.html	en	Collecting Malta and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta	https://www.linns.com/im…fvrsn=4277e273_0	https://www.linns.com/im…fvrsn=4277e273_0	[ "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/icons/logo-desktop.png", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/2023-ward-award-ken-lawrence-1847-washington-first-day-cover.tmb-tbhomepage.jpg?sfvrsn=21901bd1_4", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/erie-county-fair-train-pictorial-postmark.tmb-tbhomepage.jpg?sfvrsn=96ac18d1_4", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/royal-mail-logo6575664011176df9aa55ff0000be2468.tmb-tbhomepage.jpg?sfvrsn=8b620bd1_2", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/waterbury-pig-fancy-cancel-cover.tmb-tbhomepage.jpg?sfvrsn=44fb19d1_4", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/monday-morning-new-stamps-scott-catalog.tmb-tbhomepage.jpg?sfvrsn=bba01aa9_0", "https://www.amosadvantage.com/Media/Default/Images/SCOTT-LOGO-1000x300.jpg", "https://www.amosadvantage.com/Media/Default/Images/volume-1-2023-scott-catalogue-united-states-a-b-c231.png", "https://www.amosadvantage.com/Media/Default/Images/scott-digital-banner-310px.jpg", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/garden-delights-2024-us-stamp-program.tmb-tbhomepage.jpg?sfvrsn=15b40ad1_4", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/canada-2023-program-chloe-cooley-stamp.tmb-tbhomepage.jpg?sfvrsn=b02608d1_4", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/united-nations-2023-stamp-program-rabbit.tmb-tbhomepage.jpg?sfvrsn=c78609d1_6", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/great-britain-stamp-program-2023-king-charles-iii-defintive.tmb-tbhomepage.jpg", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/scott-postage-stamp-catalogue7c03734011176df9aa55ff0000be2468.tmb-tbhomepage.jpg?sfvrsn=92141ed1_2", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/icons/zillionstamps.jpg", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/icons/acbr03d-sm.jpg", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/icons/nav-new-icon.png", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/rc5_1025_big.tmb-slide-1900.jpg?sfvrsn=fe4b95db_0", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/rc4_1025_big.tmb-slide-1900.jpg?sfvrsn=b8879fe8_0", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/rc3_1025_big.tmb-slide-1900.jpg?sfvrsn=77d82893_0", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/rc2_1025_big.tmb-slide-1900.jpg?sfvrsn=3349140_0", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/news/rc1_1025_big.tmb-slide-1900.jpg?sfvrsn=4277e273_0", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/icons/footer-logo-2.png", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/icons/footer-logo-3.png", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/icons/footer-logo-6.png", "https://www.linns.com/images/default-source/icons/footer-logo-5.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Some countries have stamps that are designed in a distinctive style that is immediately recognizable. One such country is Malta.	en	/favicon.ico	Linns Stamp News	https://www.linns.com/news/postal-updates-page/collecting-malta-and-the-sovereign-military-order-of-malta.html	By Janet Klug Some countries have stamps that are designed in a distinctive style that is immediately recognizable. One such country is Malta. Cremona was one of the pre-eminent Maltese artists of the 20th century. He was born in 1919 and studied art at the Malta School of Arts and the Regia Accademia delle Belle Arti in Rome. His style was modern, angular and even sculptural in appearance.Maltese stamps from the late 1950s until about the mid 1980s certainly rate the title of distinctive. During this time period, most of the stamps are dark, dominated by blacks, grays, silvers and tiny red Maltese crosses, the symbol of the nation. Most of the stamps from this period were designed by one man, Emvin Cremona. The first of the Cremona designs were stamps issued in 1957 commemorating the award of the George Cross to Malta for the bravery of its citizens during the April 1942 Siege of Malta (Scott 263-65). The 1½-penny Symbol of Malta's War Effort stamp (263) from the set is shown in Figure 1. Located in the center of the Mediterranean Sea, Malta was strategically important to both sides in World War II. The German and Italian air forces flew 3,000 bombing missions against Malta in an attempt to overcome the British defenses. The British defenses held, with much credit due to the courage of the Maltese citizens. The 3d stamp from the set (Scott 264) shows searchlights seeking enemy aircraft in the night sky over Malta, and the 1-shilling stamp (265) pictures houses that had been devastated by the bombing. Cremona designed two additional sets for the George Cross, one issued in 1958 (Scott 269-71) and another in 1959 (272-74). These design commissions led to more Cremona stamps, many of which had religious themes. It is not surprising that religious subjects would play a key role in stamps of Malta. Malta has an established church: Roman Catholicism is Malta's state religion, and more than 95 percent of the population profess the Roman Catholic faith. It is intriguing to see how Cremona's style evolved from a sculptural but still very realistic 8d St. Paul diamond-shaped stamp (Scott 278), shown in Figure 2, which was issued in 1960 to mark 1900 years since St. Paul was shipwrecked on Malta, to the angular and nearly abstract Nativity scene on the 2d Christmas stamp (309) from 1964 shown in Figure 3. The following year, 1965, the Magi (three wise men), graced the Christmas stamps, again in an angular style. The stamps were similar to a series of paintings Cremona made between 1954 and 1962 that would serve as models for mosaics. Once completed, the paintings were sent to Italy for master mosaic artists to convert them into images made from tile and stone. Once that work was done, the paintings were returned to Malta, where they were placed in a closet. Over time, exposure to humidity made large chunks of the paint flake off the canvases. In 2005, Malta Post used four of the Cremona-designed mosaics for its Christmas stamps. The 22¢ Adoration of the Magi design (Scott 1226) is nearly identical, although more colorful, than the 1965 Cremona Magi stamps. Sparked by the issuance of the 2005 Christmas mosaic stamps, a search to find the original oil paintings was on. When they were located and the damage assessed, a decision was taken to restore the beautiful paintings. The restoration was completed in 2008, and the paintings were hung in the National Sanctuary of Our Lady of Ta' Penu in Gozo, Malta. Cremona designed secular stamps, too. He was responsible for the artwork for a long series of regular issue stamps that were issued beginning in 1965. The theme of the series was the history of Malta. The denominations ranged from ½d to £1. The stamps are dark, bold and often seem three-dimensional. One of Cremona's most abstract designs is found on a set of three stamps issued in 1970 for the 25th anniversary of the United Nations (Scott 420-22). On the 2d stamp shown in Figure 4, the dove, the U.N. emblem and the scales of justice are minor players that are shoved up into the upper right corner. The main subject is a human figure struggling forward and upward. You have to study the design to understand the symbolism. Although the colors are a little brighter, the work is unmistakably Cremona's. Cremona died in 1987. Malta's stamps have continued to evolve and reflect its fascinating history as well as popular themes. Collectors of Maltese stamps are sometimes confused by stamps inscribed "Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta." These are stamps issued by a humanitarian organization known in English as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the Sovereign Military and Hospitallier Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, Rhodes and Malta. The acronym, SMOM, blessedly suffices. Figure 5 shows a 1-scudo stamp (Sassone 90) issued in 1973 that depicts the SMOM center for leprosy in Asmara, Ethiopia (today located in Eritrea). It is part of a five-stamp set commemorating SMOM humanitarian efforts in Africa. SMOM headquarters is located in Rome rather than in Malta. It is a Roman Catholic military order that was established in 1048 to care for pilgrims en route to and from the Holy Land. Today, SMOM has 12,500 members, some of whom have taken religious vows and others who are lay members of the order. All members of SMOM have committed to serve the poor and sick. The organization provides medical and humanitarian aid throughout the world, most recently in Pakistan for the flood victims there. SMOM is recognized as sovereign by more than 100 nations. It issues its own passports, has its own constitution, and has issued its own postage stamps since 1966. Fifty-six nations have bilateral postal agreements with SMOM, but the United States is not one of them. Many collectors shun SMOM stamps because they consider them to be cinderellas from an organization that is not a country. SMOM stamps are not listed in the Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue; however, they are listed in the Italian-language Sassone Specialized Catalog of Italy and Italian Areas, the Unficato Catalog of Italy and Italian States Stamps, and the Milano Encyclopedic Catalog of Italy. Whether or not to collect such stamps is entirely up to the individual collector. To find out more about SMOM and view a complete listing of its stamps, visit the web site at: www.orderofmalta.org.
9077	dbpedia	3	10	https://coinmill.com/MTL_USD.html	en	Convert Maltese Liri (MTL) and United States Dollars (USD): Currency Exchange Rate Conversion Calculator			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Calculator to convert money in Maltese Lira (MTL) to and from United States Dollar (USD) using up to date exchange rates.	en	data:image/png;base64,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		https://coinmill.com/MTL_USD.html	This Maltese Lira and United States Dollar convertor is up to date with exchange rates from August 18, 2024. Enter the amount to be converted in the box to the left of Maltese Lira. Use "Swap currencies" to make United States Dollar the default currency. Click on United States Dollars or Maltese Liri to convert between that currency and all other currencies. The Maltese Lira is the currency in Malta (MT, MLT). The United States Dollar is the currency in American Samoa (AS, ASM), British Virgin Islands (VG, VGB, BVI), El Salvador (SV, SLV), Guam (GU, GUM), Marshall Islands (MH, MHL), Micronesia (Federated States of Micronesia, FM, FSM), Northern Mariana Islands (MP, MNP), Palau (PW, PLW), Puerto Rico (PR, PRI), United States (United States of America, US, USA), Turks and Caicos Islands (TC, TCA), Virgin Islands (VI, VIR), Timor-Leste, Ecuador (EC, ECU), Johnston Island, Midway Islands, and Wake Island. The United States Dollar is also known as the American Dollar, and the US Dollar. The symbol for MTL can be written Lm. The symbol for USD can be written $. The Maltese Lira is divided into 100 cents. The United States Dollar is divided into 100 cents. The exchange rate for the Maltese Lira was last updated on August 18, 2024 from The International Monetary Fund. The exchange rate for the United States Dollar was last updated on August 18, 2024 from The International Monetary Fund. The MTL conversion factor has 6 significant digits. The USD conversion factor has 6 significant digits.
9077	dbpedia	0	53	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Knights_Hospitaller	en	Knights Hospitaller	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[ "https://wikiwandv2-19431.kxcdn.com/_next/image?url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/640px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png&w=640&q=50", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Malteserkreuz.svg/140px-Malteserkreuz.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City.svg/17px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City.svg.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller, is a Catholic military order. It was founded in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century and had headquarters there until 1291, thereafter being based in Kolossi Castle in Cyprus (1302–1310), the island of Rhodes (1310–1522), Malta (1530–1798), and Saint Petersburg (1799–1801).	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Knights_Hospitaller	"Order of Saint John" redirects here. For other uses, see Order of Saint John (disambiguation). "Hospitaller" redirects here. For other uses, see Hospitaller (disambiguation). The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Latin: Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller ( ),[lower-alpha 2] is a Catholic military order. It was founded in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century and had headquarters there until 1291, thereafter being based in Kolossi Castle in Cyprus (1302–1310), the island of Rhodes (1310–1522), Malta (1530–1798), and Saint Petersburg (1799–1801). The Hospitallers arose in the early 12th century at the height of the Cluniac movement, a reformist movement within the Benedictine monastic order that sought to strengthen religious devotion and charity for the poor. Earlier in the 11th century, merchants from Amalfi founded a hospital in Jerusalem dedicated to John the Baptist where Benedictine monks cared for sick, poor, or injured Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. Blessed Gerard, a lay brother of the Benedictine order, became its head when it was established. After the Christian conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, the Hospitallers rose in prominence and were recognized as a distinct order by Pope Paschal II in 1113. The Order of Saint John was militarized in the 1120s and 1130s, hiring knights that later became Hospitallers. The organization became a military religious order under its own papal charter, charged with the care and defence of the Holy Land, and fought in the Crusades until the Siege of Acre in 1291. Following the reconquest of the Holy Land by Islamic forces, the knights operated from Rhodes, over which they were sovereign, and later from Malta, where they administered a vassal state under the Spanish viceroy of Sicily. The Hospitallers were one of the smallest groups to have colonized parts of the Americas, briefly acquiring four Caribbean islands in the mid-17th century, which they turned over to France in the 1660s. The knights became divided during the Protestant Reformation, when rich commanderies of the order in northern Germany and the Netherlands became Protestant and largely separated from the Catholic main stem, remaining separate to this day; modern ecumenical relations between the descendant chivalric orders are amicable. The order was suppressed in England, Denmark, and other parts of northern Europe, and was further damaged by Napoleon's capture of Malta in 1798, after which it dispersed throughout Europe.[1]
9077	dbpedia	0	3	https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/maltese-currency-conversion/	en	Maltese Currency Conversion	https://vassallohistory.…d-logo.png?w=200	https://vassallohistory.…d-logo.png?w=200	[ "https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cropped-logo.png?w=50", "https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cropped-logo.png?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2014-06-19T11:33:19+00:00	Maltese scudo The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tari (singular taro), each of 20 grani with 6 piccioli to the grano. The loss…	en	https://vassallohistory.…ed-logo.png?w=32	Vassallo History	https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/maltese-currency-conversion/	Maltese scudo The scudo (plural scudi) is the official currency of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and was the currency of Malta during the rule of the Order over Malta, which ended in 1798. It is subdivided into 12 tari (singular taro), each of 20 grani with 6 piccioli to the grano. The loss of Malta in 1798 interrupted the issuing of the Order of St John’s coin. Minting of its coins was not resumed until 1961, since which time the Order has regularly issued new coins as part of its monetary system: 1 Scudo = 12 Tarì = 240 Grani. 1 scudo = 1s 8d (British) 1 scudo = 8c 3m (Maltese) 1 scudo = 19.1 cents (Euro) 1 scudo = 12 tari 1 taro = 1⅗d (British) 1 taro = 6.4m (Maltese) 1 taro = 1.6 cent (euro) 1 grano = ⅓ farthing 12 grani = 1 cent (euro) During the British rule the pound was valued at 12 scudi of the local currency. This exchange rate meant that the smallest Maltese coin, the grano, was worth one third of a farthing (1 scudo = 12 tari = 240 grani). Consequently, ⅓ farthing coins were issued for use in Malta until 1913, alongside the regular British coinage. The rate of conversion of the present Order of St John scudo with the Euro is: 1 Scudo = 0.24 Euro; and 1 Tarì = 0.02 Euro. The Order’s new coins after Malta were minted in Rome (1961), Paris (1962) and Arezzo (1963), and was transferred to the Order’s own Mint in 1964. British 1£ = 20s = 240d 1s = 12d half crown = 2s 6d 1crown = 5s Money was divided into pounds (£) shillings (s. or /-) and pennies (d.). Thus, 4 pounds, eight shillings and fourpence would be written as £4/8/4d. or £4-8-4d. There were: 20 shillings in £1 – a shilling was often called ‘bob’, so ‘ten bob’ was 10/- 12 pennies in1 shilling 240 pennies in £1 Pennies were broken down into other coins: a farthing (a fourth-thing) was ¼ of a penny a halfpenny (hay-p’ny) was ½ of a penny three farthings was ¾ of a penny British Grain (Habba) ⅓ farthing Other coins of a value less than 1/- were a half-groat (2d) 6 x 2d = 1/- a threepenny bit (3d) made of silver 4 x 3d. = 1/- a groat (4d) 3 x 4d = 1/- sixpence (silver) – often called a ‘tanner’ 2 x 6d = 1/- Coins of more than 1/- but less than £1 in value were a two shilling piece (called a florin) 10 x 2/- = £1 a half-crown ( 2/6d) 8 x 2/6d = £1 a crown (5/-) 4 x 5/- = £1 ten shillings (a half-sovereign) 2 x 10/- = £1 a half-guinea (10/6d) 2 x 10/6d = £1/1/- A £1 coin was called a Sovereign and was made of gold. A paper pound often was called a ‘quid’. Coins of more than £1 were a guinea (£1/1/-) a £5 coin Maltese to British