identifier
stringlengths 1
43
| dataset
stringclasses 3
values | question
stringclasses 4
values | rank
int64 0
99
| url
stringlengths 14
1.88k
| read_more_link
stringclasses 1
value | language
stringclasses 1
value | title
stringlengths 0
200
| top_image
stringlengths 0
125k
| meta_img
stringlengths 0
125k
| images
listlengths 0
18.2k
| movies
listlengths 0
484
| keywords
listlengths 0
0
| meta_keywords
listlengths 1
48.5k
| tags
null | authors
listlengths 0
10
| publish_date
stringlengths 19
32
⌀ | summary
stringclasses 1
value | meta_description
stringlengths 0
258k
| meta_lang
stringclasses 68
values | meta_favicon
stringlengths 0
20.2k
| meta_site_name
stringlengths 0
641
| canonical_link
stringlengths 9
1.88k
⌀ | text
stringlengths 0
100k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 21
|
https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/varahamihira/
|
en
|
Sanskriti - Hinduism and Indian Culture Website
|
[
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/sanskriti-logo-1.png",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/varahamihira-1024x682.jpg",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Mantra-vibration-science-cover-final-v2.jpg",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Sanskrit-neuro-effect-cover-final-version.jpg",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Panna-meena-ka-kund-cover-final.jpg",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2024-Calendar-post.jpg",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/A-majestic-and-inspiring-illustration-of-Goddess-Siddhidatri-the-ninth-form-of-Goddess-Durga-worshipped-on-the-last-day-of-Navratri.-The-image-should.webp",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/A-serene-and-beautiful-illustration-of-Goddess-Mahagauri-the-eighth-form-of-Goddess-Durga-worshipped-on-the-eighth-day-of-Navratri.-The-image-should-.webp",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/A-dramatic-and-powerful-illustration-of-Goddess-Kalaratri-the-seventh-form-of-Goddess-Durga-worshipped-on-the-seventh-day-of-Navratri.-The-image-shou.webp",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/goddes_Katyayani_sanskriti_magazine.webp",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/A-nurturing-and-powerful-illustration-of-Goddess-Skandamata-the-fifth-form-of-Goddess-Durga-worshipped-on-the-fifth-day-of-Navratri.-The-image-should.webp",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/sanskriti-logo-white-2.png",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/plugins/cookies-for-comments/css.php?k=3b5bc5393eb8c4bdfd37a319cf04c721&o=i&t=7143209"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"rishis",
"vedic science"
] | null |
[
"Sanskriti"
] |
2014-02-03T00:48:01+00:00
|
Varahamihira (499-587 CE): Varahamihira was one of the renowned Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. He was honored with a special decoration and status as one of the nine gems in the court of King Vikramaditya in Avanti (Ujjain). Varaha Mihira wrote several important works on Jyotish including but not limited to: Brhat Jataka, Bruhat Samhita, Yoga Yatra, Pancha
|
en
|
Sanskriti - Hinduism and Indian Culture Website | Hinduism, Indian culture, Vedic Science, Yoga, Spirituality, India
|
https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/varahamihira/
|
Varahamihira (499-587 CE):
Varahamihira was one of the renowned Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. He was honored with a special decoration and status as one of the nine gems in the court of King Vikramaditya in Avanti (Ujjain). Varaha Mihira wrote several important works on Jyotish including but not limited to: Brhat Jataka, Bruhat Samhita, Yoga Yatra, Pancha Siddhantika (on astronomy) and Prasna Vallabha (apocryphal).
Varahamihir’s book “panchsiddhant” holds a prominent place in the realm of astronomy. He proposed that the moon and planets are lustrous not because of their own light but due to sunlight. The work is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarizes five earlier astronomical treatises, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha andPaitamaha siddhantas. Shukla states in The Pancasiddhantika of Varahamihira is one of the most important sources for the history of Hindu astronomy before the time of Aryabhata I I
In the “Bruhad Samhita” and “Bruhad Jatak,” he has revealed his discoveries in the domains of geography, constellation, science, botany and animal science. In his treatise on botanical science, Varamihir presents cures for various diseases afflicting plants and trees. The rishi-scientist survives through his unique contributions to the science of astrology and astronomy.
Varahamihira was one of the most famous astrologers in Indian history. His work Brihatsamhita (The Great Compilation) discusses topics such as :- Descriptions of heavenly bodies, their movements and conjunctions, meteorological phenomena, indications of the omens these movements, conjunctions and phenomena represent, what action to take and operations to accomplish, sign to look for in humans, animals, precious stones, etc.
Varahamihira summarizes was the Romaka-Siddhanta which was based on the epicycle theory of the motions of the Sun and the Moon given by the Greeks in the 1st century AD. The Romaka-Siddhanta was based on the tropical year of Hipparchus and on the Metonic cycle of 19 years. Other works which Varahamihira summarises are also based on the Greek epicycle theory of the motions of the heavenly bodies. He revised the calendar by updating these earlier works to take into account precession since they were written. The Pancasiddhantika also contains many examples of the use of a place-value number system.
Varahamihira made some important mathematical discoveries. Among these are certain trigonometric formulas which translated into our present day notation correspond to:
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
sin x = cos(π/2 – x),
{1 – cos 2x}/{2} = sin2x
Another important contribution to trigonometry was his sine tables where he improved those of Aryabhata I giving more accurate values. It should be emphasised that accuracy was very important for these Indian mathematicians since they were computing sine tables for applications to astronomy and astrology. This motivated much of the improved accuracy they achieved by developing new interpolation methods. The Jaina school of mathematics investigated rules for computing the number of ways in which r objects can be selected from n objects over the course of many hundreds of years. They gave rules to compute the binomial coefficients nCr which amount to
nCr= n(n-1)(n-2)…(n-r+1)/r!
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 38
|
https://www.ayuryog.org/blog/making-gems-part-two-producing-rubies
|
en
|
Making gems. Part two: Producing rubies
|
http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/hailstone2.jpeg?itok=lHCblc2p
|
[
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/h70/public/imageblock/uni_logo_farbe_02.png?itok=QCD-Ni1B",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/imageblock/logo_erc-flag_eu_.jpg?itok=YMRtf9ZJ",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/false_ruby_92.jpg?itok=HAe4UDy_",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/hailstone2.jpeg?itok=lHCblc2p",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/bamboo_manna.jpeg?itok=lHgR7x2p",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/materials.jpg?itok=PIVbQwj3",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/finot_rubies_2.jpg?itok=kXmwibIF",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/finot_rubies_1.jpg?itok=1QrD375t",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/260px-calcite-spinel-dtn37a.jpg?itok=B4u4u3JJ",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/corundum.jpg?itok=tfKTMzG1",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/corundum-crystals.jpg?itok=kypwaPWj",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/shivaratna_quartz.jpg?itok=CSXmTwJL",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/false_ruby_77.jpg?itok=F9JJw-CN",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/false_ruby_87.jpg?itok=Uq3QaYx2",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/false_ruby_89.jpg?itok=35NUeci9",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/raw_ruby_2.jpg?itok=9XXDENnC",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/false_ruby_072.jpg?itok=sOOrEOLv",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/false_ruby_91_0.jpg?itok=fQpQW0Id",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/false_ruby_79.jpg?itok=pfsWc2tw",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/false_ruby_92_0.jpg?itok=j1yPRZOx",
"http://ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/styles/550x400/public/false_ruby_78.jpg?itok=FxpcI7fY",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/hailstone2.jpeg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/ice_cubes.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/bamboo_manna.jpeg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/materials.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/finot_rubies_2.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/finot_rubies_1.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/260px-calcite-spinel-dtn37a.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/corundum.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/corundum-crystals.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/shivaratna_quartz.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/false_ruby_77.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/false_ruby_87.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/false_ruby_89.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/false_ruby_79.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/false_ruby_91_0.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/false_ruby_92_0.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/false_ruby_78.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/raw_ruby_2.jpg",
"https://www.ayuryog.org/sites/default/files/false_ruby_072.jpg"
] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/sssc83UGoHQ"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
https://www.ayuryog.org/blog/making-gems-part-two-producing-rubies
|
Making rubies
The fish black is ready! This is the base product needed for producing a whole series of gems: rubies, sapphires, emeralds, garnet, topaz, and blue sapphires.
Time to start making those rubies!
Here’s the recipe:
एतत्कर्षद्वयं तस्याः काचकूप्यां विनिक्षिपेत् ॥५॥
वर्षोपलास्तु तेनैव लालयित्वा सुपाचिते ।
मधूकतैलमध्ये तु क्षणं पक्त्वा समुद्धरेत् ।
जायन्ते पद्मरागाणि दिव्यतेजोमयानि च ॥६॥
Fill 20 grams of this into a glass bottle.
Roll “rain-stones” (varṣopala) around in this. When they have been well-heated,
heat them briefly in madhuca oil. Then remove them.
This produces divinely radiant rubies.
(Rasaratnākara Vādakhaṇḍa 19. 5cd-6)
Easy, peasy! Take that fish black, put some.... “rain-stones” in it....
You can see the problem. What are these “rain-stones”?
Monier-Williams gives “hail”. The Amarakośa (1.100a) agrees:
वर्षोपलस्तु करका
And a rain-stone is hail.
This follows on from its entries on cloud, thunder, lightning, and rainbow, and is in turn followed by cloudiness, so the gloss of “hail” seems fairly unambiguous.
But our recipe calls for heating the rain-stones. We briefly consider trying out an ice cube...
However, given that our fish black is made with water, all that would do would be to thin the mixture.
Olive Hellwig’s Wörterbuch has a footnote on varṣopala (page 157, footnote 301), in which he suggests that this must be a translucent stone, rather than hail. But he notes that this is pure speculation.
Well, speculate we must, if we are to proceed.
Andrew and I discuss what translucent stones we might use. We agree on quartz and calcite. Andrew wants to try out alum. I suggest bamboo manna. This is somewhat whimsically based on a passage in the Garuḍapurāṇa (chapter 69.9, in a section on pearls), which states that “pearls found in the joints of bamboos resembling the hail stone in colour are very rare...”
We’re aiming at rubies, rather than pearls, but hey, why not? Andrew has some bamboo manna, albeit not a very translucent kind.
So this is our initial shortlist for varṣopala.
We later expand with selenite, and topaz in a second run.
I found one more possible contender in Louis Finot’s 1896 Les Lapidaires indiens, in which he gives a translation of the “New Examination of Jewels” (Navaratnaparīkṣā). Chapter 14 of this work is about making artificial precious stones (kṛtrimaratnaprakāraḥ)! The chapter covers the making of coral (verse 174-177); sapphire (verses 178-179); emeralds (verses 180-181), and rubies (verses 182-183). And these recipes follow those of the Rasaratnākara quite closely, though the order in which they are presented is changed. And, significantly, the key ingredient of fish black is not mentioned at all in the recipes for making artificial sapphires, emeralds, garnet, or rubies.
Indeed, some mistake seems to have occurred for the ruby recipe. Finot’s edition awkwardly splits up the recipe (pages 177-178):
His translation reads:
182. Mêlez en égale proportion du coquillage calciné et du vermillion, tous deux en poudre. Agitez le tout dans un flacon de verre, de manière à en faire une seule substance.
183. Versez grain à grain, et mettez ensuite en feu. Tous ces grains deviennent des rubis parfaits: aucan duote là-dessus.
I got excited there for a moment, thinking that the text correlated varṣopala with calcined conch (dagdhaśaṅkha). However, there was this little problem that this recipe calls for a completely different dye: cinnabar, or vermillion, rather than lac. And, on second thought, the first line seemed awfully familiar. As indeed it was: This is the first line of a recipe for coral in the Jewel Mine of Mercury (Rasaratnākara Vādakhaṇḍa 19.33):
दग्धशङ्खं च दरदं समं चूर्णं प्रकल्पयेत्
One should mix equal portions of the powder of calcined conch and cinnabar.
Andrew and I had consulted this passage when we had attempted recreating the recipe for making artificial coral in the Jewel Mine Light on Mercury (Rasaprakāśasudhākara). See our thoughts on this here and here.
The next two lines in Finot’s edition then closely resemble the Jewel Mine’s second and third verses in its recipe for making emeralds (Rasaratnākara Vādakhaṇḍa 19.9-10)
काचकूप्यां स्थितैर्द्रव्यैः सर्वमेतत्सुलोलयेत्
वर्षोत्पलांस्तु तेनैव सिक्त्वा पच्याच्च पूर्ववत्
Thoroughly mix all of this with the above substances.
Having soaked the rain-stones with this, one should heat it as before.
Well, somebody’s eye slipped, whether this was Finot, the scribe of the manuscript he was working with, or indeed the author of the New Examination of Jewels.
In any case, calcined conch is not translucent, and it is hard to see how this would have produced a passable ruby. So, we go with our selection of quartz, calcite, bamboo manna, and alum. Of these, I think the quartz (rock crystal) is probably the best contender. Here’s why:
Defining rubies
Rubies seem to have long been valued as a precious stone in South Asia. Varāhamihira’s Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapter 82. 1-2) tells us that there are three kinds of rubies:
सौगन्धिककुरुविन्दस्फटिकेभ्यः पद्मरागसंभूतिः
सौगन्धिकजा भ्रमराञ्जनाब्जजम्बूरसद्युतयः
कुरुविन्दभवाः शबला मन्दद्युतयश्च धातुभिर्विद्धाः
स्फटिकभवा द्युतिमन्तो नानावर्णा विशुद्धश्च
Rubies are produced from sulphur, cinnabar, and rock crystal.
Those produced from sulphur have the lustre of bees, collyrium, lotus, plum, or myrrh*.
Those produced from cinnabar are variegated, of low lustre, and permeated with minerals.
Those produced from rock crystal are full of lustre, of various colours, and pure.
(* I am following Finot’s translation of rasa as myrrh here, as quicksilver doesn’t seem to fit the list in terms of its colour. Then again, lotus (abja) also doesn’t quite fit this list of dark-coloured things. I am assuming this refers to a range of reddish-browns to purple. Bhaṭṭotpala’s commentary on this passage glosses rasa with “lohitavarṇa” - “reddish” )
Bhudeb Mookerji’s Rasa Jala Nidhi (vol. 3, page 201-202) features a similar, but expanded list with four varieties. He interprets saugandhika as a ruby variety growing out of spinel, a magnesium aluminium oxide mineral that is not actually a ruby, but looks a lot like one.
[Image of Spinel by Rob Lavinsky, http://www.irocks.com/db_pics/pics/dtn37a.jpg – CC-BY-SA-3.0]
“Kuruvinda” is today known as corundum, an aluminium oxide mineral that can have different colours. Corundum has two gem varieties, ruby and sapphire. The ruby variety owes its colour to the presence of chromium.
[Corundum pictures]
But it’s the rock crystal- or quartz-produced ruby produced from rock crystal (sphaṭika, which, incidentally, also can mean alum) that I want to point out here.
My point being that the recipe for making rubies in the Jewel Mine states that it produces “divinely radiant rubies” – in other words, this is a recipe for making, rather than faking rubies. Therefore, producing rubies from rock crystal would seem a good starting point. Also, quartz is a silica mineral that has a hardness of 7 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale. This puts it close in hardness to rubies, which are around 9 on the Mohs scale. For comparison, calcite, a carbonate mineral, is only at 3 on the Mohs scale.
And may I offer one last reason (and I may be clutching at straws here, but bear with me):
Pliny, in The Natural Historyof Precious Stones, Book 37, chapter 9, says the following about rock crystal:
"It is a diametrically opposite cause to this that produces crystal, a substance which assumes a concrete form from excessive congelation. At all events, crystal is only to be found in places where the winter snow freezes with the greatest intensity; and it is from the certainty that it is a kind of ice, that it has received the name, which it bears in Greek*. The East, too, sends us crystal, there being none preferred to the produce of India."
[Translation by John Bostock and H.T. Riley, 1855. Emphasis mine.]
(* namely, κρύσταλλος, from κρύος, "cold.")
Crystal is a “kind of ice”! There! A connection to our hailstone: varṣopala.
Totally convincing, if we disregard the fact that none of the Indian sources explain rock crystal (sphaṭika) as a form of ice, and also leave aside the fact that the Jewel Mine uses the term sūryakānta for rock crystal in the same chapter (i.e. Vādakhaṇḍa 19), while the New Examination of Jewels has a whole section on rock crystal (chapter 7) in which it uses the term sphaṭika rather than varṣopala.
Producing rubies
Still, even if you are not completely convinced of the correctness of our choice of quartz, we are ready to go.
Andrew fills the fish black into glass jars. We give some thought on how to heat these jars – the text does not specify how this should be done. A sand bath seems the best method for this, as the heat will be distributed evenly and will – hopefully – not crack the glass.
Andrew adds the calcite, quartz, and bamboo manna to the now heated fish black liquid. He has a separate jar for the alum, which is just as well, because the alum starts melting in the hot liquid, and has to be removed fairly quickly.
The next step calls for us to heat the dyed stones in madhuca oil. This is done fairly quickly. Andrew uses the sand bath for heating the oil and immersing the stones in it as well.
And here are the results:
The bamboo manna seemed to take the colour very well at first. This does not, however, disguise the fact that it is not translucent, and therefore does not immediately bring a ruby to mind. Though perhaps it could pass as a raw ruby?
[A picture of raw rubies I found online. These were on sale.]
As the bamboo manna dried, however, it also lost all of its lustre, and much of its colour.
[Dyed bamboo manna after drying. Let's call it "variegated", shall we?]
The quartz and calcite, on the other hand, were nicely translucent, but sadly did not take the dye very well.
[Calcite and quartz dyed with fish black, but not yet heated in oil]
[Dyed quartz]
[Dyed calcite and quartz after heating in madhuca oil]
One can sort of see the idea behind the recipe: you coat (or permeate?) a translucent stone with dye, and seal it with oil, or give it some extra shine with oil.
On that subject: A passage on how to distinguish between genuine and fake rubies in the Garuḍapurāṇa (1.70.24) describes appearing to be smeared with oil, or losing lustre when rubbed (स्नेहप्रदिग्धः प्रतिभाति यश्च यो वा प्रघृष्टः प्र्जहाति दीप्तिं) as characteristics of fake rubies.
However, in our experience, coating the stones with oil after dyeing them seemed to rather have the effect of removing the dye, rather than enveloping and sealing it, or adding shine.
In any case, here is our video of the process:
We are left with the question of how we could make the dye take. We took some inspiration from Graeco-Egyptian alchemy..... which I will tell you about in the next blog post.
|
||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 82
|
https://deepstash.com/article/120929/varahamihira-indian-sage-who-predicted-water-discovery-on-mars-1500-years-ago-and-a-lot-more
|
en
|
Varahamihira – Indian Sage Who Predicted Water Discovery on Mars 1500 Years Ago and A lot More...
|
[
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1381387911997807&ev=PageView&noscript=1&vdpo=LDU&dpoco=0&dpost=0",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198199-1643100852.jpg&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198199-1643100852.jpg&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198199-1643100852.jpg&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198199-1643100852.jpg&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198199-1643100852.jpg&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198199-1643100852.jpg&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198199-1643100852.jpg&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198199-1643100852.jpg&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198206-1643100899.jpg&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198206-1643100899.jpg&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198206-1643100899.jpg&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198206-1643100899.jpg&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198206-1643100899.jpg&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198206-1643100899.jpg&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198206-1643100899.jpg&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198206-1643100899.jpg&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtJymMvJFTYzhWIE0_1NvV7f603FqBcHZ7umy3ErhsZU%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE2MTQ3Mjg4OTQ3NDctYTgzNDIxZTJiOWM5P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhOWVhKemZHVnVmREI4Zkh4OE1UWTBNekV3TVRBeU53Jml4bGliPXJiLTEuMi4xJnE9ODAmdz0xMDgw&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtJymMvJFTYzhWIE0_1NvV7f603FqBcHZ7umy3ErhsZU%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE2MTQ3Mjg4OTQ3NDctYTgzNDIxZTJiOWM5P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhOWVhKemZHVnVmREI4Zkh4OE1UWTBNekV3TVRBeU53Jml4bGliPXJiLTEuMi4xJnE9ODAmdz0xMDgw&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtJymMvJFTYzhWIE0_1NvV7f603FqBcHZ7umy3ErhsZU%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE2MTQ3Mjg4OTQ3NDctYTgzNDIxZTJiOWM5P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhOWVhKemZHVnVmREI4Zkh4OE1UWTBNekV3TVRBeU53Jml4bGliPXJiLTEuMi4xJnE9ODAmdz0xMDgw&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtJymMvJFTYzhWIE0_1NvV7f603FqBcHZ7umy3ErhsZU%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE2MTQ3Mjg4OTQ3NDctYTgzNDIxZTJiOWM5P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhOWVhKemZHVnVmREI4Zkh4OE1UWTBNekV3TVRBeU53Jml4bGliPXJiLTEuMi4xJnE9ODAmdz0xMDgw&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtJymMvJFTYzhWIE0_1NvV7f603FqBcHZ7umy3ErhsZU%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE2MTQ3Mjg4OTQ3NDctYTgzNDIxZTJiOWM5P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhOWVhKemZHVnVmREI4Zkh4OE1UWTBNekV3TVRBeU53Jml4bGliPXJiLTEuMi4xJnE9ODAmdz0xMDgw&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtJymMvJFTYzhWIE0_1NvV7f603FqBcHZ7umy3ErhsZU%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE2MTQ3Mjg4OTQ3NDctYTgzNDIxZTJiOWM5P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhOWVhKemZHVnVmREI4Zkh4OE1UWTBNekV3TVRBeU53Jml4bGliPXJiLTEuMi4xJnE9ODAmdz0xMDgw&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtJymMvJFTYzhWIE0_1NvV7f603FqBcHZ7umy3ErhsZU%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE2MTQ3Mjg4OTQ3NDctYTgzNDIxZTJiOWM5P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhOWVhKemZHVnVmREI4Zkh4OE1UWTBNekV3TVRBeU53Jml4bGliPXJiLTEuMi4xJnE9ODAmdz0xMDgw&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtJymMvJFTYzhWIE0_1NvV7f603FqBcHZ7umy3ErhsZU%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE2MTQ3Mjg4OTQ3NDctYTgzNDIxZTJiOWM5P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhOWVhKemZHVnVmREI4Zkh4OE1UWTBNekV3TVRBeU53Jml4bGliPXJiLTEuMi4xJnE9ODAmdz0xMDgw&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FN-e7woKon7Xg5UslP5cXcD9ju6fWneSBmSfN4sOPCLw%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFzdG5ld3NmZWVkLmNvbS93cC1jb250ZW50L3VwbG9hZHMvMjAxOS8wOC9BcnlhYmhhdHRhLUNvbnRyaWJ1dGlvbi5qcGc&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FN-e7woKon7Xg5UslP5cXcD9ju6fWneSBmSfN4sOPCLw%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFzdG5ld3NmZWVkLmNvbS93cC1jb250ZW50L3VwbG9hZHMvMjAxOS8wOC9BcnlhYmhhdHRhLUNvbnRyaWJ1dGlvbi5qcGc&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FN-e7woKon7Xg5UslP5cXcD9ju6fWneSBmSfN4sOPCLw%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFzdG5ld3NmZWVkLmNvbS93cC1jb250ZW50L3VwbG9hZHMvMjAxOS8wOC9BcnlhYmhhdHRhLUNvbnRyaWJ1dGlvbi5qcGc&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FN-e7woKon7Xg5UslP5cXcD9ju6fWneSBmSfN4sOPCLw%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFzdG5ld3NmZWVkLmNvbS93cC1jb250ZW50L3VwbG9hZHMvMjAxOS8wOC9BcnlhYmhhdHRhLUNvbnRyaWJ1dGlvbi5qcGc&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FN-e7woKon7Xg5UslP5cXcD9ju6fWneSBmSfN4sOPCLw%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFzdG5ld3NmZWVkLmNvbS93cC1jb250ZW50L3VwbG9hZHMvMjAxOS8wOC9BcnlhYmhhdHRhLUNvbnRyaWJ1dGlvbi5qcGc&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FN-e7woKon7Xg5UslP5cXcD9ju6fWneSBmSfN4sOPCLw%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFzdG5ld3NmZWVkLmNvbS93cC1jb250ZW50L3VwbG9hZHMvMjAxOS8wOC9BcnlhYmhhdHRhLUNvbnRyaWJ1dGlvbi5qcGc&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FN-e7woKon7Xg5UslP5cXcD9ju6fWneSBmSfN4sOPCLw%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFzdG5ld3NmZWVkLmNvbS93cC1jb250ZW50L3VwbG9hZHMvMjAxOS8wOC9BcnlhYmhhdHRhLUNvbnRyaWJ1dGlvbi5qcGc&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FN-e7woKon7Xg5UslP5cXcD9ju6fWneSBmSfN4sOPCLw%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFzdG5ld3NmZWVkLmNvbS93cC1jb250ZW50L3VwbG9hZHMvMjAxOS8wOC9BcnlhYmhhdHRhLUNvbnRyaWJ1dGlvbi5qcGc&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FrUfLtd5gddbVcF8cvfvdH5ig4tKwHgNyaoEkjzH2Y6o%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9tZWRpYS5uZXd5b3JrZXIuY29tL3Bob3Rvcy81ZGE3OGIyNjk1NDg3ZjAwMDhiOTAwNDcvMTY6OS93XzEyMDAsaF82MzAsY19saW1pdC8xOTEwMjhfcjM1MjAyLmpwZw&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FrUfLtd5gddbVcF8cvfvdH5ig4tKwHgNyaoEkjzH2Y6o%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9tZWRpYS5uZXd5b3JrZXIuY29tL3Bob3Rvcy81ZGE3OGIyNjk1NDg3ZjAwMDhiOTAwNDcvMTY6OS93XzEyMDAsaF82MzAsY19saW1pdC8xOTEwMjhfcjM1MjAyLmpwZw&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FrUfLtd5gddbVcF8cvfvdH5ig4tKwHgNyaoEkjzH2Y6o%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9tZWRpYS5uZXd5b3JrZXIuY29tL3Bob3Rvcy81ZGE3OGIyNjk1NDg3ZjAwMDhiOTAwNDcvMTY6OS93XzEyMDAsaF82MzAsY19saW1pdC8xOTEwMjhfcjM1MjAyLmpwZw&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FrUfLtd5gddbVcF8cvfvdH5ig4tKwHgNyaoEkjzH2Y6o%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9tZWRpYS5uZXd5b3JrZXIuY29tL3Bob3Rvcy81ZGE3OGIyNjk1NDg3ZjAwMDhiOTAwNDcvMTY6OS93XzEyMDAsaF82MzAsY19saW1pdC8xOTEwMjhfcjM1MjAyLmpwZw&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FrUfLtd5gddbVcF8cvfvdH5ig4tKwHgNyaoEkjzH2Y6o%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9tZWRpYS5uZXd5b3JrZXIuY29tL3Bob3Rvcy81ZGE3OGIyNjk1NDg3ZjAwMDhiOTAwNDcvMTY6OS93XzEyMDAsaF82MzAsY19saW1pdC8xOTEwMjhfcjM1MjAyLmpwZw&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FrUfLtd5gddbVcF8cvfvdH5ig4tKwHgNyaoEkjzH2Y6o%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9tZWRpYS5uZXd5b3JrZXIuY29tL3Bob3Rvcy81ZGE3OGIyNjk1NDg3ZjAwMDhiOTAwNDcvMTY6OS93XzEyMDAsaF82MzAsY19saW1pdC8xOTEwMjhfcjM1MjAyLmpwZw&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FrUfLtd5gddbVcF8cvfvdH5ig4tKwHgNyaoEkjzH2Y6o%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9tZWRpYS5uZXd5b3JrZXIuY29tL3Bob3Rvcy81ZGE3OGIyNjk1NDg3ZjAwMDhiOTAwNDcvMTY6OS93XzEyMDAsaF82MzAsY19saW1pdC8xOTEwMjhfcjM1MjAyLmpwZw&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FrUfLtd5gddbVcF8cvfvdH5ig4tKwHgNyaoEkjzH2Y6o%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9tZWRpYS5uZXd5b3JrZXIuY29tL3Bob3Rvcy81ZGE3OGIyNjk1NDg3ZjAwMDhiOTAwNDcvMTY6OS93XzEyMDAsaF82MzAsY19saW1pdC8xOTEwMjhfcjM1MjAyLmpwZw&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FUE-hWhlcWdzWnKD971zY0iN6lgFBNeSi74C816_y2ts%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhvdWdodGNvLmNvbS90aG1iL2Y1ZDQ0WHdBSm1GY1JiUlgxRXRNa3lmUURjST0vNzY4eDAvZmlsdGVyczpub191cHNjYWxlKCk6bWF4X2J5dGVzKDE1MDAwMCk6c3RyaXBfaWNjKCk6Zm9ybWF0KHdlYnApL21pbGt5LXdheS1yZWZsZWN0aW9uLXNlbmNlLTU0MjU1Mzg3OS01OTlmNzc3Mjg0NWIzNDAwMTFlYzRkYTQuanBn&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FUE-hWhlcWdzWnKD971zY0iN6lgFBNeSi74C816_y2ts%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhvdWdodGNvLmNvbS90aG1iL2Y1ZDQ0WHdBSm1GY1JiUlgxRXRNa3lmUURjST0vNzY4eDAvZmlsdGVyczpub191cHNjYWxlKCk6bWF4X2J5dGVzKDE1MDAwMCk6c3RyaXBfaWNjKCk6Zm9ybWF0KHdlYnApL21pbGt5LXdheS1yZWZsZWN0aW9uLXNlbmNlLTU0MjU1Mzg3OS01OTlmNzc3Mjg0NWIzNDAwMTFlYzRkYTQuanBn&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FUE-hWhlcWdzWnKD971zY0iN6lgFBNeSi74C816_y2ts%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhvdWdodGNvLmNvbS90aG1iL2Y1ZDQ0WHdBSm1GY1JiUlgxRXRNa3lmUURjST0vNzY4eDAvZmlsdGVyczpub191cHNjYWxlKCk6bWF4X2J5dGVzKDE1MDAwMCk6c3RyaXBfaWNjKCk6Zm9ybWF0KHdlYnApL21pbGt5LXdheS1yZWZsZWN0aW9uLXNlbmNlLTU0MjU1Mzg3OS01OTlmNzc3Mjg0NWIzNDAwMTFlYzRkYTQuanBn&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FUE-hWhlcWdzWnKD971zY0iN6lgFBNeSi74C816_y2ts%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhvdWdodGNvLmNvbS90aG1iL2Y1ZDQ0WHdBSm1GY1JiUlgxRXRNa3lmUURjST0vNzY4eDAvZmlsdGVyczpub191cHNjYWxlKCk6bWF4X2J5dGVzKDE1MDAwMCk6c3RyaXBfaWNjKCk6Zm9ybWF0KHdlYnApL21pbGt5LXdheS1yZWZsZWN0aW9uLXNlbmNlLTU0MjU1Mzg3OS01OTlmNzc3Mjg0NWIzNDAwMTFlYzRkYTQuanBn&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FUE-hWhlcWdzWnKD971zY0iN6lgFBNeSi74C816_y2ts%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhvdWdodGNvLmNvbS90aG1iL2Y1ZDQ0WHdBSm1GY1JiUlgxRXRNa3lmUURjST0vNzY4eDAvZmlsdGVyczpub191cHNjYWxlKCk6bWF4X2J5dGVzKDE1MDAwMCk6c3RyaXBfaWNjKCk6Zm9ybWF0KHdlYnApL21pbGt5LXdheS1yZWZsZWN0aW9uLXNlbmNlLTU0MjU1Mzg3OS01OTlmNzc3Mjg0NWIzNDAwMTFlYzRkYTQuanBn&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FUE-hWhlcWdzWnKD971zY0iN6lgFBNeSi74C816_y2ts%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhvdWdodGNvLmNvbS90aG1iL2Y1ZDQ0WHdBSm1GY1JiUlgxRXRNa3lmUURjST0vNzY4eDAvZmlsdGVyczpub191cHNjYWxlKCk6bWF4X2J5dGVzKDE1MDAwMCk6c3RyaXBfaWNjKCk6Zm9ybWF0KHdlYnApL21pbGt5LXdheS1yZWZsZWN0aW9uLXNlbmNlLTU0MjU1Mzg3OS01OTlmNzc3Mjg0NWIzNDAwMTFlYzRkYTQuanBn&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FUE-hWhlcWdzWnKD971zY0iN6lgFBNeSi74C816_y2ts%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhvdWdodGNvLmNvbS90aG1iL2Y1ZDQ0WHdBSm1GY1JiUlgxRXRNa3lmUURjST0vNzY4eDAvZmlsdGVyczpub191cHNjYWxlKCk6bWF4X2J5dGVzKDE1MDAwMCk6c3RyaXBfaWNjKCk6Zm9ybWF0KHdlYnApL21pbGt5LXdheS1yZWZsZWN0aW9uLXNlbmNlLTU0MjU1Mzg3OS01OTlmNzc3Mjg0NWIzNDAwMTFlYzRkYTQuanBn&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FUE-hWhlcWdzWnKD971zY0iN6lgFBNeSi74C816_y2ts%2Fresize%3Afill%3A500%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhvdWdodGNvLmNvbS90aG1iL2Y1ZDQ0WHdBSm1GY1JiUlgxRXRNa3lmUURjST0vNzY4eDAvZmlsdGVyczpub191cHNjYWxlKCk6bWF4X2J5dGVzKDE1MDAwMCk6c3RyaXBfaWNjKCk6Zm9ybWF0KHdlYnApL21pbGt5LXdheS1yZWZsZWN0aW9uLXNlbmNlLTU0MjU1Mzg3OS01OTlmNzc3Mjg0NWIzNDAwMTFlYzRkYTQuanBn&w=3840&q=75 3840w"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"अर्हम् Arham",
"techtop.org"
] | null |
Learn something new today. Discover 25 ideas from this article
|
en
|
Deepstash
|
https://deepstash.com/article/120929/varahamihira-indian-sage-who-predicted-water-discovery-on-mars-1500-years-ago-and-a-lot-more
|
Varahamihira was born in 505 A.D. into a family of Brahmins settled at Kapittha, a village near Ujjain. His father, Adityadasa was a worshipper of the Sun god and it was he who taught Varahamihira astrology. On a visit to Kusumapura (Patna) young Varahamihira met the great astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata. The meeting inspired him so much the he decided to take up astrology and astronomy as a lifetime pursuit.
At that time, Ujjain was the centre of learning, where many schools of arts, science and culture were flourishing in the prosperity of the Gupta reign.
Varahamihira, therefore, shifted to this city, where scholars from distant lands were gathering. In due course, his astrological skills came to the notice of King Yashodharman Vikramaditya of Malwa, who made him one of the Nine Gems of his court.
Varahamihira was learned in the Vedas, but he was not a blind believer in the supernatural. He was a scientist.
Like Aryabhata before him, he declared that the earth was spherical.
In the history of science he was the first to claim that some “force” might be keeping bodies stuck to the round earth.
The force is now called gravity. He proposed that the Moon and planets are lustrous not because of their own light but due to sunlight.
Varahamihira’s main work is the book Pancha Siddhantika (Treatise on the five Astronomical Canons gives us information about older Indian texts which are now lost). The work it seems is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises five earlier astronomical treatises, namely, the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitama Siddhanta.
It is acclaimed that Pancha Siddhantika of Varahamihira is one of the most important sources for the history of Hindu Astronomy from before the time of Aryabhata.
Another important contribution of Varahamihira is the encyclopaedic Brihat-Samhita. It covers wide ranging subjects of human interest, including astrology, planetary movements, eclipses, rainfall, rainfall, clouds even domestic relations, gems, pearls and rituals.
Brihat- Samhita: Varahamihira's most notable work, the Brihat- Samhita is an encyclopaedic work, mostly about divination but also includes work on architecture, temples, planetary motions, eclipses, timekeeping, astrology, seasons, cloud formation, rainfall, agriculture, mathematics, gemology, perfumes and many other topics. The volume expounds on gemstone evaluation criterion found in the Garuda Purana, and elaborates on the sacred nine Pearls from the same text. It contains 106 chapters and is known as the "great compilation".
Varahamihira in 550 AD have described a large number of comets in the Brhat Samhita. He wrote over sixty couplets about comets. He did not have the modern facilities like Telescope or other electronic equipment. He says that sages Garga, Parasara, Asita, Devala and others had already written about the comets.
He was also an astrologer and has written on all the three branches of astrology. His son Prithuyasas has also contributed in the Hindu astrology through his work, Hora Sara.
the discovery of the trigonometric formulas. He improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata l. He defined the algebraic properties of zero as well as of negative numbers. Furthermore, He was among the first mathematicians to discover a version of what is now known as the Pascal’s triangle. He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
Varahamihira made some significant observations in the field of ecology, hydrology and geology too. He was the first person who predicted underground water.
Varahamihira’s mathematical work included the discovery of the trigonometric formulas. He improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata l. He defined the algebraic properties of zero as well as of negative numbers. Furthermore, He was among the first mathematicians to discover a version of what is now known as the Pascal’s triangle. He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
Varahamihira made some significant observations in the field of ecology, hydrology and geology too. He was the first person who predicted underground water. His claim that plants and termites serve as indicators of underground water is now receiving attention in the scientific world.
Varahamihira, without any scientific equipment, derived the true value of equinox. This value is very important for the modern day Geostationary Satellites.
Varahamihira’s mathematical work included the discovery of the trigonometric formulas. He improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata l. He defined the algebraic properties of zero as well as of negative numbers. Furthermore, He was among the first mathematicians to discover a version of what is now known as the Pascal’s triangle. He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
Varahamihira made some significant observations in the field of ecology, hydrology and geology too. He was the first person who predicted underground water. His claim that plants and termites serve as indicators of underground water is now receiving attention in the scientific world.
Varahamihira, without any scientific equipment, derived the true value of equinox. This value is very important for the modern day Geostationary Satellites.
Another important contribution to trigonometry was his sine tables where he improved those of Aryabhata I giving more accurate values. It should be emphasised that accuracy was very important for these Indian mathematicians since they were computing sine tables for applications to astronomy and astrology. This motivated much of the improved accuracy they achieved by developing new interpolation methods.
The Jaina school of mathematics investigated rules for computing the number of ways in which rr objects can be selected from nn objects over the course of many hundreds of years. They gave rules to compute the binomial coefficients _{n}C_{r}nCr which amount to
Another important contribution to trigonometry was his sine tables where he improved those of Aryabhata I giving more accurate values. It should be emphasised that accuracy was very important for these Indian mathematicians since they were computing sine tables for applications to astronomy and astrology. This motivated much of the improved accuracy they achieved by developing new interpolation methods.
The Jaina school of mathematics investigated rules for computing the number of ways in which rr objects can be selected from nn objects over the course of many hundreds of years.
However, Varahamihira attacked the problem of computing _{n}C_{r}nCr in a rather different way. He wrote the numbers nn in a column with n = 1n=1 at the bottom. He then put the numbers rr in rows with r = 1r=1 at the left-hand side. Starting at the bottom left side of the array which corresponds to the values n = 1, r = 1n=1,r=1, the values of _{n}C_{r}nCr are found by summing two entries, namely the one directly below the (n, r)(n,r) position and the one immediately to the left of it.
Of course this table is none other than Pascal's triangle for finding the binomial coefficients despite being viewed from a different angle from the way we build it up today. Full details of this work by Varahamihira is given in
Hayashi, in , examines Varahamihira's work on magic squares. In particular he examines a pandiagonal magic square of order four which occurs in Varahamihira's work.
Pancha siddhantika includes Surya Siddhanta, an astronomical treatise which explains or determines the true motions of the luminaries.Under this work,he has also explained the estimated diameters of the planets, like Mercury,Venus,Mars,Saturn and Jupiter.
The book gave the locations of several stars other than the lunar nakshatras(constellations) and the calculation of solar eclipses.The book also had a significant coverage on kinds of time, the length of the year of gods and demons,day and night of god Brahma,the elapsed period since creation,how planets move eastwards and sidereal revolution.
Surya Siddhanta mentioned the Mars’s diameter (which was calculated to be 3,772 miles that has an error within 11% of the currently accepted diameter of 4,218 miles), circumference and also carries calculations on and about solar eclipses and lunar eclipses, its color and portion of the moon as well.
Apart from these, Varahamihira also predicted the presence of water on Mars. The book had a detailed description of planet Mars. He had said in his book that planet Mars has both water and iron present on its surface, which have now been revealed by NASA and ISRO.
He was the first to mention and explain how each planet in the solar system has been created by and centered on the sun.
It’s intriguing to know that during NASA’s Mars mission, Arun Upadhyay, a retired IPS, did a comparative study of Varāhamihira’s calculations about Mars and found certain similarities.
Though the original book of Surya Siddhanta till date remains untraced, but somehow a few scholars had taken their notes for their own research work. Many fear that the original version was stolen by the other astronomers from overseas.
The present version of Surya Siddhanta, which is often used by Panchang experts to predict festive dates and nakshatras, was modified by Bhaskaracharya during the Middle Ages.
It is learnt, Varahamihira humbly said about his own treatises: “The science of Astrology is a vast ocean and is not easy for everyone to cross it. My treatises provide a safe boat.” Truly, even now they are acknowledged as masterpieces.
Varahamihira made great contributions not only in the field of mathematics; he was also an astrologer and is considered among the greatest Acharyas of modern astrology. Varahamihira’s son Prithuyasas also contributed to Hindu astrology and his book Hora Sora is a famous book on horoscopy. Listed below are some of the important works of Varahamihira.
Pancha- Siddhantika: Also known as the Treatise on the Five Astronomical Canons dated 575 AD that now give us information about older lost Indian texts. The book of Pancha- Siddhantika is one of the main works by Varahamihira.
The work is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises 5 earlier astronomical treatises, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasishtha and Paitamaha Siddhantas. It is a compendium of Vedanga Jyotisha as well as Hellenistic astronomy including Greek and Roman elements. The five siddhantas are elaborated below-
• Surya Siddhanta, which is the Siddhantika of the Sun was actually composed by the ancient asura king Mayasura, who was also known as Mamuni Mayan as stated in the text by Varahamihira.
• Vasishtha Siddhanta, which is so called from one of the stars of the Great Bear, was composed by Vishnucandra.
• Paulisa Siddhanta was taken from Pulisa which is supposed to be from Alexandria and was composed by Pulisa.
• Romaka Siddhanta was the Doctrine of the Romans, which is the subjects of the Roman Empire and was composed by Srishena.
• And lastly there is the Patiamaha Siddhanta.
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 41
|
https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/varahamihira/
|
en
|
Sanskriti - Hinduism and Indian Culture Website
|
[
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/sanskriti-logo-1.png",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/varahamihira-1024x682.jpg",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Mantra-vibration-science-cover-final-v2.jpg",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Sanskrit-neuro-effect-cover-final-version.jpg",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Panna-meena-ka-kund-cover-final.jpg",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2024-Calendar-post.jpg",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/A-majestic-and-inspiring-illustration-of-Goddess-Siddhidatri-the-ninth-form-of-Goddess-Durga-worshipped-on-the-last-day-of-Navratri.-The-image-should.webp",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/A-serene-and-beautiful-illustration-of-Goddess-Mahagauri-the-eighth-form-of-Goddess-Durga-worshipped-on-the-eighth-day-of-Navratri.-The-image-should-.webp",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/A-dramatic-and-powerful-illustration-of-Goddess-Kalaratri-the-seventh-form-of-Goddess-Durga-worshipped-on-the-seventh-day-of-Navratri.-The-image-shou.webp",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/goddes_Katyayani_sanskriti_magazine.webp",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/A-nurturing-and-powerful-illustration-of-Goddess-Skandamata-the-fifth-form-of-Goddess-Durga-worshipped-on-the-fifth-day-of-Navratri.-The-image-should.webp",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/sanskriti-logo-white-2.png",
"https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/wp-content/plugins/cookies-for-comments/css.php?k=3b5bc5393eb8c4bdfd37a319cf04c721&o=i&t=982182296"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"rishis",
"vedic science"
] | null |
[
"Sanskriti"
] |
2014-02-03T00:48:01+00:00
|
Varahamihira (499-587 CE): Varahamihira was one of the renowned Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. He was honored with a special decoration and status as one of the nine gems in the court of King Vikramaditya in Avanti (Ujjain). Varaha Mihira wrote several important works on Jyotish including but not limited to: Brhat Jataka, Bruhat Samhita, Yoga Yatra, Pancha
|
en
|
Sanskriti - Hinduism and Indian Culture Website | Hinduism, Indian culture, Vedic Science, Yoga, Spirituality, India
|
https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/varahamihira/
|
Varahamihira (499-587 CE):
Varahamihira was one of the renowned Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. He was honored with a special decoration and status as one of the nine gems in the court of King Vikramaditya in Avanti (Ujjain). Varaha Mihira wrote several important works on Jyotish including but not limited to: Brhat Jataka, Bruhat Samhita, Yoga Yatra, Pancha Siddhantika (on astronomy) and Prasna Vallabha (apocryphal).
Varahamihir’s book “panchsiddhant” holds a prominent place in the realm of astronomy. He proposed that the moon and planets are lustrous not because of their own light but due to sunlight. The work is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarizes five earlier astronomical treatises, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha andPaitamaha siddhantas. Shukla states in The Pancasiddhantika of Varahamihira is one of the most important sources for the history of Hindu astronomy before the time of Aryabhata I I
In the “Bruhad Samhita” and “Bruhad Jatak,” he has revealed his discoveries in the domains of geography, constellation, science, botany and animal science. In his treatise on botanical science, Varamihir presents cures for various diseases afflicting plants and trees. The rishi-scientist survives through his unique contributions to the science of astrology and astronomy.
Varahamihira was one of the most famous astrologers in Indian history. His work Brihatsamhita (The Great Compilation) discusses topics such as :- Descriptions of heavenly bodies, their movements and conjunctions, meteorological phenomena, indications of the omens these movements, conjunctions and phenomena represent, what action to take and operations to accomplish, sign to look for in humans, animals, precious stones, etc.
Varahamihira summarizes was the Romaka-Siddhanta which was based on the epicycle theory of the motions of the Sun and the Moon given by the Greeks in the 1st century AD. The Romaka-Siddhanta was based on the tropical year of Hipparchus and on the Metonic cycle of 19 years. Other works which Varahamihira summarises are also based on the Greek epicycle theory of the motions of the heavenly bodies. He revised the calendar by updating these earlier works to take into account precession since they were written. The Pancasiddhantika also contains many examples of the use of a place-value number system.
Varahamihira made some important mathematical discoveries. Among these are certain trigonometric formulas which translated into our present day notation correspond to:
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
sin x = cos(π/2 – x),
{1 – cos 2x}/{2} = sin2x
Another important contribution to trigonometry was his sine tables where he improved those of Aryabhata I giving more accurate values. It should be emphasised that accuracy was very important for these Indian mathematicians since they were computing sine tables for applications to astronomy and astrology. This motivated much of the improved accuracy they achieved by developing new interpolation methods. The Jaina school of mathematics investigated rules for computing the number of ways in which r objects can be selected from n objects over the course of many hundreds of years. They gave rules to compute the binomial coefficients nCr which amount to
nCr= n(n-1)(n-2)…(n-r+1)/r!
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 57
|
https://www.i4utravels.com/the-mathematics-connectionto-ujjain/
|
en
|
The Mathematics connection to Ujjain
|
[
"https://www.i4utravels.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Logo-2-150x150.png",
"https://www.i4utravels.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/the-char-dham-temple-1024x768.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2020-04-27T04:37:23+00:00
|
The Mathematics connection to Ujjain, In ancient times, Ujjain was an important centre of astronomy, mathematics and arithmetical operations.
|
en
|
i4u Travel Services
|
https://www.i4utravels.com/the-mathematics-connectionto-ujjain/
|
Ujjain, with its tradition of scholarship, had been an important centre of mathematic learning since the 4th century CE. Two of the most famous mathematical brains of ancient India, Varahamihira (505-587 CE) and Brahmagupta (598-665 CE) belong to the Ujjain school of mathematics.
Varahamihira is said to have been one of the nine jewels of navaratnas in the court of Chandragupta II. Though he was born as Mihira. It is popularly held that overwhelmed by his genius, Vikramaditya conferred upon him the name Varaha (boar). Thereafter he come to be known as Varahamihira. Varahamihira is best known for his Panchasiddhantika (the Five Astronomical Conons, 575 CE) and Brihat Samhita.
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 1
|
https://vedicmathschool.org/varahamihira/
|
en
|
Varahamihirawas an Ancient Indian Astrologer, Astronomer, and Polymath who lived in Ujjain.: 6th Century Indian Mathematician
|
http://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1.jpg
|
http://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1.jpg
|
[
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-243x48.png 243w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-300x59.png 300w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-768x151.png 768w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White.png 874w",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-243x48.png",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1-600x315.jpg 600w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1-300x158.jpg 300w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1-768x403.jpg 768w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1-400x210.jpg 400w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1.jpg 1200w",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1-1024x538.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Book-Your-vedic-Demo-Class-2_1.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Book-Your-vedic-Demo-Class-2_1.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1-600x315.jpg 600w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1-300x158.jpg 300w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1-768x403.jpg 768w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1-400x210.jpg 400w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1.jpg 1200w",
"http://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1-1024x538.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Trusted-By-Over-10-000-Students.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Trusted-By-Over-10-000-Students.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Enroll-in-Vedic-Math-Classes.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Enroll-in-Vedic-Math-Classes.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Our-Vedic-Math-Course-2_1.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Our-Vedic-Math-Course-2_1.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ec81231d4cbf6c84e1d3f1b021676b80?s=100&d=identicon&r=g 2x",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ec81231d4cbf6c84e1d3f1b021676b80?s=50&d=identicon&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1d90d562c8d21b956b4fc3b643ca6b56?s=100&d=identicon&r=g 2x",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1d90d562c8d21b956b4fc3b643ca6b56?s=50&d=identicon&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8ff0757268b9ff15a44d78f760dbd3ce?s=100&d=identicon&r=g 2x",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8ff0757268b9ff15a44d78f760dbd3ce?s=50&d=identicon&r=g",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-768x151.png 768w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-300x59.png 300w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-243x48.png 243w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White.png 874w",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-768x151.png",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/payment-getway-white-png-768x61.png 768w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/payment-getway-white-png-300x24.png 300w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/payment-getway-white-png-1024x82.png 1024w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/payment-getway-white-png.png 1280w",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/payment-getway-white-png-768x61.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Prince Jha",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2020-08-22T08:49:51+00:00
|
varahamihira is an Indian Mathematician who was born during the early 6th-century. He was born in the Avanti region and brought up in Ujjain
|
en
|
Vedic Math School
|
https://vedicmathschool.org/varahamihira/
|
Varahamihira is an Indian Mathematician who was born during the early 6th-century. He was born in the Avanti region and brought up in Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh, India).
After Meeting Aryabhatta, He got the inspiration to become a mathematician and astrologer. He was studied at Kapitthaka. He is one of the “Nine Jewels” of the court of emperor Yashodharman Vikramaditya of Malwa.
Varāhamihira’s most well-known work was Brihat Samhita. This book is all about architecture, mathematics, gemology, temples, planetary motions, astrology, cloud formation, eclipses, timekeeping, rainfall, seasons, agriculture, and many other topics.
Some Mathematicians even believed that he has a strong knowledge of the predictive calculations and zodiac signs. He used to perform astrological computations and auspicious ceremonies in India in those days.
Varahamihira Books
He has written two books which became famous not only in India but also throughout the globe. His books were been translated into different languages.
Pancha-Siddhantika
In this book, he writes about mathematical astronomy. He explains about the five earlier astronomical treatises by five authors, namely the Paulisa Siddhanta, Paitamaha Siddhanta, Surya Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta.
In this book, He says about ayanamsa, or the shifting of the equinox is 50.32 seconds. He was the first Mathematician to speak about ayanamsa.
Brihat-Samhita
This is the second book written by Varahamihira.
This book has 106 chapters and hence this book is also called “great compilation”.
This book is all about divination. He even writes about other topics like astronomy, clouds, planetary movements, rainfall, eclipses, growth of crops, matrimony, gems, pearls, architecture, manufacture of perfume, domestic relations, and rituals.
It is said that many of his books have been lost.
The Arub Travelers Ibn Batuta and Al Baruni who came to India to Learn Vedic Mathematics has translated his book into different languages.
Contributions of Varahamihira in Mathematics
Sine tables were created by Aryabhata but were improved by Varahamihira.
He discovered a version of Pascal’s triangle.
He created the first 4×4 magic square.
He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
He was the first to speak about ayanamsa.
Interesting facts about Varahamihira
Though he was a Mathematical Astronomer, He had an interest in other fields too.
He was a great astrologer and astronomer. He used to see the positions of stars, sun, moon, and planets and used to predict many things.
It is said that Varahamihira had constructed “Meru Stambh”.
He proposed that planets and Moon are lustrous due to sunlight but not because of their own light.
He even said that the earth was spherical.
He penned all the three main sections of Jyotisha astrology.
Many other Indian Mathematicians has done great contribution in the field of Mathematics just like Varahamihira. A few of them are Aryabhatta, Mahavira, Madhava of Sangamagrama.
To know more about Varahamihira, read the article written by the University of Maine.
FAQ
What did Varahamihira discover?
Varahamihira’s discovered the trigonometric formulas and improved many of the formulas. Sine tables, which were created by Aryabhata was been recalculated by him to improve the accuracy. He even worked on the number zero and negative numbers.
What is the contribution of Varahamihira?
Sine tables were created by Aryabhata but were improved by Varahamihira.
He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
He created the first 4×4 magic square.
He was the first to speak about ayanamsa.
He discovered a version of Pascal’s triangle.
Using his mathematical calculations he said that the stars are “fixed” and the planets revolve around the star at a constant speed.
What is Pancha Siddhanta?
Pancha-Siddhantika is the name of one of the books written by Varahamihira. In this book, he mentions about astronomical treatises. Paulisa Siddhanta, Surya Siddhanta, Paitamaha Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and are the 5 authors.
How did he get the name Varahamihira?
The term Varaha Means the boar (is the avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu) and the Term Mahira Means Talented.
There is a story behind this name
The then king has rewarded Varaha-Mahira with the title ‘Varaha’. King Vikramaditya was alarmed by the Mihira’s prediction. King looked around the crowded court and asked in agony “Can it be true?” No one responded to the king’s question. Breaking the silence, Mihara sadly said “As per the position of the planets, the prince will die at the age of 18.”
Queen cried and said to the king “My lord, you should see to it that this prediction proves false.”
It is said that Mihira never made any false predictions. Even though the king took every precaution to protect his son from all the odds. But on the predicted day,i.e on his 18th birthday, the prince was been killed by a boar. From that day itself, he was been named as Varaha-Mahira.
|
|||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 55
|
https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226406275.003.0004
|
en
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null | ||||||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 77
|
https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/brhat-samhita-of-varaha-mihira-set-of-two-volumes-nae028/
|
en
|
Brhat-Samhita of Varaha-Mihira(Set of Two Volumes)
|
[
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2019/ica022.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/sculpture-2019/lcc06.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/paintings-2019/bb93.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/sculp-restored/zep555.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2017/nab424.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/product-spacer.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/sculptures-2018/hlb230.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t120x120/books/nae028.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t120x120/books/nae028b.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t120x120/books/nae028c.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t800x600/books/nae028.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/icons/animated-truck2.gif",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/product-icons/insured.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/product-icons/countries-shipped.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/product-icons/customers.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/product-icons/made-in-india.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/product-icons/business-years.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books/nae028b.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books/nae028c.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2019-015/nbz973.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2019-024/uba954.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2019-022/uat968.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2019-021/uam136.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2019-023/uay394.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2019-022/uaq106.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2019-019/uac279.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2019-013/naq871.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books/ihl530.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t800x600/books/nae028.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/footer-roof.svg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/app-google.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/app-apple.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/app-google.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/app-apple.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/signin-popup/signin-popup-2.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/signin-popup/signin-popup-2-mobile.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"hindu astrology books",
"brahat samhita",
"hindu astrology books",
"brahad samhita astrology books"
] | null |
[] | null |
From Original Texts collection, Brhat-Samhita of Varaha-Mihira(Set of Two Volumes) (by N. Chidambaram lyer)
|
en
|
/images/logo-favicon.ico
|
https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/brhat-samhita-of-varaha-mihira-set-of-two-volumes-nae028/
|
About the book
Varahamihira is considered to be the foremost Hindu Astronomer and Astrologer. He was master of all the three sections of Astrology. The outstanding works of Varahamihira are— 1. Brhat Saffihita. 2. Brhad Jataka, 3. Laghu Jataka. 4. Brhad Yogayatra, 5. SamAsa Sathhita etc.
Brhat Sathhita is the most celebrated work of Varahamihira. The 106 chapters of the Brhat Sarhhita contain all the practical and useful knowledge of the astronomical aspects for the daily life of the people in general. The chapters of this book contain in depth information about Astronomy, Geography, Meteorology, Portents, Agriculture, Economics, Physiognomy, Botany, Zoology, Erotics, Gemology, Augurus. Calendar, Stellar lore etc.
The present edition of Brhat Saitihita is a compilation of two texts out of which one is in Sanskrit language edited by Prof. Hendrick Kern - a well-known German scholar and the other is the English translation of the Brhat Sathhita by N. Chidambaram Iyer again a well- known South-Indian scholar. Both the texts have been edited thoroughly by the present editor Dr. Shri Krishna ‘Jugnu’ and the outcome is the present edition of Brhat Samfihita which is the first and the most unique of its type. This edition not only includes complete Sanskrit Text and English Translation, but also important Notes at various places and an Index of Verses at the last.
Preface
The name of Varaha-mihira must be familiar to every Saiskrit scholar from the writings of Colebrooke, Davis, Sir William Jones, Weber. Lassen. and, not least, from the writings of Albiruni, brought to public notice by Reinaud. But, however well known the name of the Hindu astronomer and astrologer may be, his works are disproportionally less generally known, because with one exception they existed only in Manuscripts and were consequently accessible to comparatively few. It is with the desire of propounding that knowledge that I have undertaken the editing of the most celebrated of Varaha-mihira’s works, the Brhat-samhita
Varaha mihira was a native of Avanti and the son and pupil of Adityadasa likewise an astronomer. The statement of Utpala that he was Magadha Brahmin must most likely be understood in this sense that his family derived its origin from Magadha
No information is to be found in the works of our author about the year of his birth nor could we expect to find it but in his astronomical treatise Pancasiddantika which unhappily seems to be wrong beyond hope of recovery. There is every reason to believe that we should find the author’s date in that because it is the all but universal practice of the Scientific Hindu astronomers to give their own date. In one way or the other, the Hindu astronomers at Ujjayani must have had means to know the date of Varaha-mihira, for in a list furnished by them to Dr. Hunter and published by Colebrooke,1 the date assigned to him is the year 427 of the Saka-era, corresponding to 505 AD.
It is not clear that to what period of his life this date refers. The trustworthiness of the Ujjayani list is not only exemplified by the fact that others of its dates admit of verification, but also in a striking manner by the information we get from Albiruni. This Arabian astronomer gives precisely the same date1 as Dr. Hunter’s list eight centuries afterwards, from which it is evident that the records of the Hindu astronomers have remained unchanged during the lapse of more centuries than there had elapsed from Varaha-mihira to Albiruni. The latter adds, what is not stated distinctly in the (Ujjayani list, that 505 AD. refers to the author’s Paflcasidd hantika. This statement would, on ground of analogy, seem to be corroborated by Dr. Hunter’s list, for two other dates at least, those of Bhatra-Utpala and Bhaskara-acarya admit of being verified, and as they refer to some works of these authors, not to the year of their birth, it is but natural to suppose that the same holds good in reference to Varaha-mihira. There are, however, two facts that make the date assigned to the Pancasiddhantika not indeed incredible, but improbable. The first is the date of Varaha-mihira’s death, as ascertained by Dr. Bhau Daji, viz. 587 AD. The second difficulty is the fact that Varah-mihira quotes Aryabhaqa in a work which cannot have been any other but Pañcasiddhantika.3 Nox; as Aryabhaga was born in 476 AD., it is unlikely that 29 years after, in 505 A.D., a work of his would have become so celebrated as to induce Varaha-mihira to quote it as an authority. It is of course not impossible, but not probable, while on the other hand the error of AlbirunT in taking 505 A.D. for the date of the Pancasiddhantika while it really was the date of the author’s birth may be readly explained. The inferences from astronomical data although proving indisputably that Varamihira cannot have lived many years before 500 A.D. are not numerous enough nor precise enough to eliminate from one or two data the errors of observation and sometimes necessary to make suppositions in order to arrive at any conclusion at all for a discussion of these I refer the reader to colebrooke’s Algebra.
Although not able to fix the date of Varaha-mihira’s birth with precision we know with certainty that the most flourishing period of his life falls in the first half of the 6th century of our era. This point important in itself has the additional value that it serves to determine the age of other Hindu celebrities whom tradition represents as his contemporaties. The trustworthiness of the tradition will form a matter for discussion afterwards; let us assume at the outset that the tradition is right, then it will follow that his contemporaries were Vikramaditya, the poets and literati at the court of this king, especially Kalidasa and Amara Sinha, and it may be added from another source, the author of the Pancatantra. We shall begin with Vikramaditya, and since there are more princes than one who bore that name, or title, we shall have to enquire, which of them may have a claim to be considered the contemporary of Varhamihira.
It is generally assumed that the first Vikramaditya known in the history of India, was a king reigning in the century before the Christian era, and that he was the founder of the Indian era, generally denoted by Samvat. The objections that may be raised against this opinion are so many and formidable, that no critical man can adopt the fact without submitting the varying testimonies of Hindu authors to a severe scrutiny. This has been done by Prof. Lassen, more fully, so far as I know, than by any other. But not withstanding the care bestowed by that distinguished scholar on the subject,his conclusions seem to me utterly inadmissible; it is therefore my duty to state the reasons why I cannot adopt the received opinion.
Lassen, well aware that weighty testimonies place Vikramaditya, the conqueror of the akas or Scythians, after not before, our era, and that same testimonies make him the founder of the aka era, not of the Sainvar, examines more than once their worth. In a foot-note to p. 50, of Vol. II. Of his Indische Alterthumskunde,” he says
“The astronomer Varaha-mihira calls this era the time of the kings of the akas; see Colebrooke’s Misc. Ess. II. p. 475.” The commentator explains The time when the aka kings were conquered by Vikramaditya.” A later astronomer, Brahma gupta makes, in reference to this epoch, use of the expression “the end of the aka kings,” which passage is explained by a commentator of Bhaskara, a still more modern astronomer, in this way the end of the life or of the reign of Vikramaditya, the destroyer of the Mleccha tribe, called aka.” The commentator of Varahamihira, consequently, as Colebrooke remarks, considers the era used by him to be that of VikramAditya, which every where else (sic.) is called Samvat. Brahmagupta reckons from salivahana’s era, so that the commentator here also wrongly brings forward Vikramaditya. I cite this because it shows that in after times they confounded the two kings and their history. Of the two astronomers the former lived in the beginning of the century, the latter in the beginning of the 7th the name of the aka era clearly explains its origin, and in this sense the expression of Varahamihira will have to be taken.”
So far Lassen. The objections to the foregoing are many and obvious; leaving out less important points, my first remark refers to Colebrooke’s startling conclusion, that Utpala (for he is the commentator in view) uses the Samvat era because he, Utpala, considers Vikramaditya sakari to be contemporaneous with the beginning of the saka era. What kind of weight has to be attached to such a conclusion, will be clear from an example nearer home. Let us suppose that some European considers, however erroneously, that the beginning of the Emperor Augustus’ reign and the beginning of the Christian era are contemporaneous facts; would then the only possible conclusion be this, that the man thinks that he lives in the year of grace 1896, instead of 1865? It is imaginable, certainly, that one might make such a mistake, imaginable, although it would be an abuse of language to call it possible. But let it be possible, it is not the only possibility; the man may have forgotten the precise date of Augustus’ reign, a much more probable contingency. Thirdly, it is again, imaginable, that the man places the two not conemporaneous facts, wrongly supposed contemporaneous by him, in a time which is wrong for both, say at the time of Pericles. The first and third conclusions are, to use a mild term, so extremely improbable that only the second is left. Let us apply it to the case of Utpala; and we shall find that the only, not preposterous conclusion in that Utpala places vikramaditya 78 A.D. not 57 B.C. What is a priori the only admissible conclusion become a posteriori quite certain because happily Utpala gives us his own date and in so doing affords us the means of ascertaining what he means by the Saka era. At the end of his commentary on Varahamihira’s Brhat-jataka we read.
Contents to Part : I
Preface Chapter 1 Introductory 1 Chapter 2 The jyotisa 4 Chapter 3 The sun 17 Chapter 4 The moon 25 Chapter 5 Rahu 32 Chapter 6 Mars 57 Chapter 7 Mercury 61 Chapter 8 Jupiter 66 Chapter 9 Venus 81 Chapter 10 Sturn 91 Chapter 11 Comets and the like 96 Chapter 12 Canopus 110 Chapter 13 The constellation of Saptarsis 117 Chapter 14 Kurma vibhaga 120 Chapter 15 The naksatras 127 Chapter 16 The planets 134 Chapter 17 Planetary conjunctions 142 Chapter 18 Moon's Conjunction with the Planets 149 Chapter 19 Planetary years 151 Chapter 20 Planetary meetings 158 Chapter 21 The rain clouds 161 Chapter 22 Dharana or rain support days 170 Chapter 23 Rain 172 Chapter 24 Rohini yoga 175 Chapter 25 Svati yoga 184 Chapter 26 Asadhi yoga 186 Chapter 27 The winds 190 Chapter 28 Immediate rain 193 Chapter 29 Flowers and plants 199 Chapter 30 Twilight hours 205 Chapter 31 Digdaha 213 Chapter 32 Earthquakes 215 Chapter 33 Ulkas or meteors 222 Chapter 34 Halos 228 Chapter 35 The rainbow 233 Chapter 36 Singh of Aerial city 235 Chapter 37 Mock suns 237 Chapter 38 Dust storms 238 Chapter 39 Thunderolts 240 Chapter 40 Sasya jataka or Vegetable horoscopy 242 Chapter 41 Commodities 245 Chapter 42 The price of commodities 248 Chapter 43 Indra dhvaja or indra's banner 251 Chapter 44 Lustration ceremony 265 Chapter 45 The wagtail 271 Chapter 46 Portents 275 Chapter 47 Motley miscellany 295
Contents to Part II
Chapter 48 Royal bath 1 Chapter 49 On Patta or crown plate 17 Chapter 50 The sword 19 Chapter 51 Angavidya 25 Chapter 52 Pimples 35 Chapter 53 House building 38 Chapter 54 Under currents 64 Chapter 55 Gardening 88 Chapter 56 The building of Temples 102 Chapter 57 Durable cement 108 Chapter 58 Temple idols 110 Chapter 59 Entry into the forest 121 Chapter 60 The installation of the images in temples 124 Chapter 61 The features of cows and oxen 129 Chapter 62 The features fo the dog 133 Chapter 63 The features of the cock 134 Chapter 64 The features of the turtle 135 Chapter 65 The features of the goat 136 Chapter 66 The features of the horse 139 Chapter 67 The features of the elephant 141 Chapter 68 The features of men 144 Chapter 69 Sighns of the five great men 168 Chapter 70 The feauturs of women 177 Chapter 71 Injuries to garments 183 Chapter 72 Camara 186 Chapter 73 Umbtellas 188 Chapter 74 The Praise of women 190 Chapter 75 Amianility 195 Chapter 76 Spermatic drugs and medicines 198 Chapter 77 Perfume mixtures 204 Chapter 78 Sexual union 219 Chapter 79 Cots and seats 226 Chapter 80 Gems 233 Chapter 81 Pearls 237 Chapter 82 Rubles 244 Chapter 83 Emeralds 247 Chapter 84 Lamps 248 Chapter 85 Tooth brush 249 Chapter 86 Omens exhaustively treated 252 Chapter 87 The circle off horizon 269 chapter 88 Ominous cries 279 Chapter 89 Omens connected with wild animals 289 Chapter 90 The Cry of the jackal 295 Chapter 91 Omens connected with wild animals 298 Chapter 92 Omens connected with the cow 299 Chapter 93 Omens connected with the horse 300 Chapter 94 Omens connected with the elephant 304 Chapter 95 The cawing of the crow 307 Chapter 96 Supplementary to omens 320 Chapter 97 Effective periods 325 Chapter 98 The constellations 329 Chapter 99 Lunar days and half lunar days 334 chapter 100 Marriage lagnas and nakstras 337 Chapter 101 The Naksatras 338 Chapter 102 The division of the zodiac 342 Chapter 103 Marriages 344 Chapter 104 The efffects of planetary motions 349 Chapter 105 The worship of the nakstras purusa 367 Chapter 106 Conclusion 371 Index of verses 373
Sample Pages
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 22
|
http://www.perso-indica.net/work/tarjuma-yi_kitab-i_barahi-1
|
en
|
Indica
|
http://www.perso-indica.net/favicon.png
|
http://www.perso-indica.net/favicon.png
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
A Critical Survey of Persian Works
on Indian Learned Traditions
|
en
|
/favicon.png
| null |
Occult Sciences. ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Šams-i Tahānisarī’s Tarjuma-yi kitāb-i Barāhī (q.v.) is a 14th century Persian translation of Varāhamihira’s Bṛhatsaṁhitā, a 6th century Sanskrit encyclopedia of prognostication. According to Indian classification, jyotiṣa not only comprises mathematical astrology (tantra) and horoscopy (horā), but also natural astrology (aṅgaviniścaya or śākha) (Gansten 2010a, 281). This latter branch encompasses all kinds of divinatory practices mainly based on portents, like omens taken from the cries of animals, garments, toothsticks, umbrellas, sneezing, urinating and so on (Gansten 2010b). Quite often, astrology and other divinatory techniques are intermingled in this branch: in chapter twenty-eight on “signs of immediate rain,” for example, the text first refers to the constellation at the moment of interrogation, but later turns to the position of the questioner and his touching any wet object (Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 101a-104b). And omens taken from a sword are mostly done by looking at the position of notches in its blade, but the ascendant at the moment of inquiry also has to be taken into consideration (chapter fifty of Sanskrit version; Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, chapter fifty-two, ff. 145a-149b).
In his translation, Šams-i Tahānisarī uses aḥkām (judicial astrology) for natural astrology, although the latter is mostly outside the scope of astrology in the Islamic world. Several sections of the Bṛhatsaṁhitā resemble however other prognostic practices from there; this is especially the case with physiognomy and omens taken from birds and animals as well as the science of limbs.
Physiognomy (firāsa, qiyāfa) was well known in the Islamic world. Nevertheless, Šams-i Tahānisarī does not use the expression firāsa, but translates the Sanskrit purush lakshan, used in the the Bṛhatsaṁhitā instead of the more common samudrika, as aḥkām-i ‘alāmāt-i ādamiyān, “rules for the signs of male bodies” (chapter sixty-eight; Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, 195a-211a; female bodies are described in chapter seventy). The chapter deals with diverse physical marks, including palmistry, but also sneezing, the smell of semen and so on. The translation follows the Sanskrit original, but not without censorship: the translator omits, for example, to mention that having two hairs in a pore points to scholarship and expertise in the Veda, and moves directly from one hair in a pore (kingship) to three and more hairs in a pore (poverty). Two sections of the chapter on physiognomy are of especial interest: the first dealing with men’s complexion, which is explained as the outer appearance of a man’s inner constitution, and the second dealing with his natural character, which has consequences for his situation after reincarnation. In the section on complexion, the Persian translation omits to mention that this phenomenon not only applies to men but also to beasts and birds—probably because Šams-i Tahānisarī disapproves of an equal treatment of men and animals. Although four of the five constitutive elements of the body mentioned in the Sanskrit text, that is, earth (ku), water (jala), fire (agni) and air (anila) are also important in medical texts from the Islamic world, in this chapter Šams-i Tahānisarī uses the Sanskrit terminology in Persian script. Instead of the terms found in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā, however, he transcribes pṛthivī (earth), āp (water), tejas (fire) and bād (for vāyu, wind or air). Perhaps this is due to the fact that here he slightly changes the order of the text and does not translate strictly. He furthermore does not give any explanation for the introduction of a fifth element, ether (ambara, term used in the transcription: ākāśa), which according to natural sciences in the Islamic world has no place in the sublunary sphere (Bhat 1981, pp. 602, 637, 638; Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 195b-196a, 207a).
In the section on the natural character, in addition to characters related to earth, fire, water, air and ether, we find the character of immortals (sura), mortals (nara), demons (rakṣas), devils (piśācaka) and beasts (tiryañc) in Sanskrit. In Persian, these five characters are translated as firišta (angel), ādam (man), ‘ifrīt (demon), dīv (devil) and čahār-pāy (quadruped), respectively; they have thus been persianized or Islamized. Šams-i Tahānisarī adds to the description of the last group’s capabilities and features a short passage in which he points to a link between that natural character and a man’s nature after reincarnation: this is, as he explains, what the Hindus believe and what a Muslim should refrain from (Bhat 1981, pp. 643-644; Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 209b-210b).
Besides physiognomy, the science of limbs (chapter fifty-one) also bears resemblance to practices in the Islamic world. Although the divinatory method is different, the kinds of problems dealt with are similar to problems answered there in the astrological branch of interrogations (masā’il): the questions are related, for instance, to the sex of a child to be born, or the whereabouts of a thief. While such questions are answered on the Islamic side by looking at the astral constellation, the Bṛhatsaṁhita takes into consideration the placement of the questioner and the position of his limbs, especially his hand, at the moment of inquiry. The translation consistently takes over the Indian concepts and does not adapt it to the model of interrogations. Slight modifications are made by censoring references to trees as the abodes of gods or to the omniscient time in the Persian version (Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 149b-156b).
Omens related to animals play a rather important role in the text. They are dealt with in different contexts. Anthills, for example, are mentioned in the context of water springs and their exploration. The most important part on omens through birds and beasts is however contained in chapters eighty-six to ninety-five that deal with elephants, cows, crows, jackals and others. Much in these chapters is devoted to the behavior and cries of animals. Such forms of augury were known in the Islamic world and practiced especially in the form of ornithomancy (‘ilm al-ṭīra). This similarity facilitated the translation of these parts, which have generally been rendered literally in Persian. In the context of questions to the piṅgalā bird, though, the Sanskrit version describes in detail how to address it. This bird cannot just be asked, but worship of Brahman and other gods has to be practiced along with the inquiry. The bird will then answer with specific cries. The idea of inciting an augury by specific worship was obviously obnoxious to the translator, who skipped this entire paragraph and just refers to different cries of the bird (Bhat 1981, pp. 804-805; Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, f. 259a). Chapters sixty-one to sixty-seven also deal with animals, but from a different perspective: this time, bodily marks and behavior are taken into consideration to assess the animal’s value. The part on horses (chapter sixty-six) is redolent of the Śalihotra treatises which describe the characteristics of horses, a popular topic of study, a few Persian translations of which also appeared during the pre-Mughal period. The version in the Bṛhatsaṁhita is the earliest preserved translation of excerpts from such a treatise; since it is more comprehensive than the Sanskrit version, the translator might however have had an unknown earlier Persian translation at his disposal.
The occult techniques and practices covered in other chapters are mostly unrelated to practices in the Islamic world. Most of them were unproblematic and could just be reproduced; in some cases, slight adaptations were made. An interesting case is how the translator deals with the chapter on omens from slits of garments (chapter seventy-one). It poses a specific challenge insofar as according to the Sanskrit version, gods dwell in the four corners of a cloth, men in the middle parts of the broad sides, and devils in the remaining three divisions. Šams-i Tahānisarī does not skip this part, but adapts it to an Islamic understanding by translating gods (devāḥ) as firišta (angels), and devils (niśācara) as ‘ifrīt. Even the small drawing that shows the position of the three groups has been taken over (Bhat 1981, p. 677; Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 222a-b). This passage was probably kept because the entire prognostic method of the chapter is based on this division and would have become meaningless without it.
But not all topics were acceptable. As the translator mentions right from the beginning, eight chapters referring to Indian gods and kingship have been omitted in the translation. Large parts of these chapters are devoted to the description of rituals, hymns and procedural manners, but they also contain prognostic elements and are therefore related to the realm of occult sciences. Omens taken from Hindu religious or royal rituals were therefore not considered worth translating. They might furthermore have been problematic because of their legitimating function, and were consequently left out.
|
|||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 36
|
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/475692779375157353/
|
en
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2016-09-19T16:44:09+00:00
|
MessageToEagle.com – Varahamihira (505–587 CE) was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer from Ujjain, which during the Gupta period (320 to 550 AD), was a flourishing center of learning with several schools of science, culture and art famous scholars from distant lands. Varahamihira (also known as Varaha …
|
en
|
Pinterest
|
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/top-10-indian-mathematicians--841821355349221196/
| |||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 63
|
https://issuu.com/pubcipriano/docs/astronomy-and-world-heritage_thematic-study
|
en
|
Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy
|
[
"https://static.isu.pub/fe/product-header-frontend/781e53c/31d186ba39f38e8c4fac.png",
"https://static.issuu.com/fe/silkscreen/0.0.3042/icons/gradient/icon-canva-gradient.svg",
"https://static.isu.pub/fe/product-header-frontend/781e53c/1e794a8c4ec65e549678.png",
"https://photo.isu.pub/pubcipriano/photo_large.jpg",
"https://image.isu.pub/160209080335-ebab195536baecaa724dbf3d7032bbb9/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg",
"https://image.isu.pub/160209093630-dc02777852ec804fcbd88b8a7d44d262/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg",
"https://image.isu.pub/140825150657-7301d0527a8b8325d18d54ca5b73104f/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg",
"https://image.isu.pub/140822183002-48668891407299d8d233ebaef737d7db/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg",
"https://image.isu.pub/140822094804-7d4ff514df12dc1f4b5e66f13fd64262/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg",
"https://image.isu.pub/140822101128-e5522bff177db9faad19d61f6e6d0935/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg",
"https://image.isu.pub/140822162538-dd6a7033d374647b8c7259cde5b0c082/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg",
"https://image.isu.pub/140822105929-d060588c260df749b7f19a0762e43a8b/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg",
"https://static.issuu.com/fe/silkscreen/0.0.2541/icons/gradient/icon-instagram-gradient.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2012-12-22T00:00:00+00:00
|
Eds.: Clive Ruggles and Michel Cotte. with contributions by: Margaret Austin, Juan Belmonte, Amanda Chadburn, Von Del Chamberlain, David DeVorkin, ...
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
Issuu
|
https://issuu.com/pubcipriano/docs/astronomy-and-world-heritage_thematic-study
|
Welcome to Issuu’s blog: home to product news, tips, resources, interviews (and more) related to content marketing and publishing.
Here you'll find an answer to your question.
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 95
|
https://nammakpsc.com/articles/astronomers-in-history-of-india/
|
en
|
Astronomers in History of India
|
https://nammakpsc.com/articles/astronomers-in-history-of-india/h
|
https://nammakpsc.com/articles/astronomers-in-history-of-india/h
|
[
"https://nammakpsc.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/logo.png",
"https://nammakpsc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/KAS-ORIENTATION-2-1024x1024.png",
"https://nammakpsc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/KAS-ORIENTATION-3-1024x1024.png",
"https://nammakpsc.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/contact-image.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Breaking Barriers To Dreaming Big
|
en
|
NammaKPSC
|
https://nammakpsc.com/articles/astronomers-in-history-of-india/
|
Astronomers in History of India
Ancient India boasts a rich tradition of astronomy, with remarkable contributions from scholars who made significant advancements in understanding celestial phenomena. These astronomers, with their profound insights and pioneering works, played a crucial role in shaping the early foundations of Indian astronomy. Here, we explore some of the prominent astronomers of ancient India and their noteworthy contributions:
1. Aryabhata (476–550 CE):
Aryabhata was an extraordinary mathematician and astronomer from ancient India. His magnum opus, the “Aryabhatiya,” composed in 499 CE, provided groundbreaking insights into mathematics and astronomy.
Aryabhata proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system, where the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. He accurately calculated the length of a solar year, emphasizing the significance of mathematical precision in astronomical calculations.
2. Varahamihira (505–587 CE):
Varahamihira, a polymath, made notable contributions to astronomy through his work “Panchasiddhantika” (Five Astronomical Canons). This text integrated the teachings of earlier astronomers and became a significant reference for subsequent scholars.
His observations on planetary motion, eclipse predictions, and the calculation of celestial phenomena demonstrated a deep understanding of astronomy.
3. Brahmagupta (598–668 CE):
Brahmagupta, a renowned mathematician and astronomer, authored the “Brahmasphutasiddhanta,” a seminal work that significantly influenced Indian astronomy and mathematics.
He proposed a mathematical model for the motion of planets, providing a detailed explanation of their orbits. Brahmagupta also contributed to understanding eclipses, particularly solar eclipses, and formulated rules for solving astronomical problems.
4. Bhaskara I (600–680 CE):
Bhaskara I, also known as Bhaskara the Elder, made significant contributions to astronomy through his work “Mahabhaskariya.” His writings focused on planetary motion, lunar and solar eclipses, and the accurate calculation of astronomical phenomena.
Bhaskara I’s pioneering efforts in determining the positions of celestial bodies laid the groundwork for future advancements in Indian astronomy.
5. Bhaskara II (1114–1185 CE):
Bhaskara II, also known as Bhaskaracharya, was a distinguished mathematician and astronomer. His magnum opus, “Siddhanta Shiromani,” included the sections “Lilavati” and “Vijaganita,” which covered mathematical and astronomical concepts.
He accurately calculated the time taken by the Earth to orbit the Sun, anticipated the concept of differential calculus, and made significant contributions to trigonometry.
6. Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340–1425 CE):
Madhava, a remarkable mathematician-astronomer from the Kerala school of mathematics, is often regarded as a pioneer in calculus. Although many of his original works have been lost, his contributions are evident in later texts.
He developed the concept of infinite geometric series and made early strides in the discovery of the infinite series for trigonometric functions. Madhava’s insights were foundational for later mathematicians like Newton and Leibniz.
7. Nilakantha Somayaji (1444–1544 CE):
Nilakantha Somayaji, belonging to the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics, authored the “Aryabhatiyabhashya,” a commentary on Aryabhata’s “Aryabhatiya.” He also wrote the “Tantrasangraha” and “Tantrasamgraha-vyakhya,” which further expanded on astronomical concepts.
Nilakantha proposed a computational model for the motion of the Moon and made advancements in understanding planetary positions.
8. Jyesthadeva (c. 1500–1610 CE):
Jyesthadeva, another scholar from the Kerala school, wrote the mathematical treatise “Yuktibhasa,” which significantly influenced subsequent developments in Indian astronomy and calculus.
He introduced the concept of differentiation and integration, presenting an early form of calculus. Jyesthadeva’s work laid the groundwork for later mathematicians in India and Europe.
9. Ganesha Daivajna (16th century CE):
Ganesha Daivajna, an astronomer from the Vijayanagara Empire, wrote “Dikshitendu Sangraham,” a Sanskrit text that provided methods for calculating the positions of celestial bodies and predicting eclipses.
His work includes detailed calculations for solar and lunar eclipses, as well as the positions of planets. Ganesha Daivajna’s contributions added to the wealth of Indian astronomical knowledge.
10. Sawai Jai Singh II (1688–1743 CE):
Sawai Jai Singh II, the ruler of Amber (Jaipur), was an astronomer and architect. He established observatories known as “Jantar Mantars” in various locations, including Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura, and Varanasi.
The Jantar Mantars were equipped with large-scale instruments for measuring time, predicting eclipses, and observing celestial bodies. Jai Singh’s observational tools and instruments showcased an advanced understanding of astronomy during his time.
|
|||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 61
|
https://twitter.com/Limitedwithin/status/1636537479909212162
|
en
|
x.com
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
X (formerly Twitter)
| null | ||||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 34
|
https://en.wikipedia-on-ipfs.org/wiki/Varahamihira
|
en
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null | ||||||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 18
|
https://www.mlbd.in/products/brhat-samhita-of-varahamihira-2-volumes-m-ramakrishna-bhat-9789390064557-9390064554
|
en
|
Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira (2 Volumes)
|
http://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartI_3cea5ebd-6c5c-4eee-be33-974477fbd2e8_1200x1200.jpg?v=1683352686
|
http://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartI_3cea5ebd-6c5c-4eee-be33-974477fbd2e8_1200x1200.jpg?v=1683352686
|
[
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/1500x500_150x150.jpg?v=1671451958",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/1500x500_250x.jpg?v=1671451958",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartI_3cea5ebd-6c5c-4eee-be33-974477fbd2e8_200x200.jpg?v=1683352686",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartII_200x200.jpg?v=1683352696",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartI_3cea5ebd-6c5c-4eee-be33-974477fbd2e8_grande.jpg?v=1683352686",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartI_3cea5ebd-6c5c-4eee-be33-974477fbd2e8_compact.jpg?v=1683352686",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartII_compact.jpg?v=1683352696",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/products/11124_150x150.jpg?v=1480061702",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/products/11124_grande.jpg?v=1480061702",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/products/5165_150x150.jpg?v=1480060331",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/products/5165_grande.jpg?v=1480060331",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/products/11498_150x150.jpg?v=1480061626",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/products/11498_grande.jpg?v=1480061626"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
This work is an encyclopaedia of astrological and other subjects of human interest. Whatever subjects the author takes up for delineation, whether it is eclipse, planetary movements, rainfall, cloud, architecture, water-divination or some other topic he discusses the same with thoroughness and mastery based on the know
|
en
|
//www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/MLBD-Delhi-Brown_32x32.png?v=1614714160
|
Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House
|
https://www.mlbd.in/products/brhat-samhita-of-varahamihira-2-volumes-m-ramakrishna-bhat-9789390064557-9390064554
|
This work is an encyclopaedia of astrological and other subjects of human interest. Whatever subjects the author takes up for delineation, whether it is eclipse, planetary movements, rainfall, cloud, architecture, water-divination or some other topic he discusses the same with thoroughness and mastery based on the knowledge of ancient sastras.
Review(s)
About the Author(s)
PROF. M.R. BHAT was a well known Samskrta scholar, teacher, poet and astrologer, who retired in 1974 as the Head of Sanskrit Department of Hindu College, Delhi University. He had served the cause of Samskrta learning and Indian culture for more than half a century. Prof. Bhat edited with translation classical works like the Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira (2 Volumes), Horasarah of Prthuyasas, Prasnajnanam of Bhattotpala. Author of Fundamentals of Astrology. Prof. Bhat had revised the translation of Uttara-kalamrtam, and Phaladipika. He was the founder-editor of the Sanskrit _English Journal Amrtavani and had contributed a large number of articles on oriental learning and culture of various journals and periodicals. In recognition of his erudition and devotion to oriental learning and culture Prof, Bhat was conferred the titles Vidyabhaskara, Vidyasagara and Kavitacatura. Prof. Bhat died in 1990.
|
||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 17
|
https://radioplatonic.com/contributions-of-varahamihira-to-astronomy/
|
en
|
Astonishing Contributions of Varahamihira to Ancient Astronomy
|
[
"https://radioplatonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BUY-OUR-BOOKS-1.jpg",
"https://radioplatonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-PLATONIC.jpg",
"https://radioplatonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BUY-OUR-BOOKS-2.jpg",
"https://radioplatonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Untitled-design-15-1024x1024.jpg",
"https://radioplatonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Our-Articles.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/be0e894a14bc5a3213c856062aa823ad?s=150&d=mm&r=g",
"https://radioplatonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Varahamihira.jpeg",
"https://radioplatonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Varahamihira-1.jpeg",
"https://radioplatonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Designer_cleanup.png",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/be0e894a14bc5a3213c856062aa823ad?s=150&d=mm&r=g",
"https://radioplatonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-PLATONIC.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"radioplatonic"
] |
2024-06-21T13:47:32+00:00
|
Varahamihira, an esteemed figure in the annals of Indian astronomy, was a polymath who made indelible contributions .
|
en
|
Radio Platonic
|
https://radioplatonic.com/contributions-of-varahamihira-to-astronomy/
|
Varahamihira, an esteemed figure in the annals of Indian astronomy, was a polymath who made indelible contributions to the field during the classical period of Indian history, predominantly in the 6th century. His full name, Varāhamihira, suggests an astronomical connotation—”Varāha” denotes a celestial space, and “Mihira” translates to “sun”. Born in the Avanti region, which corresponds to modern-day Ujjain, his intellectual pursuits were not confined to astronomy alone; he was also a mathematician, astrologer, and philosopher.
His magnum opus, the “Pancha-Siddhantika,” is a celebrated work encapsulating the five major treatises on astronomy, belying a confluence of Greek, Egyptian, Roman, and Indian astronomical thought.
Another notable work, the “Brihat Samhita,” is a comprehensive compilation on astrology that provides insights into subjects ranging from meteorology to architecture.
Varahamihira’s erudition earned him a place alongside the renowned Nine Gems—esteemed scholars—at the court of King Vikramaditya in Ujjain.
Varahamihira‘s significance extends beyond the boundaries of the written word. His works contributed to the thriving scientific and mathematical discourse of the time, influencing future generations of scholars throughout the subcontinent and beyond. His legacy is a testament to the grandeur of ancient India’s intellectual capability and provides insights into the sophistication of pre-modern scientific methodologies. The respect he commands in India is such that an observatory was named in his honor—the Varahamihira Observatory of Ujjain. Through the continued study of his texts, Varahamihira’s legacy endures, underscoring the historical underpinnings of contemporary astronomy and astrological practices.
The “Pancha-Siddhantika” (meaning “The Five Canons”) is a significant treatise in the field of Indian astronomy, composed by the illustrious mathematician and astronomer Varahamihira in the 6th century CE. This seminal work is renowned for its synopsis of five major astronomical canons that were considered authoritative in Varahamihira’s time. The text serves as a comprehensive summary and critical examination of these canons, incorporating elements from various schools of astronomy that flourished before him.
Varahamihira’s synthesis offered insights into the astronomical knowledge of ancient India, and it included the following five siddhantas:
Surya Siddhanta: Likely the most famous and respected treatise, it presented a sophisticated system of astronomy, including rules for calculating the motions of various celestial bodies.
Vasishtha Siddhanta: Attributed to the sage Vasishtha, it is one of the oldest astronomical systems and is noted for its unique approach to astronomical measurements.
Paulisha Siddhanta: Believed to be based on Hellenistic astronomy, this siddhanta demonstrated considerable Greek influence in the astronomical traditions of India.
Romaka Siddhanta: Often associated with Roman origins, this influenced later Indian astronomers, especially in their understanding of the Moon’s motion.
Paitamaha Siddhanta: This school of thought draws from the earlier body of work attributed to the sage Pitamaha and formed a part of the traditional Vedic astronomical canon.
In “Pancha-Siddhantika”, Varahamihira not only compiled the essential elements of these texts but also critically evaluated their mathematical methods to improve the accuracy of astronomical predictions. He calibrated the Indian astronomical calculations to more closely align with actual celestial positions, ensuring the practical application of this work in calendrical computations and astrological predictions. The treatise stands as a testament to Varahamihira’s scholarly approach and the syncretic nature of Indian astronomical science, which integrated native and foreign influences to create a more advanced understanding of the cosmos.
Varahamihira’s treatises present significant innovations in the field of trigonometry, vital for computational astronomy. He ingeniously advanced the understanding of trigonometric functions, which facilitated more precise astronomical predictions and laid a robust foundation for future astronomers to build upon.
Introduction of the Sine Function: Varahamihira was instrumental in formulating early concepts of the sine (jya) function. His work contributed to the calculation of celestial bodies’ positions by accurately determining the amplitude of the sine wave in trigonometric equations.
Tabulation of Sine Values: Going further, Varahamihira’s efforts led to the tabulation of sine values for different angles. This paved the way for their swift application in astronomical calculations and solving various astronomical problems with heightened accuracy.
Refinement of Interpolation Techniques: He refined interpolation methods to estimate values within this sine table. This process was crucial for astronomers when dealing with non-standard angles which did not have readily available sine values.
Formulation of Half-Angle Formulas: Another significant contribution was his formulation of half-angle formulas. These relationships were particularly beneficial in calculating the astronomical phenomena occurring at half-degree increments.
Application in Eclipse Predictions: The improved trigonometric methods pioneered by Varahamihira were applied extensively in predicting lunar and solar eclipses. His approach increased the precision with which astronomers could determine the timings and durations of these events.
The trigonometric advancements made by Varahamihira were vital for the astronomical applications of his era and influenced the trajectory of mathematical and astronomical studies. His work reflected an important nexus between theoretical mathematics and practical observational astronomy, helping to shape the contours of ancient Indian celestial knowledge.
Varahamihira, an eminent astrologer and astronomer, made invaluable strides in the field of predictive astrology during the 6th century. His magnum opus, the “Brihat Samhita,” is an extensive treatise exploring various aspects of astrology and its implications. This work delves into the predictive techniques based on planetary motions and their relationships, which were ahead of his time and have greatly influenced subsequent generations.
Within his analysis:
Varahamihira explored the significance of planetary transits, known as “Gochara,” and their effects on human affairs. By observing the movements of planets through the zodiac signs, he could predict auspicious and inauspicious events with considerable accuracy.
He also made significant contributions to the concept of “Yogas,” which are specific planetary combinations that yield various results, both fortuitous and challenging. Varahamihira described numerous such Yogas and offered detailed interpretations of their influence on an individual’s life path.
His work in “Hora,” the division of time to determine the most favorable moments for undertaking different activities, was groundbreaking. By calculating the positions of celestial bodies, Varahamihira could determine the quality of time and thereby suggest optimal moments for initiating various endeavors.
Varahamihira’s predictive methods were not limited to personal horoscopes but also extended to more extensive forecasts for cities, nations, and weather patterns. This comprehensive approach underscored his belief in the interconnectedness of cosmic and terrestrial events, a perspective that set the grounds for future advancements in astrology.
His rigorous methodologies, systematic analyses, and the empirical nature of his studies distinguish his contributions and emphasize the role of observation and calculation in astrology. Varahamihira’s role as a bridge between scientific observation and astrological prediction is a testament to his deep understanding of the complexities within the celestial sphere. The precision of his predictive techniques remains influential in the astrological community to this day.
The Brihat Samhita, authored by Varahamihira in the 6th century CE, stands as a colossal work in the realm of ancient Indian astronomy. This compendium encompasses a wide array of subjects, ranging from astrology and planetary movements to weather forecasts and earthquake predictions, amalgamating the philosophical with the empirical. One cannot help but marvel at the sheer breadth of content and the scientific approach that permeates through this encyclopedic masterpiece.
Structured into 106 chapters, the treatise delves into various aspects of celestial phenomena, including:
Detailed descriptions of planets, their characteristics, and their impact on daily life.
Comprehensive guidelines concerning the lunar and solar eclipses, their calculations, and the significance attached to these celestial events.
Insightful observations on the rising and setting of planets, and their conjunctions with stars.
Innovative methods for forecasting weather patterns and recognizing omens offered by natural occurrences.
Varahamihira’s work reflects a blend of observational rigour and mathematical precision, indicating a highly developed scientific culture during his times. His writings suggest a remarkable trust in empirical observations, and he implores future scholars to uphold the empirical approach in their astronomical studies. His injunctions underpin the fact that astronomy was not a static field but a dynamic science open to refinement with new observations.
What truly distinguishes the Brihat Samhita is not just its scientific content but also its holistic approach to understanding the universe. Varahamihira integrated the principles of astrology with practical sciences, recognizing the interconnectedness of celestial and terrestrial phenomena. Thus, the Brihat Samhita remains an enduring testament to Varahamihira’s astronomical genius and continues to be a seminal reference for scholars interested in the history of science.
Varahamihira’s advancements in astronomy significantly contributed to the reform of the calendar and timekeeping in ancient India. His works, particularly the “Pancha-Siddhantika” and the “Brihat Samhita,” laid the foundations for precise calculations of time that were critical for various aspects of daily life, agriculture, and religious ceremonies. Here are key aspects of Varahamihira’s contribution:
He synthesized pre-existing calendrical knowledge from five earlier astronomical systems, hence the name Pancha-Siddhantika, or “Five Astronomical Canons”. This work facilitated a unified approach to time reckoning and calendar construction.
Varahamihira improved the accuracy of the lunar calendar by addressing the calculation of the moon’s motion. His corrections to lunar and solar eclipses predictions were particularly significant for the calendar since these events were traditionally used to mark time.
His adaptation of the Metonic cycle, a nineteen-year cycle after which the lunar phases recur on the same days of the solar year, was important in reconciling the lunar calendar with the solar year.
He also introduced important corrections to the calculation of the solstices and equinoxes, events that were essential to maintaining the accuracy of the solar calendar over long periods.
In “Brihat Samhita,” Varahamihira included comprehensive guidelines for the interpretation of celestial phenomena, which provided insights into seasonal changes — critical information for agricultural planning and ensuring the calendar remained aligned with the seasons.
Varahamihira’s devotion to enhancing the precision of timekeeping and calendar systems was an incredible feat that fortified the infrastructure of time measurement for his contemporaries and for generations to come. His work echoed through the ages, influencing both the scientific and cultural dimensions of timekeeping in India.
In the realm of ancient astronomy, one of the profound contributions of Varahamihira was his exploration of the concept of ‘Svamsa’—a principle within Vedic astrology. Specifically, ‘Svamsa’ refers to the twenty-seventh division of the Moon’s path around the Earth. This is closely tied to the system known as ‘Nakshatras’ or lunar mansions, which maps the Moon’s transit against the backdrop of fixed stars.
Varahamihira elucidated that the position of planets within these divisions plays a critical role in determining their astrological influence. The implication of this finding is vast; it suggests that not only the presence of a planet in a zodiac sign is important, but also its placement within these finer partitions or ‘Svamsas’.
To contextualize the importance of ‘Svamsa’:
It adds a layer of depth to horoscopic readings, allowing astrologers to make more nuanced predictions.
Each ‘Svamsa’ corresponds to a specific energy or influence, contributing unique traits to an individual’s personality or destiny when a planet is positioned within it.
The ‘Svamsa’ system also parallels with the idea of ‘Vargas’ or divisional charts, which are used to examine various life areas in a person’s astrological profile.
Varahamihira’s work in integrating the concept of ‘Svamsa’ into the broader framework of astrology was a leap forward for the field. It underscored the subtle ways in which celestial bodies could impact terrestrial events and human lives, reinforcing the complexity of the cosmos and its influence on earthly affairs. The precision with which he approached planetary influence was not just astronomical but also deeply astrological, imbuing each planet’s position with specific meaning and significance.
Varahamihira, the renowned Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer of the 6th century, has left a monumental legacy that has significantly influenced numerous fields of study. His contributions resonated through the ages, impacting future generations of scientists and astrologers in several distinct ways.
He compiled and improved upon the astronomical knowledge of his time in his five works, collectively known as the Pancha-Siddhantika. These works became essential references for future astronomers in both the Indian subcontinent and the Islamic world. His methods for eclipse calculation and planetary positions were later refined and built upon by subsequent astronomers.
Varahamihira’s text, Brihat Samhita, is a comprehensive treatise on astrology, which included meteorological forecasts, earthquake predictions, and an array of other topics. Astrologers have drawn upon this text for centuries, establishing many of his astrological principles as staples in Vedic astrology that are still in practice today.
His advocacy for incorporating observations and mathematics into astrology helped bridge the divide between empirical science and the mystical aspects of astrological practices. This idea encouraged a more systematic and empirical approach to astrology that informed future methodologies.
The Varahamihira school of astronomy, with its rich set of commentaries and students, preserved his scientific spirit, ensuring that his methodologies were analyzed and taught to future scholars. This helped maintain a lineage of knowledge that was crucial for the survival and growth of astronomical study in the region.
Varahamihira’s interdisciplinary approach, which encompassed a range of subjects from hydrology to architecture within his astrological and astronomical works, inspired future scientists to adopt a more holistic view of research and exploration.
Moreover, his contributions to trigonometry, notably the sine table, and his interest in improving calendrical calculations, have had lasting implications for the field of mathematics, influencing the work of later mathematicians and scientists like Bhaskaracharya and Brahmagupta.
By stitching together observations, mathematical rigor, and astrological analysis, Varahamihira set a precedent for integrative thinking that not only advanced the science of his time but also laid a foundation for future explorations in astronomy and astrology.
Varahamihira, the esteemed Indian astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician of the 6th century, made significant contributions that deeply influenced subsequent scientific endeavors in the Arab world. The translation and transmission of his works catalyzed a flow of knowledge that would blend with local intellectual pursuits and enhance the cultural and scientific tapestry of the time.
His encyclopedic work, the “Panchasiddhantika” (The Five Astronomical Canons), provided a comprehensive summary of the then-existing knowledge of astronomy. It included advances in the calculation of celestial bodies’ positions, which attracted the interest of Arab scholars.
The Arabs, during their Golden Age of science, translated several of Varahamihira’s texts into Arabic, notably during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur and his successors. They were drawn not only to his original work but also to the compilations and commentaries encompassing earlier Hellenistic, Persian, and Indian astronomical traditions that Varahamihira himself had mastered.
One of Varahamihira’s other noted works, “Brihat Samhita,” serves as an exemplary guide to various subjects, including astrology, architecture, and agriculture. This treatise reached the Arab world where it was consulted for its profound astrological content and pragmatic applications.
The Arabs respected Varahamihira’s methods for their scientific rigor and incorporated them into their own astronomical and mathematical systems. Eventually, this translated knowledge became foundational in the development of Arab astronomy, which was instrumental to the later European Renaissance.
The intellectual exchange between ancient India and the Arab civilization demonstrates the importance of cross-cultural interactions in the progression of global knowledge. Varahamihira’s legacy is a testament to the enduring impact that one region’s scholarship can have on the world stage, enriching and advancing the collective understanding of the cosmos.
Varahamihira’s multifaceted contributions have left a lasting legacy in the realms of astronomy and astrology. His scholarly works, particularly the Pancha-Siddhantika and the Brihat Samhita, reflect his profound understanding of celestial phenomena and their influence on terrestrial life. Not only did his writings preserve the astronomical knowledge of ancient times, but they also enhanced it by blending Greek, Persian, and Indian observations.
His classifications and predictions contributed to refining astrological practices.
Varahamihira’s astronomical tables have proven invaluable for subsequent generations.
His insights on planetary movements retain relevance in the field of astronomy.
Moreover, Varahamihira’s contributions extended beyond the theoretical. He initiated systems for weather prediction and emphasized the importance of astronomical study for societal benefit. Astonishingly, his methods are echoed in today’s approaches to understanding and utilizing astronomical information.
The depth of Varahamihira’s work has ensured that he remains a respected source of wisdom. Modern scholars and enthusiasts often refer to his texts, highlighting the enduring resonance of his contributions. His name is regularly referenced in academic discussions about the history of astronomy and astrology.
In essence, Varahamihira has achieved a form of immortality through his work. The practical applications derived from his writings, as well as the foundational theories he presented, continue to influence current thought and practices in both astronomy and astrology. His intellectual prowess has guaranteed him a permanent place in the pantheon of historical figures who shaped our understanding of the cosmos.
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 6
|
https://medium.com/%40iamsandeepg007/varahamihira-the-ancient-indian-astrologer-who-predicted-water-on-mars-b30d2435d46f
|
en
|
Varahamihira: The Ancient Indian Astrologer Who Predicted Water on Mars
|
[
"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:64:64/1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png",
"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:88:88/1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png",
"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:144:144/1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Sandeep Kumar",
"medium.com"
] |
2023-08-07T11:21:43.209000+00:00
|
Varahamihira was a brilliant Indian astrologer, mathematician, and astronomer who lived in the 6th century CE . He is considered one of the greatest minds of his era, and his work has had a profound…
|
en
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/5d8de952517e8160e40ef9841c781cdc14a5db313057fa3c3de41c6f5b494b19
|
Medium
|
https://medium.com/@iamsandeepg007/varahamihira-the-ancient-indian-astrologer-who-predicted-water-on-mars-b30d2435d46f
|
Varahamihira was a brilliant Indian astrologer, mathematician, and astronomer who lived in the 6th century CE . He is considered one of the greatest minds of his era, and his work has had a profound impact on the development of astrology, mathematics, and astronomy in India and around the world.
Early Life and Education:
Varahamihira was born in Ujjain, an ancient city in present-day Madhya Pradesh, India. Little is known about his early life, but it is believed that he received an excellent education in astronomy, mathematics, and astrology. His profound knowledge of these subjects gained him recognition and respect in the scholarly circles of his time.
One of Varahamihira’s most famous predictions was that there was water on Mars. This prediction was made in his book “Pancha Siddhantika”, which is a treatise on astronomy and astrology. In the book, Varahamihira describes Mars as being “covered in water” and “having a watery atmosphere.”
Varahamihira’s prediction about water on Mars was made over 1,500 years ago, long before modern scientists had any evidence to support it. However, in recent years, scientists have found increasing evidence that there is indeed water on Mars.
In 2008, NASA’s Phoenix lander found evidence of water ice in the Martian soil. And in 2015, NASA’s Curiosity rover found evidence of flowing water on Mars.
The discovery of water on Mars has profound implications for the search for life on Mars. Water is essential for life as we know it, and the presence of water on Mars suggests that there may have been, or even still be, life on the planet.
Varahamihira’s prediction about water on Mars is a testament to his genius. He was able to make this prediction based on his knowledge of astronomy and astrology, and without the benefit of modern technology.
His prediction is a reminder that ancient Indian scientists were just as brilliant as modern scientists, and that they made many important contributions to the fields of science and mathematics.
In addition to his prediction about water on Mars, Varahamihira also made many other important contributions to astronomy and astrology. He developed new methods for calculating the positions of the planets, and he wrote extensively about the influence of the stars and planets on human affairs. His work was highly influential in India, and it was also translated into Arabic and other languages.
Varahamihira’s work is still studied by scholars today, and it continues to be relevant to the fields of astronomy, astrology, and mathematics. He was a brilliant scientist and thinker, and his work has had a profound impact on the development of these fields.
Here are some additional facts about Varahamihira:
He was born in Ujjain, India, in the 1st century CE.
He was a court astronomer to King Vikramaditya.
He wrote several important books on astronomy, astrology, and mathematics.
His work was highly influential in India, and it was also translated into Arabic and other languages.
He is considered one of the greatest minds of his era.
Contributions to Astronomy and Astrology
Panchasiddhantika — The Five Astronomical Canons
The “Pancha Siddhantika” stands as a testament to Varahamihira’s expertise in astronomy. Varahamihira authored the “Panchasiddhantika,” which translates to “Five Canons”. This monumental work is a compilation of five different astronomical treatises, including the influential Surya Siddhanta. Among its invaluable treatises, “Surya Siddhanta” holds a prominent place. This ancient astronomical text expounds on the true motions of celestial bodies, including the Sun, and lays the foundation for precise astronomical calculations. The Panchasiddhantika played a crucial role in shaping Indian astronomy and became a standard reference for centuries.
Estimations of Planetary Diameters
Varahamihira’s “Surya Siddhanta” encompassed estimations of the diameters of various planets, providing valuable insights into their celestial characteristics. Among the planets discussed were Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter. These estimations offered a glimpse into the scale of the cosmos, a remarkable feat given the limited technological resources of that era.
Stellar Positions and Eclipses
The “Surya Siddhanta” extended its brilliance beyond planetary estimations. Varahamihira provided the positions of stars beyond the lunar nakshatras, further enriching our understanding of the celestial sphere. Moreover, the treatise delved into the calculation of solar and lunar eclipses, enabling ancient astronomers to predict these celestial events with remarkable accuracy.
Timekeeping and Cosmology
Varahamihira’s “Pancha Siddhantika” delved into the concept of time in celestial terms. It explored the lengths of years for gods and demons, the day and night of god Brahma, and the elapsed period since creation. Furthermore, the work discussed the eastward motion of planets and their sidereal revolutions, providing a comprehensive understanding of cosmological dynamics.
The Solar System and Its Formation
Varahamihira’s intellectual brilliance extended to the creation and structure of the solar system. In his pioneering work, he was the first to expound on how each planet in the solar system is created by and revolves around the Sun, a revolutionary idea well ahead of its time.
Mars: A Mysterious Neighbor
Of all the planets, Mars has captivated human imagination for centuries. Varahamihira’s “Surya Siddhanta” ventured into the realm of Mars, presenting intriguing details about the planet’s diameter, circumference, and color. Remarkably, his calculations of Mars’ diameter were accurate within 11% of the currently accepted value, showcasing the precision of ancient Indian astronomical knowledge.
The Revelation of Water on Mars
Among Varahamihira’s awe-inspiring insights was his prediction of the presence of water on Mars. In his “Pancha Siddhantika,” he described the red planet as housing both water and iron on its surface. Centuries later, NASA and ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) unveiled evidence confirming his prophecy.
In 2015, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) provided compelling evidence of liquid water on Mars. Dark streaks called “recurring slope lineae” (RSL) were discovered on the slopes of certain Martian hills and craters, indicating the intermittent flow of briny water during the warm seasons.
Varahamihira’s legacy
Varahamihira’s legacy is one of brilliance, innovation, and influence. He was a brilliant scientist and thinker, and his work has had a profound impact on the development of astronomy, astrology, and mathematics. His work is still studied by scholars today, and it continues to be relevant to these fields.
Varahamihira is a reminder that ancient Indian scientists were just as brilliant as modern scientists, and that they made many important contributions to the fields of science and mathematics. His work is a testament to the power of human ingenuity, and it continues to inspire and amaze people around the world.
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 46
|
https://glimpse2u.weebly.com/varahamihira.html
|
en
|
Varahamihira
|
http://glimpse2u.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/3/6/15369228/489919440.jpg?160
|
http://glimpse2u.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/3/6/15369228/489919440.jpg?160
|
[
"https://glimpse2u.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/3/6/15369228/489919440.jpg?160",
"https://cdn2.editmysite.com/images/site/footer/footer-toast-published-image-1.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Varahamihira was another well known scientist of the ancient period in India. He lived in the Gupta period. Varahamihira made great contributions in the fields of hydrology, geology and ecology. He...
|
Glimpse
|
http://glimpse2u.weebly.com/varahamihira.html
| |||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 26
|
https://www.indianetzone.com/54/varahamihira.htm
|
en
|
Varahamihira
|
[
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/_e_magazine.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/RSS.png",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/FB.png",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/images/linkdin.png",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/indianetzone_logo_web_final.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/art_culture.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/entertainment.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/health.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/reference.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/sports.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/society.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/travel.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/indianetzone_logo_web_final.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/111/01_Varahamihira__Indian_Astronomer_1.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/rss.png",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/fb.png",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/images/linkdin.png",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/_e_magazine.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
An ancient Indian astronomer, mathematician and astrologer, Varahamihiraâs main work was a treatise on mathematical astronomy which summarised earlier astronomical treatises.
|
https://www.indianetzone.com/images_test/inz_small_icon.ico
|
IndiaNetzone.com
| null |
Born around 500 CE in the Avanti region to an astronomer called Adityadasa, Varahamihira is a Hindu polymath. He was known to be one of the 9 jewels in the court of Yashodharam Vikramaditya of Malwa, who was famous in central India during the 6th century. Varahamihira belonged from Ujjain, which during the Gupta Period (320 to 550 AD), was a flourishing centre of knowledge with several schools of science, culture and art.
Also known as Varaha and Mihira, the brilliance of Varahamihira was even more popular than his other contemporaries such as Aryabhata and Brahmagupta, the first of the major mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and astronomers.
Works of Varahamihira
Varahamihira made great contributions not only in the field of mathematics; he was also an astrologer and is considered among the greatest Acharyas of modern astrology. Varahamihiraâs son Prithuyasas also contributed to Hindu astrology and his book Hora Sora is a famous book on horoscopy. Listed below are some of the important works of Varahamihira.
Pancha- Siddhantika: Also known as the Treatise on the Five Astronomical Canons dated 575 AD that now give us information about older lost Indian texts. The book of Pancha- Siddhantika is one of the main works by Varahamihira. The work is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises 5 earlier astronomical treatises, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasishtha and Paitamaha Siddhantas. It is a compendium of Vedanga Jyotisha as well as Hellenistic astronomy including Greek and Roman elements. The five siddhantas are elaborated below-
⢠Surya Siddhanta, which is the Siddhantika of the Sun was actually composed by the ancient asura king Mayasura, who was also known as Mamuni Mayan as stated in the text by Varahamihira.
⢠Vasishtha Siddhanta, which is so called from one of the stars of the Great Bear, was composed by Vishnucandra.
⢠Paulisa Siddhanta was taken from Pulisa which is supposed to be from Alexandria and was composed by Pulisa.
⢠Romaka Siddhanta was the Doctrine of the Romans, which is the subjects of the Roman Empire and was composed by Srishena.
⢠And lastly there is the Patiamaha Siddhanta.
Brihat- Samhita: Varahamihira's most notable work, the Brihat- Samhita is an encyclopaedic work, mostly about divination but also includes work on architecture, temples, planetary motions, eclipses, timekeeping, astrology, seasons, cloud formation, rainfall, agriculture, mathematics, gemology, perfumes and many other topics. The volume expounds on gemstone evaluation criterion found in the Garuda Purana, and elaborates on the sacred nine Pearls from the same text. It contains 106 chapters and is known as the "great compilation".
Contributions of Varahamihira
Varahamihira contributed in trigonometry and improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata. Varahamihira was also among the first mathematicians to discover a version of what is now known as the Pascal's triangle. He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients and records the first known 4*4 magic square. Among Varahamihira's contribution to physics is his statement that reflection is caused by the back-scattering of particles and refraction (which is the change of direction of a light ray as it moves from one medium into another) by the ability of the particles to penetrate inner spaces of the material, much like fluids that move through porous objects.
Varahamihiraâs compositions give a complete picture of the 6th century India. He continually emphasized the importance of astrology and wrote many theses on omens, great birth which is the Brihaj Jataka and the short birth which is the Laghu Jataka. These two are the well-known works of Varahamihira on the casting of horoscopes.
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 88
|
https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.india-as-known-to-varahamihira
|
en
|
India as Known to Varahamihira : Chopra, Surendranath : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
|
https://archive.org/services/img/shdgnga.india-as-known-to-varahamihira
|
https://archive.org/services/img/shdgnga.india-as-known-to-varahamihira
|
[
"https://archive.org/services/img/etree",
"https://archive.org/services/img/librivoxaudio",
"https://archive.org/services/img/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery",
"https://archive.org/services/img/clevelandart",
"https://archive.org/services/img/internetarcade",
"https://archive.org/services/img/consolelivingroom",
"https://archive.org/images/book-lend.png",
"https://archive.org/images/widgetOL.png",
"https://archive.org/services/img/tv",
"https://archive.org/services/img/911",
"https://archive.org/images/external-link.svg",
"https://archive.org/services/img/ServantsOfKnowledge",
"https://archive.org/services/img/JaiGyan",
"https://athena.archive.org/0.gif?kind=track_js&track_js_case=control&cache_bust=5047696",
"https://athena.archive.org/0.gif?kind=track_js&track_js_case=disabled&cache_bust=1168673124"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Shodaganga Thesis has been archived for better accessibility. Source:https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ , Source Citation : http://hdl.handle.net/10603/91755
|
en
|
Internet Archive
|
https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.india-as-known-to-varahamihira
|
Search the history of over 866 billion web pages on the Internet.
Search the Wayback Machine
Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass.
Save Page Now
Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future.
Please enter a valid web address
|
|||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 93
|
https://nammakpsc.com/articles/astronomers-in-history-of-india/
|
en
|
Astronomers in History of India
|
https://nammakpsc.com/articles/astronomers-in-history-of-india/h
|
https://nammakpsc.com/articles/astronomers-in-history-of-india/h
|
[
"https://nammakpsc.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/logo.png",
"https://nammakpsc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/KAS-ORIENTATION-2-1024x1024.png",
"https://nammakpsc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/KAS-ORIENTATION-3-1024x1024.png",
"https://nammakpsc.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/contact-image.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Breaking Barriers To Dreaming Big
|
en
|
NammaKPSC
|
https://nammakpsc.com/articles/astronomers-in-history-of-india/
|
Astronomers in History of India
Ancient India boasts a rich tradition of astronomy, with remarkable contributions from scholars who made significant advancements in understanding celestial phenomena. These astronomers, with their profound insights and pioneering works, played a crucial role in shaping the early foundations of Indian astronomy. Here, we explore some of the prominent astronomers of ancient India and their noteworthy contributions:
1. Aryabhata (476–550 CE):
Aryabhata was an extraordinary mathematician and astronomer from ancient India. His magnum opus, the “Aryabhatiya,” composed in 499 CE, provided groundbreaking insights into mathematics and astronomy.
Aryabhata proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system, where the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. He accurately calculated the length of a solar year, emphasizing the significance of mathematical precision in astronomical calculations.
2. Varahamihira (505–587 CE):
Varahamihira, a polymath, made notable contributions to astronomy through his work “Panchasiddhantika” (Five Astronomical Canons). This text integrated the teachings of earlier astronomers and became a significant reference for subsequent scholars.
His observations on planetary motion, eclipse predictions, and the calculation of celestial phenomena demonstrated a deep understanding of astronomy.
3. Brahmagupta (598–668 CE):
Brahmagupta, a renowned mathematician and astronomer, authored the “Brahmasphutasiddhanta,” a seminal work that significantly influenced Indian astronomy and mathematics.
He proposed a mathematical model for the motion of planets, providing a detailed explanation of their orbits. Brahmagupta also contributed to understanding eclipses, particularly solar eclipses, and formulated rules for solving astronomical problems.
4. Bhaskara I (600–680 CE):
Bhaskara I, also known as Bhaskara the Elder, made significant contributions to astronomy through his work “Mahabhaskariya.” His writings focused on planetary motion, lunar and solar eclipses, and the accurate calculation of astronomical phenomena.
Bhaskara I’s pioneering efforts in determining the positions of celestial bodies laid the groundwork for future advancements in Indian astronomy.
5. Bhaskara II (1114–1185 CE):
Bhaskara II, also known as Bhaskaracharya, was a distinguished mathematician and astronomer. His magnum opus, “Siddhanta Shiromani,” included the sections “Lilavati” and “Vijaganita,” which covered mathematical and astronomical concepts.
He accurately calculated the time taken by the Earth to orbit the Sun, anticipated the concept of differential calculus, and made significant contributions to trigonometry.
6. Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340–1425 CE):
Madhava, a remarkable mathematician-astronomer from the Kerala school of mathematics, is often regarded as a pioneer in calculus. Although many of his original works have been lost, his contributions are evident in later texts.
He developed the concept of infinite geometric series and made early strides in the discovery of the infinite series for trigonometric functions. Madhava’s insights were foundational for later mathematicians like Newton and Leibniz.
7. Nilakantha Somayaji (1444–1544 CE):
Nilakantha Somayaji, belonging to the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics, authored the “Aryabhatiyabhashya,” a commentary on Aryabhata’s “Aryabhatiya.” He also wrote the “Tantrasangraha” and “Tantrasamgraha-vyakhya,” which further expanded on astronomical concepts.
Nilakantha proposed a computational model for the motion of the Moon and made advancements in understanding planetary positions.
8. Jyesthadeva (c. 1500–1610 CE):
Jyesthadeva, another scholar from the Kerala school, wrote the mathematical treatise “Yuktibhasa,” which significantly influenced subsequent developments in Indian astronomy and calculus.
He introduced the concept of differentiation and integration, presenting an early form of calculus. Jyesthadeva’s work laid the groundwork for later mathematicians in India and Europe.
9. Ganesha Daivajna (16th century CE):
Ganesha Daivajna, an astronomer from the Vijayanagara Empire, wrote “Dikshitendu Sangraham,” a Sanskrit text that provided methods for calculating the positions of celestial bodies and predicting eclipses.
His work includes detailed calculations for solar and lunar eclipses, as well as the positions of planets. Ganesha Daivajna’s contributions added to the wealth of Indian astronomical knowledge.
10. Sawai Jai Singh II (1688–1743 CE):
Sawai Jai Singh II, the ruler of Amber (Jaipur), was an astronomer and architect. He established observatories known as “Jantar Mantars” in various locations, including Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura, and Varanasi.
The Jantar Mantars were equipped with large-scale instruments for measuring time, predicting eclipses, and observing celestial bodies. Jai Singh’s observational tools and instruments showcased an advanced understanding of astronomy during his time.
|
|||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 30
|
https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/in-the-gupta-age-varahamihira-wrote-the-famous-book-brihat-samhita-it-was-a-treatise/
|
en
|
In the Gupta age, Varahamihira wrote the famous book, Brihat Samhita. It was a treatise on
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Toppr"
] |
2020-01-09T00:00:00
|
Click here:point_up_2:to get an answer to your question :writing_hand:in the gupta age varahamihira wrote the famous book brihat samhita it was a treatise
|
en
|
/ask/images/favicon.ico
|
Toppr Ask
| null |
Into how many chapters was the famous treatise,'The Elements' divided by Euclid?
(a) 3
(b) 12
(c) 11
(d) 9
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 10
|
https://medium.com/%40iamsandeepg007/varahamihira-the-ancient-indian-astrologer-who-predicted-water-on-mars-b30d2435d46f
|
en
|
Varahamihira: The Ancient Indian Astrologer Who Predicted Water on Mars
|
[
"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:64:64/1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png",
"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:88:88/1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png",
"https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:144:144/1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Sandeep Kumar",
"medium.com"
] |
2023-08-07T11:21:43.209000+00:00
|
Varahamihira was a brilliant Indian astrologer, mathematician, and astronomer who lived in the 6th century CE . He is considered one of the greatest minds of his era, and his work has had a profound…
|
en
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/5d8de952517e8160e40ef9841c781cdc14a5db313057fa3c3de41c6f5b494b19
|
Medium
|
https://medium.com/@iamsandeepg007/varahamihira-the-ancient-indian-astrologer-who-predicted-water-on-mars-b30d2435d46f
|
Varahamihira was a brilliant Indian astrologer, mathematician, and astronomer who lived in the 6th century CE . He is considered one of the greatest minds of his era, and his work has had a profound impact on the development of astrology, mathematics, and astronomy in India and around the world.
Early Life and Education:
Varahamihira was born in Ujjain, an ancient city in present-day Madhya Pradesh, India. Little is known about his early life, but it is believed that he received an excellent education in astronomy, mathematics, and astrology. His profound knowledge of these subjects gained him recognition and respect in the scholarly circles of his time.
One of Varahamihira’s most famous predictions was that there was water on Mars. This prediction was made in his book “Pancha Siddhantika”, which is a treatise on astronomy and astrology. In the book, Varahamihira describes Mars as being “covered in water” and “having a watery atmosphere.”
Varahamihira’s prediction about water on Mars was made over 1,500 years ago, long before modern scientists had any evidence to support it. However, in recent years, scientists have found increasing evidence that there is indeed water on Mars.
In 2008, NASA’s Phoenix lander found evidence of water ice in the Martian soil. And in 2015, NASA’s Curiosity rover found evidence of flowing water on Mars.
The discovery of water on Mars has profound implications for the search for life on Mars. Water is essential for life as we know it, and the presence of water on Mars suggests that there may have been, or even still be, life on the planet.
Varahamihira’s prediction about water on Mars is a testament to his genius. He was able to make this prediction based on his knowledge of astronomy and astrology, and without the benefit of modern technology.
His prediction is a reminder that ancient Indian scientists were just as brilliant as modern scientists, and that they made many important contributions to the fields of science and mathematics.
In addition to his prediction about water on Mars, Varahamihira also made many other important contributions to astronomy and astrology. He developed new methods for calculating the positions of the planets, and he wrote extensively about the influence of the stars and planets on human affairs. His work was highly influential in India, and it was also translated into Arabic and other languages.
Varahamihira’s work is still studied by scholars today, and it continues to be relevant to the fields of astronomy, astrology, and mathematics. He was a brilliant scientist and thinker, and his work has had a profound impact on the development of these fields.
Here are some additional facts about Varahamihira:
He was born in Ujjain, India, in the 1st century CE.
He was a court astronomer to King Vikramaditya.
He wrote several important books on astronomy, astrology, and mathematics.
His work was highly influential in India, and it was also translated into Arabic and other languages.
He is considered one of the greatest minds of his era.
Contributions to Astronomy and Astrology
Panchasiddhantika — The Five Astronomical Canons
The “Pancha Siddhantika” stands as a testament to Varahamihira’s expertise in astronomy. Varahamihira authored the “Panchasiddhantika,” which translates to “Five Canons”. This monumental work is a compilation of five different astronomical treatises, including the influential Surya Siddhanta. Among its invaluable treatises, “Surya Siddhanta” holds a prominent place. This ancient astronomical text expounds on the true motions of celestial bodies, including the Sun, and lays the foundation for precise astronomical calculations. The Panchasiddhantika played a crucial role in shaping Indian astronomy and became a standard reference for centuries.
Estimations of Planetary Diameters
Varahamihira’s “Surya Siddhanta” encompassed estimations of the diameters of various planets, providing valuable insights into their celestial characteristics. Among the planets discussed were Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter. These estimations offered a glimpse into the scale of the cosmos, a remarkable feat given the limited technological resources of that era.
Stellar Positions and Eclipses
The “Surya Siddhanta” extended its brilliance beyond planetary estimations. Varahamihira provided the positions of stars beyond the lunar nakshatras, further enriching our understanding of the celestial sphere. Moreover, the treatise delved into the calculation of solar and lunar eclipses, enabling ancient astronomers to predict these celestial events with remarkable accuracy.
Timekeeping and Cosmology
Varahamihira’s “Pancha Siddhantika” delved into the concept of time in celestial terms. It explored the lengths of years for gods and demons, the day and night of god Brahma, and the elapsed period since creation. Furthermore, the work discussed the eastward motion of planets and their sidereal revolutions, providing a comprehensive understanding of cosmological dynamics.
The Solar System and Its Formation
Varahamihira’s intellectual brilliance extended to the creation and structure of the solar system. In his pioneering work, he was the first to expound on how each planet in the solar system is created by and revolves around the Sun, a revolutionary idea well ahead of its time.
Mars: A Mysterious Neighbor
Of all the planets, Mars has captivated human imagination for centuries. Varahamihira’s “Surya Siddhanta” ventured into the realm of Mars, presenting intriguing details about the planet’s diameter, circumference, and color. Remarkably, his calculations of Mars’ diameter were accurate within 11% of the currently accepted value, showcasing the precision of ancient Indian astronomical knowledge.
The Revelation of Water on Mars
Among Varahamihira’s awe-inspiring insights was his prediction of the presence of water on Mars. In his “Pancha Siddhantika,” he described the red planet as housing both water and iron on its surface. Centuries later, NASA and ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) unveiled evidence confirming his prophecy.
In 2015, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) provided compelling evidence of liquid water on Mars. Dark streaks called “recurring slope lineae” (RSL) were discovered on the slopes of certain Martian hills and craters, indicating the intermittent flow of briny water during the warm seasons.
Varahamihira’s legacy
Varahamihira’s legacy is one of brilliance, innovation, and influence. He was a brilliant scientist and thinker, and his work has had a profound impact on the development of astronomy, astrology, and mathematics. His work is still studied by scholars today, and it continues to be relevant to these fields.
Varahamihira is a reminder that ancient Indian scientists were just as brilliant as modern scientists, and that they made many important contributions to the fields of science and mathematics. His work is a testament to the power of human ingenuity, and it continues to inspire and amaze people around the world.
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 66
|
https://www.jatland.com/home/Varahamihira
|
en
|
Varahamihira
|
https://www.jatland.com/favicon.ico
|
https://www.jatland.com/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://www.jatland.com/common/jl-logo.jpg",
"https://www.jatland.com/common/jl-wm.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/favicon.ico
| null |
Varahamihira (वराहमिहिर) (505 - 587), also called Varaha, or Mihira was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer born in Ujjain. Varahamihira's picture may be found in the Indian Parliament alongside Aryabhata's, of whom he was a follower. He is considered to be one of the nine jewels (Navaratnas) of the court of legendary king Vikramaditya (thought to be the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II Vikramaditya).
Birth place of Varahamihira
Local tradition reveals that Kaytha (कायथा) village in Ujjain district was the birth place of Varahamihira (वराहमिहिर). There is a nalah near the village known as Varaha nalah.
As is the case of many Sanskrit writers of ancient India, we know very little about the personal life of Varahamihira, also known as Varaha and Mihira. According to his own statement in the penultimate verse of his Brhajjataka, "he was a native of Avanti (Western Malawa), the son of Adityadasa and instructed by him, having obtained the blessings of the Sun-god, at Kapitthaka.[1]
He also describes himself as Avantyaka, and his commentator Bhajjataka Utpala styles him svantikacarya. [2]
As for Kapitthaka, manuscripts give different variants. According to Utpala, Kapittha was a village where there was a Sun-temple. It is usually identified with modern Kayatha, a small village about 20 kms from Ujjain on the Ujjain-Maski Road. Recent excavation has shown that the site is an ancient one. From all this it is evident that he lived and taught at the famous city of Ujjayini. [3]
There is no doubt that Varaha belonged to a family of Sun-worshippers. His father's name was Adityadasa (servant of the Sun); his own name, Mihira, is derived from Mithra, the Iranian Sun-god. Not only does he pay homage to the Sun in almost all his works, but he himself was regarded as an incarnation of the Sun-god. His son Prthuyasas, also an astronomer, invokes the Sun-god in the opening verse of his Satpancasika. [4]
Our knowledge of Varahamihira is very limited indeed. According to one of his works, he was educated in Kapitthaka. However, far from settling the question this only gives rise to discussions of possible interpretations of where this place was. Dhavale [5] discusses this problem. We do not know whether he was born in Kapitthaka, wherever that may be, although we have given this as the most likely guess. We do know, however, that he worked at Ujjain which had been an important centre for mathematics since around 400 AD. The school of mathematics at Ujjain was increased in importance due to Varahamihira working there and it continued for a long period to be one of the two leading mathematical centres in India, in particular having Brahmagupta as its next major figure. [6]
His Works
Young contemporary of the senior Aryabhata (born in 476 AD), Varahamihira is perhaps the most well-known exponent of Indian astronomy. Though not an originator in astronomy or mathematics, he was a prolific writer and produced several works, big and small, which had a tremendous impact on later astronomers, particularly astrologers. They not only made earlier astronomical works obsolete, several of them remained in use throughout the last fifteen hundred years, and are still used by the flourishing community of astrologers. Some of his works, particularly the Brhajjataka and its abridged version the Laghujataka, can often be seen even with a city pavement astrologer.
Varahamihira's brief "autobiography" - But this is only one aspect of Varaha's lasting contribution. His Pancasiddhantika is the only available source-book for reconstructing the history of pre-Varaha Indian astronomy. His magnum opus, the Brhat-samhita, though basically an astrological work, is a mine of information for contemporary India's geography, flora and fauna, social and economic life, architecture and fine arts, religion and polity, learning and literature, astronomical and meteorological knowledge, history of science, and a lot about superstitious beliefs and customs. This work, like the Arthasastra of Kautilya, is a valuable asset for the historian of Indian culture, which still remains to be properly reconstructed because of the great paucity of historical literary sources in the country. The traditional Indian Jyotisasastra, treating both astronomy and astrology, is divided into three branches (skandhas) : (1) Tantra or Siddhanta or mathematical astronomy, (2) Hora or horoscopy for weddings (vivaha) and nuptials (jataka) and prognostics (sakuna), for journeys (yatra), and (3) Samhita or mundane astrology. That Varaha composed works in all the three branches is evident from his own statement at the end of his Bahajjataka : "I have composed this Jyotisasangraha in three branches for the benefit of astronomers and astrologers.
Varaha's only known work belonging to the first branch is the Pancasiddhantika, which contains the salient features of earlier five siddhantas known to him. The second branch is covered by his three works : the Brhajjataka, the Brhadvivahapatala and the Brhadyatra. He also composed abridged versions of these works, which usually carry the prefix laghu (small), e.g. Laghujataka and Laghuvivahapatala. The abridged version of Brhadyatra (also Yogayatra) is known as æikanikayatra. Varaha's last and greatest work, the Brhat-samhita, also known as Varahisamhita, comes under the third branch. Its abridged version is known as Samasa-samhita. Several other works have been attributed to him, but their authenticity is doubtful.
Pancha-Siddhantika
Varahamihira's main work is the book Pañcasiddhāntikā (or Pancha-Siddhantika, "[Treatise] on the Five [Astronomical] Canons) dated ca. 575 CE gives us information about older Indian texts which are now lost. The work is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises five earlier astronomical treatises, namely the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitamaha Siddhantas. It is a compendium of Vedanga Jyotisha (native Indian) as well as Hellenistic astronomy (including Greek, Egyptian and Roman elements).[7]
The 11th century Arabian scholar Alberuni also described the details of "The Five Astronomical Canons":
"They [the Indians] have 5 Siddhāntas:
Sūrya-Siddhānta, ie. the Siddhānta of the Sun, composed by Lāṭa,
Vasishtha-siddhānta, so called from one of the stars of the Great Bear, composed by Vishnucandra,
Pulisa-siddhānta, so called from Paulisa, the Greek, from the city of Saintra, which I suppose to be Alexandria, composed by Pulisa.
Romaka-siddhānta, so called from the Rūm, ie. the subjects of the Roman Empire, composed by Śrīsheṇa.
Brahma-siddhānta, so called from Brahman, composed by Brahmagupta, the son of Jishṇu, from the town of Bhillamāla between Multān and Anhilwāra, 16 yojanas from the latter place."[8]
Brihat-Samhita
Varahamihira's other most important contribution is the encyclopedic Brihat-Samhita.
Varahamihira also made important contributions to mathematics. He was also an astrologer. He wrote on all the three main branches of Jyotisha astrology:
Brihat Jataka - is considered as one the five main treatises on Hindu astrology on horoscopy.
Daivaigya Vallabha
Laghu Jataka
Yoga Yatra
Vivaha Patal
His son Prithuyasas also contributed in the Hindu astrology; his book "Hora Saara" is a famous book on horoscopy.
Western influences
The Romaka Siddhanta ("Doctrine of the Romans") and the Paulisa Siddhanta ("Doctrine of Paul") were two works of Western origin which influenced Varahamihira's thought.
A comment in the Brihat-Samhita by Varahamihira says: "The Greeks, though mleccha, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....." ("mleccha hi yavanah tesu samyak shastram kdamsthitam/ rsivat te 'p i pujyante kim punar daivavid dvijah" ).[9]
Some important trigonometric results attributed to Varahamihira
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
sin x = cos(π/2 - x),
{1 - cos 2x}/{2} = sin2x
He not only presented his own observations, but embellished them in attractive poetic and metrical styles. The usage of a large variety of meters is especially evident in his Brihat Jataka and Brihat-Samhita.
Varahamihira writes about Jats
Yaudheyas - Varahamihira in his Brihatsamhita (XIV.28 and XVI.22) placed Yaudheyas in the northern division of India.
Mana (मान) and Hala (हाल) - Varahamihira mentions Mana and Hala together in his Brihat Samhita the name of a people [10]
Pangal - Varahamihira writes Pangal Jat clan as Pingalaka in his Brihat Samhita .
Gaur- is the name of a people in Brihat Samhita of Varahamihira.
Chhina (छीना) [11]
Jatasura[12]
Potals [13]
Bhallas [14]
Kacheriya
Notes
↑ http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/sep2000/sep2000.htm
↑ http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/sep2000/sep2000.htm
↑ http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/sep2000/sep2000.htm
↑ http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/sep2000/sep2000.htm
↑ D G Dhavale, The Kapitthaka of Varahamihira, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Copernicus and Astronomy, New Delhi, 1973, Indian J. History Sci. 9 (1) (1974), 77-78; 141.
↑ http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Varahamihira.html
↑ "the Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Treatises"), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Indian astronomy. Varāhamihira's knowledge of Western astronomy was thorough. In 5 sections, his monumental work progresses through native Indian astronomy and culminates in 2 treatises on Western astronomy, showing calculations based on Greek and Alexandrian reckoning and even giving complete Ptolemaic mathematical charts and tables. Encyclopedia Britannica (2007) s.v.Varahamihira
↑ E. C. Sachau, Alberuni's India (1910), vol. I, p.153 [1]
↑ (Brihat-Samhita 2.15)
↑ Sanskrit English Dictionary ( M. Williams), p. 806
↑ Bhim Singh Dahiya: Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study), p. 268
↑ Bhim Singh Dahiya: Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study), p. 268
↑ Bhim Singh Dahiya: Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study), p. 268
↑ Bhim Singh Dahiya: Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study), p. 268
वराहमिहिर
विवेच्यकालीन मालवा के वराहमिहिर की गणना एवं प्रसिद्ध ज्योतिविंद के रुप में की जाती है। इनके पिता का नाम आदित्यदास था और उनका जन्म "कापित्थक (उज्जयिनी के समीप) नामक स्थान में हुआ था। विद्वानों ने उनका काल शक सं. ४२७ (५०६ ई.) तथा शक सं. ६०९ (५८७ ई.) के मध्य अनुमानित किया है। वराहमिहिर ने बृहज्जातक, बृहत्संहिता, पंचसिद्धांतिक, लघुजातक आदि ग्रंथों की रचना की, किंतु इनमें "बृहत्संहिता तथा "पंचसिद्धांतिका की रचना उन्होंने संभवतः उज्जयिनी में रहकर की थी। ऐतिहासिक दृष्टि से इन दोनों ग्रंथों का विशेष महत्व है। "बृहत्संहिता से ग्रहों- उपग्रहों की आकाशीय गति तथा मनुष्यों पर उनका प्रभाव, वास्तु- शिल्प, प्रतिमा निर्माण, विभिन्न वर्गों की स्रियों और पशुओं की चारित्रिक विशेषताओं, बहुमूल्य रत्नों आदि के संबंध में महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी प्राप्त होती है।[1]
550 ई. के लगभग इन्होंने तीन महत्वपूर्ण पुस्तकें वृहज्जातक, वृहत्संहिता और पंचसिद्धांतिका, लिखीं। इन पुस्तकों में त्रिकोणमिति के महत्वपूर्ण सूत्र दिए हुए हैं, जो वराहमिहिर के त्रिकोणमिति ज्ञान के परिचायक हैं। पंचसिद्धांतिका में वराहमिहिर से पूर्व प्रचलित पाँच सिद्धांतों का वर्णन है। ये सिद्धांत हैं : पोलिश, रोमक, वसिष्ठ, सूर्य तथा पितामह। वराहमिहिर ने इन पूर्वप्रचलित सिद्धांतों की महत्वपूर्ण बातें लिखकर अपनी ओर से बीज नामक संस्कार का भी निर्देश किया है, जिससे इन सिद्धांतों द्वारा परिगणित ग्रह दृश्य हो सकें। इन्होंने फलित ज्योतिष के लघुजातक, बृहज्जातक तथा बृहत्संहिता नामक तीन ग्रंथ भी लिखे हैं। बृहत्संहिता में वास्तुविद्या, भवन-निर्माण-कला, वायुमंडल की प्रकृति, वृक्षायुर्वेद आदि विषय सम्मिलित हैं।[2]
References
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/sep2000/sep2000.htm
VarAhamihira's BRhatsaMhitA (Version 4.3, May 8, 1998)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihira
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Varahamihira.html
Back to The Ancient Jats
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 89
|
https://www.zigyan.com/ask-questions/in-the-gupta-age-varahamihira-wrote-the-famous-book-brihat-samhita-it-was-a-ckmo
|
en
|
In the Gupta age, Varahamihira wrote the famous book, Brihat Samhita. It was a treatise on
|
[
"https://www.zigyan.com/_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fsearch.png&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fsearch.png&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fsearch.png&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fsearch.png&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fsearch.png&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fsearch.png&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fsearch.png&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fsearch.png&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://www.zigyan.com/assets/icons/expert.svg",
"https://www.zigyan.com/_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2FverifiedBy.png&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2FverifiedBy.png&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2FverifiedBy.png&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2FverifiedBy.png&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2FverifiedBy.png&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2FverifiedBy.png&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2FverifiedBy.png&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2FverifiedBy.png&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://www.zigyan.com/assets/icons/lock.svg",
"https://www.zigyan.com/_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Fplay-icon.png&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Fplay-icon.png&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Fplay-icon.png&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Fplay-icon.png&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Fplay-icon.png&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Fplay-icon.png&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Fplay-icon.png&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Fplay-icon.png&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://www.zigyan.com/_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fupvote.png&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fupvote.png&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fupvote.png&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fupvote.png&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fupvote.png&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fupvote.png&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fupvote.png&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=%2Fassets%2Ficons%2Fupvote.png&w=3840&q=75 3840w"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
In the Gupta age, Varahamihira wrote the famous book, Brihat Samhita. It was a treatise on __________.
|
en
| null |
Know your College Admission Chances Based on your Rank/Percentile, Category and Home State.
Get your JEE Main Personalised Report with Top Predicted Colleges in JoSA
|
||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 8
|
https://vedicmathschool.org/varahamihira/
|
en
|
Varahamihirawas an Ancient Indian Astrologer, Astronomer, and Polymath who lived in Ujjain.: 6th Century Indian Mathematician
|
http://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1.jpg
|
http://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1.jpg
|
[
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-243x48.png 243w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-300x59.png 300w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-768x151.png 768w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White.png 874w",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-243x48.png",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1-600x315.jpg 600w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1-300x158.jpg 300w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1-768x403.jpg 768w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1-400x210.jpg 400w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1.jpg 1200w",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-7_1_1_1_1-1024x538.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Book-Your-vedic-Demo-Class-2_1.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Book-Your-vedic-Demo-Class-2_1.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1-600x315.jpg 600w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1-300x158.jpg 300w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1-768x403.jpg 768w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1-400x210.jpg 400w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1.jpg 1200w",
"http://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1-8_1_1_1_1_1-1024x538.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Trusted-By-Over-10-000-Students.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Trusted-By-Over-10-000-Students.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Enroll-in-Vedic-Math-Classes.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Enroll-in-Vedic-Math-Classes.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Our-Vedic-Math-Course-2_1.jpg",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Our-Vedic-Math-Course-2_1.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ec81231d4cbf6c84e1d3f1b021676b80?s=100&d=identicon&r=g 2x",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ec81231d4cbf6c84e1d3f1b021676b80?s=50&d=identicon&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1d90d562c8d21b956b4fc3b643ca6b56?s=100&d=identicon&r=g 2x",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1d90d562c8d21b956b4fc3b643ca6b56?s=50&d=identicon&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8ff0757268b9ff15a44d78f760dbd3ce?s=100&d=identicon&r=g 2x",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8ff0757268b9ff15a44d78f760dbd3ce?s=50&d=identicon&r=g",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-768x151.png 768w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-300x59.png 300w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-243x48.png 243w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White.png 874w",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/vedic-math-school-full-logo-White-768x151.png",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/payment-getway-white-png-768x61.png 768w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/payment-getway-white-png-300x24.png 300w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/payment-getway-white-png-1024x82.png 1024w, https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/payment-getway-white-png.png 1280w",
"https://vedicmathschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/payment-getway-white-png-768x61.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Prince Jha",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2020-08-22T08:49:51+00:00
|
varahamihira is an Indian Mathematician who was born during the early 6th-century. He was born in the Avanti region and brought up in Ujjain
|
en
|
Vedic Math School
|
https://vedicmathschool.org/varahamihira/
|
Varahamihira is an Indian Mathematician who was born during the early 6th-century. He was born in the Avanti region and brought up in Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh, India).
After Meeting Aryabhatta, He got the inspiration to become a mathematician and astrologer. He was studied at Kapitthaka. He is one of the “Nine Jewels” of the court of emperor Yashodharman Vikramaditya of Malwa.
Varāhamihira’s most well-known work was Brihat Samhita. This book is all about architecture, mathematics, gemology, temples, planetary motions, astrology, cloud formation, eclipses, timekeeping, rainfall, seasons, agriculture, and many other topics.
Some Mathematicians even believed that he has a strong knowledge of the predictive calculations and zodiac signs. He used to perform astrological computations and auspicious ceremonies in India in those days.
Varahamihira Books
He has written two books which became famous not only in India but also throughout the globe. His books were been translated into different languages.
Pancha-Siddhantika
In this book, he writes about mathematical astronomy. He explains about the five earlier astronomical treatises by five authors, namely the Paulisa Siddhanta, Paitamaha Siddhanta, Surya Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta.
In this book, He says about ayanamsa, or the shifting of the equinox is 50.32 seconds. He was the first Mathematician to speak about ayanamsa.
Brihat-Samhita
This is the second book written by Varahamihira.
This book has 106 chapters and hence this book is also called “great compilation”.
This book is all about divination. He even writes about other topics like astronomy, clouds, planetary movements, rainfall, eclipses, growth of crops, matrimony, gems, pearls, architecture, manufacture of perfume, domestic relations, and rituals.
It is said that many of his books have been lost.
The Arub Travelers Ibn Batuta and Al Baruni who came to India to Learn Vedic Mathematics has translated his book into different languages.
Contributions of Varahamihira in Mathematics
Sine tables were created by Aryabhata but were improved by Varahamihira.
He discovered a version of Pascal’s triangle.
He created the first 4×4 magic square.
He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
He was the first to speak about ayanamsa.
Interesting facts about Varahamihira
Though he was a Mathematical Astronomer, He had an interest in other fields too.
He was a great astrologer and astronomer. He used to see the positions of stars, sun, moon, and planets and used to predict many things.
It is said that Varahamihira had constructed “Meru Stambh”.
He proposed that planets and Moon are lustrous due to sunlight but not because of their own light.
He even said that the earth was spherical.
He penned all the three main sections of Jyotisha astrology.
Many other Indian Mathematicians has done great contribution in the field of Mathematics just like Varahamihira. A few of them are Aryabhatta, Mahavira, Madhava of Sangamagrama.
To know more about Varahamihira, read the article written by the University of Maine.
FAQ
What did Varahamihira discover?
Varahamihira’s discovered the trigonometric formulas and improved many of the formulas. Sine tables, which were created by Aryabhata was been recalculated by him to improve the accuracy. He even worked on the number zero and negative numbers.
What is the contribution of Varahamihira?
Sine tables were created by Aryabhata but were improved by Varahamihira.
He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
He created the first 4×4 magic square.
He was the first to speak about ayanamsa.
He discovered a version of Pascal’s triangle.
Using his mathematical calculations he said that the stars are “fixed” and the planets revolve around the star at a constant speed.
What is Pancha Siddhanta?
Pancha-Siddhantika is the name of one of the books written by Varahamihira. In this book, he mentions about astronomical treatises. Paulisa Siddhanta, Surya Siddhanta, Paitamaha Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and are the 5 authors.
How did he get the name Varahamihira?
The term Varaha Means the boar (is the avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu) and the Term Mahira Means Talented.
There is a story behind this name
The then king has rewarded Varaha-Mahira with the title ‘Varaha’. King Vikramaditya was alarmed by the Mihira’s prediction. King looked around the crowded court and asked in agony “Can it be true?” No one responded to the king’s question. Breaking the silence, Mihara sadly said “As per the position of the planets, the prince will die at the age of 18.”
Queen cried and said to the king “My lord, you should see to it that this prediction proves false.”
It is said that Mihira never made any false predictions. Even though the king took every precaution to protect his son from all the odds. But on the predicted day,i.e on his 18th birthday, the prince was been killed by a boar. From that day itself, he was been named as Varaha-Mahira.
|
|||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 92
|
https://brah.ma/lekh/astronomy-and-planetary-science-the-contributions-of-aryabhata-and-varahamihira
|
en
|
🪔 Astronomy and Planetary Science: The Contributions...
|
http://localhost:3000/api/image?title=%F0%9F%AA%94%20Astronomy%20and%20Planetary%20Science:%20The%20Contributions...&type=lekh
|
http://localhost:3000/api/image?title=%F0%9F%AA%94%20Astronomy%20and%20Planetary%20Science:%20The%20Contributions...&type=lekh
|
[
"https://brah.ma/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473874%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_24_33_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_2b396b580f.png&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473874%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_24_33_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_2b396b580f.png&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473874%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_24_33_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_2b396b580f.png&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473874%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_24_33_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_2b396b580f.png&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473874%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_24_33_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_2b396b580f.png&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473874%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_24_33_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_2b396b580f.png&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473874%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_24_33_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_2b396b580f.png&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473874%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_24_33_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_2b396b580f.png&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://brah.ma/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473957%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_25_02_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_8fa776c323.png&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473957%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_25_02_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_8fa776c323.png&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473957%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_25_02_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_8fa776c323.png&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473957%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_25_02_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_8fa776c323.png&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473957%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_25_02_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_8fa776c323.png&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473957%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_25_02_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_8fa776c323.png&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473957%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_25_02_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_8fa776c323.png&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1704473957%2FDALL_E_2024_01_05_22_25_02_Create_realistic_images_that_depict_the_field_of_astronomy_and_planetary_science_The_illustrations_should_showcase_astronomers_engaging_in_the_observ_8fa776c323.png&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://brah.ma/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1684081783%2Fproducts%2Fom-is-equal-to-mc-square_dtmh59.jpg&w=384&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1684081783%2Fproducts%2Fom-is-equal-to-mc-square_dtmh59.jpg&w=640&q=75 2x",
"https://brah.ma/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1684081785%2Fproducts%2Finhale-exhale-svasa_cmar39.jpg&w=384&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1684081785%2Fproducts%2Finhale-exhale-svasa_cmar39.jpg&w=640&q=75 2x",
"https://brah.ma/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1684081783%2Fproducts%2Fkolam-rangoli-mug_lt4uit.jpg&w=384&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1684081783%2Fproducts%2Fkolam-rangoli-mug_lt4uit.jpg&w=640&q=75 2x",
"https://brah.ma/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1684081768%2Fproducts%2Fdharmo-rakshati-rakshitah_nezgty.jpg&w=384&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fres.cloudinary.com%2Fdjbpicq3r%2Fimage%2Fupload%2Fv1684081768%2Fproducts%2Fdharmo-rakshati-rakshitah_nezgty.jpg&w=640&q=75 2x",
"https://brah.ma/brahma-white-text-logo.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
<p>Astronomy and planetary science, crucial to understanding the cosmos, owe a significant debt to early scholars like Aryabhata and Varahamihira. The...
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
| null |
Information on the Discovery
Aryabhata's major contribution was his elucidation of the Earth's rotation on its axis and the motion of the planets. Varahamihira, on the other hand, compiled and expanded upon existing astronomical knowledge, providing empirical observations and calculations of celestial bodies in his texts.
Story of Aryabhata and Varahamihira
The story of Aryabhata and Varahamihira is one of intellectual prowess and curiosity in ancient India. Aryabhata was a pioneering thinker who challenged prevailing notions of Earth's static position in the universe. Varahamihira, celebrated for his astronomical and astrological treatises, was known for his holistic approach to the sciences and his ability to synthesize various astronomical traditions.
History of the Discovery
Aryabhata's work dates back to the 5th century CE, while Varahamihira flourished in the 6th century CE. Aryabhata's Aryabhatiya and Varahamihira's Brihat Samhita and Pancha-Siddhantika are critical historical texts that provide insights into their discoveries and the astronomical knowledge of the time.
Scriptural References and Its Mentions
Both Aryabhata and Varahamihira's works are considered seminal in the field of ancient Indian astronomy. The Aryabhatiya deals extensively with mathematics and astronomy, while Varahamihira's Brihat Samhita is an encyclopedia of astrology and astronomy, and the Pancha-Siddhantika discusses five astronomical canons.
Global Influence/Acceptance
The contributions of Aryabhata and Varahamihira had a profound global impact, particularly in the Islamic world, where their works were translated into Arabic. This transmission played a significant role in the development of astronomy in the Islamic Golden Age, which later influenced European astronomy during the Renaissance.
|
|||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 31
|
https://satyaagrah.com/sanatan/dharm-sanskriti/1823-varahamihira-the-ancient-astrologer,-astronomer-and-mathematician
|
en
|
ancient Astrologer, Astronomer and Mathematician": His encyclopaedic knowledge and lively presentation of subjects, as dry as astronomy, made him a celebrated figure, discovered trigonometric formulas
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"India",
"famous",
"astrological",
"astronomical sciences",
"foreign languages",
"Ibn Batuta",
"Al Baruni",
"prominent Arab travellers",
"ancient India",
"pursue Astrology",
"German scholars",
"Vedic literature",
"Varahamihira",
"renowned Indian Astronomers",
"Mathematician",
"Aryabhata",
"Brahmagupta",
"encyclopaedic knowledge",
"lively presentation",
"astronomy",
"Brahmins",
"Adityadasa",
"Kusumapura",
"Patna",
"Aryabhata",
"Gupta reign",
"Vikramaditya Chandragupta ii",
"supernatural",
"scientist",
"earth spherical",
"gravity",
"Meru Stambh",
"Qutub Minar",
"Britishers",
"Pancha Siddhantika",
"Astronomical Canons",
"Surya Siddhanta",
"Romaka Siddhanta",
"Paulisa Siddhanta",
"Vasishtha Siddhanta",
"Paitama Siddhanta",
"Brihat-Samhita",
"planetary movements",
"eclipses",
"rainfall",
"clouds",
"gems",
"pearls",
"rituals",
"Garuda Purana",
"Jyotisha astrology",
"trigonometric formulas",
"sine tables of Aryabhata l",
"algebraic properties of zero",
"negative numbers",
"Pascal triangle",
"binomial coefficients"
] | null |
[] | null |
Scholars are of the view that Varahamihira had constructed “Meru Stambh”, what is presently famous as Qutub Minar, 2200 years ago, for doing research on astronomy. It was a seven storied structure constructed in the middle of a lake
|
en
|
/images/satya/satyalogo-mob.svg
|
Satyaagrah
|
https://satyaagrah.com/sanatan/dharm-sanskriti/1823-varahamihira-the-ancient-astrologer,-astronomer-and-mathematician
| |||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 84
|
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/m53h7m47
|
en
|
Varāhamihira's Br̥hat saṃhitā : with English translation, exhaustive notes and literary comments / M. Ramakrishna Bhat.
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
<p>Verse work, with English translation, on Hindu astrology.</p>
|
en
|
Wellcome Collection
|
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/m53h7m47
|
Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 27
|
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php%3Ffbid%3D1187627548056314%26id%3D572555392896869%26set%3Da.582154508603624%26locale%3Dcy_GB
|
en
|
Facebook
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico
|
[
"https://facebook.com/security/hsts-pixel.gif?c=3.2"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Sieh dir auf Facebook Beiträge, Fotos und vieles mehr an.
|
de
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico
|
https://www.facebook.com/login/
| ||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 71
|
https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1998BASI...26....7S
|
en
|
1998BASI...26....7S Page 7
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null | |||||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 26
|
https://parenting.firstcry.com/baby-names/meaning-of-varahamihir/
|
en
|
Varahamihir Name Meaning, Origin & more
|
[
"https://cdn.fcglcdn.com/brainbees/banners/Firstcry_circle.png",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/2018/01/logo-header-new-2.png",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/2018/01/logo-header-mobile.png",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/brainbees/community/preact/public/media/Vaccination Tracker v2.png",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/brainbees/community/preact/public/media/My Baby Feed(Baby Growth &Development).svg",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/brainbees/community/preact/public/media/Diet Plan (Expecting Mom's).svg",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/brainbees/community/preact/public/media/Diet Plan (6Month).png",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/brainbees/community/preact/public/media/baby Growth Tracker 2.png",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/brainbees/community/preact/public/media/baby_name.svg",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/brainbees/community/preact/public/media/facebook-icon.png",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif",
"https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/articles/babynameimages/loader.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Varahamihir meaning",
"Varahamihir baby name meaning",
"meaning of Varahamihir"
] | null |
[] | null |
Find meaning of name Varahamihir, its synonyms, religion, numerology, similar names and other details with FirstCry baby name finder.
|
en
|
https://cdn.cdnparenting.com/brainbees/community/osc/public/favicon.ico
|
https://parenting.firstcry.com/baby-names/meaning-of-varahamihir/
| ||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 85
|
https://eurekasage.com/kanada-sage-who-dreamed-of-the-atom/
|
en
|
Celebrating the Legacy of Sage Varahamihira: Astronomer, Mathematician, and Astrologer
|
[
"https://eurekasage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/8ARauZ-LogoMakr-1.png",
"https://eurekasage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Pancha-Siddhantika.jpg",
"https://eurekasage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Kanada-1200x628-1-300x157.jpg",
"https://eurekasage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Varahamihar-300x157.jpg",
"https://eurekasage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/8ARauZ-LogoMakr-1.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Shantaram Naik"
] |
2023-09-14T15:44:13+05:30
|
Hailing from the Avanti region, Varahamihira was born around 500 CE into a family of astronomers, with his father known as Adityadasa. This Hindu polymath
|
en
|
https://eurekasage.com/
|
https://eurekasage.com/kanada-sage-who-dreamed-of-the-atom/
|
Hailing from the Avanti region, Varahamihira was born around 500 CE into a family of astronomers, with his father known as Adityadasa. This Hindu polymath earned a place among the esteemed “Nine Jewels” in the court of Yashodharam Vikramaditya of Malwa, a prominent figure in 6th-century central India. Varahamihira’s roots were firmly entrenched in Ujjain, a city that thrived as a hub of knowledge during the Gupta Period (320 to 550 AD). Ujjain was renowned for nurturing various schools of science, culture, and art, making it an intellectual epicenter of its time.
Varahamihira, also referred to as Varaha and Mihira, stood out as a luminary whose brilliance surpassed even his contemporaries, including notable figures like Aryabhata and Brahmagupta. These luminaries constituted the vanguard of major mathematician-astronomers during the classical age of Indian mathematics and astronomy.
Varahamihira’s influence extended far beyond the realm of mathematics; he was also celebrated as an accomplished astrologer, ranking among the foremost Acharya’s in the domain of modern astrology. Furthermore, his legacy transcended his own contributions, as his son Prithuyasas made notable strides in Hindu astrology, leaving behind a renowned work known as the “Hora Sora,” which has become a renowned tome in horoscopy. Here, we delve into some of Varahamihira’s pivotal works that continue to shape these disciplines.
Mastering Math and Astrology for all
Varahamihira’s scholarly journey extended far beyond mathematics; he also earned acclaim as a revered astrologer, counted among the greatest Acharyas in the realm of modern astrology. His illustrious lineage continued with his son, Prithuyasas, who made significant contributions to Hindu astrology, most notably through his renowned work, “Hora Sora,” a celebrated treatise on horoscopy. Below, we delve into some of the pivotal works of Varahamihira, shedding light on his remarkable legacy in these domains.
Pancha-Siddhantika: Unveiling Ancient Wisdom
The Pancha-Siddhantika, also known as the “Treatise on the Five Astronomical Canons,” dated to 575 AD, stands as a valuable source that provides insights into earlier lost Indian texts. This significant work by Varahamihira serves as a comprehensive treatise on mathematical astronomy, encapsulating the knowledge from five earlier astronomical treatises: Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasishtha, and Paitamaha Siddhantas. Within its pages, we find a rich fusion of Vedanga Jyotisha and Hellenistic astronomy, incorporating elements from Greek and Roman traditions. Let’s delve into these five Siddhantas:
Surya Siddhanta: This Siddhantika, dedicated to the Sun, is credited to the ancient asura king Mayasura, also known as Mamuni Mayan, as mentioned by Varahamihira.
Vasishtha Siddhanta: Named after one of the stars in the Great Bear constellation, this Siddhanta was composed by Vishnucandra.
Paulisa Siddhanta: Derived from Pulisa, possibly indicating its origin in Alexandria, this Siddhanta is attributed to Pulisa.
Romaka Siddhanta: Often referred to as the Doctrine of the Romans, this Siddhanta delves into subjects related to the Roman Empire and is attributed to Srishena.
Paitamaha Siddhanta: The Patiamaha Siddhanta is the final Siddhanta in this esteemed collection.
The Brihat-Samhita – A Multifaceted Compendium of Knowledge
Varahamihira’s most remarkable achievement, the Brihat-Samhita, stands as a comprehensive compendium encompassing a wide array of subjects. While its primary focus is on divination, this monumental work extends its reach to diverse areas of knowledge, including architecture, temple construction, planetary movements, eclipses, timekeeping, astrology, seasons, cloud formation, rainfall patterns, agriculture, mathematics, gemology, perfumery, and numerous other topics.
Within its pages, the Brihat-Samhita delves into the criteria for evaluating gemstones, drawing from the wisdom found in the Garuda Purana. It offers detailed insights into the sacred nine Pearls, as described in the same ancient text. Comprising a total of 106 chapters, this monumental work is rightfully hailed as the “great compilation” due to its unparalleled scope and depth of knowledge.
Varahamihira’s Mathematical and Physical Insights
Varahamihira made significant contributions to the field of trigonometry, elevating the precision of Aryabhata’s sine tables. He is also credited as one of the early mathematicians to unveil a precursor of what we now recognize as Pascal’s triangle. Within this mathematical framework, he adeptly calculated binomial coefficients and even left behind the earliest recorded 4×4 magic square.
In the realm of physics, Varahamihira’s insights were equally profound. He articulated that reflection occurs due to the back-scattering of particles, shedding light on the fundamental mechanism behind this optical phenomenon. Additionally, he postulated that refraction, the bending of light as it transitions from one medium to another, is facilitated by the particles’ ability to infiltrate the inner spaces of materials. This concept drew an intriguing parallel to the behavior of fluids permeating porous substances, thus offering a unique perspective on the phenomenon of refraction.
Varahamihira’s literary legacy provides a comprehensive glimpse into the India of the 6th century. His writings consistently underscored the significance of astrology, with notable treatises dedicated to the study of omens. Among his prominent works, we find “Brihaj Jataka,” a substantial treatise on great births, and “Laghu Jataka,” a concise work on shorter birth-related topics. These two enduring compositions by Varahamihira remain renowned for their insights into the intricate art of horoscope casting.
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 30
|
https://nitum.wordpress.com/2012/09/22/biography-of-varahamihira/
|
en
|
Biography of Varahamihira
|
http://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/30/varahamihir_21352.jpg
|
http://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/30/varahamihir_21352.jpg
|
[
"https://i0.wp.com/www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/30/varahamihir_21352.jpg",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/ee078171b0c0691d23486c8468ca38be737a457d1aff3c6d54823e05c9123b2e?s=60&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/e03d09cc5ff410587ed340a1f073f4e07cf2936c340ec9546b9e3697a5409a73?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/e03d09cc5ff410587ed340a1f073f4e07cf2936c340ec9546b9e3697a5409a73?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2012-09-22T00:00:00
|
“Can it be true?” King Vikramaditya asked in anguish, looking around the well-lit and crowded court. No one replied. All were shocked by the royal astrologer’s prediction. “Yes, my lord, this is so, however bitter it may be for you,” replied the royal astrologer, breaking the silence. His voice was full of grief. Yet it was…
|
en
|
https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/e03d09cc5ff410587ed340a1f073f4e07cf2936c340ec9546b9e3697a5409a73?s=32
|
nitum
|
https://nitum.wordpress.com/2012/09/22/biography-of-varahamihira/
|
“Can it be true?” King Vikramaditya asked in anguish, looking around the well-lit and crowded court.
No one replied. All were shocked by the royal astrologer’s prediction.
“Yes, my lord, this is so, however bitter it may be for you,” replied the royal astrologer, breaking the silence. His voice was full of grief. Yet it was authoritative. “This position of the planets predicts the death of the prince at the age of 18.”
While the King controlled his emotions, the Queen, sitting beside him, could not contain herself. “No! No!” she wailed. “My lord, you should see to it that this prediction proves false.”
Though the King had full faith in his astrologer, Mihira, he took everyprecaution to save his son. But, on the predicted day, a boar killed the prince. When the news reached the King, he immediately summoned Mihira to his court.
“I am defeated, you have won, you have won,” he told Mihira.
The astrologer was as sad as the king. He said, “My Lord, I have not won. It is the science of astronomy and astrology that has won.”
“Whatever it may be, my respected astrologer,” said the King, “It has convinced me that your science is nothing but truth. And for your mastery of the subject, I now confer upon you the Magadha kingdom’s greatest award, the emblem of the varaha (boar).”
From that time Mihira came to be known as Varahamihira.
Varahamihira was born in 499 A.D. into a family of Brahmins settled at Kapittha, a village near Ujjain. His father, Adityadasa, was a worshipper of the sun god and it was he who taught Mihira astrology. On a visit to Kusumapura (Patna) young Mihira met the great astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata. The meeting inspired him so much that he decided to take up astrology and astronomy as a lifetime pursuit.
At that time, Ujjain was the center of learning, where many schools of arts, science and culture were blooming in the prosperity of the Gupta reign. Mihira, therefore, shifted to this city, where scholars from distant lands were gathering. In due course, his astrological skills came to the notice of Vikramaditya Chandragupta II, who made him one of the Nine Gems of his court. Mihira traveled widely, even as far as Greece. He died in 587.
Varahamihira was learned in the Vedas, but was not a blind believer in the supernatural. He was a scientist. Like Aryabhata before him, he declaredthat the earth was spherical. In the history of science he was the first to claim that some “force” might be keeping bodies stuck to the round earth. The force is now called gravity.
He committed one blunder, however. He was sure that the earth was not in motion. “Had it been so,” he said, “a bird moving in the direction opposite to the earth’s motion (which is westwardly) would return to its nest as soon as it had flown from it.”
Varahamihira made some significant observations in the field of ecology, hydrology and geology. His claim that plants and termites serve as indicators of underground water is now receiving attention in the scientific world. He was also a prolific writer. His mastery of Sanskrit grammer andpoetic metre enabled him to express himself in a unique style.
His encyclopedic knowledge and his lively presentation of subjects, as dry as astronomy, made him a celebrated figure. His treatise such as Panchasiddhantika (Five Principles), Brihatsamhita (Master Collection), Brahjjataka (Astrological work), have put him on as high a pedestal in astrology as Kautilya’s in political philosophy, Manu’s in law, Panini’s in grammar.
About his own treatises Varahamihira says: “The science of astrology is a vast ocean and is not easy for everyone to cross it. My treatises provide a safe boat.” That was no boast. Even now they are acknowledged as masterpieces.
|
||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 50
|
https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brihat-samhita
|
en
|
Brihat Samhita
|
[
"https://www.wisdomlib.org/images/logo-responsive2.gif",
"https://www.wisdomlib.org/uploads/a/Brihat-Samhita.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"www.wisdomlib.org"
] |
2018-11-11T20:56:03+01:00
|
This is the English translation of the Brihat-samhita, one of the fundamental works of ancient Indian astronomy (known as Jyotisha). It was written in...
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
| null |
by N. Chidambaram Iyer | 1884 | 135,584 words | ISBN-13: 9788171104215
Summary: This is the English translation of the Brihat-samhita, one of the fundamental works of ancient Indian astronomy (known as Jyotisha). It was written in the 6th century A.D. (or 1st century B.C.) in about 4000 Sanskrit verses (slokas) by the polymath known as Varahamihira, who was considered as a great scientific scholar of mathematics, astronomy and astrology.
The Brihat-samhita is written as an encyclopedia covering topics ranging from astronomy to divination and various arts such as architecture, agriculture and jewelry.
The work is also known as in Sanskrit as Varāhamihira Bṛhatsaṃhitā (वराहमिहिर बृहत्संहिता).
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 11
|
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/varahamihras-panch-siddhantika-great-mathematical-world-srivastava
|
en
|
Varahamihra's Panch Siddhantika : A great Mathematical contribution to the world
|
https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C4D12AQGgcSewffS9fQ/article-cover_image-shrink_600_2000/0/1619314371418?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=YWL_6PIZCXCXU_No8npcPej9-Gtt1B054-n6faDuXFA
|
https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C4D12AQGgcSewffS9fQ/article-cover_image-shrink_600_2000/0/1619314371418?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=YWL_6PIZCXCXU_No8npcPej9-Gtt1B054-n6faDuXFA
|
[
"https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C4D12AQGgcSewffS9fQ/article-cover_image-shrink_600_2000/0/1619314371418?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=YWL_6PIZCXCXU_No8npcPej9-Gtt1B054-n6faDuXFA"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Dr.Aniket Srivastava"
] |
2021-04-25T01:35:45+00:00
|
The most famous work by Varahamihira is the treatise on mathematical astronomy called the Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Astronomical Treatises") and dated 575 AD. It is a summary of five earlier astronomical systems, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha siddhantas.
|
en
|
https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca
|
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/varahamihras-panch-siddhantika-great-mathematical-world-srivastava
|
The most famous work by Varahamihira is the treatise on mathematical astronomy called the Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Astronomical Treatises") and dated 575 AD. It is a summary of five earlier astronomical systems, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha siddhantas.
Contributions in Mathematics:
The Pancha Siddhantika are:
1. Sūrya-Siddhānta, ie. the Siddhānta of the Sun, composed by Lāṭa,
2. Vasishṭa-siddhānta, so called from one of the stars of the Great Bear, composed by Vishnucandra,
3. Pulisa-siddhānta, so called from Paulisa, the Greek, from the city of Saintra, which I suppose to be Alexandria, composed by Pulisa.
4. Romaka-siddhānta, so called from the Rūm, ie. the subjects of the Roman Empire, composed by Śrīsheṇa.
5. Brahma-siddhānta, so called from Brahman, composed by Brahmagupta, the son of Jishṇu, from the town of Bhillamāla between Multān and Anhilwāra, 16 yojanas from the latter place.The authors of these books draw from one and the same source, the book "Paithāmaha", so called from the first father, ie. Brahman."
The Arya-siddhanta, a lot work on astronomical computations, is known through the writings of Aryabhata's contemporary, Varahamihira, and later mathematicians and commentators, including Brahmagupta and Bhaskara.Varahamihira gives a reference to the day of Kuja (Mars). Mars is also called Kshiti – Tanaya (the sun of the earth).He says ths day is inauspicious whether the one who says so is an ordinary man or is Pitamaha (lit means grandfather.. in this context it means Brahma).
Varahamihira's other most important contribution is the encyclopedic Brihat-Samhita. It covers wide ranging subjects of human interest, including astrology, planetary movements, eclipses, rainfall, clouds, architecture, growth of crops, manufacture of perfume, matrimony, domestic relations, gems, pearls, and rituals
|
|||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 0
|
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Varahamihira
|
en
|
Varahamihira | Astronomer, Mathematician, Astrologer
|
[
"https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/88/144788-131-ADACA20E/Michael-Faraday-John-Frederic-Daniell.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/86/94086-131-0BAE374D/Equations-blackboard.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/54/102254-131-ED1A2CE1/Nicolaus-Copernicus.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/27/238127-131-9A610712/galaxy-cluster-Abell-2744.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/26/157426-131-16C2E991/moon-Planet-Earth-space.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/41/196341-131-60E24B83/solar-eclipse-moon-sun-space-astronomy.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/57/189157-131-0B5E7E11/Arrangement-phases-moon-Blood-Moon-eclipse.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/41/191041-131-7ECE668A/bunch-numbers.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/04/199104-131-353ECA47/taiga-Tunguska-Siberian-helicopter.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/35/146135-131-BC5E7D00/Baseball-grass-arts-Homepage-blog-entertainment-sports-2010.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/31/142331-131-EE300AF6/basketball-Orange-background-lighting-Homepage-entertainment-history-2010.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/70/191970-131-A85628DA/Color-wheel-light-color-spectrum.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/94/159994-131-8E828D22/Battle-of-New-Orleans-oil-painting-E-1910.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/13/195913-131-E6C2B632/World-map-Oceans-Continents.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/90/202690-131-1D29B008/colorful-winter-sunset.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Varahamihira",
"encyclopedia",
"encyclopeadia",
"britannica",
"article"
] | null |
[
"The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica"
] |
1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00
|
Varahamihira was an Indian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, author of the Pancha-siddhantika (“Five Treatises”), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman, and Indian astronomy. Varahamihira’s knowledge of Western astronomy was thorough. In five sections, his monumental work progresses
|
en
|
/favicon.png
|
Encyclopedia Britannica
|
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Varahamihira
|
Varahamihira (born 505, Ujjain, India—died 587, Ujjain) was an Indian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, author of the Pancha-siddhantika (“Five Treatises”), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman, and Indian astronomy.
Varahamihira’s knowledge of Western astronomy was thorough. In five sections, his monumental work progresses through native Indian astronomy and culminates in two treatises on Western astronomy, showing calculations based on Greek and Alexandrian reckoning and even giving complete Ptolemaic mathematical charts and tables. But his greatest interest lay in astrology. He repeatedly emphasized its importance and wrote many treatises on shakuna (“augury”) as well as the Brihaj-jataka (“Great Birth”) and the Laghu-jataka (“Short Birth”), two works on the casting of horoscopes.
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 28
|
https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/wp/i/Indian_mathematics.htm
|
en
|
Indian mathematics
|
[
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/checked-content.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9317.jpg",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9326.jpg",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/1x1white.gif",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9330.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9331.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9332.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9333.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9333.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9334.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9335.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9336.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9337.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9338.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9339.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9330.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9340.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9341.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9342.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9343.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9344.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9345.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9346.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9347.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/82/8212.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9348.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9349.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9350.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9351.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9352.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/1x1white.gif",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9356.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9357.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9358.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9359.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9360.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9361.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9362.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9363.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9364.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9365.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9366.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9367.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/82/8270.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9368.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9369.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9370.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9371.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9372.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9373.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9374.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9375.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9376.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9377.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9378.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9379.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9380.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9381.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9382.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9383.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9384.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9385.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9386.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9387.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9388.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9389.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9390.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9391.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9392.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9393.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9394.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9395.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9396.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9397.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9398.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9399.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/93/9392.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/65/6526.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/94/9400.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/94/9401.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/94/9402.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/94/9403.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/65/6526.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/94/9404.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/94/9405.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/65/6526.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/94/9406.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/images/94/9407.png",
"https://camaraethiopia.org.et/rachel/wikip/schools-wikipedia-logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"SOS Children"
] | null |
A Wikipedia for Schools article about Indian mathematics. Content checked by SOS Children's Villages
|
en
|
https://camaraethiopia.org.et/Indian_mathematics.htm
|
Indian mathematics—which here is the mathematics that emerged in South Asia from ancient times until the end of the 18th century—had its beginnings in the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization (2600-1900 BCE) and the Iron Age Vedic culture (1500-500 BCE). In the classical period of Indian mathematics ( 400 CE to 1200 CE), important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II. Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the decimal number system, zero, negative numbers, arithmetic, and algebra. In addition, trigonometry, having evolved in the Hellenistic world and having been introduced into ancient India through the translation of Greek works, was further advanced in India, and, in particular, the modern definitions of sine and cosine were developed there. These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe and led to further developments that now form the foundations of many areas of mathematics.
Ancient and medieval Indian mathematical works, all composed in Sanskrit, usually consisted of a section of sutras in which a set of rules or problems were stated with great economy in verse in order to aid memorization by a student. This was followed by a second section consisting of a prose commentary (sometimes multiple commentaries by different scholars) that explained the problem in more detail and provided justification for the solution. In the prose section, the form (and therefore its memorization) was not considered as important as the ideas involved. All mathematical works were orally transmitted until approximately 500 BCE; thereafter, they were transmitted both orally and in manuscript form. The oldest extant mathematical document produced on the Indian subcontinent is the birch bark Bakhshali Manuscript, discovered in 1881 in the village of Bakhshali, near Peshawar (modern day Pakistan) and is likely from the seventh century CE.
A later landmark in Indian mathematics was the development of the series expansions for trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, and arc tangent) by mathematicians of the Kerala School in the fifteenth century CE. Their remarkable work, completed two centuries before the invention of calculus in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a power series (apart from geometric series). However, they did not formulate a systematic theory of differentiation and integration, nor is there any direct evidence of their results being transmitted outside Kerala.
Fields of Indian mathematics
Some of the areas of mathematics studied in ancient and medieval India include the following:
Arithmetic: Decimal system, Negative numbers (see Brahmagupta), Zero (see Hindu-Arabic numeral system), the modern positional notation numeral system, Floating point numbers (see Kerala School), Number theory, Infinity (see Yajur Veda), Transfinite numbers, Irrational numbers (see Sulba Sutras)
Geometry: Square roots (see Bakhshali approximation), Cube roots (see Mahavira), Pythagorean triples (see Sulba Sutras; Baudhayana and Apastamba state the Pythagorean theorem without proof), Transformation (see Panini), Pascal's triangle (see Pingala)
Algebra: Quadratic equations (see Sulba Sutras, Aryabhata, and Brahmagupta), Cubic equations (see Mahavira and Bhaskara), Quartic equations (biquadratic equations; see Mahavira and Bhaskara)
Mathematical logic: Formal grammars, formal language theory, the Panini-Backus form (see Panini), Recursion (see Panini)
General mathematics: Fibonacci numbers (see Pingala), Earliest forms of Morse code (see Pingala), Logarithms, indices (see Jaina mathematics), Algorithms, Algorism (see Aryabhata and Brahmagupta)
Trigonometry: Trigonometric functions (see Surya Siddhanta and Aryabhata), Trigonometric series (see Madhava and Kerala School)
Indian mathematics show many different ways of Indian culture.
Harappan Mathematics (2600 BCE - 1700 BCE)
The earliest evidence of the use of mathematics in South Asia is in the artifacts of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also called the Harappan civilization. Excavations at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro(Pakistan) and other locations in the Indus river valley have uncovered evidence of the use of practical mathematics. The people of the IVC manufactured bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick structure. They used a standardized system of weights based on the ratios: 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, 1/2, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, with the unit weight equaling approximately 28 grams (and approximately equal to the English ounce or Greek uncia). They mass produced weights in regular geometrical shapes, which included hexahedra, barrels, cones, and cylinders, thereby demonstrating knowledge of basic geometry.
The inhabitants of Indus civilization also tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy. They designed a ruler—the Mohenjo-daro ruler—whose unit of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length.
The Oral Mathematical Tradition
Mathematicians of ancient and early medieval India were almost all Sanskrit pandits (paṇḍita "learned man"), who were trained in Sanskrit language and literature, and possessed "a common stock of knowledge in grammar ( vyākaraṇa), exegesis ( mīmāṃsā) and logic ( nyāya)." Memorization of "what is heard" ( śruti in Sanskrit) through recitation played a major role in the transmission of sacred texts in ancient India. Memorization and recitation was also used to transmit philosophical and literary works, as well as treatises on ritual and grammar. Modern scholars of ancient India have noted the "truly remarkable achievements of the Indian pandits who have preserved enormously bulky texts orally for millennia."
Styles of Memorization
Prodigous energy was expended by ancient Indian culture in ensuring that these texts were transmitted from generation to generation with inordinate fidelity. For example, memorization of the sacred Vedas included up to eleven forms of recitation of the same text. The texts were subsequently "proof-read" by comparing the different recited versions. Forms of recitation included the jaṭā-pāṭha (literally "mesh recitation") in which every two adjacent words in the text were first recited in their original order, then repeated in the reverse order, and finally repeated again in the original order. The recitation thus proceeded as:
word1word2, word2word1, word1word2; word2word3, word3word2, word2word3; ...
In another form of recitation, dvaja-pāṭha (literally "flag recitation") a sequence of N words were recited (and memorized) by pairing the first two and last two words and then proceeding as:
word1word2, word(N-1)wordN; word2word3, word(N-3)word(N-2); ...; word(N-1)wordN, word1word2;
The most complex form of recitation, ghana-pāṭha (literally "dense recitation"), according to (Filliozat 2004, p. 139), took the form:
word1word2, word2word1, word1word2word3, word3word2word1, word1word2word3; word2word3, word3word2, word2word3word4, word4word3word2, word2word3word4; ...
That these methods have been effective, is testified to by the preservation of the most ancient Indian religious text, the Ṛgveda ( ca. 1500 BCE), as a single text, without any variant readings. Similar methods were used for memorizing mathematical texts, whose transmission remained exclusively oral until the end of the Vedic period (ca. 500 BCE).
The Sūtra Genre
Mathematical activity in ancient India began as a part of a "methodological reflexion" on the sacred Vedas, which took the form of works called Vedāṇgas, or, "Ancillaries of the Veda" (7th-4th century BCE). The need to conserve the sound of sacred text by use of śikṣā ( phonetics) and chandas ( metrics); to conserve its meaning by use of vyākaraṇa ( grammar) and nirukta ( etymology); and to correctly perform the rites at the correct time by the use of kalpa ( ritual) and jyotiṣa (astronomy), gave rise to the six disciplines of the Vedāṇgas. Mathematics arose as a part of the last two disciplines, ritual and astronomy (which also included astrology). Since the Vedāṇgas immediately preceded the use of writing in ancient India, they formed the last of the exclusively oral literature. They were expressed in a highly compressed mnemonic form, the sūtra (literally, "thread"):
The knowers of the sūtra know it as having few phonemes, being devoid of ambiguity, containing the essence, facing everything, being without pause and unobjectionable.
Extreme brevity was achieved through multiple means, which included using ellipsis "beyond the tolerance of natural language," using technical names instead of longer descriptive names, abridging lists by only mentioning the first and last entries, and using markers and variables. The sūtras create the impression that communication through the text was "only a part of the whole instruction. The rest of the instruction must have been transmitted by the so-called Guru-shishya parampara, 'uninterrupted succession from teacher (guru) to the student (śisya),' and it was not open to the general public" and perhaps even kept secret. The brevity achieved in a sūtra is demonstrated in the following example from the Baudhāyana Śulba Sūtra (700 BCE).
The domestic fire-altar in the Vedic period was required by ritual to have a square base and be constituted of five layers of bricks with 21 bricks in each layer. One method of constructing the altar was to divide one side of the square into three equal parts using a cord or rope, to next divide the transverse (or perpendicular) side into seven equal parts, and thereby sub-divide the square into 21 congruent rectangles. The bricks were then designed to be of the shape of the constituent rectangle and the layer was created. To form the next layer, the same formula was used, but the bricks were arranged transversely. The process was then repeated three more times (with alternating directions) in order to complete the construction. In the Baudhāyana Śulba Sūtra, this procedure is described in the following words:
"II.64. After dividing the quadri-lateral in seven, one divides the transverse [cord] in three.
II.65. In another layer one places the [bricks] North-pointing."
According to (Filliozat 2004, p. 144), the officiant constructing the altar has only a few tools and materials at his disposal: a cord (Sanskrit, rajju, f.), two pegs (Sanskrit, śanku, m.), and clay to make the bricks (Sanskrit, iṣṭakā, f.). Concision is achieved in the sūtra, by not explicitly mentioning what the adjective "transverse" qualifies; however, from the feminine form of the (Sanskrit) adjective used, it is easily inferred to qualify "cord." Similarly, in the second stanza, "bricks" are not explicitly mentioned, but inferred again by the feminine plural form of "North-pointing." Finally, the first stanza, never explicitly says that the first layer of bricks are oriented in the East-West direction, but that too is implied by the explicit mention of "North-pointing" in the second stanza; for, if the orientation was meant to be the same in the two layers, it would either not be mentioned at all or be only mentioned in the first stanza. All these inferences are made by the officiant as he recalls the formula from his memory.
Vedic Period (1500 BCE - 400 BCE)
The religious texts of the Vedic Period provide evidence for the use of large numbers. By the time of the last Veda, the Yajurvedasaṃhitā (1200-900 BCE), numbers as high as were being included in the texts. For example, the mantra (sacrificial formula) at the end of the annahoma ("food-oblation rite") performed during the aśvamedha ("horse sacrifice"), and uttered just before-, during-, and just after sunrise, invokes powers of ten from a hundred to a trillion:
"Hail to śata ("hundred," ), hail to sahasra ("thousand," ), hail to ayuta ("ten thousand," ), hail to niyuta ("hundred thousand," ), hail to prayuta ("million," ), hail to arbuda ("ten million," ), hail to nyarbuda ("hundred million," ), hail to samudra ("billion," , literally "ocean"), hail to madhya ("ten billion," , literally "middle"), hail to anta ("hundred billion," , lit., "end"), hail to parārdha ("one trillion," lit., "beyond parts"), hail to the dawn (uśas), hail to the twilight (vyuṣṭi), hail to the one which is going to rise (udeṣyat), hail to the one which is rising (udyat), hail to the one which has just risen (udita), hail to the heaven (svarga), hail to the world (loka), hail to all."
The Satapatha Brahmana (9th century BCE) contains rules for ritual geometric constructions that are similar to the Sulba Sutras.
Śulba Sūtras
The Śulba Sūtras (literally, "Aphorisms of the Chords" in Vedic Sanskrit) (c. 700-400 BCE) list rules for the construction of sacrificial fire altars. Most mathematical problems considered in the Śulba Sūtras spring from "a single theological requirement," that of constructing fire altars which have different shapes but occupy the same area. The altars were required to be constructed of five layers of burnt brick, with the further condition that each layer consist of 200 bricks and that no two adjacent layers have congruent arrangements of bricks.
According to (Hayashi 2005, p. 363), the Śulba Sūtras contain "the earliest extant verbal expression of the Pythagorean Theorem in the world, although it had already been known to the Old Babylonians."
The diagonal rope (akṣṇayā-rajju) of an oblong (rectangle) produces both which the flank (pārśvamāni) and the horizontal (tiryaṇmānī) produce separately."
Since the statement is a sūtra, it is necessarily compressed and what the ropes produce is not elaborated on, but the context clearly implies the square areas constructed on their lengths, and would have been explained so by the teacher to the student.
They contain lists of Pythagorean triples, which are particular cases of Diophantine equations. They also contain statements (that with hindsight we know to be approximate) about squaring the circle and "circling the square."
Baudhayana (c. 8th century BCE) composed the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra, the best-known Sulba Sutra, which contains examples of simple Pythagorean triples, such as: , , , , and as well as a statement of the Pythagorean theorem for the sides of a square: "The rope which is stretched across the diagonal of a square produces an area double the size of the original square." It also contains the general statement of the Pythagorean theorem (for the sides of a rectangle): "The rope stretched along the length of the diagonal of a rectangle makes an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together." Baudhayana gives a formula for the square root of two,
The formula is accurate up to five decimal places, the true value being This formula is similar in structure to the formula found on a Mesopotamian tablet from the Old Babylonian period (1900-1600 BCE):
which expresses in the sexagesimal system, and which too is accurate up to 5 decimal places (after rounding).
According to mathematician S. G. Dani, the Babylonian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 written ca. 1850 BCE "contains fifteen Pythagorean triples with quite large entries, including (13500, 12709, 18541) which is a primitive triple, indicating, in particular, that there was sophisticated understanding on the topic" in Mesopotamia in 1850 BCE. "Since these tablets predate the Sulbasutras period by several centuries, taking into account the contextual appearance of some of the triples, it is reasonable to expect that similar understanding would have been there in India." Dani goes on to say:
"As the main objective of the Sulvasutras was to describe the constructions of altars and the geometric principles involved in them, the subject of Pythagorean triples, even if it had been well understood may still not have featured in the Sulvasutras. The occurrence of the triples in the Sulvasutras is comparable to mathematics that one may encounter in an introductory book on architecture or another similar applied area, and would not correspond directly to the overall knowledge on the topic at that time. Since, unfortunately, no other contemporaneous sources have been found it may never be possible to settle this issue satisfactorily."
In all three Sulba Sutras were composed. The remaining two, the Manava Sulba Sutra composed by Manava (fl. 750-650 BCE) and the Apastamba Sulba Sutra, composed by Apastamba (c. 600 BCE), contained results similar to the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra.
Vyakarana
An important landmark of the Vedic period was the work of Sanskrit grammarian, Pāṇini (c. 520-460 BCE). His grammar includes early use of Boolean logic, of the null operator, and of context free grammars, and includes a precursor of the Backus–Naur form (used in the description programming languages).
Jaina Mathematics (400 BCE - 200 CE)
Although Jainism as a religion and philosophy predates its most famous exponent, Mahavira ( 6th century BC), who was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha, most Jaina texts on mathematical topcs were composed after the 6th century BCE. Jaina mathematicians are important historically as crucial links between the mathematics of the Vedic period and that of the "Classical period."
A significant historical contribution of Jaina mathematicians lay in their freeing Indian mathematics from its religious and ritualistic constraints. In particular, their fascination with the enumeration of very large numbers and infinities, led them to classify numbers into three classes: enumerable, innumerable and infinite. Not content with a simple notion of infinity, they went on to define five different types of infinity: the infinite in one direction, the infinite in two directions, the infinite in area, the infinite everywhere, and the infinite perpetually. In addition, Jaina mathematicians devised notations for simple powers (and exponents) of numbers like squares and cubes, which enabled them to define simple algebraic equations (beezganit samikaran). Jaina mathematicians were apparently also the first to use the word shunya (literally void in Sanskrit) to refer to zero. More than a millennium later, their appellation became the English word "zero" after a tortuous journey of translations and transliterations from India to Europe . (See Zero: Etymology.)
In addition to Surya Prajnapti, important Jaina works on mathematics included the Vaishali Ganit (c. 3rd century BCE); the Sthananga Sutra (fl. 300 BCE - 200 CE); the Anoyogdwar Sutra (fl. 200 BCE - 100 CE); and the Satkhandagama (c. 2nd century CE). Important Jaina mathematicians included Bhadrabahu (d. 298 BCE), the author of two astronomical works, the Bhadrabahavi-Samhita and a commentary on the Surya Prajinapti; Yativrisham Acharya (c. 176 BCE), who authored a mathematical text called Tiloyapannati; and Umasvati (c. 150 BCE), who, although better known for his influential writings on Jaina philosophy and metaphysics, composed a mathematical work called Tattwarthadhigama-Sutra Bhashya.
Pingala
Among other scholars of this period who contributed to mathematics, the most notable is Pingala (piṅgalá) ( fl. 300-200 BCE), a musical theorist who authored the Chandas Shastra (chandaḥ-śāstra, also Chandas Sutra chandaḥ-sūtra), a Sanskrit treatise on prosody. There is evidence that in his work on the enumeration of syllabic combinations, Pingala stumbled upon both the Pascal triangle and Binomial coefficients, although he did not have knowledge of the Binomial theorem itself. Pingala's work also contains the basic ideas of Fibonacci numbers (called maatraameru). Although the Chandah sutra hasn't survived in its entirety, a 10th century commentary on it by Halāyudha has. Halāyudha, who refers to the Pascal triangle as Meru-prastāra (literally "the staircase to Mount Meru"), has this to say:
"Draw a square. Beginning at half the square, draw two other similar squares below it; below these two, three other squares, and so on. The marking should be started by putting 1 in the first square. Put 1 in each of the two squares of the second line. In the third line put 1 in the two squares at the ends and, in the middle square, the sum of the digits in the two squares lying above it. In the fourth line put 1 in the two squares at the ends. In the middle ones put the sum of the digits in the two squares above each. Proceed in this way. Of these lines, the second gives the combinations with one syllable, the third the combinations with two syllables, ..."
The text also indicates that Pingala was aware of the combinatorial identity:
Katyayana
Though not a Jaina mathematician, Katyayana (c. 3rd century BCE) is notable for being the last of the Vedic mathematicians. He wrote the Katyayana Sulba Sutra, which presented much geometry, including the general Pythagorean theorem and a computation of the square root of 2 correct to five decimal places.
With the increasing complexity of mathematics and other exact sciences, both writing and computation were required. Consequently, many mathematical works began to be written down in manuscripts that were then copied and re-copied from generation to generation.
"India today is estimated to have about thirty million manuscripts, the largest body of handwritten reading material anywhere in the world. The literate culture of Indian science goes back to at least the fifth century B.C. ... as is shown by the elements of Mesopotamian omen literature and astronomy that entered India at that time and (were) definitely not ... preserved orally."
The earliest mathematical prose commentary was that on the work, Āryabhaṭīya (written 499 CE), a work on astronomy and mathematics. The mathematical portion of the Āryabhaṭīya was composed of 33 sūtras (in verse form) consisting of mathematical statements or rules, but without any proofs. However, according to (Hayashi 2003, p. 123), "this does not necessarily mean that their authors did not prove them. It was probably a matter of style of exposition." From the time of Bhaskara I (600 CE onwards), prose commentaries increasingly began to include some derivations (upapatti). Bhaskara I's commentary on the Āryabhaṭīya, had the following structure:
Rule ('sūtra') in verse by Āryabhaṭa
Commentary by Bhāskara I, consisting of:
Elucidation of rule (derivations were still rare then, but became more common later)
Example (uddeśaka) usually in verse.
Setting (nyāsa/sthāpanā) of the numerical data.
Working (karana) of the solution.
Verification (pratyayakaraṇa, literally "to make conviction") of the answer. These became rare by the 13th century, derivations or proofs being favored by then.
Typically, for any mathematical topic, students in ancient India first memorized the sūtras, which, as explained earlier, were "deliberately inadequate" in explanatory details (in order to pithily convey the bare-bone mathematical rules). The students then worked through the topics of the prose commentary by writing (and drawing diagrams) on chalk- and dust-boards (i.e. boards covered with dust). The latter activity, a staple of mathematical work, was to later prompt mathematician-astronomer, Brahmagupta ( fl. 7th century CE), to characterize astronomical computations as "dust work" (Sanskrit: dhulikarman).
Numerals and the Decimal Number System
The earliest extant script used in India was the Kharoṣṭhī script used in the Gandhara culture of the north-west. It is thought to be of Aramaic origin and it was in use from the fourth century BCE to the fourth century CE. Almost contemporaneously, another script, the Brahmi, appeared on much of the sub-continent, and would later become the foundation of many scripts of South Asia and South-east Asia. Both scripts had numeral symbols and numeral systems, which were initially not based on a place-value system. The first datable evidence of the use of the decimal place-value system in India is found in the Yavanajātaka ( ca. 270 CE) of Sphujidhvaja, a versification of an earlier (ca. 150 CE) Indian prose adaptation of a lost work of Hellenistic astrology.
Bakhshali Manuscript
The oldest extant mathematical manuscript in South Asia is the Bakhshali Manuscript, a birch bark manuscript written in "Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit" in the Śāradā script, which was used in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent between the 8th and 12th centuries CE. The manuscript was discovered in 1881 by a farmer while digging in a stone enclosure in the village of Bakhshali, near Peshawar (then in British India and now in Pakistan). Of unknown authorship and now preserved in the Bodleian Library in Oxford University, the manuscript has been variously dated—as early as the "early centuries of the Christian era" and as late as between the 9th and 12th century CE. The 7th century CE is now considered a plausible date, albeit with the likelihood that the "manuscript in its present-day form constitutes a commentary or a copy of an anterior mathematical work."
The surviving manuscript has seventy leaves, some of which are in fragments. Its mathematical content consists of rules and examples, written in verse, together with prose commentaries, which include solutions to the examples. The topics treated include arithmetic (fractions, square roots, profit and loss, simple interest, the rule of three, and regula falsi) and algebra (simultaneous linear equations and quadratic equations), and arithmetic progressions. In addition, there is a handful of geometric problems (including problems about volumes of irregular solids). The Bakhshali manuscript also "employs a decimal place value system with a dot for zero." Many of its problems are the so-called equalization problems that lead to systems of linear equations. One example from Fragment III-5-3v is the following:
"One merchant has seven asava horses, a second has nine haya horses, and a third has ten camels. They are equally well off in the value of their animals if each gives two animals, one to each of the others. Find the price of each animal and the total value for the animals possessed by each merchant."
The prose commentary accompanying the example solves the problem by converting it to three (under-determined) equations in four unknowns and assuming that the prices are all integers.
Classical Period (400 - 1200)
This period is often known as the golden age of Indian Mathematics. This period saw mathematicians such as Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara I, Mahavira, and Bhaskara II give broader and clearer shape to many branches of mathematics. Their contributions would spread to Asia, the Middle East, and eventually to Europe. Unlike Vedic mathematics, their works included both astronomical and mathematical contributions. In fact, mathematics of that period was included in the 'astral science' (jyotiḥśāstra) and consisted of three sub-disciplines: mathematical sciences (gaṇita or tantra), horoscope astrology (horā or jātaka) and divination (saṃhitā). This tripartite division is seen in Varāhamihira's sixth century compilation—Pancasiddhantika (literally panca, "five," siddhānta, "conclusion of deliberation", dated 575 CE)—of five earlier works, Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitamaha Siddhanta, which were adaptations of still earlier works of Mesopotamian, Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Indian astronomy. As explained earlier, the main texts were composed in Sanskrit verse, and were followed by prose commentaries.
Fifth and Sixth Centuries
Surya Siddhanta
Though its authorship is unknown, the Surya Siddhanta (c. 400) contains the roots of modern trigonometry. Some authors consider that its was written under influence of Mesopotamia and Greece. But according Flavius Filostratus records Pythagoras in 5th century BC and Apollonius of Tyana in the 1st century CE went to study in India.Furthermore there is no hard evidence to prove that Greek mathematicians had strong influence on Greek astronomy.
This ancient text uses the following as trigonometric functions for the first time:
Sine (Jya).
Cosine (Kojya).
Inverse sine (Otkram jya).
It also contains the earliest uses of:
Tangent.
Secant.
The Hindu cosmological time cycles explained in the text, which was copied from an earlier work, gives:
The average length of the sidereal year as 365.2563627 days, which is only 1.4 seconds longer than the modern value of 365.2563627 days.
The average length of the tropical year as 365.2421756 days, which is only 2 seconds shorter than the modern value of 365.2421988 days.
Later Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhata made references to this text, while later Arabic and Latin translations were very influential in Europe and the Middle East.
Chhedi calendar
This Chhedi calendar (594) contains an early use of the modern place-value Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally (see also Hindu-Arabic numerals).
Aryabhata I
Aryabhata (476-550) wrote the Aryabhatiya. He described the important fundamental principles of mathematics in 332 shlokas. The treatise contained:
Quadratic equations
Trigonometry
The value of π, correct to 4 decimal places.
Aryabhata also wrote the Arya Siddhanta, which is now lost. Aryabhata's contributions include:
Trigonometry:
Introduced the trigonometric functions.
Defined the sine (jya) as the modern relationship between half an angle and half a chord.
Defined the cosine (kojya).
Defined the versine (ukramajya).
Defined the inverse sine (otkram jya).
Gave methods of calculating their approximate numerical values.
Contains the earliest tables of sine, cosine and versine values, in 3.75° intervals from 0° to 90°, to 4 decimal places of accuracy.
Contains the trigonometric formula sin (n + 1) x - sin nx = sin nx - sin (n - 1) x - (1/225)sin nx.
Spherical trigonometry.
Arithmetic:
Continued fractions.
Algebra:
Solutions of simultaneous quadratic equations.
Whole number solutions of linear equations by a method equivalent to the modern method.
General solution of the indeterminate linear equation .
Mathematical astronomy:
Proposed for the first time, a heliocentric solar system with the planets spinning on their axes and following an elliptical orbit around the Sun.
Accurate calculations for astronomical constants, such as the:
Solar eclipse.
Lunar eclipse.
The formula for the sum of the cubes, which was an important step in the development of integral calculus.
Calculus:
Infinitesimals:
In the course of developing a precise mapping of the lunar eclipse, Aryabhatta was obliged to introduce the concept of infinitesimals (tatkalika gati) to designate the near instantaneous motion of the moon.
Differential equations:
He expressed the near instantaneous motion of the moon in the form of a basic differential equation.
Exponential function:
He used the exponential function e in his differential equation of the near instantaneous motion of the moon.
Varahamihira
Varahamihira (505-587) produced the Pancha Siddhanta (The Five Astronomical Canons). He made important contributions to trigonometry, including sine and cosine tables to 4 decimal places of accuracy and the following formulas relating sine and cosine functions:
Seventh and Eighth Centuries
In the seventh century, two separate fields, arithmetic (which included mensuration) and algebra, began to emerge in Indian mathematics. The two fields would later be called pāṭī-gaṇita (literally "mathematics of algorithms") and bīja-gaṇita (lit. "mathematics of seeds," with "seeds"—like the seeds of plants—representing unknowns with the potential to generate, in this case, the solutions of equations). Brahmagupta, in his astronomical work Brāhma Sphuṭa Siddhānta (628 CE), included two chapters (12 and 18) devoted to these fields. Chapter 12, containing 66 Sanskrit verses, was divided into two sections: "basic operations" (including cube roots, fractions, ratio and proportion, and barter) and "practical mathematics" (including mixture, mathematical series, plane figures, stacking bricks, sawing of timber, and piling of grain). In the latter section, he stated his famous theorem on the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral:
Brahmagupta's theorem: If a cyclic quadrilateral has diagonals that are perpendicular to each other, then the perpendicular line drawn from the point of intersection of the diagonals to any side of the quadrilateral always bisects the opposite side.
Chapter 12 also included a formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral (a generalization of Heron's formula), as well as a complete description of rational triangles (i.e. triangles with rational sides and rational areas).
Brahmagupta's formula: The area, A, of a cyclic quadrilateral with sides of lengths a, b, c, d, respectively, is given by
where s, the semiperimeter, given by:
Brahmagupta's Theorem on rational triangles: A triangle with rational sides and rational area is of the form:
for some rational numbers and .
Chapter 18 contained 103 Sanskrit verses which began with rules for arithmetical operations involving zero and negative numbers and is considered the first systematic treatment of the subject. The rules (which included and ) were all correct, with one exception: . Later in the chapter, he gave the first explicit (although still not completely general) solution of the quadratic equation:
“ To the absolute number multiplied by four times the [coefficient of the] square, add the square of the [coefficient of the] middle term; the square root of the same, less the [coefficient of the] middle term, being divided by twice the [coefficient of the] square is the value. (Brahmasphutasiddhanta (Colebrook translation, 1817, page 346) ”
This is equivalent to:
Also in chapter 18, Brahmagupta was able to make progress in finding (integral) solutions of Pell's equation,
where is a nonsquare integer. He did this by discovering the following identity:
Brahmagupta's Identity: which was a generalization of an earlier identity of Diophantus: Brahmagupta used his identity to prove the following lemma:
Lemma (Brahmagupta): If is a solution of and, is a solution of , then:
is a solution of
He then used this lemma to both generate infinitely many (integral) solutions of Pell's equation, given one solution, and state the following theorem:
Theorem (Brahmagupta): If the equation has an integer solution for any one of then Pell's equation:
also has an integer solution.
Brahmagupta did not actually prove the theorem, but rather worked out examples using his method. The first example he presented was:
Example (Brahmagupta): Find integers such that:
In his commentary, Brahmagupta added, "a person solving this problem within a year is a mathematician." The solution he provided was:
Bhaskara I
Bhaskara I (c. 600-680) expanded the work of Aryabhata in his books titled Mahabhaskariya, Aryabhattiya Bhashya and Laghu Bhaskariya. He produced:
Solutions of indeterminate equations.
A rational approximation of the sine function.
A formula for calculating the sine of an acute angle without the use of a table, correct to 2 decimal places.
Ninth to Twelfth Centuries
Virasena
Virasena (9th century) was a Jaina mathematician in the court of Rashtrakuta King Amoghavarsha of Manyakheta, Karnataka. He wrote the Dhavala, a commentary on Jaina mathematics, which:
Deals with logarithms to base 2 (ardhaccheda) and describes its laws.
First uses logarithms to base 3 (trakacheda) and base 4 (caturthacheda).
Virasena also gave:
The derivation of the volume of a frustum by a sort of infinite procedure.
Mahavira
Mahavira Acharya (c. 800-870) from Karnataka, the last of the notable Jaina mathematicians, lived in the 9th century and was patronised by the Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha. He wrote a book titled Ganit Saar Sangraha on numerical mathematics, and also wrote treatises about a wide range of mathematical topics. These include the mathematics of:
Zero.
Squares.
Cubes.
square roots, cube roots, and the series extending beyond these.
Plane geometry.
Solid geometry.
Problems relating to the casting of shadows.
Formulae derived to calculate the area of an ellipse and quadrilateral inside a circle
Mahavira also:
Asserted that the square root of a negative number did not exist
Gave the sum of a series whose terms are squares of an arithmetical progression, and gave empirical rules for area and perimeter of an ellipse.
Solved cubic equations.
Solved quartic equations.
Solved some quintic equations and higher-order polynomials.
Gave the general solutions of the higher order polynomial equations:
Solved indeterminate quadratic equations.
Solved indeterminate cubic equations.
Solved indeterminate higher order equations.
Shridhara
Shridhara (c. 870-930), who lived in Bengal, wrote the books titled Nav Shatika, Tri Shatika and Pati Ganita. He gave:
A good rule for finding the volume of a sphere.
The formula for solving quadratic equations.
The Pati Ganita is a work on arithmetic and mensuration. It deals with various operations, including:
Elementary operations
Extracting square and cube roots.
Fractions.
Eight rules given for operations involving zero.
Methods of summation of different arithmetic and geometric series, which were to become standard references in later works.
Manjula
Aryabhata's differential equations were elaborated in the 10th century by Manjula (also Munjala), who realised that the expression
could be approximately expressed as
He understood the concept of differentiation after solving the differential equation that resulted from substituting this expression into Aryabhata's differential equation.
Aryabhata II
Aryabhata II (c. 920-1000) wrote a commentary on Shridhara, and an astronomical treatise Maha-Siddhanta. The Maha-Siddhanta has 18 chapters, and discusses:
Numerical mathematics (Ank Ganit).
Algebra.
Solutions of indeterminate equations (kuttaka).
Shripati
Shripati Mishra (1019-1066) wrote the books Siddhanta Shekhara, a major work on astronomy in 19 chapters, and Ganit Tilaka, an incomplete arithmetical treatise in 125 verses based on a work by Shridhara. He worked mainly on:
Permutations and combinations.
General solution of the simultaneous indeterminate linear equation.
He was also the author of Dhikotidakarana, a work of twenty verses on:
Solar eclipse.
Lunar eclipse.
The Dhruvamanasa is a work of 105 verses on:
Calculating planetary longitudes
eclipses.
planetary transits.
Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravati
Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravati (c. 1100) authored a mathematical treatise titled Gome-mat Saar.
Bhaskara II
Bhāskara II (1114-1185) was a mathematician-astronomer who wrote a number of important treatises, namely the Siddhanta Shiromani, Lilavati, Bijaganita, Gola Addhaya, Griha Ganitam and Karan Kautoohal. A number of his contributions were later transmitted to the Middle East and Europe. His contributions include:
Arithmetic:
Interest computation.
Arithmetical and geometrical progressions.
Plane geometry.
Solid geometry.
The shadow of the gnomon.
Solutions of combinations.
Gave a proof for division by zero being infinity.
Algebra:
The recognition of a positive number having two square roots.
Surds.
Operations with products of several unknowns.
The solutions of:
Quadratic equations.
Cubic equations.
Quartic equations.
Equations with more than one unknown.
Quadratic equations with more than one unknown.
The general form of Pell's equation using the chakravala method.
The general indeterminate quadratic equation using the chakravala method.
Indeterminate cubic equations.
Indeterminate quartic equations.
Indeterminate higher-order polynomial equations.
Geometry:
Gave a proof of the Pythagorean theorem.
Calculus:
Conceived of differential calculus.
Discovered the derivative.
Discovered the differential coefficient.
Developed differentiation.
Stated Rolle's theorem, a special case of the mean value theorem (one of the most important theorems of calculus and analysis).
Derived the differential of the sine function.
Computed π, correct to 5 decimal places.
Calculated the length of the Earth's revolution around the Sun to 9 decimal places.
Trigonometry:
Developments of spherical trigonometry
The trigonometric formulas:
Kerala Mathematics (1300 - 1600)
The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics was founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, South India and included among its members: Parameshvara, Neelakanta Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. It flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri ( 1559- 1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school astronomers independently created a number of important mathematics concepts. The most important results, series expansion for trigonometric functions, were given in Sanskrit verse in a book by Neelakanta called Tantrasangraha and a commentary on this work called Tantrasangraha-vakhya of unknown authorship. The theorems were stated without proof, but proofs for the series for sine, cosine, and inverse tangent were provided a century later in the work Yuktibhasa (c.1500-c.1610), written in Malayalam, by Jyesthadeva, and also in a commentary on Tantrasangraha.
Their discovery of these three important series expansions of calculus—several centuries before calculus was developed in Europe by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz—was a landmark achievement in mathematics. However, the Kerala School cannot be said to have invented calculus, because, while they were able to develop Taylor series expansions for the important trigonometric functions, they developed neither a comprehensive theory of differentiation or integration, nor the fundamental theorem of calculus. The results obtained by the Kerala school include:
The (infinite) geometric series: for This formula was already known, for example, in the work of the 10th century Arab mathematician Alhazen (the Latinized form of the name Ibn Al-Haytham (965-1039)).
A semi-rigorous proof (see "induction" remark below) of the result: for large n. This result was also known to Alhazen.
Intuitive use of mathematical induction, however, the inductive hypothesis was not formulated or employed in proofs.
Applications of ideas from (what was to become) differential and integral calculus to obtain (Taylor-Maclaurin) infinite series for , , and The Tantrasangraha-vakhya gives the series in verse, which when translated to mathematical notation, can be written as:
where
where, for , the series reduce to the standard power series for these trigonometric functions, for example:
and
Use of rectification (computation of length) of the arc of a circle to give a proof of these results. (The later method of Leibniz, using quadrature (i.e. computation of area under the arc of the circle, was not used.)
Use of series expansion of to obtain an infinite series expression (later known as Gregory series) for :
A rational approximation of error for the finite sum of their series of interest. For example, the error, , (for n odd, and i = 1, 2, 3) for the series:
where
Manipulation of error term to derive a faster converging series for :
Using the improved series to derive a rational expression, for correct up to nine decimal places, i.e.
Use of an intuitive notion of limit to compute these results.
A semi-rigorous (see remark on limits above) method of differentiation of some trigonometric functions. However, they did not formulate the notion of a function, or have knowledge of the exponential or logarithmic functions.
The works of the Kerala school were first written up for the Western world by Englishman C. M. Whish in 1835. According to Whish, the Kerala mathematicians had "laid the foundation for a complete system of fluxions" and these works abounded "with fluxional forms and series to be found in no work of foreign countries." However, Whish's results were almost completely neglected, until over a century later, when the discoveries of the Kerala school were investigated again by C. Rajagopal and his associates. Their work includes commentaries on the proofs of the arctan series in Yuktibhasa given in two papers, a commentary on the Yuktibhasa's proof of the sine and cosine series and two papers that provide the Sanskrit verses of the Tantrasangrahavakhya for the series for arctan, sin, and cosine (with English translation and commentary).
The Kerala mathematicians included Narayana Pandit (c. 1340-1400), who composed two works, an arithmetical treatise, Ganita Kaumudi, and an algebraic treatise, Bijganita Vatamsa. Narayana is also thought to be the author of an elaborate commentary of Bhaskara II's Lilavati, titled Karmapradipika (or Karma-Paddhati). Madhava of Sangamagramma (c. 1340-1425) was the founder of the Kerala School. Although it is possible that he wrote Karana Paddhati a work written sometime between 1375 and 1475, all we really know of his work comes from works of later scholars.
Parameshvara (c. 1370-1460) wrote commentaries on the works of Bhaskara I, Aryabhata and Bhaskara II. His Lilavati Bhasya, a commentary on Bhaskara II's Lilavati, contains one of his important discoveries: a version of the mean value theorem. Nilakantha Somayaji (1444-1544) composed the Tantra Samgraha (which 'spawned' a later anonymous commentary Tantrasangraha-vyakhya and a further commentary by the name Yuktidipaika, written in 1501). He elaborated and extended the contributions of Madhava.
Citrabhanu (c. 1530) was a 16th century mathematician from Kerala who gave integer solutions to 21 types of systems of two simultaneous algebraic equations in two unknowns. These types are all the possible pairs of equations of the following seven forms:
For each case, Citrabhanu gave an explanation and justification of his rule as well as an example. Some of his explanations are algebraic, while others are geometric. Jyesthadeva (c. 1500-1575) was another member of the Kerala School. His key work was the Yukti-bhasa (written in Malayalam, a regional language of Kerala). Jyesthadeva presented proofs of most mathematical theorems and infinite series earlier discovered by Madhava and other Kerala School mathematicians.
Charges of Eurocentrism
It has been suggested that Indian contributions to mathematics have not been given due acknowledgement in modern history and that many discoveries and inventions by Indian mathematicians are presently culturally attributed to their Western counterparts, as a result of Eurocentrism. According to G. G. Joseph:
[Their work] takes on board some of the objections raised about the classical Eurocentric trajectory. The awareness [of Indian and Arabic mathematics] is all too likely to be tempered with dismissive rejections of their importance compared to Greek mathematics. The contributions from other civilizations - most notably China and India, are perceived either as borrowers from Greek sources or having made only minor contributions to mainstream mathematical development. An openness to more recent research findings, especially in the case of Indian and Chinese mathematics, is sadly missing"
The historian of mathematics, Florian Cajori, suggested that he "suspect[s] that Diophantus got his first glimpse of algebraic knowledge from India."
More recently, as discussed in the above section, the infinite series of calculus for trigonometric functions (rediscovered by Gregory, Taylor, and Maclaurin in the late 17th century) were described (with proofs) in India, by mathematicians of the Kerala School, remarkably some two centuries earlier. Some scholars have recently suggested that knowledge of these results might have been transmitted to Europe through the trade route from Kerala by traders and Jesuit missionaries. Kerala was in continuous contact with China and Arabia, and, from around 1500, with Europe. The existence of communication routes and a suitable chronology certainly make such a transmission a possibility. However, there is no direct evidence by way of relevant manuscripts that such a transmission actually took place. Indeed, according to David Bressoud, "there is no evidence that the Indian work of series was known beyond India, or even outside of Kerala, until the nineteenth century."
|
||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 92
|
https://www.academia.edu/36810080/B%25E1%25B9%259Bhat_Sa%25E1%25B9%2583hit%25C4%2581_of_Var%25C4%2581hamihira_Chapter_Two_Astrologer_S%25C5%25ABtras_
|
en
|
Bṛhat Saṃhitā of Varāhamihira Chapter Two (Astrologer Sūtras)
|
http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif
|
http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif
|
[
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe.icon.svg",
"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/56760195/mini_magick20180819-23884-z443su.png?1534673282",
"https://0.academia-photos.com/8784738/2901561/69852641/s65_michael.neely.jpeg",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Michael D Neely",
"independent.academia.edu"
] |
2018-06-08T00:00:00
|
This translation contains Chapter Two of the Brihat Samhita, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century). This chapter lists various astrologer sūtras a.k.a. aphorisms. The other chapters will be added as I complete them.
|
https://www.academia.edu/36810080/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81_of_Var%C4%81hamihira_Chapter_Two_Astrologer_S%C5%ABtras_
|
This translation contains Chapter One of the Brihat Samhita, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century). This chapter deals with introductory matters such as establishing the competence and experience of the author and the reason for writing this text. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
Acharya Varahamihira was one of the greatest astrologers of ancient India. Belonging to the 6th century CE of the Gupta Age, he composed numerous texts on astrology and allied subjects. Among his notable works is the Brihat Samhita, which is an extraordinary treatise on not just astrology but a host of other subjects – from architecture to agriculture, from meteorology to physiognomy, from economics to dental hygiene! This paper presents a short background and review of the text with brief analyses of the major subject categories.
This translation contains chapters eight to seventeen of the Brihat Jataka, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century). There are a total of 28 chapters. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter with spreadsheets, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. The chapter topics for this part are as follows: Chapter Eight: Dashas and Antardashas. Chapter Nine: Ashtakavaraga. Chapter Ten: Vocation. Chapter Eleven: Raja Yogas. Chapter Twelve: Nabhasa Yogas. Chapter Thirteen: Moon Yogas Chapter Fourteen: Two Planet Yogas Chapter Fifteen: Mendicant Yogas. Chapter Sixteen: Results of the Nakshatras Chapter Seventeen: Results of the Moon in the Zodiac Signs This is my first draft at this translation. I plan on doing a final version with more commentary. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
One of the earliest preserved Sanskrit works on Perso-Arabic (Tājika) astrology, the thirteenth-century Karmaprakāśa of Samarasiṃha (also known as the Manuṣya jātaka, Tājikatantrasāra or Gaṇakabhūṣaṇa), is examined with particular attention to subgenre, distinctive content and likely Arabic-language sources. On the basis of a comparison of the extant text of the Karmaprakāśa with excerpts attributed to Samarasiṃha by later Tājika writers, conclusions are drawn with regard to other works, now lost or misattributed, by the same author.
This translation contains chapters eighteen to twenty of the Brihat Jataka, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century). There are a total of 28 chapters. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter with spreadsheets, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. The chapter topics for this part are as follows: Chapter Eighteen: Results of the Aspects Chapter Nineteen: Ashtakavaraga Chapter Twenty: Houses Chapter Twenty-one: Support Yogas Chapter Twenty-two: Miscellaneous Yogas Chapter Twenty-three: Undesirable Yogas Chapter Twenty-four: Horoscope of the Female Chapter Twenty-five: Death Chapter Twenty-six: Lost Horoscopes Chapter Twenty-seven: The Character of the Drekkana Chapter Twenty-eight: Conclusion This is my first draft at this translation. I plan on doing a final version with more commentary. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This translation contains Chapter Ninty-Eight of the Brihat Samhita, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century). This chapter deals with the qualities of the actions of the nakṣatras. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This essay refers to the concise history of Hindu astrology, highlighting its symbolism present in its spirituality which is transversal to all cultures. In a summarized way, it also mentions the foundations and main conceptions of Hindu astrology, namely Rasi, Nakshastra, Navagrahas, Bhava, Dashas.
This study surveys the presence of astrological determinism (i.e., the belief that celestial bodies influence or signal fated developments) within Indian Buddhism, from early literature until late-Tantra, in which passive belief in astrology is more often expected than rejected. It is argued that a tradition of ‘Buddhist astrology’ did, in fact, exist with a clear evolution over time. This demonstrates that many Buddhists were comfortable with astrology alongside a belief in karma. The increasing incorporation of astrological elements into Buddhist texts also reflects the growing appreciation of astrology in Indian culture over the course of the first millennium CE.
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 89
|
https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-famous-indian-mathematicians-from-ancient-to-modern-india-1498193066-1
|
en
|
List of Famous Indian mathematicians from Ancient to Modern India
|
[
"https://img.jagranjosh.com/images/2023/December/12122023/jagranjosh.webp",
"https://img.jagranjosh.com/images/2022/December/22122022/List-of-indian-mathematician.webp",
"https://img.jagranjosh.com/images/2022/December/22122022/List-of-indian-mathematician.webp",
"http://www.jagranjosh.com/imported/images/E/Articles/Baudhayana-Quote.jpg",
"http://www.jagranjosh.com/imported/images/E/Articles/Pingala-Quote.jpg",
"http://www.jagranjosh.com/imported/images/E/Articles/Aryabhatt-Quote.jpg",
"http://www.jagranjosh.com/imported/images/E/Articles/Varamihira-Quote.png",
"http://www.jagranjosh.com/imported/images/E/Articles/Bhaskar-Sine.png",
"http://www.jagranjosh.com/imported/images/E/Articles/Radhanath-Sikdar.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Indian mathematics",
"List of Indian mathematicians",
"Ancient Indian mathematicians",
"National Mathematics Day 2022 Indian Sanskrit scholars",
"Indian astronomy",
"17th-century Indian mathematicians",
"Important note for UPSC",
"Srinivasa Ramanujam"
] | null |
[
"Jagranjosh"
] |
2019-03-18T11:49:02+05:30
|
Find out the list of Indian mathematicians from Ancient to Modern India with their contribution.
|
en
|
Jagranjosh.com
|
https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-famous-indian-mathematicians-from-ancient-to-modern-india-1498193066-1
|
Mathematics is the study of concepts like quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. Classical Indian mathematicians like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Mahavira, Bhaskara II, Madhava of Sangamagrama, Nilakantha Somayaji, etc. are immortal thanks to their contributions to mathematics. For instance, the decimal system, the idea of zero as a number, negative numbers, arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, etc. Sanskrit was used to write mathematical works from ancient to medieval India, particularly sutras that outlined a set of rules or problems.
List of Indian mathematicians from Ancient to Modern India
1. Baudhayana
Born: Around 800 BC
Notable Work: Approximation of the square root of 2 and the statement of a version of the Pythagorean Theorem
2. Katyayana
Born: Around 300 BC
Notable Work: Varttika, Vyakarana, later Sulba Sutras
3. Pingala
Born: Around 500 BC
Notable Work: Matrameru, binary numeral system, arithmetical triangle
4. Aryabhata
Born: Between 476-550 CE
Notable works: Aryabhaṭiya, Arya-siddhanta
Notable Ideas: Explanation of lunar eclipse and solar eclipse, rotation of Earth on its axis, reflection of light by moon, sinusoidal functions, solution of single variable quadratic equation, value of π correct to 4 decimal places, circumference of Earth to 99.8% accuracy, calculation of the length of sidereal year.
5 Scientists from Ancient India
5. Varahamihira
Born: Between 505–587 CE
Notable Work: Pancha-Siddhāntikā, Brihat-Samhita, Brihat Jataka
Why is December 22 celebrated as the National Mathematics Day?
6. Yativrsabha
Born: Around 6th-century CE
Known for: Mathematician and writer of the book Tiloyapannatti which gives various units for measuring distances and time and postulated different concepts about infinity
7. Brahmagupta
Born: Between 598–670 CE
Known for: Zero, Modern number system, Brahmagupta's theorem, Brahmagupta's identity, Brahmagupta's problem, Brahmagupta-Fibonacci identity, Brahmagupta's interpolation formula, Brahmagupta's formula
8. Bhaskara I
Born: Between 600–680 CE
Known for: Sine approximation formula
9. Shridhara
Born: Between 650–850 CE
Contribution: Gave a rule for finding the volume of a sphere
10. Mahavira
Born: 9th century CE
Notable Work: His work is a highly syncopated approach to algebra and the emphasis in much of his text is on developing the techniques necessary to solve algebraic problems.
5 Facts that you don’t know about the Infinity Symbol
11. Pavuluri Maulana
Born: 11th century CE
Notable Work: He translated Ganitasara Samgraham, a mathematical treatise of Mahivaracharya, into Telugu as Sara Sangraha Ganitamu.
12. Bhaskara II
Born: 1114–1185 CE
Known for: Discovery of the principles of differential calculus and its application to astronomical problems and computations
13. Narayana Pandit
Born: Between 1340–1400 CE
Notable Work: Arithmetical treatise called Ganita Kaumudi ; Algebraic treatise called Bijganita Vatamsa
14. Madhava of Sangamagrama
Born: 1340-1350 CE
Known for: Discovery of power series expansions of trigonometric sine, cosine and arctangent functions
Notable work: Golavada, Madhyamanayanaprakara, Venvaroha
15. Parameshvara
Born: Between AD 1360–1455
Notable Work: Discovered drk-ganita, a mode of astronomy based on observations
10 Ancient Discoveries and Inventions that has changed the Modern World
16. Nilakantha Somayaji
Born: Around AD1444
Notable Work: Golasara, Candrachayaganita, Aryabhatiya-bhashya, Tantrasamgraha Raghunatha Siromani
17. Shankara Variyar
Born: Around AD1530
Notable Work: Yukti-dipika - an extensive commentary in verse on Tantrasamgraha based on Yuktibhasa; Laghu-vivrti - a short commentary in prose on Tantrasamgraha; Kriya-kramakari - a lengthy prose commentary on Lilavati of Bhaskara II
18. Jyeshtadeva
Born: Around AD1500
Known for: Authorship of Yuktibhaṣa
Notable work: Yuktibhāṣā, Drkkarana
19. Munishvara
Born: Around 17th century
Notable Work: Produced accurate sine tables
20. Kamalakara
Born: Around AD 1657
Notable Work: Combined traditional Indian astronomy with Aristotelian physics and Ptolemaic astronomy as presented by Islamic scientists; Given formulae for sin(A/2) and sin(A/4) in terms of sin(A) and iterative formulae for sin(A/3) and sin(A/5); Given a table for finding the right ascension of a planet from its longitude.
21. Jagannatha Samrat
Born: Around AD1730
Notable Work: Siddhanta-samrat, Yantra-prakara
22. Radhanath Sikdar
Born: Around 1813 AD
Known for: Calculated height of Mount Everest
Roemer’s Determination of Speed of Light
23. Pathani Samanta
Born: 11 January, 1835-36 AD
Known for: Naked eye astronomy
24. Ganesh Prasad
Born: 15 November, 1876 AD
Known for: Establishing the culture of organised mathematical research in India
Notable work: A Treatise on Spherical Harmonics and the Functions of Bessel and Lame
25. Srinivasa Ramanujan
Born: 22 December 1887
Known for: Landau–Ramanujan constant; Mock theta functions; Ramanujan conjecture; Ramanujan prime; Ramanujan–Soldner constant; Ramanujan theta function; Ramanujan's sum; Rogers–Ramanujan identities; Ramanujan's master theorem.
9 interesting facts about Mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan
26. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
Born: 29 June 1893
Known for: Mahalanobis distance Feldman–Mahalanobis model
27. Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai
Born: April 5, 1901
Known for: Pillai's conjecture; Pillai's arithmetical function; Pillai prime
28. Raj Chandra Bose
Born: 19 June 1901
Known for: Association scheme; Bose–Mesner algebra; Euler's conjecture on Latin squares; strongly regular graphs; Partial Geometries; Morse code
29. Samarendra Nath Roy
Born: 11 December 1906
Known for: Multivariate analysis
30. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Born: 19 October 1910
Known for: Chandrasekhar limit; Chandra X-ray Observatory; Chandrasekhar friction; Chandrasekhar number; Chandrasekhar tensor; Chandrasekhar equation; Chandrasekhar virial equations; Chandrasekhar's Variational Principle; 1958 Chandra; Schonberg–Chandrasekhar limit
31. S. S. Shrikhande
Born: 19 October 1917
Known for: Euler's conjecture
32. Prahladbhai Chunilal Vaidya
Born: 23 May 1918
Known for: Vaidya Metric, Vaidya–Patel solution, Einstein field equations
Arecibo Message: 1st International radio message to space
33. Anil Kumar Gain
Born: 1 February 1919
Known for: Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient Vidyasagar University
34. C. R. Rao
Born: 10 September 1920
Known for: Cramér–Rao bound, Rao–Blackwell theorem, Orthogonal arrays, Score test
35. Harish chandra
Born: 11 October 1923
Known for: Harish-Chandra's c-function;Harish-Chandra's character formula; Harish-Chandra homomorphism; Harish-Chandra isomorphism; Harish-Chandra module; Harish-Chandra's regularity theorem; Harish-Chandra's Schwartz space; Harish Chandra transform; Harish-Chandra's Ξ function
36. Raghu Raj Bahadur
Born: 30 April 1924
Known for: Bahadur efficiency; Anderson–Bahadur algorithm; Bahadur-Ghosh-Kiefer representation
37. Gopinath Kallianpur
Born: April 25, 1925
Known for: Fisher consistency
38. Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar
Born: July 22, 1930
Known for: Abhyankar's conjecture, Abhyankar's lemma, Abhyankar–Moh theorem
39. C.S. Seshadri
Born: February 29, 1932
Known for: Seshadri constant; Narasimhan–Seshadri theorem;standard monomial theory
40. K. S. S. Nambooripad
Born: 6 April 1935
41. Vinod Behari Johri
Born: 10 June 1935
Known for: Power law inflation in Brans–Dicke theory; Theory of integrated tracking of quintessence fields of dark energy;Phantom cosmologies
42. K. R. Parthasarathy
Born: 25 June 1936
Known for: Quantum stochastic calculus
43. Veeravalli S. Varadarajan
Born: May 1937
Known for: Trombi–Varadarajan theorem
What do AM & PM stands for?
44. Vasanti N. Nayak
Born: 10 June 1938
Known for: Combinatorial design and Graph Theory
45. Srinivasa Varadhan
Born: 2 January 1940
Known for: Martingale problems; large deviation theory
46. Vashishtha Narayan Singh
Born: April 2, 1942
Known for: Reproducing Kernels and Operators with a Cyclic Vector
47. Siddani Bhaskara Rao
Born: 1943
Known for: Frequency partition,Line graphs, Degree sequences
48. N. M. Singhi
Born: 1949
Known for: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
Sujatha Ramdorai
Known for: non-commutative Iwasawa theory, Arithmetic of Algebraic varieties
15 amazing Science facts that will blow your mind!
49. Narendra Krishna Karmarkar
Born: 1957
Known for: Karmarkar's algorithm
50. Manindra Agrawal
Born: 20 May, 1966
Known for: AKS primality test
51. Chandrashekhar Khare
Born: 1968
Known for: Proof of Serre conjecture
52. Subhash Khot
Known for: Unique games conjecture
53. Dr. Neena Gupta
Known for: Providing a counter-example over a field of positive characteristic to the special Zariski Cancellation Problem
In the above list of Indian Mathematicians from Ancient to Modern India will enhance the general knowledge of the readers.
Top 10 most intelligent people on Earth
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 5
|
https://www.iranchamber.com/personalities/varahamihira/varahamihira.php
|
en
|
Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Personalities: Varahamihira, a Great Iranic astronomer
|
[
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/ics_logo900x110.jpg",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/personalities/varahamihira/images/varahamihira.jpg",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/line_680.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/line_680.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/share_this.png",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/strip13x9.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/strip13x9.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/strip13x9.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/arrow_up.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif",
"https://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Dr. Samar Abbas"
] | null |
Iranian Historical & Cultural Information Center
| null |
Varahamihira, a great Iranic astronomer
By: Dr. Samar Abbas, 2003, Aligarh, India
Note:
This article uses UniCode Diacritics and due to some technical reasons Microsoft Internet Explorer is not able to show them properly yet.
Abstract: An account of Varahamihira, father of modern South Asian astronomy, architecture and the arts. His Scythic or East Iranic origin revealed. Varahamihira, an inhabitant of Sakastan or Rajputana, disclosed as a Maga, Magus or Magician, the class of legendary Iranic sun-priests. Varaha-Mihir named after Mihira or Mithra, the supreme Iranic Sun-God; his ministry as priest of the primordial Iranic religion of Heliolatry, Sun-worship, or the Saura sect. Surya-siddhanta, Varahamihira's system of Iranic astronomy, named after the Iranic Sun-God Surya, Syrius, Cyrus, Ashur or Asshur. Harappan or Dravidian Origin of Vedanga Jyotisha, ancient Vedic astronomy, disclosed. Iranic Solar or Surya astronomy (Surya-siddhanta) contrasted with, and its supercession of, Dravidian Vedic astronomy (Vedanga Jyotisha).
Who was Varahamihira?
Varahamihira, also called Varahamira or simply Varaha, was one of the most celebrated scientists in South Asian history, having made substantial contributions to virtually all branches of the arts and sciences. Thus, Encyclopedia Britannica notes, "Varāhamihira of the Gupta age was a profound scholar of all the sciences and arts, from botany to astronomy and from military science to civil engineering." (Enc.Brit., "Education, History of," vol.18, p.4, 1990 ed.)
Born in Ujjain, the capital of the Scythian-dominated region now known as Rajputana, he wrote three important books: Panchasiddhantika, Brihat Samhita, and Brihat Jataka. Brihat Samhita is a compilation of an assortment of topics that provides interesting details of prevailing beliefs. Brihat Jataka is a book on astrology.
However, the most famous work by Varahamihira is the treatise on mathematical astronomy called the Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Astronomical Treatises") and dated 575 AD. It is a summary of five earlier astronomical systems, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha siddhantas. (Chakravarty 1991) The famous Iranic scholar Al-Beruni summarised these canons thus, providing slightly different names for the various systems:
"They [the Indians] have 5 Siddhāntas:
Sūrya-Siddhānta, ie. the Siddhānta of the Sun, composed by Lāṭa,
Vasishṭa-siddhānta, so called from one of the stars of the Great Bear, composed by Vishnucandra,
Pulisa-siddhānta, so called from Paulisa, the Greek, from the city of Saintra, which I suppose to be Alexandria, composed by Pulisa.
Romaka-siddhānta, so called from the Rūm, ie. the subjects of the Roman Empire, composed by Śrīsheṇa.
Brahma-siddhānta, so called from Brahman, composed by Brahmagupta, the son of Jishṇu, from the town of Bhillamāla between Multān and Anhilwāra, 16 yojanas from the latter place.
The authors of these books draw from one and the same source, the book "Paithāmaha", so called from the first father, ie. Brahman." (Sachau 1964, vol.I, p.153)
Thus, the Romaka-Siddhanta was Roman in essence. The Pulisa-Siddhanta was, as noted by Al-Beruni above, of Egyptian origin. The Paitamaha Siddhanta appears to be the ancient Vedanga Jyotisha of Lagadha, which was of Dravidian origin (see below). However, the Surya Siddhanta or Saura-Siddhanta was the most accurate and is the system most widely used today. The modern system differs but in minor details from Varahamihira's classical system.
On a more concise note, the Encyclopedia Britannica provides a compact summary of his outstanding achievements:
"Varāhamihira, also called VARAHA, or MIHIRA (b.505, Ujjain, India -d.587, Ujjain). Indian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, author of the Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Treatises"), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Indian astronomy.
Varāhamihira's knowledge of Western astronomy was thorough. In 5 sections, his monumental work progresses through native Indian astronomy and culminates in 2 treatises on Western astronomy, showing calculations based on Greek and Alexandrian reckoning and even giving complete Ptolemaic mathematical charts and tables.
Although Varāhamihira's writings give a comprehensive picture of 6th-century India, his real interest lay in astronomy and astrology. He repeatedly emphasized the importance of astrology and wrote many treatises on śakuna (augury) as well as the Bṛhaj-Jātaka ("Great Birth") and the Laghu-Jātaka ("Short Birth"), two well-known works on the casting of horoscopes." (Enc.Brit., vol.12, p.269)
Towering like a colossus on the Indian science scene, it is only natural that the Indian Union should honour Varahamihira with a mural inside the Parliament House at New Delhi (see Fig.).
Fig: Mural painting inside the Parliament House of New Delhi showing Aryabhatta (5th Century CE) and Varahamihira (7th Century CE),
Artist: Ms. Kumud Patel, Baroda.
Maga or Iranic Sun-priestly Descent of Varahamihira
Given Varahamihira's immense contributions to science, it is important to ascertain his ethnic origins. In this regard, it is important to note that he was born in Ujjain, a city located within a region later known as Rajputana. As eminent ethnographers such as Col. Tod and Baron Metcalfe have shown, the people of Rajputana or Rajasthan are predominantly of Scythic or East Iranic origin. Indeed, in Varahamihira's age, Rajputana was part of a much larger region called "Sakastana", or "Land of the Scythians", a vast tract of land which included modern Afghanistan, Seistan, Rajputana, the Punjab and Sindh. From the fact that the word "Sakastan" occurs on the Mathura lion capital inscription, it is evident that Mathura (a name itself derived from Mithra) and Delhi were also included in the vast territories of Sakastan. Having been born in Sakastan, it is only natural that he should himself be of Scythic or East Irano-Aryan stock.
His Iranic origin is further confirmed by his very name: Varaha-mihira. The last part, Mihir, is derived from the Persian Mithra. Moreover, the fact that he named his astrological works using the name "Jataka" is significant, for it is identical to the name of the Scythic-Buddhist cycle of legends on the Buddha's former lives. Furthermore, the focus of his research was the Surya-siddhanta system, a clearly Iranic school of astronomy, as its name, derived from the ancient Iranic sun-god Surya or Assur or Asshur, clearly indicates. The term "Surya-Siddhanta" means "Treatise of the Sun", while the alternative name "Saura-Siddhanta" denotes "Treatise of the Sun-worshippers". Since the only exclusive Sun-worshippers in South Asia are Iranic, it follows that Varahamihira was an Iranic sun-priest or Magus (Biswas 1949). The Magii were so famed for their prowess in science and mysticism that the modern words "magic" and "magician" are derived from their noble name. Hence, Mrs. Debala Mitra notes,
"The Magas did not confine themselves to Śāmbapura, identified with the modern Multan, where Hiuen Tsang saw a grand Sun temple in the seventh century. They soon spread over other parts of India. Ptolemy (middle of the second century AD) vouches for the existence of the `Brachmanai Magoi' in the South. ... They contributed much to astronomy and astrology. The famous astronomer Varāhamihira was himself a Maga. The descendants of the Maga Brāhmaṇas are still interested in astrology, foretelling, divination, propitiation of planetary deities (graha-yāga), etc. As they enjoyed the gifts made for the propitiation of the grahas (planets), they are called graha-vipras (astrologers)." (Mitra 1962, p.614)
Further connections with Iran exist (Upadhye 1933). Davar has an exhaustive description of the Maga "Brahmins" and provides substantial new evidence proving Varahamihira's Iranic origin:
"We shall now review the influence of the Mag Brahmins on India. According to K.N.Sitaram,38 [38. "Iranian Influence on Indian Culture": an article by K.N.Sitaram in the K.R.Cama Institute Journal] the influence of the Mag Brahmins was considerable in the 6th century AD, when the Iranian form of sun-worship was in full swing in India. Sitaram holds that king Harshavardhan (AD 606-648), his father Prabhākarvardhan, his father Ādityavardhan and his father Rājyavardhan were all sun-worshippers and {p.66} descendants of Mag Brahmins. It is also significant that `Prabhākar' and `Āditya' are names of the sun. Sitaram asserts that the famous Indian astronomer Varāhamihir of the 6th century AD was a Mag Brahmin, and that he had referred to his Mag Brahmin ancestors in his works. From his father's name Ādityadās (meaning servant of the sun) and from the fact that Varāhamihir dedicated his great work, the Brihatsamhitā, to Mihir (Mithra or the sun), Sitaram concludes that the astronomer was in some way connected with the Mag Brahmins. In this respect a shrewd argument has been advanced by J.E.Sanjana 39, [39. "Varāhamihir - an Iranian name": an article by J.E.Sanjana in the Dinshah J.Irani Memorial Volume] who invites our attention to a certain verse of a Zarathushtrian scripture, named the Meher Yasht (Yasht X), according to which, while Meher (the sun) advances, he is accompanied by Verethraghna (Vritrahaṇa or Behrām) in the form of a "varāz" (varāha or boar). From this Avestan passage one can see the close connection between Varāha (boar) and Mihir (sun), which words go to form the name of the Hindu astronomer, and thus support the theory that he was a Mag Brahmin." (Davar 1962, p.65-66)
The Magas of Persia were of course subsequently absorbed into Islam as the priestly Sayyid or Syed class. Islam - with its focus on the Kaaba of Mecca, the ancient temple of the Assyrian or Syrian Sun-God Hu-Baal, Bel or Baal - came naturally to the heliolatric Persian Magas, who no doubt regarded Islam as an offshoot of the ancient Iranic Solar religion.
Father of Indian astronomy
Perhaps the most famous Maga in the East, Varahamihira was the father of modern Indian astronomy, for his system superceded the preceding Vedanga Jyotisha. Indeed, the earliest Indian treatise on astronomy is the Vedanga Jyotisha, as a recent popular science article states:
"The first formal treatise on astronomy is the Vedanga Jyotisha, dated about 1400 BC. It talks of a five-year yuga (time span) consisting of 67 lunar months, which incorrectly corresponds to 366 days in a year. But a peculiar concept was of the Rahu and Ketu which eclipsed the sun and the moon. This was later identified as two imaginary points where the path of the moon intersects the apparent path of the sun. For an eclipse to occur the moon should be at one of these two points." (Abraham 2001)
This Vedanga Jyotisha dominated South Asian astronomy for 1500 years. Unfortunately, the lunar Vedanga Jyotisha system was crude in comparison to the advanced heliolatric Surya Siddhantic system. This, coupled with a continuous immigration of Iranic settlers, led to the new Surya Siddhanta system gradually superceding the Harappan system around 400 AD. It has remained supreme ever since. Thus, Varahamihira is the father of modern Indian astrology and astronomy.
Father of Rajput Art, Sculpture & Architecture
What is often vaguely and incorrectly called "North Indian architecture", or "Classical Hindu architecture" is in fact more correctly known as "Rajput architecture" or "Scytho-Rajput architecture". Varahamihira was the first person to codify the rules for art, sculpture and architecture which formed the basis for this splendid Rajput school:
"The rudiments of this framework for construction and design can be seen in the Puranas, Shastras, Samhitas and Buddhist classics. Matsya Purana, for instance, has much on architecture and sculpture. Natya Sastra has a chapter on the design and construction of theatres while Padma Samhita covers planning and construction of temples.
But the earliest text codifying rules for art, sculpture and architecture is the early 6th century AD text Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira. Mayamata and Manasara are early texts which are held as standard reference works on Vastuvidya-the science of building." (Abraham 2001)
That Varahamihira codified the norms of civilization for the Rajputs should come as no surprise, for the Rajputs were ethnically closely related to Varahamihira. Both Rajputs and Magas are twigs of the same branch, for they are divisions of the Saka branch of the long-headed Iranic or Iranoid race.
Alleged Vedic Origin Refuted
Out of ignorance or chauvinism, Varahamihira, and sometimes even his whole school of astronomy, is often misrepresented as being of so-called "Vedic Origin". Refuting the alleged Vedic Origin of Varahamihira, Prof. Rajesh Kochhar, "astrophysicist and director of National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies in New Delhi," (Abraham 2001) notes,
"`Vedanga Jyotisha does not mention week days or zodiacal signs but in the Siddhantic astronomical texts zodiacal signs are inbuilt," says Kochhar. "There are many new inputs in Aryabhatta's work.' Aryabhatta's follower Varahamihira (c. 505 AD) compiled five siddhantas, two of which bear testimony to outside influence. The most accurate is Surya Siddhanta, which was revised several times." (Abraham 2001)
Prof. Kochhar further notes that modern South Asian astronomy is in fact non-Vedic and was largely created by Varahamihira:
"Kochhar, who wrote the book Vedic People, says the astrology we have today is not Vedic and hence there is no question of teaching Vedic astrology (as planned by the University Grants Commission). "It is post-Varahamihira and based on Siddhantic astronomy. Vedic astronomy did not have zodiacal signs," says Kochhar. "Teaching astrology is different. You can certainly teach astrology if you can teach Sanskrit." (Abraham 2001)
Thus, modern South Asian astrology is non-Vedic and instead based on the Iranic solar system of Varahamihira. Indeed, Varahamihira called the Vedanga Jyotisha system as "Pitamaha Siddhanta" and considered it inferior to the Iranic system:
"Varahamihira (c. AD 530), in his work, `the five astronomical systems' or the Pancasiddhantika, begins with an account of what he calls Pitamaha Siddhanta or the astronomical system of the grandfathers - evidently a figurative way of indicating its hoary antiquity. Compared to the other systems of astronomy discussed by him, this is considered by Varahamihira as crude and undeveloped, and hence he gives very meagre information about it.78 (78. Panca-Siddhantika, verse 4, see also S.B.Dikshit, BJS [Bharatiya Jyotish Sastra, tr. R.V.Vaidya], pt. II, p.3). But the interesting point is that Thibaut, comparing these information with some of those of the Vedanga Jyotisa, feels "that the astronomical book quoted by Varahamihira as Pitamaha Siddhanta must have been either the Jyotisa itself or a work very much like it." 79 (79. G.Thibaut, in SHSI ["Symposium on the History of Sciences in India", New Delhi, Oct. 1968], II, p.488)" (Chattopadhyaya, 1986, vol.I, p.267-268)
Thus, the Surya-Siddhanta system of astronomy cannot be of Vedic or non-Aryan origin, and was the creation of Iranic sun-priests or Magas.
These Maga Brahmins are not to be confused with the Vedic or Vaidik Brahmins. The Magas are members of the dolichocephalic (long-headed) Irano-Aryan race, while the Vedic Brahmins are, as their very name indicates, "Abrahamites" or members of the original brachycephalic (round-headed) Semitic race which ruled over later Sumer and Harappa. The Irano-Aryans were Aryan Sun-worshippers of Surya, representative of the forces of Light and Day, while the Vedic Brahmins were adherents of the Semitic Moon-cult of Sin or Chandra, representative of the forces of Darkness and the Night. It must be recalled that the prime god in the Vedas is Indra, a derivative of Indu, the moon-god, while the Irano-Aryan sun-god Surya is cursed in the selenolatric (moon-worshipping) Vedas and Puranas as "Asura" or demon. Instead, the Vaidiks worship the "devas" (a term cognate with the English "devil"), while these "daivas" are considered malevolent spirits in the Iranic tradition. Indeed, the Vedic cult is the very opposite of the Aryan or Iranian religion, and is anti-Aryan in spirit, one of the main proofs for the non-Aryan origin of the Vedic Brahmins. These more numerous Vedic Brahmins have always refused to interdine and inter-marry with the Magas, and curse them as "non-Brahmins". The Maga Brahmins in their turn consider the lunar Vedic cult inferior to their own solar Avestan and Iranic civilization. Moreover, it is the Maga Brahmins who produced much of the later Brahmanic civilization. (Srivastava 1969, 1970, 1972).
Dravidian Origin of Vedanga Jyotisha
Indeed, not only is the Surya-Siddhanta of non-Vedic origin, but the so-called "Vedanga Jyotisha" (used for ritual purposes during the Vedic Dark Ages, ca. 1500 BC-500 BC) itself was in actual fact the system of astronomy adopted by the Vedic priests from the Dravidian priesthood of Harappa. As it is still sometimes misrepresented as "Vedic astrology", and falsely portrayed as having its roots in the Vedas, it is necessary to summarise the Dravidian origin of Vedanga Jyotisha:
"It is also significant to note from the point of view of our discussion that the place of observation of the longest and shortest day of the Vedanga Jyotisha cannot be true of the regions where the Vedic people eventually settled and produced their ritual literature - the Yajurveda and the Brahmanas. The latitude of the Vedic settlements could not be more than 28 ° N. 86 [86.The Aryavarta of the Dharmasastras is the middle Gangetic zone, extending initially from Kurukshetra to Allahabad.] Therefore, we are inclined to conclude that in the Vedanga Jyotisha we have an important clue which, geographically, speaking, indicates that its astronomical contents were presumablybased on the observations of the Harappans, though it came down to a much later period and to a different region altogether, where the Vedic priests wanted somehow to connect it with their sacrificial ritual, branding it as a "limb of the Vedas" (Vedanga), perhaps without understanding and certainly not verifying the astronomical contents that came down to them." (Chattopadhyaya 1986, vol.I, p.271)
Moreover, the name "Lagadha", the legendary author of Vedanga Jyotisha, has no Indo-European etymology, and is phonetically of Dravidian origin: "... the author/authors of both its [Vedanga Jyotisha] versions claim that they simply present the views of a certain authority called Lagadha74 [footnote 74. RV-J.2, VJ-Y.44. Interestingly, the name [Lagadha] appears to be quite peculiar and it seems that it is not Sanskritic at all]." (Chattopadhyaya 1986, vol.I, p.266).
Hence, what is often termed as "Vedic astronomy" or "Vedic astrology" is a misnomer; the ancient Vedic astronomy of the Vedanga Jyotisha is Harappan and hence should correctly be termed "Afro-Dravidian astronomy", whilst later "Vedic astronomy" should be termed "Iranic astronomy".
The Maga or Iranic priestly origin of Varahamihira has thus been firmly established. Varahamihira is justly regarded as one of the greatest Iranic astronomers in history. He was perhaps the greatest representative of the Maga branch of the Iranic race.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Prof. Qazi Afzal Hussain (Aligarh) for assistance.
References:
Abraham 2001: "Lost knowledge", by Samuel Abraham The Week, June 24, 2001, Kerala, http://www.the-week.com.
Biswas 1949: "The Maga ancestry of Varahamihira" by Dilip Kumar Biswas. Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. 25 (1949), art.no.6, pp. 175-183.
Chakravarty 1991: "Some Studies in Varahamihira" by A.K.Chakravarty, Indian Journal for the History of Science, 26, 1991, pp. 71-77.
Chattopadhyaya 1986: " History of Science and Technology in Ancient India" by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd., 257-B, B.B.Ganguly St., Calcutta-700012, firmaklm@iname.com.
Davar 1962: "Iran and India through the Ages", by Firoze Cowasji Davar, Asia Publishing House, Bombay-1, 1962.
Mitra 1962: "Foreign Elements in Indian Population", by Mrs. Debala Mitra, in "The Cultural Heritage of India", ed. S.K.De et al., Vol.II, p.610-626, Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, 2nd ed. Calcutta 1962.
Sachau 1964: "Alberuni's India", tr. Dr. E.C.Sachau, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. London, 1910, reprint 1964, S.Chand & Co., Ravindra Mansion, 7361 Ram Nagar, Qutab Road, New Delhi-110055, India; schand@vsnl.com, http://www.schandgroup.com
Srivastava 1969: "Antiquity of Magas in Ancient India", by V.C.Srivastava, Proceedings of Indian History Congress, 1969, pp. 86-94.
Srivastava 1970: "Advent of Magas or Iranian Priests in India", by V.C.Srivastava, in "Foreigners in Ancient India and Sarasvati in Art and Literature," ed. By D.C. Sircar, Calcutta, 1970, pp.73-79.
Srivastava 1972: "Sun Worship in Ancient India," by V.C.Srivastava, Allahabad, 1972.
Upadhye 1933:"Varahamihira and Buzurjmehr" by A.N.Upadhye, Indian Historical Quarterly, vol.9, (1933) misc., art.28, pp. 984-986.
|
|||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 70
|
https://www.scribd.com/document/139560005/IndianMathematicianVarahamihira-pdf
|
en
|
IndianMathematicianVarahamihira PDF
|
https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/139560005/original/51100a7e31/1724019211?v=1
|
https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/139560005/original/51100a7e31/1724019211?v=1
|
[
"https://s-f.scribdassets.com/webpack/assets/images/shared/gr_table_reading.9f6101a1.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"sgurumanickam"
] | null |
IndianMathematicianVarahamihira.pdf - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Varahamihira was an influential Indian astronomer, mathematician and astrologer from the Gupta era who lived in Ujjain. He is known for writing famous treatises on astronomy and astrology such as the Panchasiddhantika and Brihat-Samhita. In the Panchasiddhantika, he compiled existing Indian and foreign systems of astronomy. He was one of the first to mention the precession of the equinoxes and accurately estimated lengths of the tropical year and sidereal year. Varahamihira also made contributions to trigonometry by introducing sine, cosine and inverse sine and using tangent and secant. His works provide insights into mathematics, astronomy and
|
en
|
https://s-f.scribdassets.com/scribd.ico?19d484716?v=5
|
Scribd
|
https://www.scribd.com/document/139560005/IndianMathematicianVarahamihira-pdf
| |||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 84
|
https://jayasreeweatherblog.wordpress.com/tag/varahamihira/
|
en
|
Varahamihira – Jayasree's weather blog
|
[
"https://jayasreeweatherblog.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/pic.png?w=809",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/3b02844cbb7d304a1b627e11f8da982b7b17e06934eb82d9f02859d765ad78c8?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/132f6084db422f1b7713806e1e5f1ea8fb65e8c5212f8a2264e41b4ca85904c1?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/15127ed1f3b5c8a12a066b8bbaf56e8f0ce9b19e2869d4532a0cb4e32e9c909e?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://parthaninweather.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/cropped-cropped-wp-1626248930460.jpg?w=48",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1b60498d85b617dc88a386e3da7c72059f150fbf685ce769db26c676f1e7bf98?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2017-12-30T17:43:03+05:30
|
Posts about Varahamihira written by jayasreesaranathan
|
en
|
https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
|
Jayasree's weather blog
|
https://jayasreeweatherblog.wordpress.com/tag/varahamihira/
|
Rainfall prediction forms a voluminous part of Mundane astrology followed in India since time immemorial. Names of prominent Rishis such as Kashyapa, Parashara, Garga and Vatsa are associated with prediction of rainfall. Perhaps the earliest reference comes in the mantras of Ashvamedha yajna. In the ritualistic question and answer dialogue in the course of Ashvamedha yajna, one question is
“Who is called poorvachitti?”
The reply that follows is:-
“The rain falling is called poorva chitti”.
Rainfall prediction is considered as Purva Chitti or prior wisdom in Vedic Thought as it can be judged in advance. Reiterating this Varahamihira says,
“The predictions of an astronomer who pays exclusive attention, both day and night to the indications of rain afforded by pregnant clouds, will as little fail of success as the words of rishis.
What science can probably excel, in interest, the science relating to the prediction of rain, by a thorough study of which one though ignorant in other matters passes for a great astrologer in this Kaliyuga.”
(Brihad samhita, Chapter 21 – verses 3 &4)
The words ‘pregnant clouds’ in the above verse refer to the initial meteorological conditions that give rise to or related to the rainfall at a later date. Presence or absence of these conditions indicate whether there was an initial conception of rainfall at all. The texts variously call this as ‘foetus formation’ or ‘nature of pregnancy’ or ‘pregnancy of clouds’
One starts looking for pregnant clouds in the sky in the (solar) month of Margazhi (Sagittarius), soon after the rainfall of the previous season is over. When the Sun enters the star Pooradam (Purvashada) in the sign of Sagittarius in Margazhi, it is said that the conditions for the next season’s rainfall start taking shape. This goes on for 13 days when the Sun will be crossing the star Pooradam. This period is known as pregnancy period.
In Tamil this is known as Garbottam. One can find the beginning and end of this Garbottam period mentioned in the almanacs (Panchangam) of Tamilnadu. The Garbottam mentioned in almanacs refers to a short duration of observation but which can give a rough idea about a long range period that covers both South West and North East Monsoon periods (SWM and NEM)
There is another concept known as everyday Garbottam which must be checked everyday in a given place until July to predict the rainfall till the end of NEM season.
The basic rationale of this method of Garbottam is that the kind of meteorological features present in a particular place is related to rainfall or no-rainfall that would occur in that place 195 days later! In other words, the meteorological conditions seen at any place at a particular time in space is related to the rainfall conditions at the same place when earth has moved to 180 degrees away from that initial place. This can be shown by a diagram as follows:
The meteorological features present (shown as smaller circles) on day 1 at a particular place is related to the meteorological features seen after 195 days when the place is just opposite to the location on day 1.
For calculation of the day, one must be aware of the waxing and waning phase of the Moon and the days in each phase. Suppose favourable meteorological features (pregnancy features) are noticed in the waxing period of Margazhi, the rainfall would occur in the waning period 6 months later, counting from Margazhi, that is, in the month of Vaikashi. Thus the lunar phase and solar month are combined as time keepers.
There are many more ideas related to predicting rainfall given by sages which seem to have been backed by observation through generations in natural surroundings. They are documented in Brihad Samhita and Prasna Marga. Any reader of those books would be surprised to see the depth of the details such as the time, duration, place, extent, quantity and quality (heavy or light) of rainfall that can possibly be detected as early as 6- 1/2 months before the rains occur. These chapters deserve a deeper study and application so as to test them in the current times and if successful to incorporate them in rainfall prediction models.
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 47
|
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/vastu-feng-shui/the-pioneers-behind-indian-astrology/articleshow/107350935.cms
|
en
|
The pioneers behind Indian astrology
|
[
"https://static.toiimg.com/photo/92222747.cms",
"https://static.toiimg.com/thumb/msid-107350873,imgsize-26228,width-400,resizemode-4/107350873.jpg",
"https://static.toiimg.com/thumb/imgsize-71646,msid-107312665,width-200,resizemode-4/107312665.jpg",
"https://static.toiimg.com/thumb/imgsize-1724336,msid-107167401,width-200,resizemode-4/107167401.jpg",
"https://static.toiimg.com/thumb/imgsize-920949,msid-107260401,width-200,resizemode-4/107260401.jpg",
"https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms",
"https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms",
"https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms",
"https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms",
"https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms",
"https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms",
"https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms",
"https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms",
"https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms",
"https://static.toiimg.com/photo/87458172.cms",
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=593671331875494&ev=PageView&noscript=1"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"vedic",
"varahamira",
"varahamihira s",
"varahamihira",
"ujjain",
"sanskrit",
"jyotisha",
"hora shastra",
"brihat samhita",
"brihat hora shastra"
] | null |
[
"TOI Astrology"
] |
2024-02-02T19:30:00+05:30
|
Vastu & Feng Shui News: Since the time, Vedic astrology (Indian Astrology) and its suggested practices have widely gained name and fame. Indian astrology is primarily based o
|
en
|
The Times of India
|
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/vastu-feng-shui/the-pioneers-behind-indian-astrology/articleshow/107350935.cms
|
Zodiac signs that can manifest by journaling
astrology
5 Zodiac Signs who need vacations at regular intervals
astrology
5 Zodiac Signs who should learn to live in the moment
astrology
The most career-driven zodiac signs in love
astrology
Zodiac signs and things that each sign hates
astrology
10 Ways to Incorporate Feng Shui into Your Home
astrology
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 7
|
https://academic.oup.com/book/5903/chapter/149209225
|
en
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null | ||||||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 51
|
https://shyamasundaradasa.com/jyotish/resources/articles/varaha_mihira.html
|
en
|
Varaha Mihira: how he got his name. Vedic astrology
|
[
"https://shyamasundaradasa.com/jyotish/images/tl_logo/tl_logo_mo.png",
"https://shyamasundaradasa.com/jyotish/z_p7_assets/p7dmm/img/toggle-icon.png",
"https://shyamasundaradasa.com/jyotish/images/articles/__general/varaha_1.jpg",
"https://shyamasundaradasa.com/jyotish/images/articles/__general/varaha_2.jpg",
"https://shyamasundaradasa.com/jyotish/images/RSS_16.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Shyamasundara Dasa"
] | null |
An explanation of how the great astrologer Varaha Mihira got his name.
|
en
| null |
How Varaha Mihira Got the Name â Varaha.â
Shyamasundara Dasa
Copyright © 2009
The following is from a text I wrote sometime ago about various famous, ancient Vedic astrologers. Varaha Mihira is in many ways even more important than Parasara Muni for the reason that while there are several ancient commentaries on the work of Varaha Mihira none exist for those of Parasara Muni. Hence, we do not really know what the actual corpus of Parasara Muni's work is but we do know about Varaha Mihira. It is for this and many other reasons that in South India Varaha Mihira is held in greater esteem than Parasara Muni.
Varaha Mihira wrote several important works on Jyotish including but not limited to: Brhat Jataka, Brhat Samhita, Yoga Yatra, Panca Siddhantika (on astronomy) and Prasna Vallabha (apocryphal). We now quote from my book Foundational Topics in Vedic Astrology. Since the abilities of a great savant like Varaha Mihira dwarf those of modern astrologers it also stretches their credulity and thus they label it mythology.
Shyamasundara Dasa
Whatâs New on This Site
The importance of Varaha Mihira warrants a brief biographical sketch. The date of Varaha Mihira is controversial, some say circa 100 BC others 500 AD. The date is unimportant for presenting an episode from his traditional biography. The following adumbration from Life of Varaha Mihira, by Suryanarian Rao gives many salient qualities of Varaha Mihira.
Mihira was a Brahmana, the son of Aditya Dasa, from the region of Avanti, near present day Ujjain, in Western India. He was instructed in astrology by his father and was a devout worshipper of Surya Narayana, that is, Krsna who manifests as the Sun. By performing severe austerities to please Surya Narayana, Mihira got blessed with knowledge of ganita, hora, and samhita.
Mihira was one of the Nine Gems, navaratna, in the court of the great king, Vikramaditya of Ujjain. He was greatly honored by the king for his vast learning and correct predictions. Once, after the birth of the King's son Mihira was asked to make predictions about the prince's future. Going into meditation after studying the chart Mihira â observed that a serious and irremediable danger beset the path of the longevity of the royal child and that he would be killed by a varaha, or boar, on a particular day in a certain month of his 18th year and no human remedies could save the prince from the jaws of death.â
Having learnt of this danger to his son from his most reliable of court astrologers, Vikramaditya consulted with Bhatti, his Chief Minister. It was decided that a special palace would be constructed with stupendous walls 80 feet high. Ten thousand elite troops would patrol both inside and outside the property as well as in the palace. Such careful watch was taken of the palace that not even a cat or rat could enter the compound what to speak of a wild boar. Every precaution was taken and the prince was under constant guard and practically under house arrest, he was not allowed to leave his compound for any reason. In fact he was ensconced on the seventh floor and not allowed to go to a lower floor. The precautions were so thorough that they boasted that the prince may die but certainly not by the agency of a varaha.
After such security measures were put into place Mihira was asked if he would like to reconsider his former prediction. He emphatically stated that there was nothing that could save the boy. As the date grew near he was again asked to reconsider, and again gave the same reply. Tension began to mount, not so much for the sake of the boy but for the reputation of Mihira. His detractors thought that Mihira's reputation exceeded his ability, and though the boy might die, the possibility of it be caused by a boar was so remote that Mihira would be publicly disgraced. Even his friends, who had implicit faith in him and knew of his great abilities, had doubts as to how his prediction would be successful, because it was impossible for even a rat to move about undetected in that palace.
On the fateful day Vikramaditya held court. Reports were brought to him every hour on the safety and health of the Prince, now 18 years old. All the chief pandits were assembled as well as the navaratnas, the nine greatly learned men, of the King's court. The whole city was waiting for the result of Mihira's prediction. Would it come true or not? The time of death had been fixed at 5:00 PM in the afternoon. The King, though a great admirer of Mihira, was beginning to doubt Mihira's abilities. With a condescending smile he addressed Mihira, did he still want to maintain his previous prediction that the boy should be killed by a wild boar this afternoon. Did any new calculation possibly change his mind, would the child just die, this was possible, but death by a wild boar would be impossible. The King suggested that Mihira gracefully back down from his former stance, without losing face. The King vowed that if the impossible happened he would give Mihira the highest honor and bestow on him the golden and be-jeweled Royal ensign or emblem, the Varaha, wild boar, that was currently on his crown and transfer it to Mihira's head-dress and that for posterity he would henceforth be given the title Varaha Mihira. Everyone applauded the King.
All eyes focused on Mihira. He rose and gave a speech in which he deprecated his own learning, that unfortunately no great rishis such as Vasishta were present to reverse the karma of the Prince. He took a vow that if his prediction failed he would never practice astrology again, he would never enter the court of the king, and indeed, would leave Ujjain altogether and go deep into the forest to practice tapasya, austerities, till his last day. But Mihira stated that indeed the death would come true as predicted, there could be no thwarting of fate and the Prince would be killed by a boar. He then calmly sat down.
In the afternoon at 2:00 PM the King again convened his court. Senior military commanders came every half hour with news of the Prince. He was hale and hearty. Everything was going smoothly. The King had given orders that the guard be on the highest alert and was confident that no harm could befall his son. But Mihiracarya was totally calm, how could this be so, in only a few hours his prediction would be proven wrong, yet he was still placid. Time went on, a half hour after the appointed time of death a guard reported that there was no disturbance in the Prince's palace. Mihira calmly told the King that the boy had already died at the appointed time and they should go see for themselves. Just then another guard came to report that all was still peaceful in the palace. On the way to the palace other guards confirmed that all was quite and calm at the palace. It was now about 6:00 PM and the King told Mihira that his prediction must have been wrong because nothing at all wrong had been reported, he couldn't believe that his officers were liars.
Mihira replied: â Victorious Monarch! the prince has died at the hour, minute, and second, I have named and none of your watchmen has noticed it. It is a sad event no doubt but it has happened and your son is lying dead in a pool of blood, unnoticed by his watchmen and personal companions, and you will see the truth of my prediction. Let us go and examine.â
Subscribe to our mailing list. And get our intermittent newsletter and updates to this site.
On entering the palace they noticed on every floor that peace and calm prevailed. On the 7th floor they found a dozen or so of the Prince's friends engaged in assorted games such as chess. When the Emperor made inquiries about the Prince, they all replied that he had been playing with them a little while ago and that he was quite hale and hearty and that he had just gone out to take some air on the open terrace of the 7th floor.
Mihira said: â The Prince must be lying dead in a pool of blood caused by the injuries of a boar, and if you go to the terrace you will be shocked to find him dead as predicted by me. This wonderful prediction is not mine. My knowledge is too humble and too limited to make such inconceivable and surprising predictions. I have made all my predictions under the guidance of Surya Narayana. Could such predictions inspired under His grace ever fail?â
They all went to the terrace and saw with horror and sorrow the Prince lying dead on a cot in pool of blood. He was disfigured by the iron hooves of the artificial boar-the Royal Emblem-that was attached to the flag staff. Everyone was thrown into simultaneous gloom and ecstasy by the successful prediction. Vikramaditya awarded Mihira with the Royal Emblem and he was hence forth called Varaha Mihira.
The Prince's death had transpired in the following way. At about 4:00 PM, the Prince, who had been playing with his friends, began to feel a sort of oppression in his chest and giving over his cards to a nearby friend asked him to play in his place. He then rose without complaint and went out to the terrace. A tall flag staff, emblem of Royalty, rose high in the air, it had an artificial boar attached to its top.
As this emblem of royalty was affixed to all important turrets and towers of all the Emperor's palaces no one took any notice of them. Near the flag staff was a cot with soft cushions for the Prince to take rest whenever he felt fatigued. The Prince feeling tired while playing games with his friends came to lay down in the cool air. At 5:00 PM precisely, a very strong gust of wind knocked loose the iron boar. This fell down onto the Prince who was lying on his back. The hooves struck severely against his breast and stomach and the tusks struck his head and mouth. The Prince lost copious amounts of blood and died immediately. The mattress on the cot absorbed the sound of the crash so no one heard it fall. And as the Prince would often go to the terrace, and as the game was very absorbing, no one noticed the Prince's absence.
Spiritual Life the Root of Accurate Predictions
This incident from the life of Varaha Mihira shows the great accuracy that can be attained in astrology if the astrologer is properly trained and performs his spiritual practice and gets the divine blessings. Varaha Mihira lived to be 80 years old, there are many other histories involving him. His son Prithuyashas, was also a great astrologer. His son wrote Horasara, a important classic in natal astrology, and Shatpancashika, a text on Prasna. Varaha Mihira was very terse in his own writings, but Horasara is meant to give more explanation of what Varaha Mihira was teaching.
|
||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 32
|
https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/varaha-mihira-s-india-rare-book-set-of-2-volumes-naf526/
|
en
|
Varaha Mihira's India (A Rare Book) (Set of 2 Volumes)
|
[
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2019/ica022.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/sculpture-2019/lcc06.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/paintings-2019/bb93.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/sculp-restored/zep555.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2017/nab424.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/product-spacer.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/sculptures-2018/hlb230.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t800x600/books-2015/naf526.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/product-icons/insured.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/product-icons/countries-shipped.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/product-icons/customers.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/product-icons/made-in-india.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/product-icons/business-years.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526b.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526c.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526d.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526e.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526f.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526g.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526h.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526i.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526j.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526k.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526l.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526m.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526n.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526o.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526p.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526q.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526r.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526s.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526t.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/original/books-2016/naf526u.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2017/nah830.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books/nad283.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books/nac509.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books/nai711.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books/naj622.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books/nae028.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2015/nak667.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2017/idk015.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2016/nae604.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t400x300/books-2019-013/nat883.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/thumbnails/t800x600/books-2015/naf526.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/footer-roof.svg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/app-google.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/app-apple.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/app-google.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/app-apple.png",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/signin-popup/signin-popup-2.jpg",
"https://cdn.exoticindia.com/images/products/signin-popup/signin-popup-2-mobile.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"",
"",
""
] | null |
[] | null |
From Original Texts collection, Varaha Mihira's India (A Rare Book) (Set of 2 Volumes) (by Ajay Mitra Shastri)
|
en
|
/images/logo-favicon.ico
|
https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/varaha-mihira-s-india-rare-book-set-of-2-volumes-naf526/
|
About the Book
Though the great worth of old texts as a source .of cultural history is widely acknowledged, astrological writings are generally supposed to be deficient in this respect. The erroneousness of the notion will be best illustrated by a glance at the present-work dwelling from this angle upon the priceless historical data enshrined in the treatises of Varahamihira, one of the most celebrated astronomers-astrologers that India is justly proud of. His writings afford precious information on practically every aspect of life one can think of and happen to contain the earliest extant datable treatment of several topics in the absence of earlier texts dealing with them which were eclipsed by the comprehensiveness of his works. The present book takes a critical view of all the information afforded by them objectively in a historical perspective, checking, corroborating arid supplementing it from contemporary literary and archaeological sources and highlighting the antecedents and subsequent ramifications in many a case where found imperative. The topics dealt with include, inter alia, historical geography, iconography, idol worship. Indra's festival and other religious rituals and practices, varieties of necklaces, perfumery and other items of toilet and personal adornment comprehending hair- dyes, tooth-sticks, umbrellas, chowries and betel-chewing, agricultural and horticultural practices, gem industry and trade, role of astrology in everyday life, civil and religious architecture, plasters, sculpture, iconometry, earlier literature on a variety of topics much of which is now known only from Varahamihira's works, genesis of the name Varahamihira, jovian cycles of twelve and sixty years, meteorology and rainfall, and location of 'sub-soil water-resources. Thus, this happens to be perhaps the only work presenting critically at one place so much information on so many diverse’ topics of interest to students of geography, religious history, 'cosmetics, jewel industry and trade, agriculture and horticulture, civil and religious architecture, meteorology and hydrology.
About the Author
Ajay Mitra Sliastri (b. 1934), a reputed historian, epigraphist, numismatist and indologist, has just retired as Professor of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology from Nagpur University. A former Editor of the Journal of the Numismatic Society of India and the Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India and Chief Editor of the Nidhi (journal of the Indian Coin Society), he is currently Chief Editor of the Numismatic Studies and Editor of the Numismatic Digest. Formerly Chairman of the Indian Coin Society, he is now Vice- Chairman of the Epigraphical Society of India and of the South Indian Numismatic Society, Convener of the Inscriptions of India Programme of the Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi, and Chairman of the Advisory Board for History of Science (Ancient Period) of the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi.
Professor Shastri has been Sectional President of the Indian History Congress (1978), Andhra Pradesh History Congress (1981), Maharashtra Itihas Parishad (1986) and the All-India, Oriental Conference (1994) and 'General President of the Numismatic Society of India (1981); Epigraphical Society of India (1987), third International Colloquium on 'Coinage, Trade and Economy' at the Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies, Nasik, Tamil Nadu Numismatic Society, Indian History and Culture Society (1991) and the Vidvat Parishad of the Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Samiti (1994), Member of the History panel of the University Grants Commission (1980-82), UGC National Lecturer (l985) and UGC National Fellow (1987-89) and is currently UGC Emeritus Fellow. He has been felicitated by the Numismatic Society of India with its Akbar Silver Medal (1984) and Altekar Gold Medal (1995); presented with a plaque of honour by the Coin Study Circle, Calcutta (1989), and a copper-plate by the Epigraphical Society of India (1992) and honoured with a couple of festschrifts: one published from Indore (1988) and the other in two tomes from Delhi (1989). He has also delivered numerous prestigious endowment lectures.
Preface
The inestimable merit of old texts for the reconstruction of the cultural history of a country like India which happens to be utterly deficient in dependable historical source material has long been recognized, and the Buddhist Jatakas, Jaina canonical texts and the writings of her great grammarian Panini and the celebrated poet-dramatist Kalidasa had been studied from this standpoint. But barring a few sporadic instances, Varahamihira's works were not tapped from this angle, perhaps because astrological texts were not supposed to afford anything substantial for sober historical purposes. It was not till late fifties that the present author, while casually perusing the Brhat-samhitii and a few other writings of this great astrologer-astronomer, realised how rich they were in historical data. And once the historical worth of these works dawned upon me, I devoted my attention to them and during the last three and a half decades published a couple of books and numerous research papers on various problems concerning early India which were well-received in historical circles. And the present work marks a culmination of my exercise with Varahamihira.
As Varahamihira lived towards the close of the Gupta period, his writings give us a vivid picture of practically all the imaginable aspects of the general life of this classical age of Indian history and may truly be called an encyclopedia containing as they do highly valuable information on everything that one could possible think of. And the Brhat-samhitii merits a special mention in this context. It was his last major and most mature all-comprehensive astrological text and had a great impact on subsequent Indian astrological literature. It contains treatment of practically everything on earth from an astrologer's angle and has in consequence turned out to be a mine of exceptionally priceless information on contemporary life. But Varahamihira had already composed specialised texts some astronomical-astrological aspects, and of these the Panca-siddhantikii, the Brhaj-jataka; the Brhad-yatra the Yoga-yiitrii and the Viviiha-patala also contain much precious information on certain aspects. And finally, the Samasa- or Sualpa-samhita, an abridged version of the Brhat-samhita and post-dating all the other works, which is known only from extracts cited by his celebrated commentator Bhattotpala in his scholia on some other texts of Varahamihira, appears to contain his afterthoughts on some of the topics dwelt upon in his magnum opus, the Brhat-samhita: It has been my effort to extract all the possible information of interest to a student of the cultural history of ancient India as well as to a reader with general interest in historic-cultural studies and present a dependable picture.
In order to make literary works yield dependable comprehensive view of things it is imperative to check, corroborate and supplement it with the information drawn from other contemporary sources like inscriptions, coins and other archaeological sources, and no pains have been spared to achieve this object. In some cases Varahamihira appears to base himself on earlier texts and in some matters he seems to have had a great impact on subsequent writers. It has been my striving in such matters to trace the beginnings and visualise later ramifications in so far as they are relevant to the present undertaking. In short, no effort has been evaded to make the present work dependable and comprehensive.
The book falls into eight chapters depending on the themes treated. The inaugural chapter dwells upon the problems concerning Varahamihira and his writings. After a critical discussion of the extant data and the prevailing theories it has been concluded that the Saka year 427 (AD 505) is the date or nearly so of the composition of the Panca-siddhantika and not of his birth or of the composition of the Romaka-siddhanta or its commentary as held by some. The mention of the king Dravyarardhana of Avanti, most probably of the Aulikara dynasty, by Varahamihira and some other references of a cultural nature scattered in his works have been pressed into service to show that our author flourished in the sixth century AD and that the Brhat-samhita was composed about mid-sixth century AD. Many unpublished works ascribed to Varahamihira, rightly or wrongly, have been listed from the manuscript catalogues, and the chronological order of his known works and their cultural significance have also been dwelt upon. The rich data on the historical geography are critically dealt with in the following chapter. The equally priceless information on religion, society and economy forms the subject matter of the next three chapters. It is pertinent to note that some of the topics covered in these chapters are treated for the first time in Varahamihira's works. Of these, the accounts of lndramaha or Indradhvajasampat (festival of Indra's flag), iconography, fashioning and installation of divine figures and symbolic representations, nirajana ceremony, perfumery, arbori-horticulture and jewel-industry deserve special mention. Varahamihira was a renowned astrologer, and no treatise professing to deal with his works, howsoever objective it may be, can afford to ignore this aspect which greatly influenced (and continues to influence even now and perhaps more vigorously) the general life and thinking of the people, and a summary of some such beliefs will be found in the sixth chapter. The next chapter aims at an analysis of the data on fine arts gleaned from our texts. It may be pointed out that the account of residential and Pauranic religious (temple) architecture, cementing materials and iconometry found in the texts under study is the earliest extant one as known at present and is therefore of enormous historical value. Varahamihira had before him a rich legacy which he drew and improved upon. But his comprehensive treatment made most of the older works disappear even as the Arthasastra of Kautilya eclipsed many of the earlier writings on polity, and their references to earlier authors and their views now form the only source of our information about them. Such references made by Varahamihira are evaluated critically in the last chapter alongside some other matter.
The work has five appendices. The opening appendix studies the genesis of the name Varahamihira which has a foreign tinge in it and tries to show its cult affiliation. Varahamihira refers to matters of interest to a student of polity and administration only casually, and such data from the theme of the second appendix. The next appendix summarises the account of the Jovian cycles of twelve and sixty years found in ch. VIII of the Brhat-samhita. The detailed treatment of meteorology and the science of locating sub-soil water-veins called Dakargala found in Varahamihira shows how highly developed these sciences were in his time, and the last two appendices are devoted to them.
The foregoing summary of the contents would hopefully suffice to bring out the encyclopedic character of the cultural data enshrined in Varahamihira's works which the present book attempts to analyse in a scientific historical perspective. I trust that this work, like my other earlier writings on Varahamihira, would be received warmly by the historians.
The present work is dedicated to the loving memory of the great savant late Professor Jagannath Agrawal who took keen interest in my work and encouraged me to go ahead with my academic undertakings. No amount of words would suffice to express my feelings of love and admiration for him and his deep learning and scholarship.
Introduction
Preliminary
It is for us the future generations to wonder at what the glories of the Gupta age were before time took its toll. Did life flow placidly or was it a turbulent stream? What rites what customs did the people employ to mitigate their sorrows and sufferings or heighten their joy? Could they procure small pleasures of life easily or had to strive hard for the same? What superstitions provided of life easily against natural calamities? What beliefs sprouted cultural developments? What artistic and literary moorings they words what were the socioeconomic religious artistic and literary conditions of the age?
While sifting the debris literally might provide some answer to the physical conditions obtaining during a given period the matters of mind cannot be answered by archaeology; at best surmises may be hazarded here and there. It is the literary evidence that are of crucial important here.
And none of the literary luminaries produced by the Gupta age gives a better account of his period than does varahamihira. With his literary activities spread over the first half of the sixth century AD the imbibed the classical culture represented by the Gupta age in its final form. He furnishes an excellent picture of almost all the lurid aspects of contemporary life in its variegated appearances either directly or incidentally laying the inquisitive posterity highly indebted to the genius that he admittedly was. Varahmihira holds a unique position in the history of astronomical and astrological literature of India. Many authors are known to have composed works on one or the other branch of Jyotisa but Varhamihira excelled them all by giving vent to his versatile genius in all its three branches alike. He is among the writers on Jyotisha what Panini is among vaiyakaranas Manu among dharmasastrakaras kautilya among writers on political science and Brahata among dramaturgists. His masterly treatment of the subject and well deserved eminence and reputation cast all older texts with very few exception into obvious.
In later time he was gratefully remembered by the posterity. His well known scholiast Utpala described him as the very incarnation of the sun descended to this world in the Kali age in order to rescue Jyotisa sastra from wholesale destruction and compares his works to a vast ocean. The belief in Varahmihira being an incarnation of the sun is echoed by the authors of the Suprakasa the Bijapallava nad the Dasadhyayi gloss on the brhajjataka. Brahmagupta who is well known for his severe censure of earlier writer does not level any serious acusation against Varhamihira. Kalyanavarman the author of the Saravali drew among others upon Varahamihira works on horoscopy and the celebrated astronomer Bhaskaracarya also admits of having benefited from his treatises. Satananda based his Bhasuatikarana on the Pancasiddhantika of varahamihira. Sripati srinivasamisratmaja, srinivascary and Narayandasa the authors of the Jyautisa ratnamala Jyotisa tattva Kaumudi Suddhipika and the Prasna Vviplava ro vaisnava sastra respectively also acknowledge their indebtedness to his writings. Ganesa Daivajna observes that when astronomical and astrological rules framed by Parasra Aryabhata and other become inaccurate they were amended among others by varahmihira. The famous Arabic writer Abu Raihan ibn Ahmad Al Beruni better known as alberuni who visited India and wrote his account in the eleventh century AD is all admiration for him and speaks of him as an excellent astronomer who clearly spoke out the truth. He regrets that others did not follow Varhamihira example and passes strictures on Brahmagupta lack of sincerity and his support to imposture.
Contents
Volume 1st
Preface XI Acknowledgement XV List of Illustration XVII Abbreviation XXI Vol. I Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Varahmihira's High Reputation 3 Varahamihira's Date 12 Personal Life 17 Legends and Myths 2026 Works and chronological order 30 Value of his works for culture history 44 Note and references Chapter 2 Historical Geography 44 Section I Introductory 51 Section II Physical features 64 Section III People and countries 100 Section IV Localities 107 Notes and references 126 Chapter 3 Religion 126 Section I Vedic Pauranic Religion 127 Section II Non Vedic sects 178 Notes and references 179 Chapter 4 Society 201 Section I Social Structure 202 Section II Marriage and position of women 207 Section III Food and Drinks 212 Section IV Health disease and medicine 217 Section V Dress and ornaments 223 Section VI Perfumery and toilet 232 Section VII Furniture and miscellaneous materials 239 Section VIII Family and other social habits 243 Note and references 245 Vol. II Chapter 5 Economy 267 Section I Agriculture Arbori-Horticulture and Flora 268 Section II Fauna 294 Section III Arts and Crafts 300 Section IV Trade 307 Section V Jewel Industry 312 Section VI Weights and Measurements 324 Section VII Coinage 329 Note and references 331 Chapter 6 Astrology in Everyday life 356 Samvatsara 356 Beliefs appertaining Planetary movement and eclipses 358 Ketus 361 Canopus 362 Sandhya 362 Earthquake 363 Utpatas 364 Angavidya 366 Signs of men and women 367 Five great men 368 Attendants of great Men 370 Wearing new clothes 371 Sakunas 372 Agni-laksana 374 Note and references 374 Chapter 7 Architecture and Fine Arts 379 Section I Residential Architecture 379 Section II Temple Architecture 394 Section III Sculpture music painting 403 Notes and references 412 Chapter 8 Learning and Literature 129 Jyotisa 430 Earlier writers and works 438 Architecture and Sculpture 453 Dandanit 455 Erotics 456 Philosophy 456 Religion 457 Palmistry 457 Metrics 548 Notes and references 459 Appendices Appendix I Genesis of Varahamira Name 469 Appendix II Polity and Government 477 Appendix III Jovian Cycles of Twelve and sixty years 488 Appendix IV Rainfall in ancient India: Textual Evidence 495 Appendix V Dakargala or the Art of exploring underground water-Veins 509 Select Bibliography 515 Index 531
Sample Pages
Vol-1
Vol-2
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 29
|
https://speak2world.wordpress.com/2014/10/17/varahamihira-is-the-brihat-samhita/
|
en
|
Varahamihira is the Brihat-Samhita
|
[
"https://speak2world.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/varaha.jpg?w=139&h=147",
"https://speak2world.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/cropped-cropped-speak2world.jpg?w=50",
"https://speak2world.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/cropped-cropped-speak2world.jpg?w=50",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"View more posts"
] |
2014-10-17T00:00:00
|
Brihat - Samhita Another important contribution of Varahamihira is the Brihat-Samhita. It covers wide ranging subjects of human interest, including astrology, planetary movements, eclipses, rainfall, clouds, architecture, growth of crops, manufacture of perfume, matrimony, domestic relations, gems, pearls, and rituals. The volume expounds on gemstone evaluation criterion found in the Garuda Purana, and…
|
hi
|
speak2world
|
https://speak2world.wordpress.com/2014/10/17/varahamihira-is-the-brihat-samhita/
|
Brihat – Samhita
Another important contribution of Varahamihira is the Brihat-Samhita. It covers wide ranging subjects of human interest, including astrology, planetary movements, eclipses, rainfall, clouds, architecture, growth of crops, manufacture of perfume, matrimony, domestic relations, gems, pearls, and rituals. The volume expounds on gemstone evaluation criterion found in the Garuda Purana, and elaborates on the sacred Nine Pearls from the same text. It contains 106 chapters and is known as the “great compilation”.
On Astrology
He was also an astrologer. He wrote on all the three main branches of Jyotisha astrology:
Brihat Jataka – is considered as one of the five main treatises on Hindu astrology on horoscopy.
Laghu Jataka – also known as ‘Swalpa Jataka’
Samasa Samhita – also known as ‘Lagu Samhita’ or ‘Swalpa Samhita’
Brihat Yogayatra – also known as ‘Mahayatra’ or ‘Yakshaswamedhiya yatra’
Yoga Yatra – also known as ‘Swalpa yatra’
Tikkani Yatra
Brihat Vivaha Patal
Lagu Vivaha Patal – also known as ‘Swalpa Vivaha Patal’
Lagna Varahi
Kutuhala Manjari
Daivajna Vallabha (apocryphal)
His son Prithuyasas also contributed in the Hindu astrology; his book Hora Sara is a famous book on horoscopy. Khana (also named Lilavati elsewhere) the medieval Bengali poetess astrologer is believed to be the daughter-in-law of Varahamihir.
Influences
The Romaka Siddhanta (“Doctrine of the Romans”) and the Paulisa Siddjanta (“Doctrine of Paul”) were two works of Western origin which influenced Varahamihira’s thought, though this view is controversial as there is much evidence to suggest that it was actually Vedic thought indigenous to India which first influenced Western astrologers and subsequently came back to India reformulated. Number of his writings share similarities with with the earlier texts like Vedanga Jyotisha .
A comment in the Brihat-Samhita by Varahamihira says: “The Greeks, though Barbarians, must be honored since they have shown tremendous interest in our science…..” (“mleccha hi yavanah tesu samyak shastram kdamsthitam/ rsivat te ‘p i pujyante kim punar daivavid dvijah” (Brihat-Samhita 2.15)).
to be continues………….
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 6
|
https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/significance-of-the-moon-in-ancient-civilizations/d/doc1187635.html
|
en
|
8. Contributions of Varahamihira
|
[
"https://www.wisdomlib.org/images/logo-responsive2.gif",
"https://www.wisdomlib.org/images/book-cover-default.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"www.wisdomlib.org"
] |
2023-03-21T13:09:00+01:00
|
Varahamihira was the prodigious Indian Astronomer, Astrologer of Ujjain, and distinguished Mathematician, who lived in 5th century AD. He was the prin...
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
| null |
Varahamihira was the prodigious Indian Astronomer, Astrologer of Ujjain, and distinguished Mathematician, who lived in 5th century AD. He was the principal Indian sage who predicted the availability of water in Mars about 1500 years ago. His valuable insights about the space and universe become the study of modern scientists. He identified that the moon and other planets are glistening because of sunlight. His adjacent contemporaries Aryabhata and Brahmagupta could not compare with the acceptance of Varahamihira.[1] His Astrological talent promoted was one among the nine Gems of the emperor Vikramaditya and Chandragupta. The minute observations awarded the most reputed exaltation among the Navaratnas of the court of Vikramaditya.
Kalidasa in his book Jyotir Vidhabharanam has admired the role of Varahamihira through the verses–
[...][2]
Ibn Batuta and Al-Baruni were two prominent Arab travelers who had visited ancient India specially to pursue Astrology. By their translations they had induced German scholars to come to India to study traditional Astrology and Vedic literature. The Ancestors of Aryabhata, and Varahamihira declared that earth was spherical in shape. Ever in the history of science he was the first to claim that some “force” might be keeping bodies stuck to the round earth. Later the force has been called as gravity. He constructed Merustambh 2200 years ago for doing research on astronomy. His great work called Panchsidhanthika summarizes the earlier astronomical treatise such as Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitama Siddhanta. He proposed that the Moon and planets are lustrous not because of their own light but due to sunlight. Another significant contribution of Varahamihira is the encyclopedic Brihat-Samhita covering wide range of subjects covering astrology, planetary movements, eclipses, star effects, rainfall, clouds, and symptoms of male and female, domestic animals, gems, pearls and propitiating rituals. He wrote on all the three main branches of Jyotisha (Ganita-Samhita and Hora) covered under his great works named as Brihat Jataka, Laghu Jataka, Samasa Samhita, Brihat Yogayatra, Yoga yatra, Dikkani Yatra, Vivaha Patala and Daivajna Vallabha (apocryphal). Varahamihira’s mathematical work includes the discovery of the trigonometric formulas. He improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata. He defined the algebraic properties of zero as well as of negative numbers. Furthermore, he was the first mathematician who discovered the version of Pascal’s triangle which is useful to calculate the binomial coefficients.
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 73
|
http://www.akshardhool.com/2020/03/who-introduced-signs-of-zodiac-to-india.html
|
en
|
Aksharadhool: Who introduced Signs of The Zodiac to India?
|
[
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPl4eNIQKFaJOpq8sl6McCXvdvGzkqQNAO53No2rDZBnbuM844-NPPWwnpGKYl1kOB8sRNamLRZv2532CKpzf9unGJwBo29_gfqBUQO9iwInhAyD_S-Lx0yKMUFXwS9Gbj8GaOxhSozz4/s400/6th-century_Brihat_Samhita_of_Varahamihira%252C_Bhattotpala_commentary_manuscript%252C_Chapter_3%252C_Sanskrit%252C_Grantha_script%252C_palm_leaf_1_2r_2v.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc8DGcwT8MbXNDK2-9gei6znvLLtMSiIFhK7I1JsRm9B2FcB9blHtreQU_GnsgZWZDNGYAIZL18_QPMZJ4aF06vWtmUaTqX14WLANyNQYaisPEwJd-7YBId_KKu_Y8qFVZT6-aBzXKhFk/s320/Zodiac_%2528PSF%2529.png",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKfCBU0sj8ivUXlNR__4EhTFKJ5Ga_7xCEfKWMevZ_ikzMt4KTUI6jz6ThhjqQRD1IcGWjpEMqUphN2D6130PcmtM1v0SO1InUjl3rhZw3HNltw3zBogE-n4ChnW3No0gWQWUsHUilEUE/s400/sphujidhwaj.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPRMvJObJYBTF1XFjuGDbhtj6VCXpX_bfxE86UuV-ZIH7gF1PWp7ukfohIpXPy5ZMKLX3Ltm5kGE6X18gvzLv_qtITVtEfWd18ssExjjNH2x8BJbUURCokltCnHg6bastAqPtrWVudauU/s320/12+verses+1.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuKW3Fvtiim-jXmVlwGNtrGYSMy1HuZLLXwgY9r_diZ3UbPA1L0vnYp4dE_aUWSPq0kZUDrTbMdldE3EkjPRGL1HNGAr6rga7GMQBRC6lzwTcbCckeUnVnns_kFrjLzQDbpbEAPfWT2cc/s320/12+verses+2.jpg",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_email.gif",
"http://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"http://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xUJeOAuSjuY/T349zEzYJnI/AAAAAAAABcY/fhoD_MVpgLk/s350/avtar%2Bwith%2Brounded%2Bcorners.jpg",
"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uvSmFm5MutY/VPfPi64JWwI/AAAAAAAASYs/8K0iAGMDK10/s1600/iphone%2Bscreen%2B200%2Bpixel.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh989L2pPvIKEl7mB8Q0L9Qw5SlylMX7C3tW9Xt5-V_5GLa_MWzdNtF4QsfsFarsVTA-nhIuVk9Z0unxCHIa37jweA6siCveplGgMg_7dobADjApnHXrGi29nusOs4ZBaXnI2pdwy1Dzg/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/cardboard+bicycle+2.jpg",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tgPJCoMEfdaUjDwzziBLrACwH38RaizBZV7TpaIB8oq7odiEadrZOPfJz5bKwvxfdKLoQYjpWSR0GJCoscrZ3yV52iuIDw6B7lHdCsWkWaJLXbdXnFYf0FO8-BendjcY3vLhphNg8Kyk6B_AoPgQ=w72-h72-p-k-no-nu",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCufHzK2LjOWuNR51Xz5LxT3cnQWZUtqlTHBkva_y3ucQ6okGPMNqWfbdf3jQbzurJP0gQwTfcrv0AruMpWq65Q0eyRRGoiO465uNIJj50GRm7s7kOZwJCz-PgUsGNci_EQmmsl1fjdQ0/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/alex.jpg",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tWG8x6dKXqHmtebdgPJUbHo4SPf2XfHbv2j7g4fSmXnICRhUjOkY9T0tCmWyDS3b-4aV9ieo-rFiaiuMpHk3sRGpizIBTiglAcGHH9t3m8YWORwzuqJ7n6oqkXtRGtvVcZYY3f=w72-h72-p-k-no-nu",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMt5lpKe-CPeEVzmRwW86WJjpsfgK9PcVYqagxB33eZ3FLEAp6VkYNaoGahqEG6HGVR8np9l4QL95Jq4bVBo823u_iVDzHB5M9IiIrhGo1TCOhz_FuyuyL60FeeZt3FwgD50ijVrNL4g/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/003KTOP00000115U059C0001%5BSVC2%5D.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhScE0mDRNYprI0Hs6hPyxishS6BDQU6HtBTARFUbWJvHXEFY54Ws2ZvzSPtETxAT-Bc3B48lgAn_b8rBuMBGa6PBgDWtnuVgtDUmFQbDU9B_jGqRDdV_fjmuSmCv5NkDtUuJ4tbWyYV-w/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/14261999297_f69ed176c9_z.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6lU0H41y1eZk6CKXkoat8gm49MdYem3Cx0FpNBmOF4cXuPax3YPik7dtXIsNex4uTAGQS6pG_PHJtahwr5pLExTdG-yWpBoUTRfdB_buEUxOXys56UzXAMavS58YuP7WdlNi6Gb24wA/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/51eG5YfuBrL._SL500_AA300_.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT4CH7Oy25Ujr11XM3JYqROm9ge1cJ2m2enZBDhRAAVQs5q_5yCtcNZirli972r6pWctBNmFZkCZqDumTnDV2gP0aEwkyMpvfBKPfD2GPQ8_TRkeFz3-UJUNxTEJTWe3Pu5KyBrdY47Q/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/nano.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZXndJGsh5N2WVCjQh3ODX0_jEeSObXzmWUXK6Q9aJVQQ2HowX8SvIyNB755rnrptF8Nyxdl5J0Kr8qN2km_OIYQIR5x_Fdhf3iDJG87qKOvDcp9HwQcDq1pJ6B-6M9R4V67EVmnC1yQ/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/brp+sierra+madre.jpg",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sJF1v7m5iu_A7LP2CEkrALNjdQ1ok16tHNmejIWQU5em4vGV1j5hDElGkrrainza6ReqVvjZjMYYpZymUuUCyFfj2lObUC6OR9QPfbbzKBB5SpVLkTZukJYtbOe3ken34e2Uk2LwvWYjM1ZfbgM5ofzlg=w72-h72-p-k-no-nu",
"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g0e-zN8Z40s/VNH3GJx4tkI/AAAAAAAAR8o/3P0eVNqMa2s/s1600/Connie_Francis_1961.JPG",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/widgets/arrow_dropdown.gif",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_feed12.png",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/widgets/subscribe-netvibes.png",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/widgets/subscribe-yahoo.png",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_feed12.png",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/widgets/arrow_dropdown.gif",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_feed12.png",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/widgets/arrow_dropdown.gif",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_feed12.png",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/widgets/subscribe-netvibes.png",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/widgets/subscribe-yahoo.png",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_feed12.png",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/widgets/arrow_dropdown.gif",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_feed12.png",
"http://twitter-badges.s3.amazonaws.com/follow_me-a.png",
"http://www.blogdash.com/badge_img/?file=logo3_new.png&claim_code=d42e785850a406eff47a3e24460d1ed8",
"http://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-ESaZVhGGkh0T-.gif",
"http://s.c.lnkd.licdn.com/scds/common/u/img/webpromo/btn_myprofile_160x33.png",
"http://www.akshardhool.com/2020/03/valid-atom.png",
"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JFZmw7a_Sok/U8-bPXNCx6I/AAAAAAAAO1A/FiK5UTfxHVk/s1600/buddha-and-six-monks-wall-painting-miran-3rd-4th-cent.jpg",
"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LtBmrQ1x9Xg/Ux0xhwqzf0I/AAAAAAAANPI/4cXSWLhtAQw/s1600/purple%2Bevening.jpg",
"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PJBG3iJFQwo/U895IjOw8NI/AAAAAAAAO0w/Jg_DTrRgeLg/s254/shahidula-post-2.jpg",
"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BWtLS-_h06w/U6veSM2Xm0I/AAAAAAAAOiw/N6_F_1Pt3mk/s1600/grand%2Bensemble.jpg",
"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PJbxdnxqVj8/VA2E439TEMI/AAAAAAAAQNU/fKyyw21-y_M/s1600/zubeida.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
What the future holds? Is the question that has been obsessing the human mind, ever since the dawn of wisdom awakened the mankind? ...
|
en
|
http://www.akshardhool.com/favicon.ico
|
http://www.akshardhool.com/2020/03/who-introduced-signs-of-zodiac-to-india.html
|
What the future holds? Is the question that has been obsessing the human mind, ever since the dawn of wisdom awakened the mankind? As humans watched the day and night skies, they realized periods or cycles in which celestial or heavenly bodies made themselves appear in the sky. The basic of these was of course the sun, which appeared all day long and disappeared in night. Other planets followed their own courses, which were not so simple. Then there were groups of stars or constellations, which first appeared to the human eye as stationary. However, observations over a longer period made humans aware that these too have their own cycles of appearance and disappearance. It was natural for the early humans to interpret these celestial cycles as some form of divine communication that would affect not only personal behavior, but also affairs of community or states. From this basic idea, the subject of astrology developed subsequently. Until the 17th century, astrology was considered a scholarly tradition. It actually led to the development of astronomy as a science and also helped in other branches of science such as meteorology and medicine. Only by the end of the 17th century, astrology lost its academic standing and became regarded as a pseudoscience.
In the Indian context, we have a long tradition of astrologers or astronomers, who were also called mathematicians, because their work involved many new mathematical concepts. Some of these early mathematicians include Aryabhatta (आर्यभट्ट), Varahamihira (वराहमिहिर), Brahmagupta (ब्रम्हगुप्त), Bhattotpala (भट्टोत्पल) and Bhaskaracharya (भास्कराचार्य). Some of their works can be listed as Aryasiddhanta (आर्यसिद्धांत), Brahmasiddhanta (ब्रम्हसिद्धांत), Brhjjataka (बृहज्जातक), Brhatsamhita (बृहत्संहिता), and Lilavati (लीलावती). Besides these, another literary work stands out, because its author or the period, remains unknown. This work is known as Sooryasiddhanta (सूर्यसिद्धांत). The presently available transcript of this treatise is believed to be from the beginning of last millennium.
The basis of all astrological observations has always been the path followed by the Sun around the earth (called as ecliptic) on a background that is full of constellations and asterisms. (Asterisms are group of stars that appear to follow certain patterns, which our fertile minds have managed to associate with figures and outlines of living or non-living things that we see on earth). For convenience of observation and measurement, Sooryasiddhanta divides the Sun’s path or ecliptic around the earth or ecliptic in following fashion.
विकलानां कला षष्ठ्या तत्षष्ट्या भाग उच्यतेतत्त्रिंशता भवेद्राशिर्भगसो द्वादशैव तेII २८ II
“Sixty seconds (vikala) make a minute (kala); sixty of these, a degree (bhaga); of thirty of the latter is composed a sign (rashi); twelve of these are a revolution (bhagana)”.
(Sooryasiddhanta 1. 28)
For Astrology purposes, each of the “Rashi” of thirty degrees is associated or belongs to an asterism that is seen in the background of that “Rashi”. These asterisms are known as the “Signs of the Zodiac”. (The zodiac is an area of the sky that extends approximately 8° to north or south of the ecliptic).
It may come as a surprise to many of us that this system of division of the ecliptic, or “Rashi” and the concept of association of prominent asterisms with a “Rashi” as a particular sign of Zodiac, is virtually identical in ancient Indian Astrology or “Jyotisha” as well as in western Astrology, which is based on ancient Greek Astrology. Some of the Astrologists believe that the “Rashi” concept was a purely Indian effort, copied first, by people of Middle East, from where it propagated to west. There is another school of thought, which believes that concept of “Rashi” originated in ancient Geece, from where it was picked up by Indians.
Be it as may be, there is hardly any point in entering the fray as neither it would lead anywhere nor would it win any argument, We shall therefore refrain from joining any argument and concentrate on the fact that concept of “Rashis” appears in ancient works of both Indian and Greek origin. We can therefore conclude that there must have been a common source or a person or a group of knowledgeable persons, who were familiar with literary works of both Indian and Greek Origin, and naturally were bilingual (proficient in Sanskrit and Greek).
As it turns out, we have a readymade source of information, in form of two books, originally written by famous Indian mathematician Varahamihira. (Sixth century CE), who seems to have a full knowledge of Yavan (Greek) astronomical terms and doctrines1. He even gives the Greek terms for the Sanskrit names for the signs of the Zodiac. Varahamihira, in his books, quotes from treatises written by many other learned men or Pundits. However, he does not reveal to us the sources of his knowledge of Greek doctrines or names. MM P.V.Kane2 gives two instances, where Varahamihira, in his treatise Brhtsamhita, has referred to word “Yavana”. MM P.V.Kane says. “The word Yavana appears to be used in two senses by Varahamihira. In verse 14 of chapter 2, this word means the Yavana people in general, but in some other places (such as verse 1 of chapter 11), this word means either Yavana authors or some one writer from among them”.
Bhattotpala or Bhatta-Utpala (भट्टोत्पल) was a 10th century astrologer-mathematician. According to Al-Biruni, he was a Pundit from Kashmir2, 3. He has written commentaries on Varahamihira’s two books Brhjjataka (बृहज्जातक) and Brhtsamhita (बृहत्संहिता). Bhattotpala, besides commenting on Varahamihira’s original text, also refers, like Varahamihira, to quotes from treatises written by other learned men or Pundits. His references to “Yavanas” (Greeks) appear to be more extensive. What is of special significance is that Bhattotpala mentions certain “Yavana” Pundits either by their titles or names such as “Yavanadhipati” (यवनाधिपति), “”Yavanedra” (यवनेंद्र), “Yavanacharya” (यवनाचार्य) and finally “Yavaneshvara” (यवनेश्वर).
According to MM P.V.Kane2, out of these names, “Yavanacharya” appears to have been an ancient Greek writer. Regarding the names “Yavanadhipati”, “Yavanedra” and “Yavaneshvara”, there is no clarity, whether Bhattotpala is referring to the same author called by him as “Yavanacharya” or these are different authors from differing centuries. In another literary work known as Saravali (सारावलि) by Kalyanavarma (कल्याणवर्मा), written in the intervening centuries between Varahamihira’s books and Bhattotpala’s commentary, we do find words like “Yavanaraja” (यवनराजा), Yavanavrddha” (यवनवृद्ध), “Yavananarendra” (यवनेंद्र). There is also a mention of the name “Purva Yavendras” (पूर्व यवनेंद्र) implying that its author knew ‘early and later’ Yavana writers on Astrology. Bhattotpala makes one interesting comment about “Yavaneshwara” though. He says, “Varaha refers to the views of an ancient Yavanacharya, but he (Bhattotpala) has not seen the work. He has only read the work of Yavaneshwara Sphujidhwaja (स्फुजिध्वज), who mentions the views of Yavana writers of a bygone age and this Sphujidhwaja flourished in an age that was later than the beginnings of Shaka-kala (CE78)”. The original Sanskrit comment is given below.
From this rather confusing state of things, we can make out two facts clearly.
1.Firstly, before the times of Varahamihira (6th century CE) there were several Greek or Yavan Astrologers known to Indians. They might have been based in India or Greece. One of them, commonly known as “Yavanacharya” or “Vrddhayavana” (वृद्धयवन), was rather well known.
2.In the intervening centuries between Varahamihira and Bhattotpala, another Greek Astrologist “Sphujidhwaja” became well known. It is not clear whether he was commonly referred to by names such as “Yavaneshwara”, “Yavanadhipati”, “Yavanendra” or “Yavanaraja” or these names were used for an earlier Greek writer, who was also a King.
According to Bhau Daji1, “Word Sphujidhvaja is a corruption of the Greek name Speusippus. Diogenes Laertius mentions two authors of this name, one of whom was a physician called Hcrophileus Alcxandrinus, and may, possibly, be the astronomer whose works were translated and studied in India”. However no other modern scholar seems to corroborate this view.
Matter would have rested here with “Yavanacharya” and “Yavaneshwara” both lost in sea of obscurity. However. In the summer of year 1897, an Indian scholar, Pundit HaraPrasad Shastry, Professor of Sanskrit, Presidency College Kolkata, briefly happened to see a palm leaf manuscript4 in the library of His Excellency, The Maharaja of Nepal. The manuscript examined by Pundit Shastry was a remarkable one as it was a complete copy of a book called “Yavan-Jataka”. Pundit Shastry made an effort to read the last verse of this manuscript, which said, “that in the year 91 of some (unspecified) era, Yavanesvara translated from his own language into Sanskrit prose, Horashastra and that in the year 191, king Sphujidhwaja rendered that shastra into four thousand Indravajra verses”7.
Mahamahopadhyay P.V.Kane managed in the year 1935, to get a transcript of the above mentioned manuscript from Nepal Darbar and translates5 the last paragraph as, “The seal of the sentences of the ocean of the knowledge of hora (astrology) was guarded by the veil of his own language and was seen in the year 91. Formerly, the Lord of Yavanas, being endowed with the vision of truth by the favour of the Sun, declared this shstra of the knowledge of hora (astrology) in unblemished sentences for enabling- the people to grasp it. There was a talented king named Sphujidhvaja, who turned this (shastra) into Indravajra verses, four thousand in number, in the year 191”7. One thing becomes very clear from both these translations. King Sphujidhwaja (he was probably a Greek king, as Bhau Daji says.) was not the original author of the book “yavana-Jataka” (Greek book of Astrology). He has merely converted it from original prose to verses. MM P.V. Kane also feels that King Sphujidhwaja was probably from Gupta era (3rd to 6th century CE).
Meanwhile, MM P.V.Kane had turned his attention to other available manuscripts of the Book “Yavan-Jataka” that were available to him. He found that they were different from the Nepal Manuscript and some of them differed among themselves. However he found that most of the manuscripts had names that implied that the book was actually called “Vrddha-Yavana-Jataka” written by one “Minaraja”. Regarding identification of this “Minaraja”, MM P.V.Kane says6, “The name Minaraja is not necessarily non-Indian but it is not possible to shut our eyes to the fact that Menander (165/155 –130 BCE), a Greeko-Bactrian king has been identified with Mililinda of the Buddhist work ' Questions of Milind'. Miariija may be a Sanskrit rendering of a foreign word like Menendra”.
Bhattotpala’s commentary on Varahamihira’s Brhjjataka contains twelve verses about the characteristics of the twelve rashis (signs of Zodiac), which he quotes as told by Yavanesvara. (Commentry on Brhjjataka verse 1.5). In Sphujidhwaja’s “Yavana-Jataka”5 the same twelve verses about the twelve rashis appear, following the first verse that is corrupt. The same twelve verses also occur in the “Vrrdha-Yavan-Jataka”6 composed by Yavanachrya Minaraja who is described as the overlord of Yavanas. These twelve versest about Rashis are given below in Appendix.
We can therefore infer from above.
1.A Greek king (most likely Menander) known by various names such as Yavanesvara or Yavanacharya authored a text in Greek language, probably around 140 BCE, about Greek system of Astrology. The book was known as “Yavana-Jataka” first and later as “Vrddha-Yavana-Jataka”. This inference finds support from another reference2 in Bhattotpala’s commentary on Brhjjataka. Here, he quotes from great Sage Badarayana (second century CE according to Marathi Vishva-Kosha of Late Shri Laxmanshastri Joshi) which mentions a certain “Yavanendra”. This would mean that the Greek king, who wrote a text about Greek system of Astrology actually preceded Sage Badarayana. This matches well with King Menander’s age.
2.Varaha-Mihira, Kalyan-Varma and many other authors referred to this treatise, while authoring their own works.
3.Sometime in Gupta era, another Greek Astrologist Sphujidhwaja (Greek name Speusippus) converted the original prose written in Greek language into 4000 verses and named it as “Yavana-Jataka”.
4. Bhattotpala(10th century CE), though he had no access to the original “Vrddha-Yavana-Jataka” , referred to Sphujidhwaja’s book in his commentary on Varahamihira’s books, Brhjjataka and Brihat-samhita.
References:-
1.Brief Notes on the Age and Authenticity of the Works of Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Bhattotpala, and Bhaskaracharya : By Bhau Dajee : The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series,Vol. 1, No. 1/2 (1865), pp. 392-418
2.Varahamihira and Utpala : By P.V.Kane : Journal of Bombay Branch of Asiatic society, Vol 24-25, 1949, PP. 1-31
3.Sanskrit literature known to Al-Biruni : By Ajay Mitra Shastri :pp.130 : Indian Journal of History of Science Vol. 10
4.Notes on Palm-leaf MSS in the Library of His excellency The Maharaja of Nepal : By Pundit HaraPrasad Shastry : Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal : Vol. 66 : 1897 : pp.310-316
5.The Yanavajataka of Sphujidhwaja : By. MM P.V. Kane: Journal of Bombay Branch of Asiatic society, Vol 30-2, 1955, PP. 1-5.
6.Yavaneshvara and Utpala : By MM P.V. Kane: Journal of Bombay Branch of Asiatic society, Vol 30-1, 1955, PP. 1-5.
7Note: - Bill M. Mak of Kyoto University challenges this translation in his research paper “The Date and Nature of Sphujidhvaja’s Yavanajātaka Reconsidered in the Light of Some Newly Discovered Materials” published in 2013. He gives a new translation in which the numbers 91 and 191 are omitted.
15th March 2020
Appendix
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 24
|
https://satyaagrah.com/sanatan/dharm-sanskriti/1823-varahamihira-the-ancient-astrologer,-astronomer-and-mathematician
|
en
|
ancient Astrologer, Astronomer and Mathematician": His encyclopaedic knowledge and lively presentation of subjects, as dry as astronomy, made him a celebrated figure, discovered trigonometric formulas
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"India",
"famous",
"astrological",
"astronomical sciences",
"foreign languages",
"Ibn Batuta",
"Al Baruni",
"prominent Arab travellers",
"ancient India",
"pursue Astrology",
"German scholars",
"Vedic literature",
"Varahamihira",
"renowned Indian Astronomers",
"Mathematician",
"Aryabhata",
"Brahmagupta",
"encyclopaedic knowledge",
"lively presentation",
"astronomy",
"Brahmins",
"Adityadasa",
"Kusumapura",
"Patna",
"Aryabhata",
"Gupta reign",
"Vikramaditya Chandragupta ii",
"supernatural",
"scientist",
"earth spherical",
"gravity",
"Meru Stambh",
"Qutub Minar",
"Britishers",
"Pancha Siddhantika",
"Astronomical Canons",
"Surya Siddhanta",
"Romaka Siddhanta",
"Paulisa Siddhanta",
"Vasishtha Siddhanta",
"Paitama Siddhanta",
"Brihat-Samhita",
"planetary movements",
"eclipses",
"rainfall",
"clouds",
"gems",
"pearls",
"rituals",
"Garuda Purana",
"Jyotisha astrology",
"trigonometric formulas",
"sine tables of Aryabhata l",
"algebraic properties of zero",
"negative numbers",
"Pascal triangle",
"binomial coefficients"
] | null |
[] | null |
Scholars are of the view that Varahamihira had constructed “Meru Stambh”, what is presently famous as Qutub Minar, 2200 years ago, for doing research on astronomy. It was a seven storied structure constructed in the middle of a lake
|
en
|
/images/satya/satyalogo-mob.svg
|
Satyaagrah
|
https://satyaagrah.com/sanatan/dharm-sanskriti/1823-varahamihira-the-ancient-astrologer,-astronomer-and-mathematician
| |||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 68
|
https://indicbrands.com/product/brhat-samhita-of-varahamihira-vol-1-with-english-translation-exhaustive-notes-and-literary-comments/
|
en
|
Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira ( Vol. 1): with english translation, exhaustive notes and literary comments
|
[
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/indic-brands-latest-logo-400-×-120px-2.svg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/indic-brands-latest-logo-400-×-120px-2.svg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/1508.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/14217-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/14217-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/921-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/921-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/5006-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/5006-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/15630_56747b3e-cfcc-4fad-94cb-9c7a845405e6-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/15630_56747b3e-cfcc-4fad-94cb-9c7a845405e6-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/3427-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/3427-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/SBE-12-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/SBE-12-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/love-yourself-5-1.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Bamboo-Flutes-1.png",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Bamboo-Flutes-1.png",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/yogasutra-500x554-1-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/yogasutra-500x554-1-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/978-8171106455-500x554-1-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/978-8171106455-500x554-1-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/41ZtaTQeJL._SX449_BO1204203200_-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/41ZtaTQeJL._SX449_BO1204203200_-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/195-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/195-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/SBE-8-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/SBE-8-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/500-ways-to-be-an-India-Positive-Citizen-book-scaled-300x400.jpg",
"https://bunny-wp-pullzone-fgzs3jblm0.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/500-ways-to-be-an-India-Positive-Citizen-book-scaled-300x400.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2016-05-16T10:41:15+05:30
|
The Brhat Sarhhitii of Varahamihira is an encyclopaedia of astrological and other subjects of human interest. Whatever subject the author takes up for
|
en
|
Indic Brands
|
https://indicbrands.com/product/brhat-samhita-of-varahamihira-vol-1-with-english-translation-exhaustive-notes-and-literary-comments/
|
The Brhat Sarhhitii of Varahamihira is an encyclopaedia of astrological and other subjects of human interest. Whatever subject the author takes up for delineation, whether it is eclipse, planetary movements,
rainfall, cloud, architecture, water divination or some other topic, he discusses the same with thoroughness and mastery based on the knowledge of ancient sastras. Wherever he differs from ancients he gives reasons for it. Section I describes the movement of planets from the astronomical and astrological points of view. Section 2 discusses the allotment of countries to the nine regions on the basis of constellations. Section 3 treats of the effects of years, months and days presided over by different planets. Section 4 expounds subjects like cloud formation, wind and rainfall while Section 5 discusses flowers and creepers. Section 6 deals with portents. Section 7 treats growth of crops, commodities, prices and trades and Section 8 describes ritual for the improvement of royal powers. Section 9 explains signs of men and women; Section 10 deals with architecture, town-planning, water- divination, etc. Section 11 treats of trees. Section 12 expounds the manufacture of perfumes. Section 13 describes animals, cows, dogs, etc: Section 14 relates to domestic felicity, erotic remedies, etc. Section 15 describes gems and their value. Section 16 deals with cleansing of teeth, Section 17 delineate omens through birds and beasts. Section 18 is devoted to the functions of asterisms, lunar days, etc., and an exhaustive introduction discussing all the relevant topics in detail.
Review(s)
About the Author(s)
PROF. M.R. BHAT was a well known Samskrta scholar, teacher, poet and astrologer, who retired in 1974 as the Head of Sanskrit Department of Hindu College, Delhi University. He had served the cause of Samskrta learning and Indian culture for more than half a century. Prof. Bhat edited with translation classical works like the Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira (2 Volumes), Horasarah of Prthuyasas, Prasnajnanam of Bhattotpala. Author of Fundamentals of Astrology. Prof. Bhat had revised the translation of Uttara-kalamrtam, and Phaladipika. He was the founder-editor of the Sanskrit _English Journal Amrtavani and had contributed a large number of articles on oriental learning and culture of various journals and periodicals. In recognition of his erudition and devotion to oriental learning and culture Prof, Bhat was conferred the titles Vidyabhaskara, Vidyasagara and Kavitacatura. Prof. Bhat died in 1990.
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 13
|
https://upscwithnikhil.com/index.php/article/geography/varahamihira
|
en
|
Varahamihira
|
http://upscwithnikhil.com/storage/images/article/sjHXIvejkuNKEeZV.webp
|
http://upscwithnikhil.com/storage/images/article/sjHXIvejkuNKEeZV.webp
|
[
"https://upscwithnikhil.com/images/logo.png",
"https://upscwithnikhil.com/images/logo@2x.png",
"https://upscwithnikhil.com/storage/images/article/sjHXIvejkuNKEeZV.webp",
"https://upscwithnikhil.com/images/ads/prelims.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"varahamihira",
"varahamihira mathematician",
"brihat jataka"
] | null |
[
"Nikhil Agrawal",
"Hitesh Aloney"
] |
2021-04-19T00:00:00
|
Varahamihira, also known as Varaha or Mihira, (born 505, Ujjain, India—died 587, Ujjain) was an Indian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who wrote the Pancha-siddhantika
|
en
|
https://upscwithnikhil.com/index.php/article/geography/varahamihira
|
Varahamihira, also known as Varaha or Mihira, (born 505, Ujjain, India—died 587, Ujjain) was an Indian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who wrote the Pancha-siddhantika (“Five Treatises”), a collection of Greek, Egyptian, Roman, and Indian astronomy.
India had already been well-known and had achieved the height of astrological and astronomical sciences thousands of years ago. Many foreign languages have been translated into ancient astrological works. Ibn Batuta and Al Baruni were two famous Arab explorers who came to India specifically to research astrology. They had enticed German scholars to come to India to research Astrology and Vedic literature through their translations. Varahamihira was the only renowned Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer whose name became a household word in India.
Varahamihira was born to a Brahmin family in the village of Kapittha near Ujjain. Varahamihira learned astrology from his father, Adityadasa, who was a Sun god worshipper. Though many scholars disagree with this, it has been said that Varahamihira met the great astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata during a visit to Kusumapura (Patna). He was so shaken by the encounter that he wanted to try astrology and astronomy as a profession. Ujjain was the epicentre of learning at the time, with many schools of art, science, and culture thriving, thanks to the Gupta dynasty's prosperity. As a result, Varahamihira relocated to this area, which was hosting a gathering of scholars from all over the world. His astrological abilities finally caught the attention of Vikramaditya Chandragupta II, who made him one of his court's Nine Gems.
SURYA SIDDHANTA
Before 1000 BC, people in India had begun to use astronomical instruments. During this time, the ‘Suryasidhanta', a well-known book for astronomical calculations, was written.
The word ‘Suryasidhanta' means ‘sun theory,' and it refers to the measurements of star and planet positions. Some Indian mathematicians later developed their instruments and methods to help in the understanding of the ‘Suryasidhanta' theory. One such invaluable contribution is the introduction of zero in mathematics and the decimal method of calculation. Varahamihira compared Surya Siddhanta with his four other panchsiddhantika treatises, namely Paitamaha Siddhantas, Paulisha Siddhantas, Romaka Siddhantas, and Vasishta Siddhantas. The Surya Siddhanta is also mentioned in Aryabhata's writings.
PANCHASIDDHANTA
Varahamihira did an outstanding job of gathering five astronomical theories that were in use before Crist, one of which is Surya Siddhanta. The ‘Panchasidhanta' is the name given to this collection of books. He'd produced a variety of ring and string instruments.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO MATHEMATICS
The discovery of trigonometric formulas was one of Varahamihira's mathematical accomplishments. He improved the precision of Aryabhata's sine tables. He defined the algebraic properties of zero and negative numbers, as well as the properties of positive and negative numbers. He was also one of the first mathematicians to discover a variant of Pascal's triangle. He used it to figure out how to measure binomial coefficients.
OTHER SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 11
|
https://incarnateword.in/other-authors/kd-sethna-amal-kiran/ancient-india-in-a-new-light/the-puranas-the-indian-tradition-and-551-b-c
|
en
|
The Incarnate Word
|
[
"https://incarnateword.in/images/icons/apple-icon-57x57.png",
"https://incarnateword.in/images/Feedback-PNG-Free-Download.png",
"https://vmltdata.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/whatsapp.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
/images/icons/apple-icon-57x57.png
| null |
Show Page Number No Yes
|
|||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 44
|
https://twitter.com/maths163/status/1119941456070725632%3Flang%3Den
|
en
|
x.com
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
X (formerly Twitter)
| null | ||||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 52
|
https://pparihar.com/2018/11/05/varahmihir-who-predicted-water-in-mars/
|
en
|
Varahmihir, who predicted water in Mars
|
[
"https://pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/cropped-shiva1.gif",
"https://pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/varahmihir.jpg?w=547",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/031195bcd3414271f601dbddd000648fb44d8134e348a85672ae83ba64e4f7b3?s=55&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/031195bcd3414271f601dbddd000648fb44d8134e348a85672ae83ba64e4f7b3?s=32&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://i0.wp.com/banners.copyscape.com/images/cs-bk-120x60.gif",
"http://socialgrin.com",
"http://www.decodinghinduism.com",
"http://WWW.sanskritum.BLOGSPOT.COM",
"http://WWW.sanskritum.BLOGSPOT.COM",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/98ed245531a5a45edc6ca28740c611278bd9d6369dbebff21d736787783d666b?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/e44d787cb5ca25e9a08d591d7bb282f53af5751d08dce654c7b110e4e68dcb20?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/743a7d3d301925ffa547c447ff1d5b72a6a653743fd62e171d917923bcbe7bec?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/08fc905a4e4df8af4f43586422c2ee1f8093ea6bcef17fdf65276966672970c5?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/24b03f544cec086f576ad024a7c31e9754f0049f7abb929f27f8cf4c2fa8f841?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/3f126e906648f0588cbb045d27d5b4ebbcdc864ffc334225262318870fde4672?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/9f9064cc5ce9f99816bb0f95eec0b31ca4cbe2cc1f275d41054a53f0de61753d?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/4a4fb8e06321e6ed097d035cb10046e0e0f161724525b7ea48d728fc60466b56?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/7bd567860ef1c3ca34b986bf41207ccd1bb84864e326c4d9981c0e1f29d5a1c6?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/ebd4c8877f33478486deac7e2f8714857bbb31028245324fb83a9e46c05e24d0?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f280053f1b6b6751877df8ffdabb654298ba3a8d7c1bee518ed5385d1ca6938e?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/95759928cff9290c164ebbcdae2a877b47f4431ae1d0ef53c767bb01c2d04648?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/6eea8e25c2c8694cd07dcd9eae7374fa4e6142d20fa22554a56c5140ea8c837f?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/38fe3aa9d74e523fcea4a02b6913eda5bc5e8aac1e07cf682784c257452686f9?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/bd44b9a5046671bf67c07d77e038e8f31fb5f129058f8c193c0da9e9dc8c3293?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/ef6ab8351d0455c1f5ea63eae512da34db7a0aeeb7c6b80a2602e8b251008709?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/ce3a9c4f493f5f71889652b8f1883e23c7c371aa82d3d6f3238af560b8221533?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/cbd9eadd32524b8d3498c628a82d042d411b8632e09707d959bbf83090edbdc4?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/084ea11039bca5e990334f013457648801ab3e2d2dcc4ea361195781accdbde3?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/fddd79f2395c92aeafcb2215b09495e3433d4222048e0743bfac414621825cf5?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/abcd2672bb1191248ebd37819ba2669e86d1bad12aa064dcf27fd8e4d4523c1f?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/7565d400c44c157a4f0a50f2996190b3133ddc91b950d74944528e25cccb5b5b?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/18a56f3874ccb006acc48876ea18961d4f1ba883cebd706eb83c21c5ab41143a?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/c84a51fd2dd466a27390c348479a1a86945991ec710bb1c4585e42870186ceb8?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/bd06ff424a5dab1145d624b9c9c70ef12141ce5c77d9959adf29d96098461ce3?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/d8ca98d499e29dc90943c9f56aa414ef77c0dac8299bebac8f408dcca0dd75ad?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/4914272b59dbbda146143702c3586e4c776b608a2718ce4583d20568ba3ed046?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/7ab249de2ac2524960239a0870644785fe35daf59835211b448690163256b6af?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/5e4d6b670bf1d46e238f6c631435aa9fa08e8f09d49128aa0b6803e3dd6b3330?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/b1c9e4a1759e518b7430744d35140848bd12371ed43f7ce5c88e9a16fb0e5403?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/41dace5eaa26470cc1fb57a51829ea8af00e49f1914a69b07d27d236e122e03e?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/15e8178a831a025bfd418be45999aabac76795a85c4cbdd0488f15d8ad593b57?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/011602422b946e70a2c5ea3514f607cc8fdb3b807e45bba11cb27c0724482cef?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/9914b2d471e44f9300d2befe719bdb08eb3557d5adbced8520347332166b9bc9?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/78af9da879e5c9ececf02a16c738c3a813c58eaff9416b31b27113f6e1de37df?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/a46793362cdd6534bbee2ab6a1df07e1393828d24ac9da0bcdff9848b77305e9?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/cf14c43af4bfc337ff8f43ad6a459934062d40506193630c794a64fc7871f74c?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/d96df418385ac54042f3d8fa9367e6ef59ccd5585c27d522d42f25ec045f16bd?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/81447326e83820471798a36caa7213b50f0a5cd27f7dd5a8b9f9f4665ae06680?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/22dd710263373c6d2bd2c8a2b62cf4386453e17298261d1c38fa44e2cb7edac5?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/685aae2c74022173ff28a9205181e3950bad7da60f7d9d83d61e967a9d75cc8d?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/7d0a9ca863ceaf3458cb18e2526edf5364bfdb30abbb7c18234240c10bcf8eba?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/295237960c5685002cbdf7523e26100d175b8b5fb3f89419f2725dda53d5b693?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/befe71b1458e1c806595cc1892effd280a06efc9e4985c449ea957b3ec26363b?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/e1272768372cb2697ebd7fd4f1d017d3c8fb8ba43a21ca41e9599d295ee077f7?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/744ece7a0620ffb201b8d18584fccd832772c50fa04f9a7017d315870c2ec6b5?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/909b53f263374e4755bf0441d30ce48f294408f0a549b3c78c243bc243eea8bb?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/a4705c22e0b434757bc7aa15f442b5e46d288516ed4e42a78b941410ec6fe2de?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1fc6cbc686c43784a47ca4fc876166d32efcbddd0f63a445c18bb303f671a130?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/635f2c539b9b1290cb3f21904713de24d4200cc7957b30db43031c5be6b070f6?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://fbcdn-sphotos-f-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/10702114_1524193044527560_6189786489922281980_n.jpg?oh=33cc4e2b8ccb73b11bebeded3ff3bea5&oe=55779F25&__gda__=1433526556_7d3c8af9a7ab8ef5fd840d42c400d5c6",
"https://i0.wp.com/ra.revolvermaps.com/h/m/a/0/ff0000/128/0/0qxqh2rzofd.png",
"https://s-ssl.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png?m=1354137473i",
"https://s-ssl.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png?m=1354137473i",
"https://s-ssl.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png?m=1354137473i",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/paracas_trident_peru.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/img_3376.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/e5ac1bd1-5877-4827-b534-33efe37782cb.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://pparihar2011.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/74134-69225_406111742813890_435585344_n.jpg?w=40&h=40&crop=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/img_4592.png?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/nriga_chameleon.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/kalyug.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/hanuman.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/671b8133-d532-4c23-b6db-01e4c2351385.jpeg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/mt-shasta.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://pparihar.com/i/rss/red-small.png",
"https://pparihar.com/i/rss/red-small.png",
"https://img.chiccdn.com/affiliate/banner/201712/361_1512989084_632.jpg",
"https://img.chiccdn.com/affiliate/banner/201709/361_1506739652_28.jpg",
"https://img.chiccdn.com/affiliate/banner/201712/361_1512986445_90.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/706b0c0f30deae22ac6e6727fa690c25001ff63b2a0414201efcf22bc23897c9?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/706b0c0f30deae22ac6e6727fa690c25001ff63b2a0414201efcf22bc23897c9?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Sanatan Dharm"
] |
2018-11-05T00:00:00
|
The Bihat Samhita of Varaha Mihira Even thousands of years before, India had become famous and reached its pinnacle in astrological and astronomical sciences. Ancient Astrological works had been translated into many foreign languages. Ibn Batuta and Al Baruni were two prominent Arab travelers who had visited ancient India specially to pursue Astrology. By their translations, they…
|
en
|
https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/706b0c0f30deae22ac6e6727fa690c25001ff63b2a0414201efcf22bc23897c9?s=32
|
HINDUISM AND SANATAN DHARMA
|
https://pparihar.com/2018/11/05/varahmihir-who-predicted-water-in-mars/
|
The Bihat Samhita of Varaha Mihira
Even thousands of years before, India had become famous and reached its pinnacle in astrological and astronomical sciences. Ancient Astrological works had been translated into many foreign languages. Ibn Batuta and Al Baruni were two prominent Arab travelers who had visited ancient India specially to pursue Astrology. By their translations, they had induced German scholars to come to India to study Astrology and Vedic literature. Varahamihira was one of the only renowned Indian Astronomer, Mathematician and Astrologer whose name became a household word throughout India and it is said his near contemporaries Aryabhata and Brahmagupta even did not match with the popularity of Varahamihira.
Varahamihira was born in 505 A.D. into a family of Brahmins settled at Kapittha, a village near Ujjain. His father, Adityadasa was a worshipper of the Sun god and it was he who taught Varahamihira astrology. On a visit to Kusumapura (Patna) young Varahamihira met the great astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata. The meeting inspired him so much then he decided to take up astrology and astronomy as a lifetime pursuit.
At that time, Ujjain was the center of learning, where many schools of arts, science and culture were flourishing in the prosperity of the Gupta reign. Varahamihira, therefore, shifted to this city, where scholars from distant lands were gathering. In due course, his astrological skills came to the notice of King Yashodharman Vikramaditya of Malwa, who made him one of the Nine Gems of his court.
Varahamihira was learned in the Vedas, but he was not a blind believer in the supernatural. He was a scientist. Like Aryabhata before him, he declared that the earth was spherical.
In the history of science, he was the first to claim that some “force” might be keeping bodies stuck to the round earth. The force is now called gravity. He proposed that the Moon and planets are lustrous not because of their own light but due to sunlight.
Varahamihira’s main work is the book Pancha Siddhantika (Treatise on the five Astronomical Canons gives us information about older Indian texts which are now lost). The work it seems is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises five earlier astronomical treatises, namely, the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta, and Paitama Siddhanta.
It is acclaimed that Pancha Siddhantika of Varahamihira is one of the most important sources for the history of Hindu Astronomy from before the time of Aryabhata.
Another important contribution of Varahamihira is the encyclopedic Brihat-Samhita. It covers wide-ranging subjects of human interest, including astrology, planetary movements, eclipses, rainfall, rainfall, clouds even domestic relations, gems, pearls, and rituals.
Varahamihira in 550 AD has described a large number of comets in the Brhat Samhita. He wrote over sixty couplets about comets. He did not have the modern facilities like Telescope or other electronic equipment. He says that sages Garga, Parasara, Asita, Devala and others had already written about the comets.
He was also an astrologer and has written on all the three branches of astrology. His son Prithuyasas has also contributed in the Hindu astrology through his work, Hora Sara.
Varahamihira’s mathematical work included the discovery of the trigonometric formulas. He improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata l. He defined the algebraic properties of zero as well as of negative numbers. Furthermore, He was among the first mathematicians to discover a version of what is now known as the Pascal’s triangle. He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
Varahamihira made some significant observations in the field of ecology, hydrology and geology too. He was the first person who predicted underground water. His claim that plants and termites serve as indicators of underground water is now receiving attention in the scientific world.
Varahamihira, without any scientific equipment, derived the true value of equinox. This value is very important for the modern-day Geostationary Satellites.
Surya Siddhanta & description on planet Mars:
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 4
|
https://www.scribd.com/document/481724070/Var%25C4%2581hamihira
|
en
|
Varāhamihira (C. 505 - C. 587)
|
https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/481724070/original/579da7790a/1723694059?v=1
|
https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/481724070/original/579da7790a/1723694059?v=1
|
[
"https://s-f.scribdassets.com/webpack/assets/images/shared/gr_table_reading.9f6101a1.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Anonymous hcACjq8"
] | null |
Varāhamihira - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Treatise of Indian Mathematician
|
en
|
https://s-f.scribdassets.com/scribd.ico?19d484716?v=5
|
Scribd
|
https://www.scribd.com/document/481724070/Var%C4%81hamihira
| |||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 72
|
https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-astrologers-from-india/reference
|
en
|
Famous Astrologers from India
|
https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/12745/1072745/original/famous-astrologers-from-india-u2
|
https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/12745/1072745/original/famous-astrologers-from-india-u2
|
[
"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=10600724&cv=3.6&cj=1",
"https://static.ranker.com/img/brand/ranker-logo.svg?v=1&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=2&w=104",
"https://static.ranker.com/img/brand/wordmark.svg?v=1&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=2&w=210",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/menuSearch.svg?v=2&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=30&w=30",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/vote-on-pill.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=24&w=105",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/user_img/1/1/original/reference?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=40&w=40",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/chevronExpand.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=13&w=71",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/493/9855065/original/bejan-daruwalla-all-people-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&w=500",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/user_node_img/3103/62046580/original/brahma-gopal-bhadury-all-people-photo-u1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&w=500",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/57/1130056/original/harilal-upadhyay-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&w=500",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/3104/62062499/original/k-n-rao-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&w=500",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/88/1754995/original/parameshvara-all-people-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&w=500",
"https://v3api.ranker.com/api/px?lid=1072745"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Reference"
] |
2013-12-12T00:00:00
|
List of notable or famous astrologers from India, with bios and photos, including the top astrologers born in India and even some popular astrologers who ...
|
en
|
/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png
|
Ranker
|
https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-astrologers-from-india/reference
|
List of notable or famous astrologers from India, with bios and photos, including the top astrologers born in India and even some popular astrologers who immigrated to India. If you're trying to find out the names of famous Indian astrologers then this list is the perfect resource for you. These astrologers are among the most prominent in their field, and information about each well-known astrologer from India is included when available.
List people range from Varahamihira to Parameshvara.
This historic astrologers from India list can help answer the questions "Who are some Indian astrologers of note?" and "Who are the most famous astrologers from India?" These prominent astrologers of India may or may not be currently alive, but what they all have in common is that they're all respected Indian astrologers.
Use this list of renowned Indian astrologers to discover some new astrologers that you aren't familiar with. Don't forget to share this list by clicking one of the social media icons at the top or bottom of the page. {#nodes}
|
||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 25
|
https://www.indianetzone.com/54/varahamihira.htm
|
en
|
Varahamihira
|
[
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/_e_magazine.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/RSS.png",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/FB.png",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/images/linkdin.png",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/indianetzone_logo_web_final.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/art_culture.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/entertainment.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/health.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/reference.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/sports.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/society.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/travel.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/indianetzone_logo_web_final.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/111/01_Varahamihira__Indian_Astronomer_1.jpg",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/rss.png",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/fb.png",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/images/linkdin.png",
"https://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/newinzlayout/_e_magazine.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
An ancient Indian astronomer, mathematician and astrologer, Varahamihiraâs main work was a treatise on mathematical astronomy which summarised earlier astronomical treatises.
|
https://www.indianetzone.com/images_test/inz_small_icon.ico
|
IndiaNetzone.com
| null |
Born around 500 CE in the Avanti region to an astronomer called Adityadasa, Varahamihira is a Hindu polymath. He was known to be one of the 9 jewels in the court of Yashodharam Vikramaditya of Malwa, who was famous in central India during the 6th century. Varahamihira belonged from Ujjain, which during the Gupta Period (320 to 550 AD), was a flourishing centre of knowledge with several schools of science, culture and art.
Also known as Varaha and Mihira, the brilliance of Varahamihira was even more popular than his other contemporaries such as Aryabhata and Brahmagupta, the first of the major mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and astronomers.
Works of Varahamihira
Varahamihira made great contributions not only in the field of mathematics; he was also an astrologer and is considered among the greatest Acharyas of modern astrology. Varahamihiraâs son Prithuyasas also contributed to Hindu astrology and his book Hora Sora is a famous book on horoscopy. Listed below are some of the important works of Varahamihira.
Pancha- Siddhantika: Also known as the Treatise on the Five Astronomical Canons dated 575 AD that now give us information about older lost Indian texts. The book of Pancha- Siddhantika is one of the main works by Varahamihira. The work is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises 5 earlier astronomical treatises, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasishtha and Paitamaha Siddhantas. It is a compendium of Vedanga Jyotisha as well as Hellenistic astronomy including Greek and Roman elements. The five siddhantas are elaborated below-
⢠Surya Siddhanta, which is the Siddhantika of the Sun was actually composed by the ancient asura king Mayasura, who was also known as Mamuni Mayan as stated in the text by Varahamihira.
⢠Vasishtha Siddhanta, which is so called from one of the stars of the Great Bear, was composed by Vishnucandra.
⢠Paulisa Siddhanta was taken from Pulisa which is supposed to be from Alexandria and was composed by Pulisa.
⢠Romaka Siddhanta was the Doctrine of the Romans, which is the subjects of the Roman Empire and was composed by Srishena.
⢠And lastly there is the Patiamaha Siddhanta.
Brihat- Samhita: Varahamihira's most notable work, the Brihat- Samhita is an encyclopaedic work, mostly about divination but also includes work on architecture, temples, planetary motions, eclipses, timekeeping, astrology, seasons, cloud formation, rainfall, agriculture, mathematics, gemology, perfumes and many other topics. The volume expounds on gemstone evaluation criterion found in the Garuda Purana, and elaborates on the sacred nine Pearls from the same text. It contains 106 chapters and is known as the "great compilation".
Contributions of Varahamihira
Varahamihira contributed in trigonometry and improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata. Varahamihira was also among the first mathematicians to discover a version of what is now known as the Pascal's triangle. He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients and records the first known 4*4 magic square. Among Varahamihira's contribution to physics is his statement that reflection is caused by the back-scattering of particles and refraction (which is the change of direction of a light ray as it moves from one medium into another) by the ability of the particles to penetrate inner spaces of the material, much like fluids that move through porous objects.
Varahamihiraâs compositions give a complete picture of the 6th century India. He continually emphasized the importance of astrology and wrote many theses on omens, great birth which is the Brihaj Jataka and the short birth which is the Laghu Jataka. These two are the well-known works of Varahamihira on the casting of horoscopes.
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 86
|
https://examrobot.com/content/following-four-personalities-appeared-india-one-time-or-other-1-varahamihira-2-ashwaghosa-3
|
en
|
The following four personalities appeared in India at one time or the other : 1. Varahamihira 2. Ashwaghosa 3. Kautilya 4. Panini The correct chronological order in which they appeared is
|
[
"https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQqJD1a_ZP9igeg7shg9H7o7sl-yLd0yhKGHkeutf2SxAtFibtQDRsL1A5YPRsZx8CA96s&usqp=CAU"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2014-05-07T14:14:34+05:30
|
en
|
https://examrobot.com/sites/all/themes/pks/favicon.ico
|
https://examrobot.com/content/following-four-personalities-appeared-india-one-time-or-other-1-varahamihira-2-ashwaghosa-3
|
The correct chronological order in which the four personalities appeared in India is as follows: 4, 3, 2, 1.
Panini (4) is believed to have lived around the 6th to 4th century BCE. He was a Sanskrit grammarian and is famous for his work on Sanskrit grammar, known as Ashtadhyayi.
Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) (3) was a philosopher, economist, and advisor to the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta. He is best known for his political treatise, the Arthashastra. He is estimated to have lived from the 4th century BCE to the 3rd century BCE.
Ashwaghosa (2) was a Buddhist poet and philosopher who lived in the 1st century CE. He is known for his works like Buddhacharita and Saundarananda.
Varahamihira (1) was an ancient Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. He lived between the 5th and 6th century CE and is known for his work on astronomy, the Brihat-Samhita.
Therefore, the correct chronological order is 4, 3, 2
|
||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 33
|
https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/varahamihira
|
en
|
Varahamihira, Varāhamihira, Varaha-mihira: 10 definitions
|
[
"https://www.wisdomlib.org/images/logo-responsive2.gif",
"https://www.wisdomlib.org/uploads/a/Pancaratra-tall.jpg",
"https://www.wisdomlib.org/uploads/a/India-History-3.jpg",
"https://www.wisdomlib.org/uploads/a/170x170/Brihat-Jataka.jpg",
"https://www.wisdomlib.org/uploads/a/170x170/Jyotishe.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"www.wisdomlib.org"
] |
2018-03-01T10:01:13+01:00
|
Varāhamihira (वराहमिहिर) or Varahimigi refers to one of the Siddhars (Siddhas) and Rishis mentioned by Rangarasa Desiga Swamigal in his Siddhargal Pot...
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
| null |
In Hinduism
Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa)
Source: Wisdom Library: Pancaratra (Samhita list)
Varāhamihira (वराहमिहिर) is the name of an ancient Pāñcarātra Saṃhitā mentioned in the Padmasaṃhitā: the most widely followed of Saṃhitā covering the entire range of concerns of Pāñcarātra doctrine and practice (i.e., the four-fold formulation of subject matter—jñāna, yoga, kriyā and caryā) consisting of roughly 9000 verses.—[Cf. Jñānapāda chapter 1, verses 99-114]—First is explained the folly of following more than one Saṃhitā for a single series of rituals. Then the names of the 108 Tantras of the Pāñcarātra corpus are named [e.g., Varāhamihira]. Even those who repeat these 108 titles will gain salvation.
context information
Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pāñcarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
Discover the meaning of varahamihira in the context of Pancaratra from relevant books on Exotic India
India history and geography
Source: Wisdom Library: Teachers, Saints and Sages
Varāhamihira (वराहमिहिर) or Varahimigi refers to one of the Siddhars (Siddhas) and Rishis mentioned by Rangarasa Desiga Swamigal in his Siddhargal Potri Thoguppu. Each name in the list starts with prefix ‘Om’ followed by the Siddhar’s names and ends with refrain ‘Thiruvadigal Potri’. For example for Varāhamihira: ஓம் வராகிமிகி திருவடிகள் போற்றி [ōm varākimiki tiruvaṭikaḷ pōṟṟi].—These Siddhas experienced union with the ultimate reality and witnessed a spiritual transformation of their intellectual, mental, vital and ultimately, physical bodies.
Source: academia.edu: The Date of Aryabhata
Varahamihira (Saka 427 & Saka 509) [156-74 BCE].—Varahamihira mentions Aryabhata in his work “Panchasiddhantika”. Varahamihira records Saka 427 elapsed (156-155 BCE) as Karanabda for calculation of Ahargana (counting of days). Amaraja Daivajna, who wrote a commentary on “Khandakhadyaka” of Brahmagupta, mentions that Varahamihira died in Saka 509 (74 BCE). Considering the epoch of Saka era (583 BCE), Varahamihira undoubtedly lived between 156 BCE and 74 BCE.
Source: Shodhganga: a concise history of Sanskrit Chanda literature (history)
Varāhamihira (वराहमिहिर) (C. 550 C.E.), son of Ādityadāsa alias Rudrapaśu and resident of Avantī and father of Pṛthuyaśas (author of Ṣaṭpañcāśikā) is well known among scholars for his scholarship on Indian Astronomy and Mathematics. He has recorded the ancient Indian wisdom through his encyclopedic work Bṛhatsaṃhitā very crisply. The Bṛhatsaṃhitā incorporates many subjects of many disciplines and presents them in a unique way. The purpose of the author is to illustrate all branches of learning and thus names his work as Bṛhatsaṃhitā: a big collection. Out of chapters, the 104th Chapter deals with the metres of Sanskrit.
context information
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Discover the meaning of varahamihira in the context of India history from relevant books on Exotic India
Languages of India and abroad
Sanskrit dictionary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary
Varāhamihira (वराहमिहिर).—Name of a celebrated astronomer, author of बृहत्संहिता (bṛhatsaṃhitā) (supposed to be one of the 'nine gems' at the court of king Vikrama).
Derivable forms: varāhamihiraḥ (वराहमिहिरः).
Varāhamihira is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms varāha and mihira (मिहिर).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Varāhamihira (वराहमिहिर).—[masculine] [Name] of an astronomer.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Aufrecht Catalogus Catalogorum
1) Varāhamihira (वराहमिहिर) as mentioned in Aufrecht’s Catalogus Catalogorum:—son of Ādityadāsa, father of Pṛthuyaśas. In the Pañcasiddhāntika he takes 506 Ad. as the epoch year of his calculations: Ārūḍhajātaka. Kālacakra. Kriyākairavacandrikā (?). Mysore. 3. Jalārgala. Oppert. Ii, 3146. This is the 54th chapter of the Bṛhatsaṃhitā, entitled Dagārgala. Jātakakalānidhi. Jātakasarasī. Jātakasāra, probably the Laghujātaka. Daivajñavallabhā. Pañcasiddhāntikā. Praśnacandrikā. Prāsādalakṣaṇa. Oppert. Ii, 2959. This is the 56th chapter of the Bṛhatsaṃhitā. Bṛhajjātaka or Horāsāra q. v. Bṛhatsaṃhitā. Bṛhadaṣṭavarga. Oppert. 1287. The ninth adhyāya in the Bṛhajjātaka is called Aṣṭakavargādhyāya. Bṛhadyātrā. Mayūracitraka. Muhūrtagrantha. Yogayātrā. Yogārṇava. Laghujātaka or Sūkṣmajātaka or Svalpajātaka. Vaṭakalikā. Sārāvalī. Varāhamihirīya jy. Oppert. Ii, 5560. Some verses of his are given in Aucityavicāracarcā 26, Śp. p. 82. [Sūktikarṇāmṛta by Śrīdharadāsa] [Subhāshitāvali by Vallabhadeva]
2) Varāhamihira (वराहमिहिर):—Jātakārṇava (?). Saṃvatsaraphala.
3) Varāhamihira (वराहमिहिर):—Aṅkacūḍāmaṇi. Pratyantaradaśāsaṃgraha.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Varāhamihira (वराहमिहिर):—[=varāha-mihira] [from varāha] m. Name of an astronomer (son of Āditya-dāsa and author of the Bṛhaj-jātaka, Bṛhat-saṃhitā, Laghu-jātaka, Yoga-yātrā, Pañca-siddhāntikā; in the last of these works he takes 506 A.D. as the epoch of his calculations), [Indian Wisdom, by Sir M. Monier-Williams 176 etc.]
[Sanskrit to German]
Varahamihira in German
context information
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Discover the meaning of varahamihira in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on Exotic India
Nepali dictionary
Source: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary
Varāha-mihira (वराह-मिहिर):—n. name of a celebrated astronomer, author (supposed to be one of the 'nine gems' at the court of King Vikrama);
context information
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
Discover the meaning of varahamihira in the context of Nepali from relevant books on Exotic India
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: Mihira, Varaha.
Starts with: Varahamihirahora, Varahamihirasamhita.
Full-text (+7968): Yavanacarya, Avanisha, Prithuyashas, Parvatashrayin, Ghatakara, Candratmaja, Kshitisuta, Mrigeshvara, Manujeshvara, Nabhastala, Mukharuj, Rangopajivya, Pratibhairava, Gandhambhas, Jaladravya, Daityejya, Dhananvita, Dhanyakuta, Tuhinakirana, Mangalashabda.
Relevant text
Search found 40 books and stories containing Varahamihira, Varāhamihira, Varaha-mihira, Varāha-mihira; (plurals include: Varahamihiras, Varāhamihiras, mihiras). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Brihat Samhita (by N. Chidambaram Iyer)
Introduction
Appendix 1 - Calculations regarding Śaka and Jupiter (Bṛhaspati)
Appendix 7 - The five elementary principles that compose the physical man
+ 6 more chapters / show preview
Rasa Jala Nidhi, vol 5: Treatment of various afflictions (by Bhudeb Mookerjee)
Part 14 - Chemists of the Metallic School: Shambhu < [A Brief History of Indian Chemistry and Medicine]
Part 17 - Chemists of the Metallic School: Nagarjuna < [A Brief History of Indian Chemistry and Medicine]
Part 21 - Chemists of the Metallic School: Govinda or Bhikshu Govinda < [A Brief History of Indian Chemistry and Medicine]
show preview
Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita (by Nayana Sharma)
Epidemics (maraka) < [Chapter 6]
show preview
Buddhist records of the Western world (Xuanzang) (by Samuel Beal)
Chapter 6 - Country of San-mo-ta-ch’a (Samotaṭa) < [Book X - Seventeen Countries]
Chapter 15 - Country of Kie-pi-ta (Kapitha) < [Book IV - Fifteen Countries]
Chapter 9 - Country of Su-lo-k’in-na (Srughna) < [Book IV - Fifteen Countries]
show preview
Significance of the Moon in Ancient Civilizations (by Radhakrishnan. P)
8. Contributions of Varahamihira < [Chapter 2 - A Sceintific Outlook on Astrology]
4. The Moon and Weather < [Chapter 15 - Conclusion]
3. Vedic Astrology and Kala Hora < [Chapter 5 - Adoration of the Sun and Moon]
+ 3 more chapters / show preview
Atharvaveda and Charaka Samhita (by Laxmi Maji)
Varāhamihira (Āyurveda scholar) < [Chapter 1 - Introduction]
show preview
Click here for all 40 books
Related products
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 90
|
https://speak2world.wordpress.com/2014/10/18/varahamihiras-mathematical-work-included-the-discovery-of-the-trigonometric-formulas/
|
en
|
Varahamihira’s mathematical work included the discovery of the trigonometric formulas
|
[
"https://speak2world.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/varaha.jpg?w=160&h=169",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/754b5396dd6f6753c2c36a11dee9e9044057fefade7eef4fa3fa81b5b42a2b16?s=32&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/cd8d3ec8ccb7506b6c2d5e4622c42f6e6f5d8ecf06cf7af04af0b2b358d425b9?s=32&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f3947a6807438b2bcca8ac8ad7177dd4267cd3686542544a44b62217c28825bd?s=32&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/52acf1f61425b95156e75d7d1333338af4ed057d480c3d3d679f486cc2d8faab?s=32&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/d7f18969d0af3608d7d662982be16cdbdb1d7d0028a0441f81b365f46c329c3c?s=32&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/93e30649fea54d0fc06fcba9d0a5bf5ab76c0ae1f500f210536cb7807632a8a8?s=32&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/cd8d3ec8ccb7506b6c2d5e4622c42f6e6f5d8ecf06cf7af04af0b2b358d425b9?s=32&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/cd8d3ec8ccb7506b6c2d5e4622c42f6e6f5d8ecf06cf7af04af0b2b358d425b9?s=32&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://speak2world.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/cropped-cropped-speak2world.jpg?w=50",
"https://speak2world.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/cropped-cropped-speak2world.jpg?w=50",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"View more posts"
] |
2014-10-18T00:00:00
|
Varahamihira's Contributions of Trigonometry Varahamihira's mathematical work included the discovery of the trigonometric formulas Varahamihira improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata I. Arithmetic He defined the algebraic properties of zero as well as of negative numbers. Combinatorics He was among the first mathematicians to discover a version of what is now known…
|
hi
|
speak2world
|
https://speak2world.wordpress.com/2014/10/18/varahamihiras-mathematical-work-included-the-discovery-of-the-trigonometric-formulas/
|
Varahamihira improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata I.
Arithmetic
He defined the algebraic properties of zero as well as of negative numbers.
Combinatorics
He was among the first mathematicians to discover a version of what is now known as the Pascal’s triangle. He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
Optics
Among Varahamihira’s contribution to physics is his statement that reflection is caused by the back-scattering of particles and refraction (the change of direction of a light ray as it moves from one medium into another) by the ability of the particles to penetrate inner spaces of the material, much like fluids that move through porous objects.
^ “the Panca-siddhantika (“Five Treatises”), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Indian astronomy. Varahamihira’s knowledge of Western astronomy was thorough. In 5 sections, his monumental work progresses through native Indian astronomy and culminates in 2 treatises on Western astronomy, showing calculations based on Greek and Alexandrian reckoning and even giving complete Ptolemaic mathematical charts and tables.
to be continue……
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 64
|
https://yourastroguide.com/varahamihira-great-astrologer/
|
en
|
Varahamihira ~ The great Astrologer - Astrologers In Chennai
|
[
"https://yourastroguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/headphone.svg",
"https://yourastroguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/email.svg",
"https://yourastroguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/clock.svg",
"https://yourastroguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/logo-270x101.png",
"https://yourastroguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/logo-270x101.png",
"https://yourastroguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/cropped-Astrologer-Suresh-Kumar-1-287x300.jpg",
"https://yourastroguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Navagrahas-300x292.jpg",
"https://yourastroguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Gad-Kaalika-204x300.jpg",
"https://yourastroguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Guru.jpg",
"https://yourastroguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Astrologer-Suresh-Kumar-Footer-Logo-300x111.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Suresh Kumar",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2013-04-12T17:43:00+00:00
|
en
|
Astrologers In Chennai | Tamil Astrologer In Chennai | Astrology Services in Chennai
|
https://yourastroguide.com/varahamihira-great-astrologer/
|
We have many desires and hopes in our life. When the things are not working according to our wishes, we get depressed and may consult an astrologer for the future predictions. A good astrologer should tell your fate without any hesitation and you should be ready to face the destiny. Fate is inevitable. If you are destined to marry twice, you will definitely marry twice. If you are destined to get loss in your business, you will definitely suffer losses.
The saying “Fate is inevitable” reminds me of the story of a legend, Mihira (also known as Varahmihira).
King Vikramaditya had nine extraordinary people, known as the Nine jewels (navaratnas) in his court. Mihira was one among the nine jewels in the court. He was a great mathematician and renowned astrologer of his time. His great works on Astrology were Brihat Jataka, Pancha Siddhantika and Brihat Samhita etc.
One day King Vikramaditya asked his astrologers to predict his son’s future. All of them studied the boy’s horoscope and predicted that the prince would face death at the age of 18. The death might be from injuries inflicted by animal. However, Mihira was more precise and predicted that the boy would be killed by a boar (varaha) at a particular date and time. He also said that, there was no remedy to save him. The king declared that Mihira would be crowned with the Royal title “Varaha”, if the prediction comes true.
Until the age of 18, the prince was enjoying his life to the fullest. However on the day that Mihira predicted to be fatal, the King took all precautions to avoid animal entry into the palace. The Prince was sent to the top floor with enough security. Knowing that no animal can reach the prince and being sure of his safety, the King instructed Mihira to check his predictions again.
However Mihira was confident about his predictions and the whole kingdom was waiting for the outcome. After the predicted time of death passed, King asked Mihira to recheck his predictions. Mihira stated that the prince was dead and the king can go to check himself personally. The King reached the top floor of the palace and observed that the companions of the prince were playing. The companions informed the king that the prince was playing with them and it was only just a short while ago that the prince went to the adjacent terrace.
On reaching the terrace, the king found the prince lying dead in a pool of blood. The prince was stabbed to death by the metal claws of the artificial boar that was installed on the tower of the palace. The boar (varaha) was the Royal emblem of the Kingdom. Minutes before his death, the prince had gone to terrace while playing and he was hit by the artificial boar statue that broke because of the strong winds. The boar fell on the prince causing deep injuries and death was due to loss of blood.
With the prediction coming true, Mihira was known as Varahamihira from that day.
Story Reference: ‘ Life of Varahamihira’ by Late Suryanarian Rao
|
||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 48
|
https://eurekasage.com/kanada-sage-who-dreamed-of-the-atom/
|
en
|
Celebrating the Legacy of Sage Varahamihira: Astronomer, Mathematician, and Astrologer
|
[
"https://eurekasage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/8ARauZ-LogoMakr-1.png",
"https://eurekasage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Pancha-Siddhantika.jpg",
"https://eurekasage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Kanada-1200x628-1-300x157.jpg",
"https://eurekasage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Varahamihar-300x157.jpg",
"https://eurekasage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/8ARauZ-LogoMakr-1.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Shantaram Naik"
] |
2023-09-14T15:44:13+05:30
|
Hailing from the Avanti region, Varahamihira was born around 500 CE into a family of astronomers, with his father known as Adityadasa. This Hindu polymath
|
en
|
https://eurekasage.com/
|
https://eurekasage.com/kanada-sage-who-dreamed-of-the-atom/
|
Hailing from the Avanti region, Varahamihira was born around 500 CE into a family of astronomers, with his father known as Adityadasa. This Hindu polymath earned a place among the esteemed “Nine Jewels” in the court of Yashodharam Vikramaditya of Malwa, a prominent figure in 6th-century central India. Varahamihira’s roots were firmly entrenched in Ujjain, a city that thrived as a hub of knowledge during the Gupta Period (320 to 550 AD). Ujjain was renowned for nurturing various schools of science, culture, and art, making it an intellectual epicenter of its time.
Varahamihira, also referred to as Varaha and Mihira, stood out as a luminary whose brilliance surpassed even his contemporaries, including notable figures like Aryabhata and Brahmagupta. These luminaries constituted the vanguard of major mathematician-astronomers during the classical age of Indian mathematics and astronomy.
Varahamihira’s influence extended far beyond the realm of mathematics; he was also celebrated as an accomplished astrologer, ranking among the foremost Acharya’s in the domain of modern astrology. Furthermore, his legacy transcended his own contributions, as his son Prithuyasas made notable strides in Hindu astrology, leaving behind a renowned work known as the “Hora Sora,” which has become a renowned tome in horoscopy. Here, we delve into some of Varahamihira’s pivotal works that continue to shape these disciplines.
Mastering Math and Astrology for all
Varahamihira’s scholarly journey extended far beyond mathematics; he also earned acclaim as a revered astrologer, counted among the greatest Acharyas in the realm of modern astrology. His illustrious lineage continued with his son, Prithuyasas, who made significant contributions to Hindu astrology, most notably through his renowned work, “Hora Sora,” a celebrated treatise on horoscopy. Below, we delve into some of the pivotal works of Varahamihira, shedding light on his remarkable legacy in these domains.
Pancha-Siddhantika: Unveiling Ancient Wisdom
The Pancha-Siddhantika, also known as the “Treatise on the Five Astronomical Canons,” dated to 575 AD, stands as a valuable source that provides insights into earlier lost Indian texts. This significant work by Varahamihira serves as a comprehensive treatise on mathematical astronomy, encapsulating the knowledge from five earlier astronomical treatises: Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasishtha, and Paitamaha Siddhantas. Within its pages, we find a rich fusion of Vedanga Jyotisha and Hellenistic astronomy, incorporating elements from Greek and Roman traditions. Let’s delve into these five Siddhantas:
Surya Siddhanta: This Siddhantika, dedicated to the Sun, is credited to the ancient asura king Mayasura, also known as Mamuni Mayan, as mentioned by Varahamihira.
Vasishtha Siddhanta: Named after one of the stars in the Great Bear constellation, this Siddhanta was composed by Vishnucandra.
Paulisa Siddhanta: Derived from Pulisa, possibly indicating its origin in Alexandria, this Siddhanta is attributed to Pulisa.
Romaka Siddhanta: Often referred to as the Doctrine of the Romans, this Siddhanta delves into subjects related to the Roman Empire and is attributed to Srishena.
Paitamaha Siddhanta: The Patiamaha Siddhanta is the final Siddhanta in this esteemed collection.
The Brihat-Samhita – A Multifaceted Compendium of Knowledge
Varahamihira’s most remarkable achievement, the Brihat-Samhita, stands as a comprehensive compendium encompassing a wide array of subjects. While its primary focus is on divination, this monumental work extends its reach to diverse areas of knowledge, including architecture, temple construction, planetary movements, eclipses, timekeeping, astrology, seasons, cloud formation, rainfall patterns, agriculture, mathematics, gemology, perfumery, and numerous other topics.
Within its pages, the Brihat-Samhita delves into the criteria for evaluating gemstones, drawing from the wisdom found in the Garuda Purana. It offers detailed insights into the sacred nine Pearls, as described in the same ancient text. Comprising a total of 106 chapters, this monumental work is rightfully hailed as the “great compilation” due to its unparalleled scope and depth of knowledge.
Varahamihira’s Mathematical and Physical Insights
Varahamihira made significant contributions to the field of trigonometry, elevating the precision of Aryabhata’s sine tables. He is also credited as one of the early mathematicians to unveil a precursor of what we now recognize as Pascal’s triangle. Within this mathematical framework, he adeptly calculated binomial coefficients and even left behind the earliest recorded 4×4 magic square.
In the realm of physics, Varahamihira’s insights were equally profound. He articulated that reflection occurs due to the back-scattering of particles, shedding light on the fundamental mechanism behind this optical phenomenon. Additionally, he postulated that refraction, the bending of light as it transitions from one medium to another, is facilitated by the particles’ ability to infiltrate the inner spaces of materials. This concept drew an intriguing parallel to the behavior of fluids permeating porous substances, thus offering a unique perspective on the phenomenon of refraction.
Varahamihira’s literary legacy provides a comprehensive glimpse into the India of the 6th century. His writings consistently underscored the significance of astrology, with notable treatises dedicated to the study of omens. Among his prominent works, we find “Brihaj Jataka,” a substantial treatise on great births, and “Laghu Jataka,” a concise work on shorter birth-related topics. These two enduring compositions by Varahamihira remain renowned for their insights into the intricate art of horoscope casting.
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 8
|
http://perso-indica.net/work/tarjuma-yi_kitab-i_barahi
|
en
|
Indica
|
http://perso-indica.net/favicon.png
|
http://perso-indica.net/favicon.png
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
A Critical Survey of Persian Works
on Indian Learned Traditions
|
en
|
/favicon.png
| null |
The Tarjuma-yi kitāb-i Bārāhī is a Persian translation of Varāhamiria’s Bṛhatsaṁhitā, also known as Vārāhīsaṃhitā, done by ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Šams-i Tahānisarī who lived in the time of Fīrūz Šāh Tuġluq (r. 752-790/1351-1388). His name is alternatively given as ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Šams-i Bahā Nūrī, but since Tahānisarī is clearly spelled in the oldest preserved manuscript, this seems to be the correct version, associating his origins with the city of Thanesar, an important place of Hindu learning. According to the preface of the Tarjuma-yi kitāb-i Bārāhī, ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Šams-i Tahānisarī was also the author of a Ta’rīḫ-i Fīrūz-šāhī. The two historiographical works known by this title belong however to other authors, and Šams-i Tahānisarī should not be confused with Šams-i Sirāj ʿAfīf, the author of one of them (Jalali - Ansari 1985, pp. 163-164). We may yet speculate if Šams-i Tahānisarī’s Ta’rīḫ-i Fīrūz-šāhī is not in fact the same as the anonymous Sīrat-i Fīrūz-šāhī, whose author was certainly well versed in astronomy (for these astronomical parts, see Sīrat-i Fīrūz-šāhī 1999, pp. 301-320).
The translation was done by order and under the patronage of Fīrūz Šāh Tuġluq and is in line with other translations commissioned by that ruler, especially the Dalāʼil-i Fīrūz-šāhī (Badā’ūnī 1868, p. 249). Šams-i Tahānisarī therefore probably belonged to the entourage of the ruler and was somehow related to the court. He was well versed in astrology and astronomy. The assertion that he was a teacher of Sanskrit at one of the madrasas founded by Fīrūz Šāh (Ismāʽīlpūr 1380/2001, p. 1709) could not be confirmed.
The Bṛhatsaṁhitā was originally written in the 6th century by the famous Indian astronomer and astrologer Varāhamihira and commented upon by Utpala or Bhaṭṭotpala in the 10th century. Šams-i Tahānisarī used that commented version for his translation and refers in some places explicitly to the commentator (see, for example, Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, f. 99b). While the Sanskrit text is composed in verses and contains only few parts in prose, the Persian text is in prose. The Sanskrit version of the text comprises one hundred and six chapters in Bhat’s edition and covers a vast range of prognostic sciences including astrology and all kinds of portents. The book also contains a lot of cultural and social information: chapters three to twenty and thirty-nine to forty-one are related to astrology and astronomy, chapters twenty-one to thirty-eight deal with different natural phenomena like earthquakes and rainbows. Other chapters are devoted to architecture (fifty-two, fifty-five), water springs (fifty-three), arbori-horticulture (fifty-four) and fauna (sixty to sixty-six), but also lamps (eighty-three), toothsticks (eighty-four) and precious stones (seventy-nine to eighty-two) are included (for a complete list, see Shastri 1996, 1, pp. 27-28).
The Persian translation closely follows the structure of the Sanskrit version. It does however omit eight chapters of the Bṛhatsaṁhitā because they were considered objectionable and related to unbelief (kufr). The chapters concerned are chapter forty-one (Indra’s banner), forty-two (lustration), forty-six (royal ablutions), forty-seven (crowns), fifty-four (temples), fifty-six (idols), fifty-seven (wood for making idols), and fifty-eight (veneration of idols). Moreover, the translator declares in the preface of the book that he left out all other passages dealing with kufr. His omissions and adaptations will be looked at in detail below. While kufr is the only issue Šams-i Tahānisarī makes mention of, modifications to the text have also been made with regard to women and sexuality. Other potentially delicate subjects like omens taken from the genitalia of men, the smell of semen or from urinating have been translated without restrictions. Although the numbers of the omitted chapters have been skipped in the translation, the chapter numbers in the India Office manuscript differ from Bhat's edition of the Sanskrit text by one, or rather two, since chapter twenty-seven has been annexed to chapter twenty-six and chapter thirty-eight is missing (in this article, the chapter numbers of Bhat's edition are used).
The Bṛhatsaṁhitā is very different from texts on astrological and prognostic methods from the Muslim world. This disparity results both from the dissimilar methods and concepts of prognostication used in India and from the fact that the entire range of prognostic methods is considered to be a part of jyotiṣa. Jyotiṣa, often translated as astrology, traditionally comprised mathematical astronomy (tantra), horoscopy (horā) and natural astrology (aṅgaviniścaya or śākha) (Gansten 2010a, p. 281). Varāhamihira, who also uses the term saṃhitā, applies it to the entire field of astrology as well as only to natural astrology (Shastri 1996, 2, pp. 430-431). This last part of the Bṛhatsaṁhitā consists of all sorts of omens taken from bodily marks, the movements of birds, signs of lamps, toothsticks and so on. While some of these resources, such as bodily marks, were used in the Islamic world for prognostication, there they do not belong to the field of astrology, but constitute separate branches of knowledge like physiognomy. This difference of classification is however only one problem the translator faces in his text. The other, more important challenge lies in the fact that many of the concepts and techniques described by Varāhamihira are completely unknown in the Muslim world or very different from practices there. Even in the field of prognostications based on the astral constellation, where we find a lot of shared principles, not all the concepts are commonly used by somebody trained in Islamic astronomy and astrology. The comparison between the Sanskrit and Persian version of some passages and chapters allows us to look more precisely at the translator’s methods of addressing foreign concepts and terms.
Chapter twenty-one deals with “the pregnancy” (garbha) of clouds, a method used to determine rainfall (Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 81b-88b). As with most headings, the Sanskrit title of that chapter, megh garbha-lakṣaṇa, has first been transliterated and then translated into Persian as “abrī ki bārvar šawad kudām waqt ast,” which means “when is the time at which a cloud becomes fruitful.” In the text of the chapter, the Sanskrit expression garbha has always been kept transliterated in Persian script, as well as quite a number of other Sanskrit terms, which are in each case explained in Persian. The concept of megh garbha-lakṣaṇa meant that a cloud is supposed to give rain one hundred and ninety-five days after its formation and that this period is regarded as pregnancy (Shastri 1996, 2, pp. 496-499). This concept was certainly familiar to Indian readers, where the analogy between clouds and women was famously used by Kalidasa in his play Śakuntala and had become common in poetry (Kalidasa 2003, p. 73), but it was not known in Persian prognostication and meteorology and must have sounded rather strange to Persian readers. The key term garbha is translated in Persian not as “ābistan” (pregnant) but as “bārvar” (fructiferous), which was probably considered more appropriate for a cloud. Nevertheless, later in the same chapter, the destruction of the cloud fetus (garbha) is explicitly compared to the miscarriage of a woman (mānand-i ʽauratī ki pīš az āmadan-i mudda bačča-rā biāfkanad). While the translator does not comment upon this concept at all, he is very careful in providing the reader with additional information needed to understand the text. The Persian version therefore begins with a detailed description of the two types of Indian months (from full moon to full moon, pūrṇimānta, and from new moon to new moon, amāvasyā) and the names of each month. Since these names are later used to identify the moments of rain, they are essential to allow the reader to follow the text.
Chapter thirty-six on “aerial cities” (gandharva-nagara) offers another example of Shams-i Tahānisarī’s specific approach to foreign concepts (Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 129a-130b). Again, the title is first given in Sanskrit, and then translated into Persian as “the rules of fog that give the air the appearance of forts, cities and houses.” The chapter deals with predictions deduced from such appearances, with both its direction and its color as main factors to be taken into consideration. The Persian version begins with a short explanation of that phenomenon and the Sanskrit term for it. It then continues with a translation of the Sanskrit text, with the Sanskrit term gandharva-nagara again kept throughout the translation. Since the different cardinal directions are of some importance for the prediction, the translator adds a paragraph on the directions used by Indian scholars at the end of the chapter.
The translation of chapter fifty-three on architecture poses more complex problems of adjustment and adaptation (Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 158a-171b). It is a very long chapter dealing with the science of house building, which was known as vāstu-vidyā or vāstu-mandala and which was supposed to create a harmony between architecture and the universe (Narayanan 2010, p. 318). This science does not have any counterpart in the Muslim world. It describes, for example, the ideal measures for the houses of different social groups and office holders, different types of houses with and without verandas and halls, and the division of the ground plan of a house into eighty-one squares in which deities are to be placed (Narayanan 2010, p. 321). To render this chapter in Persian, Šams-i Tahānisarī translates some passages verbatim, especially those on measures, but skips the parts dealing with deities. The introduction in which the science of house building is related to Brahmā has thus been omitted, as well as the entire passage dealing with the placement of deities and short passages referring to evil spirits dwelling in the corners of a house. Rituals to be performed when starting to construct a house have also been omitted or transformed: the offering of worship has been Islamized into giving alms (ṣadaqa) to the needy. However, the mention of a temple (but-ḫāna) has been kept in the context of evil effects supposed to result from its neighborhood. Short explanations are interspersed with the text, usually introduced by “bidān ki” (know that). The Persian text adds, for example, that a house in which a specific relation between length, breadth and height is not observed is not good, but also information about the measuring units, their name in Sanskrit and their subdivision. The translator further explains that Vaiśyas and Śūdras are social groups (ṭā’ifa az hinduān) in India. At the end of this lengthy chapter, he adds some advice from his own expert knowledge: he suggests that the owner of the house should only move in at an auspicious time, giving details about fortunate and unfortunate constellations.
As these three examples show, the text often retains the Sanskrit vocabulary. This is especially true of all terms for which no Persian equivalent exists: while “rainbow” can easily be translated into Persian, “aerial city” cannot. The translator therefore usually first transliterates the Sanskrit term, explains it once and then uses it throughout the text. As a result, the Tarjuma-yi kitāb-i Bārāhī is a precious and extensive source for the reproduction of Sanskrit technical terms in Persian, with no attempt to find or create Persian equivalents for them.
The examples further demonstrate the translator’s awareness of the difficulties a reader unfamiliar with Indian concepts was facing. His explanations deal however mostly with technical aspects: he gives information on measures, directions, or social classifications, but does not refer to the background or contexts of the prognostication at all. This is especially evident in the chapter on architecture, in which he constantly writes about the different sizes of houses in relation to the number of verandas, the height of the building and the social affiliation of the owner. Nevertheless, Šams-i Tahānisarī does not comment on or explain these correlations, he just takes them as given. For him, it was clearly sufficient to be able to apply them.
The chapter on architecture is moreover indicative of the way the translator deals with religious issues and with what he calls kufr. As he announces at the beginning, Šams-i Tahānisarī has censored the text and omitted many passages dealing with temples, deities and their names, religious hymns, devotional practices and veneration. Although he does not define kufr as everything related to the hunūd or hinduān and does not call the Hindus infidels, it becomes clear from the use of these two terms that he applies them to designate a group religiously distinct from the Muslims. The translation of certain beliefs and practices is thus followed by expressions like “these are the words of the hunūd, but Muslims shall not do so” or “this is a custom of the hinduān which is not appropriate for the Muslims” (Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 61a, 92b). The hinduān are also said to sing hymns for Indra. Expressions like “at a place where they burn the hinduān,” or “ascetics from a group of the hunūd and fire-worshippers” further point to a religious connotation of these two terms (Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 2a, 150a, 52a). The Tarjuma-yi kitāb-i Bārāhī thus substantiates Carl Ernst’s observations on a shift in the use of the term Hindu from an ethnic designation to a religious connotation in the literature of the Delhi Sultanate. Accordingly, Šams-i Tahānisarī’s concept of kufr can likewise be related to the terminology of Islamic legal texts from that period in which Hindus are classified as ḏimmī or kāfir (Ernst 1992, pp. 23-26, 28).
When censoring the text, Šams-i Tahānisarī sometimes just leaves out single words, while in other places entire paragraphs or even chapters (see supra) have been omitted. Examples of his censorship are the passage dealing with the sun as the source of the universe and describing the creation of the universe out of a golden egg in the first chapter, the myths related to the sage Agastya at the beginning of chapter twelve, as well as hymns sung for the invocation of balances used to weigh seeds in chapter twenty-six. More interesting than those parts in which religious issues have just been left out are however those in which Šams-i Tahānisarī translates such issues, sometimes with modifications. We thus find in chapter eight the enumeration of the gas (eras) together with their lords Vishnu, Brahma, Indra, Agni and others. While the names of deities have been kept here, an interesting explanation is added for Agni: he is explained to be an angel (firišta) responsible for fire. Something similar happens with Durga, who is described as a devil (šaiṭān) in chapter forty-four (Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 41b, 139b). In these instances, Indian deities have thus been “Islamized” by transforming them into beings well known in the Islamic world. A similar adaptation can be observed when worship and veneration practices are replaced by almsgiving (ṣadaqa), death at a holy place while doing yogic exercises by death on the Islamic ḥajj or at a place of pilgrimage (ziyāratgāh), and when trees standing in temples or on burial grounds are translated as trees populated by dīvs and parīs (evil and good demons) (Bhat 1981, pp. 491, 650, 496. Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 170a, 212b-213a, 171a). But there is also another way of dealing with difference: in chapter sixty-eight, the Sanskrit text refers to metempsychosis. In this case, Šams-i Tahānisarī translates the text, but adds a comment saying that this is what people believing in metempsychosis think, and that such beliefs are futile and shall not be observed by Muslims. Some of the above-mentioned examples of the use of the terms hinduān and hunūd belong to the same range of argument.
The most sophisticated treatment of religious issues is to be found in chapter forty-six on the so-called utpāta (also known as adbhuta), that is anything contrary to nature (Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 138b-141a). Utpātas are regarded as inauspicious portents created by the gods because of men’s misdeeds. To avert the negative effects of these portents, the gods have to be placated (Shastri 1996, 2, pp. 364-366, see also Gansten 2010b, pp. 744-745). The chapter describes altogether twelve sorts of utpāta, related to fire, crops, rainfall and so on. The Persian translation is much shortened and leaves out many portents. It renders in most detail explanations about the first sort of portents, dealing with idols of gods in temples. Šams-i Tahānisarī adapts the explanation of the utpāta to an Islamic audience by reducing the number of enraged gods (devatāḥ) to one: according to his version, utpātas are caused by the fact that men are not faithful in their religion (mustaqīm dar dīn-i ḫwīš nabāšand), tell many lies and therefore rouse the ire of the exalted god (ḫudā-yi taʿāla). Interestingly, the translation leaves open the option of this religion being something other than Islam. The same is true in the description of remedial measures to be taken: here again, the translator writes that the ruler and the population shall pray, do good deeds, give up their evildoing and shall practice the religious duties of their respective faith. This is somewhat surprising, since Hindu practices are regarded as kufr by Šams-i Tahānisarī. But if that is the case, why does his translation depict obedience to them as a means to placate the god? The translator’s reluctance to translate anything related to Indian deities and veneration practices becomes apparent again in the list of offerings—gifts of gold, food, cows and more in the Sanskrit version, and ṣadaqa in the Persian— that people should donate to avoid the effects of the utpāta. Šams-i Tahānisarī here omits to mention oblations into a sacred fire, and while he mentions that a cow shall be milked in such a way that her milk flows onto the ground, he leaves out that this should happen inside a Śiva temple. Yet, describing the portents related to idols of gods, he writes about temples, Durga who starts dancing, sheds tears, speaks and so on. Why does Šams-i Tahānisarī not omit this paragraph, as he does with so many others in which anything related to kufr is mentioned? To understand his motivation, one should take into consideration that Durga is classified here as a šaiṭān, and that all these utpāta take place, according to the translation, in the wilāyat-i kāfirān, the realm of unbelievers. I therefore assume that the fact that in the context of the utpāta, the idols are doing what they are not supposed to do and that their actions have negative effects induced Šams-i Tahānisarī to translate this paragraph, and that this is also the reason why he translated just this part of the chapter.
The only other topic which has deliberately been changed in Šams-i Tahānisarī’s translation are references to women and eroticism. Chapters seventy-four to seventy-eight are explicitly dedicated to this topic: starting with the praise of women (seventy-four), these chapters also deal with the winning of affection (seventy-five), erotic recipes (seventy-six), the preparation of perfumes (seventy-seven) and the union of man and woman (seventy-eight). Varāhamihira was the first to include chapters belonging to the field of kāmaśāstra (erotology) into jyotiṣa. Much of his information seems to have been taken from the kāmasūtra (Shastri 1996, 2, pp. 435, 456). In the Persian version of the text, chapters seventy-six to seventy-eight have hardly been changed at all. However, chapter seventy-four in particular has been greatly shortened. While in the Sanskrit version, women are described as jewels and gems, as clean and pure and as providing delight and worldly pleasures to men, all this has been omitted in the Persian version. Here, their greatest advantage is to produce offspring (Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, ff. 225b-226a). While references to sexuality have not generally been left out, they are only described in the context of marital life. It was therefore not a problem to keep chapter seventy-eight. But while in chapter nineteen, one of the effects of a year presided over by the moon is, according to the Sanskrit version, that “charming ladies will always be delighting their handsome lovers with amorous sports,” the Persian version points here to love between spouses (Ms. London, British Library, India Office, 1262, f. 79a). Such alterations are probably due to changes in the attitude towards women and sexuality in the 14th century compared to the 6th century, but it is impossible to decide if such different views were typical of Muslims only, or applied to the entire society.
In conclusion, Šams-i Tahānisarī’s attitude towards the translation of source materials combines different approaches. He largely incorporates the technical lexicon of the original text in the Persian version. This method consists in leaving all technical terms untranslated and transliterated and explaining them in Persian. At the same time, the translation is selective; it removes parts of the text and adds glosses to it, and by doing this produces a composite effort to adapt the original source to the Muslim environment of the 14th century. Šams-i Tahānisarī provides additional information necessary for non-Hindu readers to understand the argument, especially in the field of measures, directions and so forth. He omits most references to Indian religions and even gives them a pejorative bias when he translates them. Moreover, he adjusts the image of women and sexuality to his own moral standards.
|
|||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 12
|
http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/t_dy_Q19.shtml
|
en
|
did you know?
|
[
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/hline_dotted.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/hist-logo.jpg",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/logo_rule.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/hist-banner.jpg",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/dyk/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/go.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/cgi-sys/Count.cgi?df=www.indiansciece.org-index.html&dd=C",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/spacer.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/images/hline_dotted.gif",
"http://www.indianscience.org/spacer.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null |
By D.P. Agrawal
Question: Did you know Varahmihira?
Answer:
Varahmihira was a great astronomer and a polymath. He was born in the last quarter of the 5th Century AD.
Jyotisa embraces both astronomy and astrology and is one of the six Vedangas (branches of knowledge accessory to the Vedas). In its popularity it is equalled only by Ayurveda (medicine, science of life) and Mantrasastra. It is the most important Vedanga being described as the eye among the angas (limbs) of the Veda.
The systematisation of this branch of learning probably started with the treatise called the Vedanga-jyotisa, which consists of three main branches: Siddhanta, Samhita and Hora. Varahamihira is famous for his Brhatsamhita
While the Siddhanta deals with the calculation, etc., of planets, i.e., the astronomical part, the Hora deals with individual horoscopes, auspicious and inauspicious times for doing a particular thing and other matters of this nature. Prasna or Horary astrology (and also Tajika a later adoption) comes under this latter branch. Samhita (i.e., collection), as the term indicates, deals with astrology collectively, i.e., in general, taking the effect of the various natural phenomena on human life into consideration. Included in it are a variety of subjects, the auspicious and inauspicious physical characteristics of men and animals (elephants, horses, etc.), science of precious stones, iconography, Vrksayurveda, etc. Varahamihira enumerates them in his Brhatsamhita (I. 9). The eighteen ancient sages who propounded Jyotisa are given by Kasyapa as follows: Surya, Brahma (Pitamaha), Vyasa, Vasistha, Atri, Parasara, Kasyapa, Narada, Garga, Marici, Manu, Angiras, Lomasa, Paulisa, Cyavana, Bhrgu and Saunaka.
This list of sages shows how the science started developing from very early times. There is an extensive literature on the subject now available to us.
In the long history of Indian Jyotisa, Varahamihiras name is as famous as that of Bhaskara, his brilliant twelfth-century successor, who successfully emulated him in introducing poetical excellence in the presentation of the dry subject of astronomy.
Varahamihira is still considered the greatest name among all the authors on Jyotisa, as he enriched all the three branches of the science, Ganita, Hora and Samhita. The precious gift he bequeathed to posterity was the compilation of the five ancient Siddhantas (the details of which would have otherwise been lost to us). He also wrote a work in the Samhita branch which has never been surpassed by any other work of its kind till today, besides giving us works on Horasastra. Each one of his works bears the stamp of his deep knowledge of the previous works on the subject available to him. What makes Varahmihira unique among ancient scientists is his versatility, encyclopaedic knowledge, poetic talent, and his deep grounding in Sanskrit grammar and the science of metres. No surprise then that a later tradition includes him among the Nine Jewels of Vikramadityas court. Although the contemporaneity of the nine gems stands disproved, the inclusion of his name here is a proof of the high esteem in which he was held throughout the ages.
Son of Adityadasa, Varahamihira belonged to Avanti (Ujjain) and studied Jyotisa from his father. He was an ardent devotee of the sun from whom he is said to have received a boon in Kapitthaka (the name of the place occurs also with a variant Kampillaka, identified by some with Kalpinagar). The names of both the father and the son, viz., Adityadasa and Mihira, show that not only the son, but the father also was a worshipper of the sun.
At the and of the Brhajjataka, he gives us information about himself. In his Pancasiddhantika Varahamihira uses Saka 427 (A.D. 505) for Aharagana. From this we can presume that he was born in or about the last quarter of the 5th century. Amaraja in his Khandakhadya Karanatika tells us that Varahamahira passed away in Saka 509, i.e., 587 A.D., thus living a long life.
Varahamihira refers to Aryabhata in his Pancasiddhantika. He, therefore, lived a little later than Aryabhata or was probably a younger contemporary of the latter. Aryabhata gives us information regarding his date:
When three of four ages were past, and 60 times 60 years, then 23 years from my birth were past. The years given here, namely, Kali 3600, correspond to A.D. 499. Aryabhata (reference is to Aryabhata I) was then 23 years old. This makes Varahamihira a younger contemporary of Aryabhata. Some scholars believe that Varahamihira was a Magadha Brahmin, who, after getting acquainted with the work of Aryabhata, migrated to Ujjain and settled there. It may be noted that Aryabhata belonged to Kusumapura, which scholars identify with modern Patna. Madhava Sarma, however, refutes the view that Varahamihira belonged to Magadhadesa, as Varahmihira himself claimed to be an Avantika which term means one who belonged to Avanti. He was, therefore, a Brahmin belonging to Avanti and to a family devoted to the worship of the sun. It is possible that he had visited Kusumapura and got acquainted with Aryabhatas views.
There is overwhelming evidence in his works to show that Varahamihira was a Brahmin, a follower of the Vedas. The reference to the description of the sun in various forms in the Vedas may also be noted. In fact, the invocation is an exposition and elaboration of the Gayatri hymn, addressed to Savitr (sun) in the Vedas.
Each one of his works is written after a deep study of the entire relevant earlier literature on the subject, presented with his own views, in a brief but attractive style, often embellished with poetic and metrical flourishes. He says that the science of Jyotisa is a safe boat in a vast ocean. He repeatedly mentions that he is writing the particular work after consulting all the previous authors. In the Brhajjataka also we have a similar statement that he studied the works of earlier writers and condensed the knowledge contained in them. His works are characterised by not only brevity but also by a deep knowledge of grammar and the poetic style. A large variety of metres were used by him in both the Brhajjataka and the Brhatsamhita. Although the expressions used are sometimes brief, they are fully expressive of the desired meaning.
Varahamihira believed in the intuition of the ancient sages. But he is not a blind follower of the old. He accepts things on their own merit. He says that a view is not to be rejected simply on the ground that it was not mentioned by the ancients and it comes from a new author. One is here reminded of Kalidasas statement in his play Malavikagnimitra that things are not good merely because they are old nor bad merely because they are new. He gives the views of his predecessors, but also boldly points out the defects in them, if any. For instance, after giving the Yoga Vajra, etc., in the Brhajjataka, he says that he gave the view of the earlier works but it was not astronomically possible.
An intellectual with a broad outlook, he respected learning wherever it was found. He had an intimate acquaintance with the astrological literature of the Greeks and, in his Brhatsamhita, refers to the respectful position in which they were held, quoting the words of his predecessor Gargacarya. A good many Greek astrological terms are found in the Brhajjataka:
In a spirit of humility, Varahmihira requests his successors in the field to make good the deficiencies that may be found in his works and also cautions them against textual corruptions that may creep in the course of time.
The exact number of his works is not yet certain. The main known works are Pancasiddhantika, Vivahapatala, Brhajjataka, Laghujataka, Yatra and Brhatsamhita. According to some, these were written in the above order. There are scholars who believe that he wrote the Samasasamhita also (just as he has written the Laghujataka as an abridgement of the Brhajjataka) as an abridgement of the Brhatsamhita. But if he wrote it, it has not come down to us. This belief is not supported by any textual evidence. Though the Brhatsamhita statement gives us some inkling of the order in which the works were written, it does not make their number explicit.
The Pancasiddantika is a work on astronomy, a Karana Grantha. The five Siddhantas, schools of systems of ancient astronomy, dealt with here are the Paitamaha, Vasistha, Romaka, Paulisa and the Saura. Speaking about the relative importance in treatment of these by Varaha, Thibaut observes: Varahamihira then also states his views as to their order of importance, assigning the first place to the Surya Siddhanta, placing next the Romaka and Paulisa Siddhanatas as equally correct, and declaring the two remaining works to be greatly inferior to the three mentioned. In agreement with this estimate very different amounts of space are allotted to the individual Siddhantas in the body of the work. But for Varaha much of the information regarding these ancient Siddhantas would have been lost to us.
The Brhajjataka deals with Jataka, i.e., individual horoscopes, in 25 chapters. It is still the most authoritative work on the subject. Almost all the later writers on this branch of Jyotisa from Kalyanavarman, author of the Saravali have drawn upon it. Each verse in the work bears ample testimony to the ability of the author to express briefly without sacrificing what is intended to be said, and to his poetical talent and command over the use of metres. He wrote it after studying almost all the previous authors on the subject. Among those who are referred to are Maya, Yavana, Manittha, Parasara, Visnugupta, Devasvamin, Siddhasena, Jivasarman and Satya or Bhadanta (also spelt as Bhadatta), the last receiving greater importance for his views than the rest. The Laghujataka is an abridgement of the Brhajjataka. The Yogayatra and the Vivahapatala, as the names indicate, deal with the auspicious times for journeys and marriage, respectively. Manuscripts of both the works are known to exist. The contents of the Yatra are given at the end of the Brhajjataka and some believe that this work, consisting of three chapters, is a supplement to the Brhajjataka. The Tikkanika Yatra is a further condensed work on the subject.
The Brhatsamhita, a work on the Samhita branch, is Varahamihiras magnum opus and also the work, which, as we know at present, he wrote last. It consists of 106 chapters with a total of nearly 4000 slokas. The range of subjects dealt with here is very large, including the effect of movements of planets and natural phenomena on human life, geography, characteristics of Khadga (sword), Angavidya (Samudrika), architecture, iconography, auspicious and inauspicious characteristics of men and animals (elephant, horse, dog, goat, etc.), omens. Manufacture of cosmetics, Vrksayurveda (Botany), science of precious stones, etc. there is a chapter in praise of women. It is more a poem than a chapter on women. Varaha, as noted already, possessed a great poetic and aesthetic sensibility.
The Brhatsamhita must have been of immense use to people, particularly to kings of ancient India, providing guidance in their daily life in respect of many things. A critical study of this work is very important from the point of view of our cultural history. It shows the range and wide sweep of Varahamihiras mind.
By enriching and preserving all the branches of Jyotis, Varahamihira acquired for himself not only the eminent position of the greatest author on the subject, but he kept the lamp of knowledge alight for posterity. No wonder that the tradition puts him on the same pedestal as Dahanvantari and Kalidasa.
Sources and Further Reading
Bag, A.K. 2000. Mathematical and astronomical heritage of India. In Maths, Astronomy and Biology in Indian Tradition (Eds.) D.P. Chattpadhyaya et al. New Delhi: PHISPC.
Bose, D.M., S.N. Sen and B.V. Subbarayappa.(Eds.). A Concise History of Science in India. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.
Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad.(Ed.). 1981. History of Science in India. Volumes 1& 2. New Delhi: Editorial Enterprises
Sarma, K. Madhava Krishna. 1990. Bhaskaracarya. In V. Raghavan (Ed.) Scientists. Delhi: Publications Division.
Posted Sept 27th 2004
|
||||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 3
|
https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/varahamihira/
|
en
|
Samhita, Astrology, Influences, Contributions, Trigonometry, Combinatorics, Optics, and FAQs
|
[
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=506170199519639&ev=PageView&noscript=1",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/BEP-logo-W.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/home/call.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/SearchIcon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/BEP-logo-W.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/home/dropdown-yellow-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/home/dropdown-yellow-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/home/dropdown-yellow-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/home/dropdown-yellow-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/home/dropdown-yellow-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/home/dropdown-yellow-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/home/call.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/SearchIcon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/img/home/svg/sec-nav-search.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Right-arrow.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Right-arrow.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/List-of-Current-Affairs-Articles-for-UPSC-other-Competitive-Examinations-2022-2.png ",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/img/right-tick-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/img/facebook-white-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/img/linkedin-white-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/img/facebook-white-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/img/linkedin-white-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Vector-2219-2.png",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/img/free-ias-registration-popup-close.png",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/img/right-tick-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/img/right-tick-icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/img/landing-pages/utils-icon/download_white_icon.svg",
"https://cdn1.byjus.com/byjusweb/img/right-tick-icon.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Admin"
] |
2022-11-16T20:07:33+05:30
|
Get UPSC Notes on Varahamihira. Find out important details about Varahamihira. Also read about, in brief, works, Pancha-Siddhantika, Brihat-Samhita, astrology, influences, contributions, trigonometry, combinatorics, and optics, which are important for the IAS exam. For IAS preparation, follow BYJU’S.
|
en
|
/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/favicon-32x32.png
|
BYJUS
|
https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/varahamihira/
|
Astrologer, astronomer, and polymath Varahamihira, born in c. 505 and passed away in c. 587, also known as Varaha or Mihira, was an ancient Indian who resided in Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh, India). He was born to Adityadasa at Kayatha, in the Avanti region, which roughly corresponds to present-day Malwa (a region of Madhya Pradesh, India). In one of his own writings, he claims to have attended Kapitthaka for his education. According to Indian traditions, he was one of the “Nine Jewels” (Navaratnas) at the court of Malwa king Yashodharman Vikramaditya. This assertion, however, is made for the first time in a significantly later text, and scholars question its veracity because neither Varahamihira nor Vikramaditya existed in the same century, nor did Varahamihira live during the same century as many of the other individuals in the list of the “nine jewels,” such as the far older Kalidasa.
The topic has a chance of being asked as a UPSC Prelims History Question or as a Current Affairs Question.
Note: UPSC 2023 is approaching closer, supplement your preparation with the free Daily Video Analysis of The Hindu Newspaper by BYJU’S.
Varahamihira UPSC Notes PDF –Download PDF Here
About Varahamihira
The Brihat Samhita, an exhaustive study on architecture, temples, planetary motions, eclipses, timekeeping, astrology, seasons, cloud formation, rainfall, agriculture, mathematics, gemology, perfumes, and many other themes, was one of Varahamihira’s most famous works. Varahamihira claims that while he summarised prior works on astronomy, the Shilpa Sastra, and temple building in some verses, his exposition of many design theories and models is among the earliest texts to have survived. The Persian traveller and scholar Al Biruni quoted passages from the Brihat Samhita and lyrics from Varahamihira. In addition, Varahamihira is credited with authoring a number of reputable works on astrology and astronomy. He studied Greek, and in his writing, he lauded the Greeks (Yavanas) for being “highly schooled in the sciences,” while being impure in terms of the religious order. According to some academics, he is a strong candidate for understanding and popularising the zodiac signs, astrological calculations, and predictions for auspicious rituals.
Works of Varahamihira
Pancha-Siddhantika
The Pancasiddhantika, or “Treatise on the Five Astronomical Canons,” is Varahamihira’s most important work and provides details on earlier Indian works that are now lost. It was written around 575 CE. The work is a summary of five preceding works on mathematical astronomy by five writers, including the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta, and Pitamaha Siddhanta. It is a compilation of Hellenistic and Vedanga Jyotisha astronomy (having Greek, Egyptian and Roman elements). Varahamihira was the first person to state that the equinox shifts by 50.32 arc seconds per year, or the Ayana.
Indians have five Siddhantas:
Surya-Siddhanta, the Sun’s Siddhanta, was assumed to have been penned by Latadeva, but was actually created by Mayasura, also known as Mamuni Mayan, as stipulated in the text itself.
Vishnucandra authored Vasishtha-siddhanta, named after one of the Great Bear’s stars.
Paulisa-Siddhanta, named after Paulisa of Saintra, was composed by Paulisa.
The name Romaka-Siddhanta comes from Srishena’s Rum.
Paitahama-Siddhanta.
Brihat-Samhita
Varahamihira’s encyclopaedic Brihat-Samhita is another significant addition. Even though the book focuses primarily on divination, it also covers a wide range of other topics. It encompasses a wide range of human interests, such as astronomy, planetary motions, eclipses, rainfall, clouds, architecture, crop development, perfume manufacturing, matrimony, and household interactions. The book expands on the Garuda Purana’s gemstone appraisal criterion and the hallowed Nine Pearls from the same literature. It is known as the “great compilation” because it has 106 chapters.
On Astrology
Mihira’s most famous astrological work is Hora Shastra or Brihadjathaka. It is largely written in code language. For this book, more than a dozen commentaries have been composed. The Brihadjathaka is the foundation of the Kerala School of Astrology. His son Prithuyasas also made contributions to Hindu astrology; his work Hora Sara is well-known in the field of horoscope. Khana (also known as Lilavati in other places), a medieval Bengali poet and astrologer, is thought to be Varahamihira’s daughter-in-law.
Note: UPSC 2023 is approaching closer, keep yourself updated with the latest UPSC current affairs where we explain the important news in a simplified manner.
Note: You can make your current affairs revision robust using Free Monthly Magazines by BYJU’S.
Influences
Varahamihira’s philosophy was influenced by two Western works: the Romaka Siddhanta (“The Doctrine of the Romans”) and the Paulisa Siddhanta. The Paulisa Siddhanta is frequently misunderstood as a single composition ascribed to Paul of Alexandria (c. 378 CE). Other researchers in the field, however, have dismissed this theory, most notably David Pingree, who declared that “…the identification of Paulus Alexandrinus with the author of the Paulia Siddhanta is totally false”. A few of his works are related to earlier texts such as Vedanga Jyotisha.
Contributions of Varahamihira
Trigonometry
Varahamihira enhanced the precision of Aryabhata’s sine tables.
Combinatorics
He discovered the first 4×4 magic square.
Optics
Varahamihira’s contribution to physics includes his assertion that reflection is generated by particle backscattering and refraction (the change in direction of a light ray as it moves from one medium into the other) by the particles’ capability to penetrate internal spaces of the medium, similar to fluids moving through porous items.
Note: You may get all the History Questions for the UPSC Mains exam by visiting the linked article.
Start your IAS Exam preparation by understanding the UPSC Syllabus in-depth and planning your approach accordingly.
Related Links:
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 2
|
https://testbook.com/ias-preparation/varahamihira
|
en
|
Works & Contributions.
|
[
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/UPSC_All_1603376811_All_1678275240.png",
"https://testbook.com/ias-preparation/assets/img/banner-bg/bottom-banner-preparation.svg",
"https://blogmedia.testbook.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/varahamihira-7273b73b.png",
"https://testbook.com/angular/assets/img/template-img/user.png",
"https://testbook.com/angular/assets/img/user-image-1.jpg",
"https://testbook.com/angular/assets/img/user-image-2.jpg",
"https://testbook.com/assets/img/pass-new/pass-pro-icon.svg?v=05092023",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/UPSC_All_1603376811.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/UPSC_All_1603376811.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/UPSC_All_1603376811.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/UPSC_All_1603376811.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/UPSC_All_1603376811.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/UPSC_All_1603376811.png",
"https://testbook.com/assets/img/other/ravi-kapoor-hero-image.webp",
"https://testbook.com/assets/img/other/ravi-kapoor-hero-image.webp",
"https://testbook.com/angular/assets/img/template-img/user.png",
"https://testbook.com/angular/assets/img/user-image-1.jpg",
"https://testbook.com/angular/assets/img/user-image-2.jpg",
"https://testbook.com/assets/img/other/get-access-text.svg",
"https://testbook.com/angular/assets/img/template-img/appstore.svg",
"https://testbook.com/angular/assets/img/template-img/playstore.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Testbook"
] |
2023-04-03T17:17:59.010000+00:00
|
Varahamihira, also known as Varaha or Mihira, was a philosopher, astronomer & mathematician from India who lived in the first half of the sixth century. Know more
|
en
|
favicon.ico
|
Testbook
|
https://testbook.com/ias-preparation/varahamihira
| |||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 13
|
https://www.ancientpages.com/2016/09/13/varahamihira-indian-sage-and-one-of-the-greatest-minds-of-all-time/
|
en
|
Varahamihira: Indian Sage And One Of The Greatest Minds Of All Time
|
[
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/ancientpagesnewlogo.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/varahamiihira12.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/varahamihira11.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/varahamiihira13triangle.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ilmarinenkalevala111-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/greekluxuryvillafeat-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/egyptiangodshu-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/elijah09-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/jacquesCœurs1-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/calicutindia-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/prtimeportaleastangliapart2-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/lamasthuplaquefeat-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/sevensageschina2-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/idinattilathehun-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/oraclesdelphi-1-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/norumbega-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/TheopetraCaveinterior122-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/shipwreck800disc2-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/smilingsphinx-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/francisdrakenavigation-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/codexcospi111-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/shandongtombs-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/greencoffinegypt-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/prundergroundcitydoesnotexistpart1-307x150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/joinancientpagessmall2.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/plugins/floating-social-media-icon/images/themes/12/facebook.png",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/plugins/floating-social-media-icon/images/themes/12/twitter.png",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/plugins/floating-social-media-icon/images/themes/12/pinterest.png",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/plugins/floating-social-media-icon/images/themes/12/feed.png",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/flipboardicon150.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/lagosaug19.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/premium.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/dragonkingssmall.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sumerianschangedtheworldsmall.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/whitegiantsbritishcolumbiasmall.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/legendsandmysteriesofnorthamericasmalllogo.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/michabosmall.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sapaincasmall.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/gordianknotsmall.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/latestarchaeolnewsjuly21.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/phoenixancpagesjuly21.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/messagetoeaglebestnews.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/losttotimebook.jpg",
"https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/mapsoftheancientseakings.jpg",
"https://www.w3counter.com/tracker.php?id=4917",
"https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-8gRj4gDmHnESV.gif",
"https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-w3L_ncEZXrjJF.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"AncientPages.com"
] |
2016-09-13T00:00:00
|
A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com - Varahamihira (505–587 CE) was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer from Ujjain, which during the Gupta
|
en
|
Ancient Pages
|
https://www.ancientpages.com/2016/09/13/varahamihira-indian-sage-and-one-of-the-greatest-minds-of-all-time/
| ||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 9
|
https://pparihar.com/2018/11/05/varahmihir-who-predicted-water-in-mars/
|
en
|
Varahmihir, who predicted water in Mars
|
[
"https://pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/cropped-shiva1.gif",
"https://pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/varahmihir.jpg?w=547",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/031195bcd3414271f601dbddd000648fb44d8134e348a85672ae83ba64e4f7b3?s=55&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/031195bcd3414271f601dbddd000648fb44d8134e348a85672ae83ba64e4f7b3?s=32&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://i0.wp.com/banners.copyscape.com/images/cs-bk-120x60.gif",
"http://socialgrin.com",
"http://www.decodinghinduism.com",
"http://WWW.sanskritum.BLOGSPOT.COM",
"http://WWW.sanskritum.BLOGSPOT.COM",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/98ed245531a5a45edc6ca28740c611278bd9d6369dbebff21d736787783d666b?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/e44d787cb5ca25e9a08d591d7bb282f53af5751d08dce654c7b110e4e68dcb20?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/743a7d3d301925ffa547c447ff1d5b72a6a653743fd62e171d917923bcbe7bec?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/08fc905a4e4df8af4f43586422c2ee1f8093ea6bcef17fdf65276966672970c5?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/24b03f544cec086f576ad024a7c31e9754f0049f7abb929f27f8cf4c2fa8f841?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/3f126e906648f0588cbb045d27d5b4ebbcdc864ffc334225262318870fde4672?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/9f9064cc5ce9f99816bb0f95eec0b31ca4cbe2cc1f275d41054a53f0de61753d?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/4a4fb8e06321e6ed097d035cb10046e0e0f161724525b7ea48d728fc60466b56?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/7bd567860ef1c3ca34b986bf41207ccd1bb84864e326c4d9981c0e1f29d5a1c6?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/ebd4c8877f33478486deac7e2f8714857bbb31028245324fb83a9e46c05e24d0?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f280053f1b6b6751877df8ffdabb654298ba3a8d7c1bee518ed5385d1ca6938e?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/95759928cff9290c164ebbcdae2a877b47f4431ae1d0ef53c767bb01c2d04648?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/6eea8e25c2c8694cd07dcd9eae7374fa4e6142d20fa22554a56c5140ea8c837f?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/38fe3aa9d74e523fcea4a02b6913eda5bc5e8aac1e07cf682784c257452686f9?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/bd44b9a5046671bf67c07d77e038e8f31fb5f129058f8c193c0da9e9dc8c3293?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/ef6ab8351d0455c1f5ea63eae512da34db7a0aeeb7c6b80a2602e8b251008709?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/ce3a9c4f493f5f71889652b8f1883e23c7c371aa82d3d6f3238af560b8221533?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/cbd9eadd32524b8d3498c628a82d042d411b8632e09707d959bbf83090edbdc4?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/084ea11039bca5e990334f013457648801ab3e2d2dcc4ea361195781accdbde3?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/fddd79f2395c92aeafcb2215b09495e3433d4222048e0743bfac414621825cf5?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/abcd2672bb1191248ebd37819ba2669e86d1bad12aa064dcf27fd8e4d4523c1f?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/7565d400c44c157a4f0a50f2996190b3133ddc91b950d74944528e25cccb5b5b?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/18a56f3874ccb006acc48876ea18961d4f1ba883cebd706eb83c21c5ab41143a?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/c84a51fd2dd466a27390c348479a1a86945991ec710bb1c4585e42870186ceb8?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/bd06ff424a5dab1145d624b9c9c70ef12141ce5c77d9959adf29d96098461ce3?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/d8ca98d499e29dc90943c9f56aa414ef77c0dac8299bebac8f408dcca0dd75ad?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/4914272b59dbbda146143702c3586e4c776b608a2718ce4583d20568ba3ed046?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/7ab249de2ac2524960239a0870644785fe35daf59835211b448690163256b6af?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/5e4d6b670bf1d46e238f6c631435aa9fa08e8f09d49128aa0b6803e3dd6b3330?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/b1c9e4a1759e518b7430744d35140848bd12371ed43f7ce5c88e9a16fb0e5403?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/41dace5eaa26470cc1fb57a51829ea8af00e49f1914a69b07d27d236e122e03e?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/15e8178a831a025bfd418be45999aabac76795a85c4cbdd0488f15d8ad593b57?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/011602422b946e70a2c5ea3514f607cc8fdb3b807e45bba11cb27c0724482cef?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/9914b2d471e44f9300d2befe719bdb08eb3557d5adbced8520347332166b9bc9?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/78af9da879e5c9ececf02a16c738c3a813c58eaff9416b31b27113f6e1de37df?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/a46793362cdd6534bbee2ab6a1df07e1393828d24ac9da0bcdff9848b77305e9?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/cf14c43af4bfc337ff8f43ad6a459934062d40506193630c794a64fc7871f74c?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/d96df418385ac54042f3d8fa9367e6ef59ccd5585c27d522d42f25ec045f16bd?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/81447326e83820471798a36caa7213b50f0a5cd27f7dd5a8b9f9f4665ae06680?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/22dd710263373c6d2bd2c8a2b62cf4386453e17298261d1c38fa44e2cb7edac5?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/685aae2c74022173ff28a9205181e3950bad7da60f7d9d83d61e967a9d75cc8d?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/7d0a9ca863ceaf3458cb18e2526edf5364bfdb30abbb7c18234240c10bcf8eba?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/295237960c5685002cbdf7523e26100d175b8b5fb3f89419f2725dda53d5b693?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/befe71b1458e1c806595cc1892effd280a06efc9e4985c449ea957b3ec26363b?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/e1272768372cb2697ebd7fd4f1d017d3c8fb8ba43a21ca41e9599d295ee077f7?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/744ece7a0620ffb201b8d18584fccd832772c50fa04f9a7017d315870c2ec6b5?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/909b53f263374e4755bf0441d30ce48f294408f0a549b3c78c243bc243eea8bb?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/a4705c22e0b434757bc7aa15f442b5e46d288516ed4e42a78b941410ec6fe2de?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1fc6cbc686c43784a47ca4fc876166d32efcbddd0f63a445c18bb303f671a130?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/635f2c539b9b1290cb3f21904713de24d4200cc7957b30db43031c5be6b070f6?s=48&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://fbcdn-sphotos-f-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/10702114_1524193044527560_6189786489922281980_n.jpg?oh=33cc4e2b8ccb73b11bebeded3ff3bea5&oe=55779F25&__gda__=1433526556_7d3c8af9a7ab8ef5fd840d42c400d5c6",
"https://i0.wp.com/ra.revolvermaps.com/h/m/a/0/ff0000/128/0/0qxqh2rzofd.png",
"https://s-ssl.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png?m=1354137473i",
"https://s-ssl.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png?m=1354137473i",
"https://s-ssl.wordpress.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png?m=1354137473i",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/paracas_trident_peru.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/img_3376.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/e5ac1bd1-5877-4827-b534-33efe37782cb.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://pparihar2011.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/74134-69225_406111742813890_435585344_n.jpg?w=40&h=40&crop=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/img_4592.png?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/nriga_chameleon.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/kalyug.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/hanuman.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/671b8133-d532-4c23-b6db-01e4c2351385.jpeg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/pparihar.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/mt-shasta.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://pparihar.com/i/rss/red-small.png",
"https://pparihar.com/i/rss/red-small.png",
"https://img.chiccdn.com/affiliate/banner/201712/361_1512989084_632.jpg",
"https://img.chiccdn.com/affiliate/banner/201709/361_1506739652_28.jpg",
"https://img.chiccdn.com/affiliate/banner/201712/361_1512986445_90.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/706b0c0f30deae22ac6e6727fa690c25001ff63b2a0414201efcf22bc23897c9?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/706b0c0f30deae22ac6e6727fa690c25001ff63b2a0414201efcf22bc23897c9?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Sanatan Dharm"
] |
2018-11-05T00:00:00
|
The Bihat Samhita of Varaha Mihira Even thousands of years before, India had become famous and reached its pinnacle in astrological and astronomical sciences. Ancient Astrological works had been translated into many foreign languages. Ibn Batuta and Al Baruni were two prominent Arab travelers who had visited ancient India specially to pursue Astrology. By their translations, they…
|
en
|
https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/706b0c0f30deae22ac6e6727fa690c25001ff63b2a0414201efcf22bc23897c9?s=32
|
HINDUISM AND SANATAN DHARMA
|
https://pparihar.com/2018/11/05/varahmihir-who-predicted-water-in-mars/
|
The Bihat Samhita of Varaha Mihira
Even thousands of years before, India had become famous and reached its pinnacle in astrological and astronomical sciences. Ancient Astrological works had been translated into many foreign languages. Ibn Batuta and Al Baruni were two prominent Arab travelers who had visited ancient India specially to pursue Astrology. By their translations, they had induced German scholars to come to India to study Astrology and Vedic literature. Varahamihira was one of the only renowned Indian Astronomer, Mathematician and Astrologer whose name became a household word throughout India and it is said his near contemporaries Aryabhata and Brahmagupta even did not match with the popularity of Varahamihira.
Varahamihira was born in 505 A.D. into a family of Brahmins settled at Kapittha, a village near Ujjain. His father, Adityadasa was a worshipper of the Sun god and it was he who taught Varahamihira astrology. On a visit to Kusumapura (Patna) young Varahamihira met the great astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata. The meeting inspired him so much then he decided to take up astrology and astronomy as a lifetime pursuit.
At that time, Ujjain was the center of learning, where many schools of arts, science and culture were flourishing in the prosperity of the Gupta reign. Varahamihira, therefore, shifted to this city, where scholars from distant lands were gathering. In due course, his astrological skills came to the notice of King Yashodharman Vikramaditya of Malwa, who made him one of the Nine Gems of his court.
Varahamihira was learned in the Vedas, but he was not a blind believer in the supernatural. He was a scientist. Like Aryabhata before him, he declared that the earth was spherical.
In the history of science, he was the first to claim that some “force” might be keeping bodies stuck to the round earth. The force is now called gravity. He proposed that the Moon and planets are lustrous not because of their own light but due to sunlight.
Varahamihira’s main work is the book Pancha Siddhantika (Treatise on the five Astronomical Canons gives us information about older Indian texts which are now lost). The work it seems is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises five earlier astronomical treatises, namely, the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta, and Paitama Siddhanta.
It is acclaimed that Pancha Siddhantika of Varahamihira is one of the most important sources for the history of Hindu Astronomy from before the time of Aryabhata.
Another important contribution of Varahamihira is the encyclopedic Brihat-Samhita. It covers wide-ranging subjects of human interest, including astrology, planetary movements, eclipses, rainfall, rainfall, clouds even domestic relations, gems, pearls, and rituals.
Varahamihira in 550 AD has described a large number of comets in the Brhat Samhita. He wrote over sixty couplets about comets. He did not have the modern facilities like Telescope or other electronic equipment. He says that sages Garga, Parasara, Asita, Devala and others had already written about the comets.
He was also an astrologer and has written on all the three branches of astrology. His son Prithuyasas has also contributed in the Hindu astrology through his work, Hora Sara.
Varahamihira’s mathematical work included the discovery of the trigonometric formulas. He improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata l. He defined the algebraic properties of zero as well as of negative numbers. Furthermore, He was among the first mathematicians to discover a version of what is now known as the Pascal’s triangle. He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
Varahamihira made some significant observations in the field of ecology, hydrology and geology too. He was the first person who predicted underground water. His claim that plants and termites serve as indicators of underground water is now receiving attention in the scientific world.
Varahamihira, without any scientific equipment, derived the true value of equinox. This value is very important for the modern-day Geostationary Satellites.
Surya Siddhanta & description on planet Mars:
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 49
|
https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/products/panchasiddhantika-pancha-siddhantika
|
en
|
Panchasiddhantika (Pancha Siddhantika)
|
http://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/products/panchasiddhantika_1_grande.jpeg?v=1466346583
|
http://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/products/panchasiddhantika_1_grande.jpeg?v=1466346583
|
[
"https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/t/6/assets/logo.png?v=128412101031028917421466954465",
"https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/products/panchasiddhantika_1_large.jpeg?v=1466346583",
"https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/t/6/assets/brand_logo_1.png?v=64509572469073698631466954460",
"https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/t/6/assets/brand_logo_2.png?v=64509572469073698631466954461",
"https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/t/6/assets/brand_logo_3.png?v=64509572469073698631466954461",
"https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/t/6/assets/brand_logo_4.png?v=64509572469073698631466954461",
"https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/t/6/assets/brand_logo_5.png?v=64509572469073698631466954461",
"https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/t/6/assets/brand_logo_6.png?v=64509572469073698631466954461",
"https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/t/6/assets/brand_logo_7.png?v=64509572469073698631466954461",
"https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/t/6/assets/brand_logo_8.png?v=64509572469073698631466954461",
"https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/t/6/assets/brand_logo_9.png?v=64509572469073698631466954461",
"https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/t/6/assets/brand_logo_10.png?v=64509572469073698631466954460"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Varāhamihira also called Varaha or Mihira, was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who lived in Ujjain.He is considered to be one of the nine jewels (Navaratnas) of the court of legendary ruler Vikramaditya thought to be the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II Vikramaditya. Arya Varāhamihira who Born 505 CE a
|
//surplus-factory.myshopify.com/cdn/shop/t/6/assets/favicon.png?v=118656967595707395981466954462
|
Surplus Factory
|
https://surplus-factory.myshopify.com/products/panchasiddhantika-pancha-siddhantika
|
Varāhamihira also called Varaha or Mihira, was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who lived in Ujjain.He is considered to be one of the nine jewels (Navaratnas) of the court of legendary ruler Vikramaditya thought to be the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II Vikramaditya.
Arya Varāhamihira who Born 505 CE and Died 587 CE.This Indian was a great Astronomer,Mathematician and well known Astrologer lived in the Gupta Era and as his notable works are the author of the Brihat Samhita and the Pancha Siddhantika. He travelled to the land of the Yavanas as well as Persia and translated the panchatantra into pahlavi at the request of the Persian king.
Varahamihira, also called Varahamira or simply Varaha, was one of the most celebrated scientists in South Asian history, having made substantial contributions to virtually all branches of the arts and sciences. Thus, Encyclopedia Britannica notes, "Varāhamihira of the Gupta age was a profound scholar of all the sciences and arts, from botany to astronomy and from military science to civil engineering." (Enc.Brit., "Education, History of," vol.18, p.4, 1990 ed.)
Born in Ujjain, the capital of the Scythian-dominated region now known as Rajputana, he wrote three important books: Panchasiddhantika, Brihat Samhita, and Brihat Jataka. Brihat Samhita is a compilation of an assortment of topics that provides interesting details of prevailing beliefs. Brihat Jataka is a book on astrology.
Contributions in Mathematics:
The most famous work by Varahamihira is the treatise on mathematical astronomy called the Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Astronomical Treatises") and dated 575 AD. It is a summary of five earlier astronomical systems, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha siddhantas. (
The Pancha Siddhantika are:
1. Sūrya-Siddhānta, ie. the Siddhānta of the Sun, composed by Lāṭa,
2. Vasishṭa-siddhānta, so called from one of the stars of the Great Bear, composed by Vishnucandra,
3. Pulisa-siddhānta, so called from Paulisa, the Greek, from the city of Saintra, which I suppose to be Alexandria, composed by Pulisa.
4. Romaka-siddhānta, so called from the Rūm, ie. the subjects of the Roman Empire, composed by Śrīsheṇa.
5. Brahma-siddhānta, so called from Brahman, composed by Brahmagupta, the son of Jishṇu, from the town of Bhillamāla between Multān and Anhilwāra, 16 yojanas from the latter place.The authors of these books draw from one and the same source, the book "Paithāmaha", so called from the first father, ie. Brahman." (Sachau 1964, vol.I, p.153)
The Arya-siddhanta, a lot work on astronomical computations, is known through the writings of Aryabhata's contemporary, Varahamihira, and later mathematicians and commentators, including Brahmagupta and Bhaskara.Varahamihira gives a reference to the day of Kuja (Mars). Mars is also called Kshiti – Tanaya (the sun of the earth).He says ths day is inauspicious whether the one who says so is an ordinary man or is Pitamaha (lit means grandfather.. in this context it means Brahma).
Varahamihira's other most important contribution is the encyclopedic Brihat-Samhita. It covers wide ranging subjects of human interest, including astrology, planetary movements, eclipses, rainfall, clouds, architecture, growth of crops, manufacture of perfume, matrimony, domestic relations, gems, pearls, and rituals.
Details of Book :-
|
|||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 30
|
https://www.academia.edu/102140849/B%25E1%25B9%259Bhat_Y%25C4%2581tr%25C4%2581_of_Var%25C4%2581hamihira_Chapter_Eighteen_Sacrificial_Rite_to_the_Planets
|
en
|
Bṛhat Yātrā of Varāhamihira Chapter Eighteen: Sacrificial Rite to the Planets
|
http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif
|
http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif
|
[
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe.icon.svg",
"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/102483175/mini_magick20230522-1-qv7rac.png?1684716888",
"https://0.academia-photos.com/8784738/2901561/69852641/s65_michael.neely.jpeg",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png",
"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Michael D Neely",
"independent.academia.edu"
] |
2023-05-21T00:00:00
|
This translation contains Chapter 18 of the Bṛhat Yātrā of Varāhamihira, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century) dealing with military astrology. There are a total of 34 chapters for a total of 543 verses. The other
|
https://www.academia.edu/102140849/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Y%C4%81tr%C4%81_of_Var%C4%81hamihira_Chapter_Eighteen_Sacrificial_Rite_to_the_Planets
|
This translation contains Chapter Two of the Brihat Yogayatra, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century) dealing with military astrology. There are a total of 34 chapters for a total of 562 verses. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. This is my first translation where I did not have a published Sanskrit-English translation to work off of as a guide. I found only one online Sanskrit-only source of the Brihat Yogayatra. It was edited by the late David E. Pingree and published in 1972. Chapter Two deals with inquires a.k.a. prashna or horary in the context of setting out on a military march. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This translation contains chapter 15 of the Bṛhat Yātrā, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varāhamihira (circa 6th century) dealing with military astrology. Chapter 15 covers the ritual of the guhyas, a class of demigods. There are a total of 34 chapters for a total of 543 verses. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. This is my first translation where I did not have a published Sanskrit-English translation to work off of as a guide. I found only one online Sanskrit-only source of the Bṛhat Yātrā. It was edited by the late David E. Pingree and published in 1972. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This translation contains Chapter Five of the Brihat Yogayatra, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century) dealing with military astrology. There are a total of 34 chapters for a total of 562 verses. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. This is my first translation where I did not have a published Sanskrit-English translation to work off of as a guide. I found only one online Sanskrit-only source of the Brihat Yogayatra. It was edited by the late David E. Pingree and published in 1972. Chapter Six deals with the results of the days when military expeditions are carried out. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This translation contains Chapter Three of the Brihat Yogayatra, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century) dealing with military astrology. There are a total of 34 chapters for a total of 562 verses. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. This is my first translation where I did not have a published Sanskrit-English translation to work off of as a guide. I found only one online Sanskrit-only source of the Brihat Yogayatra. It was edited by the late David E. Pingree and published in 1972. Chapter Three deals with the qualities of the tithis. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This translation contains Chapter One of the Bṛhat Yātrā of Varāhamihira, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century) dealing with military astrology. There are a total of 34 chapters for a total of 543 verses. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. This is my first translation where I did not have a published Sanskrit-English translation to work off of as a guide. I found only one online Sanskrit-only source of the Brihat Yogayatra. It was edited by the late David E. Pingree and published in 1972. Chapter One is a philosophical chapter and deals with the effort of man and that belonging to the divine (fate). I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support. This chapter was originally published in 2018 and was revised and republished on December 10, 2022.
This translation contains Chapter Seven of the Brihat Yogayatra, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century) dealing with military astrology. There are a total of 34 chapters for a total of 562 verses. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. This is my first translation where I did not have a published Sanskrit-English translation to work off of as a guide. I found only one online Sanskrit-only source of the Brihat Yogayatra. It was edited by the late David E. Pingree and published in 1972. Chapter Seven deals with various factors of the Moon in determining the success or failure of a military expedition. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This translation contains Chapter Eight of the Bṛhat Yātrā, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varāhamihira (circa 6th century) dealing with military astrology. There are a total of 34 chapters for a total of 562 verses. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. This is my first translation where I did not have a published Sanskrit-English translation to work off of as a guide. I found only one online Sanskrit-only source of the Bṛhat Yātrā. It was edited by the late David E. Pingree and published in 1972. Chapter Eight deals with various factors of the Lagna in determining the success or failure of a military expedition. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This translation contains chapters eight to seventeen of the Brihat Jataka, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century). There are a total of 28 chapters. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter with spreadsheets, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. The chapter topics for this part are as follows: Chapter Eight: Dashas and Antardashas. Chapter Nine: Ashtakavaraga. Chapter Ten: Vocation. Chapter Eleven: Raja Yogas. Chapter Twelve: Nabhasa Yogas. Chapter Thirteen: Moon Yogas Chapter Fourteen: Two Planet Yogas Chapter Fifteen: Mendicant Yogas. Chapter Sixteen: Results of the Nakshatras Chapter Seventeen: Results of the Moon in the Zodiac Signs This is my first draft at this translation. I plan on doing a final version with more commentary. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This translation contains chapter two of the Yoga Yātrā of Varāhamihira, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century) dealing with military astrology. There are a total of 16 chapters for a total of 485 verses. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. I am not aware of any other Sanskrit to English translation of chapter two of this text. Chapter two covers custom. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This translation contains Chapter Six of the Brihat Yogayatra, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century) dealing with military astrology. There are a total of 34 chapters for a total of 562 verses. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. This is my first translation where I did not have a published Sanskrit-English translation to work off of as a guide. I found only one online Sanskrit-only source of the Brihat Yogayatra. It was edited by the late David E. Pingree and published in 1972. Chapter Six deals with the qualities of the muhūrtas. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 91
|
https://www.jatland.com/home/Varahamihira
|
en
|
Varahamihira
|
https://www.jatland.com/favicon.ico
|
https://www.jatland.com/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://www.jatland.com/common/jl-logo.jpg",
"https://www.jatland.com/common/jl-wm.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/favicon.ico
| null |
Varahamihira (वराहमिहिर) (505 - 587), also called Varaha, or Mihira was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer born in Ujjain. Varahamihira's picture may be found in the Indian Parliament alongside Aryabhata's, of whom he was a follower. He is considered to be one of the nine jewels (Navaratnas) of the court of legendary king Vikramaditya (thought to be the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II Vikramaditya).
Birth place of Varahamihira
Local tradition reveals that Kaytha (कायथा) village in Ujjain district was the birth place of Varahamihira (वराहमिहिर). There is a nalah near the village known as Varaha nalah.
As is the case of many Sanskrit writers of ancient India, we know very little about the personal life of Varahamihira, also known as Varaha and Mihira. According to his own statement in the penultimate verse of his Brhajjataka, "he was a native of Avanti (Western Malawa), the son of Adityadasa and instructed by him, having obtained the blessings of the Sun-god, at Kapitthaka.[1]
He also describes himself as Avantyaka, and his commentator Bhajjataka Utpala styles him svantikacarya. [2]
As for Kapitthaka, manuscripts give different variants. According to Utpala, Kapittha was a village where there was a Sun-temple. It is usually identified with modern Kayatha, a small village about 20 kms from Ujjain on the Ujjain-Maski Road. Recent excavation has shown that the site is an ancient one. From all this it is evident that he lived and taught at the famous city of Ujjayini. [3]
There is no doubt that Varaha belonged to a family of Sun-worshippers. His father's name was Adityadasa (servant of the Sun); his own name, Mihira, is derived from Mithra, the Iranian Sun-god. Not only does he pay homage to the Sun in almost all his works, but he himself was regarded as an incarnation of the Sun-god. His son Prthuyasas, also an astronomer, invokes the Sun-god in the opening verse of his Satpancasika. [4]
Our knowledge of Varahamihira is very limited indeed. According to one of his works, he was educated in Kapitthaka. However, far from settling the question this only gives rise to discussions of possible interpretations of where this place was. Dhavale [5] discusses this problem. We do not know whether he was born in Kapitthaka, wherever that may be, although we have given this as the most likely guess. We do know, however, that he worked at Ujjain which had been an important centre for mathematics since around 400 AD. The school of mathematics at Ujjain was increased in importance due to Varahamihira working there and it continued for a long period to be one of the two leading mathematical centres in India, in particular having Brahmagupta as its next major figure. [6]
His Works
Young contemporary of the senior Aryabhata (born in 476 AD), Varahamihira is perhaps the most well-known exponent of Indian astronomy. Though not an originator in astronomy or mathematics, he was a prolific writer and produced several works, big and small, which had a tremendous impact on later astronomers, particularly astrologers. They not only made earlier astronomical works obsolete, several of them remained in use throughout the last fifteen hundred years, and are still used by the flourishing community of astrologers. Some of his works, particularly the Brhajjataka and its abridged version the Laghujataka, can often be seen even with a city pavement astrologer.
Varahamihira's brief "autobiography" - But this is only one aspect of Varaha's lasting contribution. His Pancasiddhantika is the only available source-book for reconstructing the history of pre-Varaha Indian astronomy. His magnum opus, the Brhat-samhita, though basically an astrological work, is a mine of information for contemporary India's geography, flora and fauna, social and economic life, architecture and fine arts, religion and polity, learning and literature, astronomical and meteorological knowledge, history of science, and a lot about superstitious beliefs and customs. This work, like the Arthasastra of Kautilya, is a valuable asset for the historian of Indian culture, which still remains to be properly reconstructed because of the great paucity of historical literary sources in the country. The traditional Indian Jyotisasastra, treating both astronomy and astrology, is divided into three branches (skandhas) : (1) Tantra or Siddhanta or mathematical astronomy, (2) Hora or horoscopy for weddings (vivaha) and nuptials (jataka) and prognostics (sakuna), for journeys (yatra), and (3) Samhita or mundane astrology. That Varaha composed works in all the three branches is evident from his own statement at the end of his Bahajjataka : "I have composed this Jyotisasangraha in three branches for the benefit of astronomers and astrologers.
Varaha's only known work belonging to the first branch is the Pancasiddhantika, which contains the salient features of earlier five siddhantas known to him. The second branch is covered by his three works : the Brhajjataka, the Brhadvivahapatala and the Brhadyatra. He also composed abridged versions of these works, which usually carry the prefix laghu (small), e.g. Laghujataka and Laghuvivahapatala. The abridged version of Brhadyatra (also Yogayatra) is known as æikanikayatra. Varaha's last and greatest work, the Brhat-samhita, also known as Varahisamhita, comes under the third branch. Its abridged version is known as Samasa-samhita. Several other works have been attributed to him, but their authenticity is doubtful.
Pancha-Siddhantika
Varahamihira's main work is the book Pañcasiddhāntikā (or Pancha-Siddhantika, "[Treatise] on the Five [Astronomical] Canons) dated ca. 575 CE gives us information about older Indian texts which are now lost. The work is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises five earlier astronomical treatises, namely the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitamaha Siddhantas. It is a compendium of Vedanga Jyotisha (native Indian) as well as Hellenistic astronomy (including Greek, Egyptian and Roman elements).[7]
The 11th century Arabian scholar Alberuni also described the details of "The Five Astronomical Canons":
"They [the Indians] have 5 Siddhāntas:
Sūrya-Siddhānta, ie. the Siddhānta of the Sun, composed by Lāṭa,
Vasishtha-siddhānta, so called from one of the stars of the Great Bear, composed by Vishnucandra,
Pulisa-siddhānta, so called from Paulisa, the Greek, from the city of Saintra, which I suppose to be Alexandria, composed by Pulisa.
Romaka-siddhānta, so called from the Rūm, ie. the subjects of the Roman Empire, composed by Śrīsheṇa.
Brahma-siddhānta, so called from Brahman, composed by Brahmagupta, the son of Jishṇu, from the town of Bhillamāla between Multān and Anhilwāra, 16 yojanas from the latter place."[8]
Brihat-Samhita
Varahamihira's other most important contribution is the encyclopedic Brihat-Samhita.
Varahamihira also made important contributions to mathematics. He was also an astrologer. He wrote on all the three main branches of Jyotisha astrology:
Brihat Jataka - is considered as one the five main treatises on Hindu astrology on horoscopy.
Daivaigya Vallabha
Laghu Jataka
Yoga Yatra
Vivaha Patal
His son Prithuyasas also contributed in the Hindu astrology; his book "Hora Saara" is a famous book on horoscopy.
Western influences
The Romaka Siddhanta ("Doctrine of the Romans") and the Paulisa Siddhanta ("Doctrine of Paul") were two works of Western origin which influenced Varahamihira's thought.
A comment in the Brihat-Samhita by Varahamihira says: "The Greeks, though mleccha, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....." ("mleccha hi yavanah tesu samyak shastram kdamsthitam/ rsivat te 'p i pujyante kim punar daivavid dvijah" ).[9]
Some important trigonometric results attributed to Varahamihira
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
sin x = cos(π/2 - x),
{1 - cos 2x}/{2} = sin2x
He not only presented his own observations, but embellished them in attractive poetic and metrical styles. The usage of a large variety of meters is especially evident in his Brihat Jataka and Brihat-Samhita.
Varahamihira writes about Jats
Yaudheyas - Varahamihira in his Brihatsamhita (XIV.28 and XVI.22) placed Yaudheyas in the northern division of India.
Mana (मान) and Hala (हाल) - Varahamihira mentions Mana and Hala together in his Brihat Samhita the name of a people [10]
Pangal - Varahamihira writes Pangal Jat clan as Pingalaka in his Brihat Samhita .
Gaur- is the name of a people in Brihat Samhita of Varahamihira.
Chhina (छीना) [11]
Jatasura[12]
Potals [13]
Bhallas [14]
Kacheriya
Notes
↑ http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/sep2000/sep2000.htm
↑ http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/sep2000/sep2000.htm
↑ http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/sep2000/sep2000.htm
↑ http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/sep2000/sep2000.htm
↑ D G Dhavale, The Kapitthaka of Varahamihira, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Copernicus and Astronomy, New Delhi, 1973, Indian J. History Sci. 9 (1) (1974), 77-78; 141.
↑ http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Varahamihira.html
↑ "the Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Treatises"), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Indian astronomy. Varāhamihira's knowledge of Western astronomy was thorough. In 5 sections, his monumental work progresses through native Indian astronomy and culminates in 2 treatises on Western astronomy, showing calculations based on Greek and Alexandrian reckoning and even giving complete Ptolemaic mathematical charts and tables. Encyclopedia Britannica (2007) s.v.Varahamihira
↑ E. C. Sachau, Alberuni's India (1910), vol. I, p.153 [1]
↑ (Brihat-Samhita 2.15)
↑ Sanskrit English Dictionary ( M. Williams), p. 806
↑ Bhim Singh Dahiya: Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study), p. 268
↑ Bhim Singh Dahiya: Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study), p. 268
↑ Bhim Singh Dahiya: Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study), p. 268
↑ Bhim Singh Dahiya: Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study), p. 268
वराहमिहिर
विवेच्यकालीन मालवा के वराहमिहिर की गणना एवं प्रसिद्ध ज्योतिविंद के रुप में की जाती है। इनके पिता का नाम आदित्यदास था और उनका जन्म "कापित्थक (उज्जयिनी के समीप) नामक स्थान में हुआ था। विद्वानों ने उनका काल शक सं. ४२७ (५०६ ई.) तथा शक सं. ६०९ (५८७ ई.) के मध्य अनुमानित किया है। वराहमिहिर ने बृहज्जातक, बृहत्संहिता, पंचसिद्धांतिक, लघुजातक आदि ग्रंथों की रचना की, किंतु इनमें "बृहत्संहिता तथा "पंचसिद्धांतिका की रचना उन्होंने संभवतः उज्जयिनी में रहकर की थी। ऐतिहासिक दृष्टि से इन दोनों ग्रंथों का विशेष महत्व है। "बृहत्संहिता से ग्रहों- उपग्रहों की आकाशीय गति तथा मनुष्यों पर उनका प्रभाव, वास्तु- शिल्प, प्रतिमा निर्माण, विभिन्न वर्गों की स्रियों और पशुओं की चारित्रिक विशेषताओं, बहुमूल्य रत्नों आदि के संबंध में महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी प्राप्त होती है।[1]
550 ई. के लगभग इन्होंने तीन महत्वपूर्ण पुस्तकें वृहज्जातक, वृहत्संहिता और पंचसिद्धांतिका, लिखीं। इन पुस्तकों में त्रिकोणमिति के महत्वपूर्ण सूत्र दिए हुए हैं, जो वराहमिहिर के त्रिकोणमिति ज्ञान के परिचायक हैं। पंचसिद्धांतिका में वराहमिहिर से पूर्व प्रचलित पाँच सिद्धांतों का वर्णन है। ये सिद्धांत हैं : पोलिश, रोमक, वसिष्ठ, सूर्य तथा पितामह। वराहमिहिर ने इन पूर्वप्रचलित सिद्धांतों की महत्वपूर्ण बातें लिखकर अपनी ओर से बीज नामक संस्कार का भी निर्देश किया है, जिससे इन सिद्धांतों द्वारा परिगणित ग्रह दृश्य हो सकें। इन्होंने फलित ज्योतिष के लघुजातक, बृहज्जातक तथा बृहत्संहिता नामक तीन ग्रंथ भी लिखे हैं। बृहत्संहिता में वास्तुविद्या, भवन-निर्माण-कला, वायुमंडल की प्रकृति, वृक्षायुर्वेद आदि विषय सम्मिलित हैं।[2]
References
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/sep2000/sep2000.htm
VarAhamihira's BRhatsaMhitA (Version 4.3, May 8, 1998)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihira
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Varahamihira.html
Back to The Ancient Jats
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 32
|
https://varahamihiragopu.blogspot.com/2014/10/varahamihiras-eclipse-proof.html
|
en
|
Ajivaka Wallacian ஆசிவக வாலேசன்
|
[
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSZudHjw4u8evH2w3XF3YLZe7H11oGk4uaE28rnEi3-81YSi095HyNRJixKyIaEoqiVukeweKnPR4oUVzDZcPwOEyA1juXHov2TlYXluDvgZaLfr6YEGl2i8WpwiRu-o632tEgqCRSv1GC/s400/Varahamihira+Eclipse+Direction.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPl5RS-v3K8IrEu1zNziFAlBxxmaslu8NinPh1zoJ-ppkG5jZOwgxyZs1YaNfQ0aoYnTS-h00aktz4ygZxP6V7vcIVDP_IRTcXXAHA9LBouv-N4e2NOeQXEhizkQHqbMILICd7tyjsH-aj/s320/DSC_0393+Sun%2527s+horn+photo+Vijaykumar.jpg",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif",
"https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iL6pGhqB5BQ/TjRm-9E16DI/AAAAAAAAAWI/hEt4_KKfg-8/s35/PICT0044.JPG",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBb0vyV6ruCNDlEpY8ykefuO1Eg5RXJx0GI03F8Bsi8AbO5UdlKn-TqWjISIDWAqBY_4kdXJQPrPEAGMVzcrARBdYEOB2wy9xIdSJccLI1lr7A4ZK4pfEoz5sFwUnksEs/s45-c/IMG_5891.JPG",
"https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rGRUk3LTNqQ/ZIBTbiNIrnI/AAAAAAAAAB8/SvzMxE0_qfk6GNh5uREAEz3c0ANR5nSJQCK4BGAYYCw/s35/Spiritual%252520Healar%2525201.png",
"https://resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif",
"https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"https://www.blogger.com/img/blogger_logo_round_35.png",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSZudHjw4u8evH2w3XF3YLZe7H11oGk4uaE28rnEi3-81YSi095HyNRJixKyIaEoqiVukeweKnPR4oUVzDZcPwOEyA1juXHov2TlYXluDvgZaLfr6YEGl2i8WpwiRu-o632tEgqCRSv1GC/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Varahamihira+Eclipse+Direction.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfBRAMUvvAUDzRtjQMFJfsz2r01fMnP8QQ9hu1h84Ea605YYiFQ06K4wxWdNGZhHD5iqVN5MAvh6QDUR09tEZNOk9W-o7DzRs0K0HKyaDlmuSnbyaG4qV14uSGm2r3zJuLaY3TEyEbU0c7/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/0+Lingodhbhava+tank+dry+LR.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHNI_slwxGyO6Pn5wIDDh44aT_DXZW_ERRjK3bkT2dlukC0UIa5z6XKpzVACKUkcB-M6Nh_B0o55lml_LriPxyodFDL0VU8iS9td0pdnSoNzUPZFJSNYBiJjXsS8JGAsRjQV_Ibm09cPIn/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Aryabhata+pi+sloka.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2Mbv-G-1m9eRzE8Al7dCi6njLCvEYHX8Dp_QMqnIyOryoBvE-LAkjyKgRFbwBEd1uORrEoY4zfIxrLJYG1Ij8ER71cwS_KbElXrAuJCGmGqt3SV7cqVPrVelzZcpHChNfrcWGfzha5AtX/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/DSCN1812.JPG",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uoVnzHbhvKqFaABVUo69AKtzOYEz2y5hhP1Rc-jbf5TtpnUbSzEWu3rUpM0_J3Fmi7IVEQuBpwxAKacECD2BlgBHNToTj0XZxQHOKOvWmfmGka=s16-w16-h16",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_t4mdRKsCAIW1CNgtl4MOkBKRvOVW6-B5GfCCfk6xeXuO2D_bGA49ashGJDY5O0kFZA0xBTeFS3llatMX4gKgc07wTmpBrAeRnJhQ=s16-w16-h16",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uTCF-omXZTwrUJWLjawwIYm57-6Fd7EWHeRwNGR7KE-j2Hc3azPsFJH31SuX-GiXkfoCafElEhAl6IqYJB62TxlRcKsvB0jpoW0hoQISTULA=s16-w16-h16",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_s6JeMapGFfZNdGMuZRLsKc_Vpe8MmJdLSTmfw19P1Ih2O1C3do_-kmJqKOeIQWwexVhzWA1fQz4bPRai5ouIJkRUdlzQ=s16-w16-h16",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_spdl_GksJdgxJ0b7m_84dU2oISodIH6az_x7DzcM_nDaefKQ_i9BneDIOtiydi_6qJzSQUkuH5Sc5KNFgcgHvcx-NTpOyYGXjPmYRj=s16-w16-h16",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_s2Kk3EFFMAG8ShTkKn5vQKMWgzgL-_fWkt7g0fKBu6tn-RCMn9qNmt0ELKjqRTrg6Z-OJagXqqAvXSdEYqn04ZtT2YALNaYRI0XZzor5FsaGay=s16-w16-h16",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sbV5WIHBWt_lbepPTOnXxgSKNbqP4SoC8Vzkn6dC4xkKzJqrTcDeRAImw_HFbwqEYWiLUY3GBRUAxmcAkCfSKiCddpS_fPDN384v5emgcmQA=s16-w16-h16",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_s98bhsoOdabHtaTcvOt5ZwGK3SxZoUslORxUbwan4MfclhDpRd7ONF7gmno0nfCUpIJum3dukTTi2TYHVtsDI5aIy3rrQJHGI2Zw=s16-w16-h16",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_ucMpnbu2kjoUgY6ieXqoqnbRAmI221q5BoL5XN82rRAIs3T_ZIBuI1a4m5u1hvrld0gq28xvDfAxFqTNQ4-XZJKUKPibiXhTK7fkpb3u-w32YHB9US=s16-w16-h16",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSZudHjw4u8evH2w3XF3YLZe7H11oGk4uaE28rnEi3-81YSi095HyNRJixKyIaEoqiVukeweKnPR4oUVzDZcPwOEyA1juXHov2TlYXluDvgZaLfr6YEGl2i8WpwiRu-o632tEgqCRSv1GC/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Varahamihira+Eclipse+Direction.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfBRAMUvvAUDzRtjQMFJfsz2r01fMnP8QQ9hu1h84Ea605YYiFQ06K4wxWdNGZhHD5iqVN5MAvh6QDUR09tEZNOk9W-o7DzRs0K0HKyaDlmuSnbyaG4qV14uSGm2r3zJuLaY3TEyEbU0c7/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/0+Lingodhbhava+tank+dry+LR.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHNI_slwxGyO6Pn5wIDDh44aT_DXZW_ERRjK3bkT2dlukC0UIa5z6XKpzVACKUkcB-M6Nh_B0o55lml_LriPxyodFDL0VU8iS9td0pdnSoNzUPZFJSNYBiJjXsS8JGAsRjQV_Ibm09cPIn/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Aryabhata+pi+sloka.jpg",
"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2Mbv-G-1m9eRzE8Al7dCi6njLCvEYHX8Dp_QMqnIyOryoBvE-LAkjyKgRFbwBEd1uORrEoY4zfIxrLJYG1Ij8ER71cwS_KbElXrAuJCGmGqt3SV7cqVPrVelzZcpHChNfrcWGfzha5AtX/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/DSCN1812.JPG"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"VarahaMihira Gopu",
"View my complete profile"
] | null |
I should dismiss VarahaMihira as a superstitious peddler of astrological nonsense, making ridiculous predictions about the effects of st...
|
en
|
https://varahamihiragopu.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
|
https://varahamihiragopu.blogspot.com/2014/10/varahamihiras-eclipse-proof.html
| ||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 87
|
https://academic.oup.com/book/5903/chapter/149209225
|
en
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null | ||||||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 24
|
https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/who-is-varahamihira-an-ancient-astronomer-who-predicted-presence-of-water-on-mars-2220741
|
en
|
Who is Varahamihira, an ancient astronomer who predicted presence of water on Mars?
|
[
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Saket-Tiwari.jpg",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/placeholder.jpg",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Diamond-jewels.jpg",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/rahu-kaal.jpg",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Man-United-fans-feast.png",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Diamond-jewels.jpg?w=400",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/rahu-kaal.jpg?w=400",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Man-United-fans-feast.png?w=400",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/malai-ghevar.jpg?w=400",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Hamburg.jpg?w=400",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Yusuf-Dekic-1.jpg?w=400",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/4-91.jpg?w=400",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2-98.jpg?w=400",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/1-40.jpg?w=400",
"https://images.news9live.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/I-Day-rangoli.jpg?w=400",
"https://www.news9live.com/wp-content/themes/news9livedesktop/images/googleplay.svg",
"https://www.news9live.com/wp-content/themes/news9livedesktop/images/appstore.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Varahamihira",
"Varahamihira history",
"indian vedic history",
"indian astronomy",
"ancient indian astronomy",
"Varahamihira astronomer",
"Varahamihira astronomy",
"Varahamihira on mars",
"Varahamihira moon"
] | null |
[
"Saket Tiwari"
] |
2023-07-21T09:11:49+05:30
|
Varahamihira, also known as Varaha or Mihira, was born in Ujjain in 505 CE. It is situated in modern-day Madhya Pradesh. He was a philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician from India who wrote the Pancha-siddhantika.
|
en
|
https://www.news9live.com/wp-content/themes/news9livedesktop/images/ico/favicon.ico
|
News9live
|
https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/who-is-varahamihira-an-ancient-astronomer-who-predicted-presence-of-water-on-mars-2220741
|
Varahamihira, also known as Varaha or Mihira, was born in Ujjain in 505 CE. It is situated in modern-day Madhya Pradesh. He was a philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician from India who wrote the Pancha-siddhantika.
New Delhi: Varahamihira, an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer from Ujjain, wrote in his book published 1500 years ago so many ideas about space and the cosmos that have startled scientists today. He explained why Mars had water and why planets and moons have light. He was the first to notice and explain how the Sun produced and centred each planet in the solar system.
Varahamihira, who was he?
Varahamihira, also known as Varaha or Mihira, was born in Ujjain in 505 CE. It is situated in modern-day Madhya Pradesh. He was a philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician from India who wrote the Pancha-siddhantika (“Five Treatises”), a collection of Greek, Egyptian, Roman, and Indian astronomy, according to Britannica.
Also read:
NIA arrests 19-year-old Aligarh Muslim University student for links with ISIS
Also read:
Who is Travis King? All you need to know about US soldier who crossed into North Korea
Varahamihira was well-versed in Western astronomy. His massive book advances through native Indian astronomy in five sections and concludes in two treatises on Western astronomy, displaying calculations based on Greek and Alexandrian reckoning and even providing entire Ptolemaic mathematical charts and tables. His main interest, though, was astrology. He emphasised its significance constantly and penned several treatises on shakuna (“augury”), as well as the Brihaj-jataka (“Great Birth”) and the Laghu-jataka (“Short Birth”), two works on horoscope casting.
So, what did he have to say about Mars and the moon?
Panchasiddhantika (The Five Astronomical Canons), written in 575 CE, is one of his most famous works.
Surya Siddhanta, an astronomical book that describes or determines the real movements of the luminaries, is included in Panchasiddhantika. Varhamihira has also described the estimated diameters of planets such as Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter in this study.
Surya Siddhanta also does calculations on and regarding solar and lunar eclipses, including their colour and part. Aside from the projected diameter of 3,772 miles (which is within 11% of the generally recognised diameter of 4,218 miles), Varhamihira also predicted the presence of water on Mars.
He said that the planet Mars contains both water and iron on its surface, both of which have been confirmed by NASA and ISRO. NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover collided with an iron meteorite named ‘Lebanon’ on May 25, 2014. However, later, NASA clarified that presence of water could have been confused with the flow of sand. But, again, an independent study proved the presence of water.
Although not absolutely certain, NASA, ISRO, and the scientific community have discovered compelling evidence that water may exist on Mars. The research was carried out by a group of foreign scientists. The findings, which was published in the journal Nature Astronomy in October 2022, present the first independent line of evidence that liquid water exists beneath Mars’ south pole using data other than radar.
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 26
|
http://gopalakri.blogspot.com/2012/12/varahamihira.html
|
en
|
MY INDIA: Varāhamihira &Vishnu Sharman
|
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_t-770k71g2p2EfcTY48zsfOWFYRTOpyAYJHJVz4OosxYqiMFSyd1esTWEr6NUh4yrJecQ0YRv3ItZYT3tzL8QOCXOPFI4yyf42nmxjPt-vI4Z4Cdiwh66XKp93EPRxD0VfR3v2yM6jjGjR7yrAEQ=w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu
|
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_t-770k71g2p2EfcTY48zsfOWFYRTOpyAYJHJVz4OosxYqiMFSyd1esTWEr6NUh4yrJecQ0YRv3ItZYT3tzL8QOCXOPFI4yyf42nmxjPt-vI4Z4Cdiwh66XKp93EPRxD0VfR3v2yM6jjGjR7yrAEQ=w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu
|
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/7/0/b/70b542fcf4a5e591ea26dea93be2f1d6.png",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/c/1/a/c1adb6c038f24c23aaf7d20e0155d3b0.png",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/c/1/b/c1ba0f8725e6649a3fb8fe0cc5b7119f.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
http://gopalakri.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
|
http://gopalakri.blogspot.com/2012/12/varahamihira.html
| ||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 53
|
http://varahamihira.blogspot.com/
|
en
|
Varahamihira
|
http://varahamihira.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
|
http://varahamihira.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
|
[
"http://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZA5YVwpVbK_tbxO_Vvb_I6VB6NbqfImUm-GCUtzKXLWPVTRaJhPM7bhwgyavapSt7mXqM6C6OfcVbc2b6J9Pm_n7WENixknR6YPWjyTGd8J5MB89weejJZRCaIcnI8A/s220/sarajit+poddar2"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Varahamihira",
"Visit profile"
] |
2015-01-24T16:16:00+08:00
|
The pages here would contain articles on various topics of Jyotish. Please visit regularly as I shall update these pages frequently.
I express my gratitude to Sri Jagannath Center (SJC) & Pt. Sanjay Rath, my Guru for helping me advancing in my Jyotish Studies.
|
en
|
http://varahamihira.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
|
http://varahamihira.blogspot.com/
|
Rāhu and Ketu are unique in Vedic Astrology as they are called the Chaya Graha. However, it is not easy to determine where they belong to in the entire discipline. Many texts which have defined the results accrued due to placement of Grahas in different Bhavas and Rāśi are silent regarding these two Grahas. Many believe that they give results merely due to association with other Grahas/ Dispositor and do not have any results on their own. There are many opinions regarding them, which is kind of understandable since these are Shadowy Planets. Hence, ita logical to think that they position in this discipline of Vedic-Astrology will also be shadowy! The mythology about Rāhu Ketu is widely known among those who are interested in Indian mythology or Theology. It goes somewhat like this. After the churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthana), when the Pitcher (Kalasa) of Amrita (Nectar) was obtained, Lord Vishnu decided to favour the Suras (the clan of the Luminaries, Surya and Chandra) or the
|
|||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 5
|
https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/panchasiddhantika-written-by-varahamihira-is-class-7-social-science-cbse-5fc88944fc3d965370149cb0
|
en
|
Panchasiddhantika, written by Varahamihira is based on?A. MathematicsB. ScienceC. AstrologyD. Astronomy
|
[
"https://vmkt.vedantu.com/vmkt/PROD/svg%2Bxml/d4520270-6e40-4273-a48f-e1c595f1ce26-1709193411767-4001376723323670.svg%2Bxml",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/seo-qna.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-left.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-down-qna.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/navbar-down-arrow.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/navbar-down-arrow.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/navbar-down-arrow.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/navbar-down-arrow.svg",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/green-check.svg",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2020-12-03T06:44:20+05:30
|
Panchasiddhantika, written by Varahamihira is based on?A. MathematicsB. ScienceC. AstrologyD. Astronomy. Ans: Hint:Varāhamihira is also credited with writing a number of definitive texts on astronomy and astrology.He learned Greek and, in his text, t...
|
en
|
https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/panchasiddhantika-written-by-varahamihira-is-class-7-social-science-cbse-5fc88944fc3d965370149cb0
|
Hint:
Varāhamihira is also credited with writing a number of definitive texts on astronomy and astrology.
He learned Greek and, in his text, thanked the Greeks (Yavanas) for being "well trained in sciences."
Complete answer:
What, Where, When?
1. Varāhamihira (c. 505-c. 587), also known as Varāha or Mihira, was a Hindu astronomer and polymath living in Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh, India).
2. He was born in the Avanti region, roughly corresponding to modern-day Malwa (part of Madhya Pradesh , India) and Adityadasa.
3. He was trained at Kapitthaka, according to one of his own works.
4. Varāhamihira's most noteworthy work was Brihat Samhita, an encyclopedic on
- architecture,
- temples,
- celestial cycles,
- eclipses,
- timekeeping,
- astrology,
- seasons,
- cloud formation,
- rainfall,
- agriculture,
- geometry,
- gemology,
- perfumes and many other subjects.
5. According to Varahamihira, in some verses he merely outlined current literature on astronomy, Shilpa Sastra and many others.
6. The major work of Varahamihira is the book Pañcasiddhāntikā ("[Treatise] on the Five [Astronomical] Canons") dated 575 CE, which provides us with information on older Indian texts that have now been lost.
7. The thesis is a treatise on mathematical astronomy, summarising five earlier astronomical treatises by five authors, namely Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitamaha Siddhant.
Hence, the correct answer is option D
Note:
Indian tradition considers him to be one of the "Nine Gems" (Navaratnas) of the court of Yashodharman Vikramaditya of Malwa.
However, this assertion appears for the first time in a much later text, and scholars consider this claim to be questionable since neither Varahamihira nor Vikramaditya lived in the same century, nor did Varahamihira live in the same century as any of the other titles.
|
||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 45
|
https://www.indiavideo.org/text/varahamihira-indian-astrologer-1311.php
|
en
|
Varahamihira, Author of Brihadsamhita, Indian Astrology or Jyotisha
|
https://www.indiavideo.org/favicon.ico
|
https://www.indiavideo.org/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://www.indiavideo.org/img/logo.png",
"https://www.indiavideo.org/img/mob-apps.png",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/N7WFd7t4ZdY/0.jpg",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/q9y_5atiPH0/0.jpg",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/XpFLuRlmQEk/0.jpg",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/MSviCaNai_o/0.jpg",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/BWf2hEtEY78/0.jpg",
"http://www.indiavideo.org/thumbimages/madhyapradesh/images/khajuraho-sculptures-1172.jpg",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/WSW1XYbZAhY/0.jpg",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/9e6YhHcsJo4/0.jpg",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kF2m71elyv4/0.jpg",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/k4Ki6eDLf7s/0.jpg",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/vFIT-nQbgLk/0.jpg",
"https://www.indiavideo.org/img/credit-logo.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"varahamihira",
"brihadsamhita",
"classical text",
"indian astrology or jyotisha"
] | null |
[] | null |
Varahamihira, author of Brihadsamhita, a classical text on Indian astrology
|
https://www.indiavideo.org/favicon.ico
| null |
Varahamihira, author of Brihadsamhita
According to scholars, the documented history of jyotisha begins with the interaction between the Indian and Greek cultures during the indo-Hellenistic period. The documents available are Yavanajataka and the Brihadsamhita. Both are in Sanskrit. Yavanajataka is the versification of the Greek Sayings by Sphujidhvaja, done in the 2nd century AD. The term 'yavana' denotes something of Greek origin. Brihadsamhita is the masterpiece of Varahamihira, the 6th century Indian astrologer and astronomer. One of the early champions of Indian astrology, Varahamihira was an astronomer, astrologer, author of a couple of significant books and a scholar of wide ranging knowledge. The Brihadsamhita, his masterpiece, is an acclaimed storehouse of astronomy, astrology, mathematics and several other subjects of similar significance. The book contains 4000 stanzas in its 100 chapters.
He lived in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. There has been another opinion that he was originally from Magadha of Uttar Pradesh from where he migrated to Ujjain. Another claim goes that he was the son of Adityadas, who migrated to India from Iran and that he was born in 499 AD. Several other years of birth had also been pointed out. Al Baruni, the traveler noted that Varahamihira belonged to 5-6 centuries. However, 505 AD has been generally accepted by scholars as his year of birth.
Adityadas, his father was a scholar and he taught his son all the deep lessons in the Vedas. And the son acquired knowledge following the footprints of his father. Brihadsamhita mentions the names of several astronomers of the times, but the works of some of them have not been traced up so far. Some of the names mentioned are Pitamaha (Paitamaham), Surya (Sauram), Pulisa (Paulisam), Vasishta (Vaasishtam), Romaka (Romakam). Of these, Pulisa is explained as Paulus Alexandrinos, the Greek Astronomer; and Romaka is said to be one with some Roman connection. The theses of the above five were summarized into one work and was called 'Panchsiddhantika' (Five Siddhantas) which contain142 stanzas in 18 chapters. Of the five siddhantas only one – the Surya Siddhanta - has survived over the onslaught of time. Varahamihira postulates that the earth is a globe and it is the centre around which the Sun, the moon and other planets move. This thesis does not agree to what Aryabhata (of 476 -556 AD, the great Indian mathematician who wrote 'Aryabhatiya') theorized that the earth was not standing still, but moving. Varahamihira, his contemporary, was the leading critic of Aryabhata. Horashastra, one of the works of Varahamihira, is an anthology of the earlier masters such as Vishnugupta, Devaswami, Siddhasena, Jivasharma, and Yavana. Yogayatra, Vivahapatala, Saamasamhita, and Vaatakanika are some of his works other than the Brihadsamhita.
The day after…
Astrology knows no limit. As human mind too does. The classical period of human culture slowly evolved into the scientific culture and the breathtaking revolutions it has led so far has made tremendous advances to human civilization. Astrology, which had been pooh-poohed as a pseudoscience played a substantial role in advancing astronomical knowledge as well as mathematical, medical and psychological knowledge in that it too has been watching the luminous objects in the sky in its own way and under its own calculations. The fact that the Sun and the Moon can have its own impact on the life on our planet is no justification for the superstitious belief in horoscope and astrology. The fact that the Sun is the giver of light and warmth and the bringer of the day and night upon the earth is no justification for the so-called Rahu and Kethu casting evil impact on the life of humans on the earth. But even scientists of top ranks do have their faith in astronomers and horoscope writers. Marriages are arranged if only the horoscopes agree. Functions are held if only the Rahu does not stand in the way. In spite of the fact that there is no scientifically proven basis for the astrological and horoscopic decisions or predictions, even scientists die for it. And a lot of research is being done now on the efficacy or otherwise of astronomy even in the 21st century. Superstitions are not dying, and in fact it is spreading with a vengeance. . Religions play a great role in this. Science and scientific methods are not the end all, it is argued. Humans are not able to understand much of what is available in the nature. And therefore, if the horoscope and astrology give people a sort of mental peace or comfort, what is wrong in it, ask supporters of the practice of astrology.
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 12
|
https://exam.pscnotes.com/varahamihira-6th-century-pioneer-in-indian-astronomy-and-astrology/
|
en
|
Varahamihira (6th Century): Pioneer in Indian Astronomy and Astrology
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"rawan239"
] |
2024-03-14T08:11:29+00:00
|
Varahamihira (505-587 CE) was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who made significant contributions to the development of these sciences in India. He is best known for his work on the Brihat Samhita, an encyclopaedia of astronomy, astrology, and other sciences. Varahamihira was also a pioneer in the use of mathematics in astronomy, and his work on mathematical astronomy was highly influential in later centuries.
|
en
|
PSC Exams
|
https://exam.pscnotes.com/varahamihira-6th-century-pioneer-in-indian-astronomy-and-astrology/
|
Varahamihira: Pioneer in Indian Astronomy and Astrology
Varahamihira, a renowned scholar and polymath of the 6th century CE, stands as a towering figure in the history of Indian astronomy and astrology. His contributions to these fields, documented in his seminal works, have left an indelible mark on the intellectual landscape of ancient India and continue to influence astrological practices even today. This article delves into the life, works, and enduring legacy of Varahamihira, exploring his groundbreaking insights and the profound impact he had on the development of Indian scientific thought.
A Life of Learning and Discovery
Varahamihira’s life, shrouded in the mists of time, is known primarily through his writings. While his exact birthdate remains uncertain, scholars place it around the mid-6th century CE. He hailed from a family of learned scholars, with his father, Adityadasa, being a renowned astronomer. This familial legacy undoubtedly played a crucial role in shaping Varahamihira’s intellectual journey.
Varahamihira’s early life was marked by extensive travel and a relentless pursuit of knowledge. He is believed to have studied at various centers of learning across India, absorbing the wisdom of different schools of thought. His travels took him to Ujjain, a prominent center of astronomical studies, where he likely encountered the renowned astronomer Aryabhata. This exposure to diverse perspectives and knowledge systems undoubtedly enriched his understanding of astronomy and astrology.
The Brihat Samhita: A Monumental Work
Varahamihira’s magnum opus, the Brihat Samhita, is a monumental work that encapsulates his vast knowledge and insights. This encyclopedic treatise, spanning over 100 chapters, covers a wide range of subjects, including:
Astronomy: The Brihat Samhita provides detailed descriptions of celestial bodies, their movements, and their influence on Earth. It includes discussions on planetary positions, eclipses, solstices, and equinoxes, offering valuable insights into the ancient Indian understanding of the cosmos.
Astrology: Varahamihira’s work delves into the intricate relationship between celestial bodies and human affairs. He outlines the principles of natal astrology, predicting individual destinies based on planetary positions at birth. The Brihat Samhita also explores the influence of stars and planets on various aspects of life, including health, wealth, and relationships.
Meteorology: Varahamihira’s treatise includes a comprehensive section on meteorology, discussing weather patterns, rainfall, and seasonal changes. He provides insights into predicting weather phenomena based on celestial observations, a practice that was crucial for agriculture and daily life in ancient India.
Architecture and Engineering: The Brihat Samhita also touches upon architectural principles, including the construction of temples, palaces, and other structures. It offers guidance on selecting auspicious sites for building and designing structures that harmonize with the natural environment.
Gemology and Metallurgy: Varahamihira’s work includes sections on gemology, discussing the properties and uses of precious stones. He also provides insights into metallurgy, outlining the processes of extracting and refining metals.
The Brihat Samhita is not merely a collection of facts and observations; it is a testament to Varahamihira’s profound understanding of the interconnectedness of the universe. He believed that celestial phenomena held the key to understanding the natural world and human destiny. His work reflects a holistic approach to knowledge, integrating astronomy, astrology, and other disciplines into a unified framework.
Key Contributions to Astronomy
Varahamihira’s contributions to astronomy were significant and multifaceted. He made notable advancements in:
Planetary Motion: Varahamihira refined the existing models of planetary motion, incorporating the latest observations and calculations. He developed a more accurate system for predicting planetary positions, contributing to the development of Indian astronomical calculations.
Eclipses: He provided detailed descriptions of solar and lunar eclipses, explaining their causes and predicting their occurrence. His work on eclipses helped to dispel superstitious beliefs and provided a scientific framework for understanding these celestial events.
Solstices and Equinoxes: Varahamihira accurately calculated the dates of solstices and equinoxes, marking the transition between seasons. His observations and calculations contributed to the development of the Indian calendar system.
Astrological Calculations: Varahamihira developed sophisticated methods for calculating astrological parameters, including the positions of planets at birth and their influence on individual destinies. His work laid the foundation for the development of Indian astrological practices.
The Panchasiddhantika: A Synthesis of Astronomical Knowledge
Another significant work by Varahamihira is the Panchasiddhantika, a treatise that summarizes and synthesizes the five major astronomical schools of thought prevalent in ancient India. These schools, known as the Siddhantas, included the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasistha Siddhanta, and Paitamaha Siddhanta.
The Panchasiddhantika is a valuable source of information about the evolution of Indian astronomy. It provides a comparative analysis of the different schools, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Varahamihira’s work in this treatise demonstrates his deep understanding of the history and development of astronomical knowledge in India.
Varahamihira’s Influence on Indian Astrology
Varahamihira’s contributions to astrology were equally profound. He is considered one of the most influential figures in the development of Indian astrological practices. His work in the Brihat Samhita and other treatises established the foundations of natal astrology, which remains a prominent practice in India and other parts of the world.
Varahamihira’s astrological insights are based on the belief that celestial bodies exert an influence on human affairs. He developed a system for interpreting the positions of planets at birth, predicting individual characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and life paths. His work also explored the influence of stars and planets on various aspects of life, including marriage, career, and health.
Varahamihira’s astrological principles have been passed down through generations, influencing the development of various astrological schools and traditions in India. His work continues to be studied and consulted by astrologers today, providing a framework for understanding the complex interplay between the celestial realm and human destiny.
The Enduring Legacy of Varahamihira
Varahamihira’s legacy extends far beyond his written works. His contributions to astronomy and astrology have had a lasting impact on Indian intellectual history and continue to influence scientific and cultural practices even today.
Scientific Advancement: Varahamihira’s work laid the foundation for the development of Indian astronomy and astrology. His observations, calculations, and theories provided a framework for understanding the cosmos and its influence on human affairs. His contributions paved the way for future generations of Indian astronomers and astrologers.
Cultural Influence: Varahamihira’s writings have been deeply embedded in Indian culture. His astrological principles have influenced various aspects of life, including marriage, career, and religious practices. His work continues to be consulted by astrologers and scholars, providing insights into the ancient Indian worldview.
Global Impact: Varahamihira’s influence extends beyond India. His astrological principles have been adopted and adapted in other parts of the world, including Southeast Asia and the Middle East. His work has contributed to the global discourse on astrology, demonstrating the universality of human curiosity about the cosmos and its influence on our lives.
Conclusion
Varahamihira stands as a towering figure in the history of Indian astronomy and astrology. His groundbreaking insights, documented in his seminal works, have left an indelible mark on the intellectual landscape of ancient India. His contributions to these fields continue to influence astrological practices even today, demonstrating the enduring power of his knowledge and the profound impact he had on the development of Indian scientific thought.
Varahamihira’s legacy is a testament to the intellectual brilliance of ancient India and the enduring power of human curiosity about the cosmos and its influence on our lives. His work continues to inspire and challenge us, reminding us of the interconnectedness of the universe and the importance of seeking knowledge and understanding.
Table: Key Contributions of Varahamihira
FieldContributionImpactAstronomyRefined models of planetary motionMore accurate predictions of planetary positionsAstronomyDetailed descriptions of eclipsesScientific understanding of eclipses, dispelling superstitious beliefsAstronomyAccurate calculations of solstices and equinoxesDevelopment of the Indian calendar systemAstrologyDeveloped methods for calculating astrological parametersFoundation for Indian astrological practicesMeteorologyInsights into predicting weather phenomenaCrucial for agriculture and daily life in ancient IndiaArchitecture and EngineeringGuidance on selecting auspicious sites for buildingHarmonizing structures with the natural environmentGemology and MetallurgyProperties and uses of precious stones, processes of extracting and refining metalsAdvancement in these fields
References
Brihat Samhita by Varahamihira
Panchasiddhantika by Varahamihira
A History of Indian Literature by A.L. Basham
The History of Astronomy by A. Pannekoek
Astrology: A History by James Holden
Varahamihira: The Man and His Works by B.V. Subbarayappa
Varahamihira: A Study in Ancient Indian Astronomy by S.N. Sen
The Brihat Samhita of Varahamihira: A Critical Edition and Translation by M.R. Bhat
The Panchasiddhantika of Varahamihira: A Critical Edition and Translation by O. Neugebauer and D. Pingree
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Varahamihira’s life, works, and legacy. It highlights his key contributions to astronomy and astrology, emphasizing the enduring impact of his insights on Indian intellectual history and cultural practices. The article also includes a table summarizing Varahamihira’s key contributions, providing a concise overview of his multifaceted achievements. The references section provides a list of relevant sources for further research.
Frequently Asked Questions about Varahamihira
Here are some frequently asked questions about Varahamihira, a prominent 6th-century Indian astronomer and astrologer:
1. Who was Varahamihira?
Varahamihira was a renowned Indian scholar and polymath who lived in the 6th century CE. He is best known for his contributions to astronomy and astrology, documented in his seminal works, the Brihat Samhita and the Panchasiddhantika.
2. What are Varahamihira’s most famous works?
Varahamihira’s most famous works are:
Brihat Samhita: This encyclopedic treatise covers a wide range of subjects, including astronomy, astrology, meteorology, architecture, gemology, and metallurgy. It is considered a monumental work that encapsulates his vast knowledge and insights.
Panchasiddhantika: This treatise summarizes and synthesizes the five major astronomical schools of thought prevalent in ancient India. It provides a valuable source of information about the evolution of Indian astronomy.
3. What were Varahamihira’s contributions to astronomy?
Varahamihira made significant contributions to astronomy, including:
Refining models of planetary motion: He developed a more accurate system for predicting planetary positions.
Detailed descriptions of eclipses: He explained their causes and predicted their occurrence.
Accurate calculations of solstices and equinoxes: His observations contributed to the development of the Indian calendar system.
4. What were Varahamihira’s contributions to astrology?
Varahamihira is considered one of the most influential figures in the development of Indian astrological practices. His contributions include:
Establishing the foundations of natal astrology: He developed a system for interpreting the positions of planets at birth, predicting individual characteristics and life paths.
Exploring the influence of stars and planets on various aspects of life: His work covered topics like marriage, career, and health.
5. What is the significance of Varahamihira’s work?
Varahamihira’s work is significant for several reasons:
Scientific advancement: He laid the foundation for the development of Indian astronomy and astrology.
Cultural influence: His astrological principles have influenced various aspects of Indian culture, including marriage, career, and religious practices.
Global impact: His astrological principles have been adopted and adapted in other parts of the world, demonstrating the universality of human curiosity about the cosmos.
6. How is Varahamihira’s work relevant today?
Varahamihira’s work continues to be studied and consulted by astrologers and scholars today. His insights provide a framework for understanding the ancient Indian worldview and the complex interplay between the celestial realm and human destiny.
7. Where can I learn more about Varahamihira?
You can learn more about Varahamihira by reading his works, such as the Brihat Samhita and the Panchasiddhantika. You can also find information in books and articles about the history of Indian astronomy and astrology.
These FAQs provide a basic understanding of Varahamihira’s life, works, and legacy. His contributions to astronomy and astrology continue to be relevant and influential today, demonstrating the enduring power of his knowledge and the profound impact he had on the development of Indian scientific thought.
Here are some multiple-choice questions about Varahamihira, with four options each:
1. Varahamihira was a renowned scholar of the 6th century CE, known primarily for his contributions to:
a) Medicine and surgery
b) Literature and poetry
c) Astronomy and astrology
d) Philosophy and religion
2. Which of the following is NOT a work attributed to Varahamihira?
a) Brihat Samhita
b) Panchasiddhantika
c) Arthashastra
d) Yoga Yatra
3. Varahamihira’s Brihat Samhita is a comprehensive treatise that covers a wide range of subjects, including:
a) Only astronomy and astrology
b) Astronomy, astrology, and meteorology
c) Astronomy, astrology, meteorology, and architecture
d) Astronomy, astrology, meteorology, architecture, gemology, and metallurgy
4. Varahamihira’s Panchasiddhantika is significant because it:
a) Introduces a new astronomical system
b) Criticizes existing astronomical theories
c) Summarizes and synthesizes five major astronomical schools of thought
d) Predicts future celestial events with remarkable accuracy
5. Varahamihira’s contributions to astrology are considered influential because he:
a) Developed a system for interpreting planetary positions at birth
b) Introduced the concept of zodiac signs
c) Predicted the future with absolute certainty
d) Advocated for the use of astrology in political decision-making
6. Varahamihira’s work has had a lasting impact on:
a) Only Indian culture
b) Only Indian science
c) Both Indian culture and science
d) Global culture and science
Answers:
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 86
|
https://www.99bookscart.com/blog/view/64b5d582f63371594021fb9d/buy-varahamihira-books
|
en
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
| null | |||||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 25
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancha-siddhantika
|
en
|
siddhantika
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
|
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg",
"https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2023-02-01T23:06:57+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancha-siddhantika
|
Pancha-siddhantika (IAST: Pañca-siddhāntikā) is a 6th-century CE Sanskrit-language text written by astrologer-astronomer Varāhamihira in present-day Ujjain, India. It summarizes the contents of the treatises of the five contemporary schools of astronomy (siddhantas) prevalent in India.
The text refers to the Shaka year 427, which corresponds to 505 CE. Indian writers on astrology and astronomy generally chose an epoch year close to the date of composition of their texts, in order to facilitate correct astronomical calculations. Thus, 505 CE was most probably the year in which Varāhamihira composed Pancha-Siddhantaka or began planning it. The writings of both Varāhamihira and his commentator Utpala suggest that the text was Varāhamihira's first work.
However, some scholars believe that 505 CE was the year of Varāhamihira's birth or of another important event in his life. This is because according to Amaraja, the author of a commentary on Brahmagupta's Khanda-khadyaka, Varāhamihira died in 587 CE (Shaka year 509). If Varāhamihira wrote Pancha-siddhantika in 505 CE even at the young age of 25, he must have been over 105 years old at the time of his death, which seems exceptionally high to these scholars. Consequently, these scholars date Varāhamihira's lifespan to 505-587 CE.[6] Other scholars doubt the accuracy of Amaraja's statement, since he lived a thousand years after Varāhamihira.
Contents
[edit]
The text discusses five contemporary astronomical schools and their treatises, listed in order of importance, the last two regarded as inferior:[7]
Surya Siddhanta (or Saura Siddhanta), the treatise of the Sun
Romaka Siddhanta, the treatise of Romans or westerners
Paulisa Siddhanta, the treatise of Pulisha (IAST: Pauliśa, possibly Paulos)
Vasishtha Siddhanta, the treatise of the sage Vasishtha (IAST: Vāsiṣṭha)
Paitāmaha Siddhanta, the treatise of Pitamaha (the deity Brahma)
Varāhamihira's text summarizes the contents of the astronomical treatises of these schools: these treatises, at least in their original form, are now lost. For example, the surviving version of the Surya Siddhanta can be dated to 1000 CE, although its original version may have been composed around 400 CE.[10] Similarly, the Paitamaha Siddhanta referred to by Varāhamihira was probably composed in the early 5th century (distinct from an even earlier work of the same name ), but the present-day text is a later work that survives as part of a Purana text. Thus, Varāhamihira's text is the only source about these ancient treatises. Varāhamihira mentions several rules from these texts, but sometimes, it is not clear which rule is from which text.
Varāhamihira refers to his Pancha-siddhantika as Karana (a concise exposition of astronomy), but the text covers a wider range of topics that appear in the texts belonging to the karana genre.
Notable mathematical concepts in the Pancha-siddhantika include:[7]
Use of the decimal notation with its place-value number system[7]
Arithmetic addition and subtraction operations involving zero[7]
Associating sines with arcs at an intervals of 30°/8, thus implying that pi = square root of 10 = 3.16
Like Brahma-gupta, Varāhamihira rejects Aryabhata's view (now universally accepted) that the earth revolves around the sun.
Utpala suggests that Varāhamihira wrote an abridged version of the Pancha-siddhantika, but that work is now lost. Shatananda based his Bhasvati-karana (c. 1098 CE) on the Surya Siddhanta section of the Pancha-siddhantika.
Editions
[edit]
Printed editions of the text include:[15]
1889, Varanasi: Edited by George Thibaut and Sudhakara Dvivedi, with a Sanskrit commentary by Dvivedi
1970: English translation by Otto E. Neugebauer and David Pingree
1993, Chennai: Edited and translated by T. S. Kuppanna Sastry and K. Venkateswara Sarma
References
[edit]
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 72
|
https://www.mlbd.in/products/brhat-samhita-of-varahamihira-2-volumes-m-ramakrishna-bhat-9789390064557-9390064554
|
en
|
Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira (2 Volumes)
|
http://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartI_3cea5ebd-6c5c-4eee-be33-974477fbd2e8_1200x1200.jpg?v=1683352686
|
http://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartI_3cea5ebd-6c5c-4eee-be33-974477fbd2e8_1200x1200.jpg?v=1683352686
|
[
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/1500x500_150x150.jpg?v=1671451958",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/1500x500_250x.jpg?v=1671451958",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartI_3cea5ebd-6c5c-4eee-be33-974477fbd2e8_200x200.jpg?v=1683352686",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartII_200x200.jpg?v=1683352696",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartI_3cea5ebd-6c5c-4eee-be33-974477fbd2e8_grande.jpg?v=1683352686",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartI_3cea5ebd-6c5c-4eee-be33-974477fbd2e8_compact.jpg?v=1683352686",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/BrhatSamhita-PartII_compact.jpg?v=1683352696",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/products/11124_150x150.jpg?v=1480061702",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/products/11124_grande.jpg?v=1480061702",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/products/5165_150x150.jpg?v=1480060331",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/products/5165_grande.jpg?v=1480060331",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/products/11498_150x150.jpg?v=1480061626",
"https://www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/products/11498_grande.jpg?v=1480061626"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
This work is an encyclopaedia of astrological and other subjects of human interest. Whatever subjects the author takes up for delineation, whether it is eclipse, planetary movements, rainfall, cloud, architecture, water-divination or some other topic he discusses the same with thoroughness and mastery based on the know
|
en
|
//www.mlbd.in/cdn/shop/files/MLBD-Delhi-Brown_32x32.png?v=1614714160
|
Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House
|
https://www.mlbd.in/products/brhat-samhita-of-varahamihira-2-volumes-m-ramakrishna-bhat-9789390064557-9390064554
|
This work is an encyclopaedia of astrological and other subjects of human interest. Whatever subjects the author takes up for delineation, whether it is eclipse, planetary movements, rainfall, cloud, architecture, water-divination or some other topic he discusses the same with thoroughness and mastery based on the knowledge of ancient sastras.
Review(s)
About the Author(s)
PROF. M.R. BHAT was a well known Samskrta scholar, teacher, poet and astrologer, who retired in 1974 as the Head of Sanskrit Department of Hindu College, Delhi University. He had served the cause of Samskrta learning and Indian culture for more than half a century. Prof. Bhat edited with translation classical works like the Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira (2 Volumes), Horasarah of Prthuyasas, Prasnajnanam of Bhattotpala. Author of Fundamentals of Astrology. Prof. Bhat had revised the translation of Uttara-kalamrtam, and Phaladipika. He was the founder-editor of the Sanskrit _English Journal Amrtavani and had contributed a large number of articles on oriental learning and culture of various journals and periodicals. In recognition of his erudition and devotion to oriental learning and culture Prof, Bhat was conferred the titles Vidyabhaskara, Vidyasagara and Kavitacatura. Prof. Bhat died in 1990.
|
||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 7
|
https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/write-the-biography-of-varamihira-and-explain-the-scientific-works-of-varamihira-in-detail/
|
en
|
Write the biography of Varamihira and explain the scientific works of Varamihira in detail ?
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Toppr"
] |
2020-01-09T00:00:00
|
Click here:point_up_2:to get an answer to your question :writing_hand:write the biography of varamihira and explain the scientific works of varamihira in detail
|
en
|
/ask/images/favicon.ico
|
Toppr Ask
| null |
Varahmihira was born in 499 A.D., in a family of Brahmins, settled at Kapittha, a village near Ujjain. His father, Adityadasa was a worshipper of the god Sun and it was he, who taught Varahamihira, astrology. On a visit to Kusumapura (Patna), young Varahamihira met the great astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhatta. The meeting inspired him so much, that he decided to take up astrology and astronomy as a lifetime pursuit. At that time, Ujjain was the centre of learning, where many schools of arts, science and culture were flourishing, in the prosperity of the Gupta reign. Varahamihira therefore, shifted to this city, where scholars from distant lands were gathering.
In due course, his astrological skills came to the notice of Vikramaditya Chandragupta II, who made him, one of the Nine Gems of his court. Varahamihira’s mathematical work included the discovery of the trigonometric formulas. He improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata-I. He defined the algebraic properties of zero as well as that of negative numbers. Furthermore, he was among the first mathematicians, to discover a version of what is now known as Pascal’s triangle. He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
His treatise such as Pancha Siddhantika (Five Principles), Brihatsamhita (Master collection), Brahjataka (Astrological work) have put him on as high a pedestal in Astrology, as Kautilya’s in Political philosophy, Manu’s in Law or Panini’s in Grammar.
Varahamihira’s main work is the book Pancha Siddhantika (“Treatise on the five Astronomical Canon’s which gives information about old Indian texts, which are now lost). The work seems to be a treastise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises five earlier astronomical treatises, namely, the Surya Siddhanta.
Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitama Siddhanta. Panch Siddhanta holds a prominent place, in the realms of astronomy.
Varahamihira was learned in the Vedas, but he was not a blind believer in the supernatural. He was a scientist. Like Aryabhatta before him, he declared that the earth was spherical. In the history of science, he was the first to claim that some “Force” might be keeping bodies stuck to the round earth. The force is now called gravity.
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 90
|
https://www.scribd.com/document/176230231/Var%25C4%2581hamihira
|
en
|
Varāhamihira
|
https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/176230231/original/49ba35bffb/1723680536?v=1
|
https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/176230231/original/49ba35bffb/1723680536?v=1
|
[
"https://s-f.scribdassets.com/webpack/assets/images/shared/gr_table_reading.9f6101a1.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"nieotyagi"
] | null |
Varāhamihira - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Varāhamihira was an Indian astronomer, mathematician and astrologer who lived in Ujjain in the 6th century CE. He was considered one of the most important scholars of his time. Some of his major works include the Pancha-Siddhantika, a treatise on five astronomical canons; Brihat-Samhita, an encyclopedic work covering topics like astrology, architecture and agriculture; and several texts on astrology. He made contributions to areas like trigonometry, arithmetic, combinatorics and optics. He incorporated Western (Greek, Egyptian and Roman) influences into his work and recognized their importance, while also developing indigenous Indian concepts.
|
en
|
https://s-f.scribdassets.com/scribd.ico?19d484716?v=5
|
Scribd
|
https://www.scribd.com/document/176230231/Var%C4%81hamihira
| |||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 33
|
https://www.amazon.com/Varahamihiras-Brhat-Samhita-2-Pts/dp/8120810600
|
en
|
Amazon.com
|
[
"https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/captcha/lqbiackd/Captcha_drkevnffcx.jpg",
"https://fls-na.amazon.com/1/oc-csi/1/OP/requestId=WREF6207FHKANE3Q7G7W&js=0"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
| null |
Enter the characters you see below
Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies.
|
|||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 74
|
https://academic.oup.com/book/5903/chapter/149209225
|
en
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null | ||||||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 23
|
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/varahamihras-panch-siddhantika-great-mathematical-world-srivastava
|
en
|
Varahamihra's Panch Siddhantika : A great Mathematical contribution to the world
|
https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C4D12AQGgcSewffS9fQ/article-cover_image-shrink_600_2000/0/1619314371418?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=YWL_6PIZCXCXU_No8npcPej9-Gtt1B054-n6faDuXFA
|
https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C4D12AQGgcSewffS9fQ/article-cover_image-shrink_600_2000/0/1619314371418?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=YWL_6PIZCXCXU_No8npcPej9-Gtt1B054-n6faDuXFA
|
[
"https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C4D12AQGgcSewffS9fQ/article-cover_image-shrink_600_2000/0/1619314371418?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=YWL_6PIZCXCXU_No8npcPej9-Gtt1B054-n6faDuXFA"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Dr.Aniket Srivastava"
] |
2021-04-25T01:35:45+00:00
|
The most famous work by Varahamihira is the treatise on mathematical astronomy called the Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Astronomical Treatises") and dated 575 AD. It is a summary of five earlier astronomical systems, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha siddhantas.
|
en
|
https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca
|
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/varahamihras-panch-siddhantika-great-mathematical-world-srivastava
|
The most famous work by Varahamihira is the treatise on mathematical astronomy called the Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Astronomical Treatises") and dated 575 AD. It is a summary of five earlier astronomical systems, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha siddhantas.
Contributions in Mathematics:
The Pancha Siddhantika are:
1. Sūrya-Siddhānta, ie. the Siddhānta of the Sun, composed by Lāṭa,
2. Vasishṭa-siddhānta, so called from one of the stars of the Great Bear, composed by Vishnucandra,
3. Pulisa-siddhānta, so called from Paulisa, the Greek, from the city of Saintra, which I suppose to be Alexandria, composed by Pulisa.
4. Romaka-siddhānta, so called from the Rūm, ie. the subjects of the Roman Empire, composed by Śrīsheṇa.
5. Brahma-siddhānta, so called from Brahman, composed by Brahmagupta, the son of Jishṇu, from the town of Bhillamāla between Multān and Anhilwāra, 16 yojanas from the latter place.The authors of these books draw from one and the same source, the book "Paithāmaha", so called from the first father, ie. Brahman."
The Arya-siddhanta, a lot work on astronomical computations, is known through the writings of Aryabhata's contemporary, Varahamihira, and later mathematicians and commentators, including Brahmagupta and Bhaskara.Varahamihira gives a reference to the day of Kuja (Mars). Mars is also called Kshiti – Tanaya (the sun of the earth).He says ths day is inauspicious whether the one who says so is an ordinary man or is Pitamaha (lit means grandfather.. in this context it means Brahma).
Varahamihira's other most important contribution is the encyclopedic Brihat-Samhita. It covers wide ranging subjects of human interest, including astrology, planetary movements, eclipses, rainfall, clouds, architecture, growth of crops, manufacture of perfume, matrimony, domestic relations, gems, pearls, and rituals
|
|||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 80
|
https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-astrologers-from-india/reference
|
en
|
Famous Astrologers from India
|
https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/12745/1072745/original/famous-astrologers-from-india-u2
|
https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/12745/1072745/original/famous-astrologers-from-india-u2
|
[
"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=10600724&cv=3.6&cj=1",
"https://static.ranker.com/img/brand/ranker-logo.svg?v=1&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=2&w=104",
"https://static.ranker.com/img/brand/wordmark.svg?v=1&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=2&w=210",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/menuSearch.svg?v=2&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=30&w=30",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/vote-on-pill.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=24&w=105",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/user_img/1/1/original/reference?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=40&w=40",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/chevronExpand.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=13&w=71",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/493/9855065/original/bejan-daruwalla-all-people-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&w=500",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/user_node_img/3103/62046580/original/brahma-gopal-bhadury-all-people-photo-u1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&w=500",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/57/1130056/original/harilal-upadhyay-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&w=500",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/3104/62062499/original/k-n-rao-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&w=500",
"https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/88/1754995/original/parameshvara-all-people-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&w=500",
"https://v3api.ranker.com/api/px?lid=1072745"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Reference"
] |
2013-12-12T00:00:00
|
List of notable or famous astrologers from India, with bios and photos, including the top astrologers born in India and even some popular astrologers who ...
|
en
|
/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png
|
Ranker
|
https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-astrologers-from-india/reference
|
List of notable or famous astrologers from India, with bios and photos, including the top astrologers born in India and even some popular astrologers who immigrated to India. If you're trying to find out the names of famous Indian astrologers then this list is the perfect resource for you. These astrologers are among the most prominent in their field, and information about each well-known astrologer from India is included when available.
List people range from Varahamihira to Parameshvara.
This historic astrologers from India list can help answer the questions "Who are some Indian astrologers of note?" and "Who are the most famous astrologers from India?" These prominent astrologers of India may or may not be currently alive, but what they all have in common is that they're all respected Indian astrologers.
Use this list of renowned Indian astrologers to discover some new astrologers that you aren't familiar with. Don't forget to share this list by clicking one of the social media icons at the top or bottom of the page. {#nodes}
|
||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 60
|
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/empires-and-exchanges-in-eurasian-late-antiquity/circulation-of-astrological-lore-and-its-political-use-between-the-roman-east-sasanian-iran-central-asia-india-and-the-turks/CF33F3A8FBE20085A77E4E69D25922B8
|
en
|
The Circulation of Astrological Lore and Its Political Use BETWEEN the Roman East, Sasanian Iran, Central Asia, India, and the Türks (Chapter 16)
|
[
"https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/icn_circle__btn_close_white.svg",
"https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.png",
"https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg",
"https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg",
"https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg",
"https://assets.cambridge.org/97811074/76127/cover/9781107476127.jpg",
"https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/share-icon.cbcfad8.svg",
"https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg",
"https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg",
"https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Abook%3A9781316146040/resource/name/firstPage-9781107094345c16_235-252.jpg",
"https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/cambridge_logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Nicola Di Cosmo",
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"New Jersey",
"Michael Maas",
"Rice University"
] | null |
Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity - April 2018
|
en
|
/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico
|
Cambridge Core
|
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/empires-and-exchanges-in-eurasian-late-antiquity/circulation-of-astrological-lore-and-its-political-use-between-the-roman-east-sasanian-iran-central-asia-india-and-the-turks/CF33F3A8FBE20085A77E4E69D25922B8
|
To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 62
|
https://groups.google.com/g/bvparishat/c/5BZaCjsqDLg
|
en
|
Is ancient Indian astrology/astronomy "nirayana/ sidereal"? No! Absolutely not!-I
|
[
"https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/i/productlogos/groups/v9/web-48dp/logo_groups_color_1x_web_48dp.png",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjXCyqJeBXEwERC4cEOeFfCLA6V7YmJvO80TeLSLeJy_uZBCbg=s40-c-mo",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjWfzthvLbLt9TOYoWlTS_SZ9srYzMkVY6Yj2xKGp7a3yHeiGQ=s40-c",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjXCyqJeBXEwERC4cEOeFfCLA6V7YmJvO80TeLSLeJy_uZBCbg=s40-c-mo",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjWfzthvLbLt9TOYoWlTS_SZ9srYzMkVY6Yj2xKGp7a3yHeiGQ=s40-c",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjXCV2pCVvTVa08_M04EkGONR1WJ5Cu7nnamDwEqwPG_N7CMwQ=s40-c",
"https://groups.google.com/group/bvparishat/attach/a7ba3fd3bd064/Auto%20Generated%20Inline%20Image%201?part=0.1&view=1",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjXCV2pCVvTVa08_M04EkGONR1WJ5Cu7nnamDwEqwPG_N7CMwQ=s40-c",
"https://groups.google.com/group/bvparishat/attach/acb0d0d1dbd1a/Auto%20Generated%20Inline%20Image%201?part=0.1&view=1",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjXCyqJeBXEwERC4cEOeFfCLA6V7YmJvO80TeLSLeJy_uZBCbg=s40-c-mo",
"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ALV-UjWjS14VPqQmLgE0KHz8SS5sca1pEUXgNRklRtphIavmlYMSsWte=s40-c"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
//www.gstatic.com/images/branding/product/1x/groups_32dp.png
|
https://groups.google.com/g/bvparishat/c/5BZaCjsqDLg
|
"In the horoscope of Rama, the Sun was in exaltation in Mesha rasi, the Moon was in Punarvasu nakshatra (constellation) and the tithi (i.e., the age of the Moon) was Navami, the ninth tithi. Even if we take the extreme case of the Sun being in the beginning of the first degree of the sidereal Mesha rasi, and the Moon being in the end of the last degree of the constellational Punarvasu (i.e., at 93°20' of the sidereal Nirayana longitude, the elongation (i.e., the distance) of the Moon from the Sun would be 93° 20' at the most. This elongation of 93° 20' would mean only Astami (i.e., eighth) tithi at the rate of twelve degrees for a tithi, and the tithi would not thus have been the Navami tithi as stated in Ramayana. If Rama’s horoscope was cast according to the sidereal zodiac, it should be an impossible one and will not represent the true state of the heavens. If it is a true horoscope, the Sun should have been in some other place than the sidereal Mesha. If the Sun is shifted backwards by at least 2° 40' (equal to 96° minus 93°20'), the horoscope of Rama would be a possible one, and this means that the Sun should have been then in Meena rasi of the sidereal (or nirayana) zodiac or the sign Aries of the tropical (sayana) zodiac. If it was the Meena rasi of the sidereal zodiac, then the Sun would not have been in exaltation. It therefore follows that the Sun should have been only in the sign Aries of the tropical zodiac.
C. G. Rajan, Madras, 24th June 1956."
How come sage Valmiki recorded the birth time of Rama if it was impossible under the sidereal system? Obviously, sage Valmiki did not err in describing a tropical position, as our ancestors used a tropical zodiac. Those who believe in Rama/Ramayana must realize that Rama's horoscope is impossible under the sidereal system. It is our mistake to have followed the sidereal system for so long, but it is understandable as we are in Kali yuga.
I have explained this concept with additional graphics in my post: Sri Rama’s horoscope is definitely tropical
|
||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 19
|
https://www.facebook.com/KnowYourBharat/posts/varahamihira-the-sage-who-discovered-gravityeven-thousands-of-years-before-india/943650872768872/
|
en
|
Facebook
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
de
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico
| null | |||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 58
|
https://www.scribd.com/document/139560005/IndianMathematicianVarahamihira-pdf
|
en
|
IndianMathematicianVarahamihira PDF
|
https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/139560005/original/51100a7e31/1724019211?v=1
|
https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/139560005/original/51100a7e31/1724019211?v=1
|
[
"https://s-f.scribdassets.com/webpack/assets/images/shared/gr_table_reading.9f6101a1.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"sgurumanickam"
] | null |
IndianMathematicianVarahamihira.pdf - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Varahamihira was an influential Indian astronomer, mathematician and astrologer from the Gupta era who lived in Ujjain. He is known for writing famous treatises on astronomy and astrology such as the Panchasiddhantika and Brihat-Samhita. In the Panchasiddhantika, he compiled existing Indian and foreign systems of astronomy. He was one of the first to mention the precession of the equinoxes and accurately estimated lengths of the tropical year and sidereal year. Varahamihira also made contributions to trigonometry by introducing sine, cosine and inverse sine and using tangent and secant. His works provide insights into mathematics, astronomy and
|
en
|
https://s-f.scribdassets.com/scribd.ico?19d484716?v=5
|
Scribd
|
https://www.scribd.com/document/139560005/IndianMathematicianVarahamihira-pdf
| |||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 14
|
https://testbook.com/question-answer/which-of-the-following-books-is-written-by-varaha--5e077b788b8a440d063058b4
|
en
|
[Solved] Which of the following books is written by Varaha Mihira?
|
[
"https://testbook.com/question-answer/components/assets/images/logo-blue.svg",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/qb_resources/qna-banner-illustration.svg",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/qb_resources/daily-live-master-classes.svg",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/qb_resources/practice-question-bank.svg",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/qb_resources/mock-tests-quizzes.svg",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/qb_resources/super_logo.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/qb_resources/pass-icon.svg",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/qb_resources/pass-icon.svg",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/Airforce_All_1594152047.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/SSC_All_1594144397.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/qb_resources/free-access.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Option 1 is correct, i.e Brihat Samhita.
Brihat Samhita is written by Varaha Mihira.
Varahamihira, born 505 AD in Ujjain, India and died 587 AD in Ujjain, w
|
Testbook
|
https://testbook.com/question-answer/which-of-the-following-books-is-written-by-varaha--5e077b788b8a440d063058b4
|
-> The SSC MTS Exam 2024 will be held from 30th September to 14th November 2024.
-> SSC MTS 2024 Notification 2024 has been released for 6144 vacancies of Multi-tasking Staff and 3439 vacancies of Havaldar.
-> The selection of the candidates for the post of SSC MTS is based on Computer Based Examination.
-> Candidates with basic eligibility criteria of the 10th class are eligible to appear for the examination.
|
||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 78
|
https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/varahamihira-was-born-in-which-ad-a-395-b-499-c-class-11-maths-cbse-5f8a7db6ae44175ee5df4ed6
|
en
|
Varahamihira was born in which A.D. ?A) 395B) 499C) 487D) 467
|
[
"https://vmkt.vedantu.com/vmkt/PROD/svg%2Bxml/d4520270-6e40-4273-a48f-e1c595f1ce26-1709193411767-4001376723323670.svg%2Bxml",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/seo-qna.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-left.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-down-qna.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/navbar-down-arrow.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/navbar-down-arrow.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/navbar-down-arrow.svg",
"https://seo-fe.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/navbar-down-arrow.svg",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/green-check.svg",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png",
"https://www.vedantu.com/cdn/images/seo-templates/arrow-right.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2020-10-17T05:14:30+05:30
|
Varahamihira was born in which A.D. ?A) 395B) 499C) 487D) 467. Ans: Hint:Varahamihira was an Indian astrologer. He has done work on mathematical astronomy which summarised earlier astronomical treatises. He also has discovered a version of Pascal's t...
|
en
|
https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/varahamihira-was-born-in-which-ad-a-395-b-499-c-class-11-maths-cbse-5f8a7db6ae44175ee5df4ed6
|
Hint:
Varahamihira was an Indian astrologer. He has done work on mathematical astronomy which summarised earlier astronomical treatises. He also has discovered a version of Pascal's triangle and even worked on magic squares.
Complete step by step solution:
The knowledge of Varahamihira is still very limited. According to one of his works we can say that he was educated in Kapitthaka. We do not know whether he was born in Kapitthaka, but we have given this as a guess. Varahamihira was born in 499 A.D. He may have worked at Ujjain which was an important centre for mathematics since around 400 AD. At that time, the school of mathematics at Ujjain was very important due to Varahamihira. He was a leading mathematician for a long period there.
His most famous work is the Pancasiddhantika i.e. the Five Astronomical Canons dated 575 AD. This work is giving us information about older Indian texts which are now lost. This work was a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises five earlier astronomical treatises. One other treatise which he summarises was the Romika-Siddhanta, based on the epicycle theory of the motions of the Sun and the Moon. His other works are also based on the Greek epicycle theory of the motions of the heavenly bodies. The Panchasiddhantika contains many examples of the use of a place-value number system. Varahamihira made some important mathematical discoveries.
Therefore the correct option is B.
Note:
Hayashi examines Varahamihira's work done on magic squares. He examines a pan diagonal magic square of order four which occurs in Varahamihira's work.
|
||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 75
|
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/475692779375157353/
|
en
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2016-09-19T16:44:09+00:00
|
MessageToEagle.com – Varahamihira (505–587 CE) was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer from Ujjain, which during the Gupta period (320 to 550 AD), was a flourishing center of learning with several schools of science, culture and art famous scholars from distant lands. Varahamihira (also known as Varaha …
|
en
|
Pinterest
|
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/top-10-indian-mathematicians--841821355349221196/
| |||||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 39
|
https://deepstash.com/idea/198192/10-varahamihira
|
en
|
10. Varahamihira
|
[
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1381387911997807&ev=PageView&noscript=1&vdpo=LDU&dpoco=0&dpost=0",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2F198192-1643100317.jpg&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FaMYVPublFkpD32fi7QwE5Q8Af7XIzgDavYK3Hhg_iyQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A600%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2Fquality%3A90%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9pbWFnZXMudW5zcGxhc2guY29tL3Bob3RvLTE1MTk0NTU5NTM3NTUtYWYwNjZmNTJmMWE2P2Nyb3A9ZW50cm9weSZjcz10aW55c3JnYiZmaXQ9bWF4JmZtPWpwZyZpeGlkPU1ud3hNRGN4TVRWOE1Id3hmSE5sWVhKamFId3hmSHhXWVhKaGFHRnRhV2hwY21FbE1qQWxSVElsT0RBbE9UTWxNakJKYm1ScFlXNGxNakJUWVdkbEpUSXdWMmh2SlRJd1VISmxaR2xqZEdWa0pUSXdWMkYwWlhJbE1qQkVhWE5qYjNabGNua2xNakJ2YmlVeU1FMWhjbk1sTWpBeE5UQXdKVEl3V1dWaGNuTWxNakJCWjI4bE1qQmhibVFsTWpCQkpUSXdiRzkwSlRJd1RXOXlaUzR1TG54bGJud3dmSHg4ZkRFMk5qZzJNVGc1T1RRJml4bGliPXJiLTQuMC4zJnE9ODAmdz00MDA&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd1dfxfqogsjixt.cloudfront.net%2Fprofile%2F1292261-1630631663.jpeg&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FHw7Yxak7qoD7Z7OHPadVtwUI9pJm_yEFFR8Qtj7dpJQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9mYXNoaW9uX2luZHVzdHJ5LnBuZw&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FjKZ1mMCvLOTQ7o2Fx4dJU_jZUeE9Hj2LyTwTD912cZk%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9zdGFydHVwLnBuZw&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FLpFTfquLgv_eKhC0TSudLcG2tfJngkMJA1Mt-H_Ogy0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fc3VjY2VlZF9hdF9pbnZlc3RpbmcucG5n&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2Fx6rJsLqWE64B5KGsFI7G3fkkL7KLh80WSq9b2DeViMA%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9lbG9uX211c2sucG5n&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FShJ0pRCrMGU89VFA1JQ8azNV37whT7KUGKS96gSgCw0%2Fresize%3Afill%3A0%3A0%2Fgravity%3Ace%2Fmb%3A1048576%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hdWRpby5kZWVwc3Rhc2guY29tL2NvdmVycy9jb2xsZWN0aW9uLzIwMjMwNC9ob3dfdG9fYnVpbGRfYV9jb21wYW55LnBuZw&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtRjGXbjt1t_CWoryVK9qM7HaNfcAUzvI4yKDFIckPQQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hc3NldHMucmViZWxtb3VzZS5pby9leUpoYkdjaU9pSklVekkxTmlJc0luUjVjQ0k2SWtwWFZDSjkuZXlKcGJXRm5aU0k2SW1oMGRIQnpPaTh2WVhOelpYUnpMbkppYkM1dGN5OHhPRE01TmpJNU5DOXZjbWxuYVc0dWFuQm5JaXdpWlhod2FYSmxjMTloZENJNk1UWTFPREl5TlRVMU1uMC4wRHozOXFxLWd4MGdLZFNIOVo5MGFUa3Y3dldvNmFPSldldHdvTVQyY3JNL2ltZy5qcGc_cXVhbGl0eT04MCZ3aWR0aD02OTc&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtRjGXbjt1t_CWoryVK9qM7HaNfcAUzvI4yKDFIckPQQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hc3NldHMucmViZWxtb3VzZS5pby9leUpoYkdjaU9pSklVekkxTmlJc0luUjVjQ0k2SWtwWFZDSjkuZXlKcGJXRm5aU0k2SW1oMGRIQnpPaTh2WVhOelpYUnpMbkppYkM1dGN5OHhPRE01TmpJNU5DOXZjbWxuYVc0dWFuQm5JaXdpWlhod2FYSmxjMTloZENJNk1UWTFPREl5TlRVMU1uMC4wRHozOXFxLWd4MGdLZFNIOVo5MGFUa3Y3dldvNmFPSldldHdvTVQyY3JNL2ltZy5qcGc_cXVhbGl0eT04MCZ3aWR0aD02OTc&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtRjGXbjt1t_CWoryVK9qM7HaNfcAUzvI4yKDFIckPQQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hc3NldHMucmViZWxtb3VzZS5pby9leUpoYkdjaU9pSklVekkxTmlJc0luUjVjQ0k2SWtwWFZDSjkuZXlKcGJXRm5aU0k2SW1oMGRIQnpPaTh2WVhOelpYUnpMbkppYkM1dGN5OHhPRE01TmpJNU5DOXZjbWxuYVc0dWFuQm5JaXdpWlhod2FYSmxjMTloZENJNk1UWTFPREl5TlRVMU1uMC4wRHozOXFxLWd4MGdLZFNIOVo5MGFUa3Y3dldvNmFPSldldHdvTVQyY3JNL2ltZy5qcGc_cXVhbGl0eT04MCZ3aWR0aD02OTc&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtRjGXbjt1t_CWoryVK9qM7HaNfcAUzvI4yKDFIckPQQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hc3NldHMucmViZWxtb3VzZS5pby9leUpoYkdjaU9pSklVekkxTmlJc0luUjVjQ0k2SWtwWFZDSjkuZXlKcGJXRm5aU0k2SW1oMGRIQnpPaTh2WVhOelpYUnpMbkppYkM1dGN5OHhPRE01TmpJNU5DOXZjbWxuYVc0dWFuQm5JaXdpWlhod2FYSmxjMTloZENJNk1UWTFPREl5TlRVMU1uMC4wRHozOXFxLWd4MGdLZFNIOVo5MGFUa3Y3dldvNmFPSldldHdvTVQyY3JNL2ltZy5qcGc_cXVhbGl0eT04MCZ3aWR0aD02OTc&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtRjGXbjt1t_CWoryVK9qM7HaNfcAUzvI4yKDFIckPQQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hc3NldHMucmViZWxtb3VzZS5pby9leUpoYkdjaU9pSklVekkxTmlJc0luUjVjQ0k2SWtwWFZDSjkuZXlKcGJXRm5aU0k2SW1oMGRIQnpPaTh2WVhOelpYUnpMbkppYkM1dGN5OHhPRE01TmpJNU5DOXZjbWxuYVc0dWFuQm5JaXdpWlhod2FYSmxjMTloZENJNk1UWTFPREl5TlRVMU1uMC4wRHozOXFxLWd4MGdLZFNIOVo5MGFUa3Y3dldvNmFPSldldHdvTVQyY3JNL2ltZy5qcGc_cXVhbGl0eT04MCZ3aWR0aD02OTc&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtRjGXbjt1t_CWoryVK9qM7HaNfcAUzvI4yKDFIckPQQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hc3NldHMucmViZWxtb3VzZS5pby9leUpoYkdjaU9pSklVekkxTmlJc0luUjVjQ0k2SWtwWFZDSjkuZXlKcGJXRm5aU0k2SW1oMGRIQnpPaTh2WVhOelpYUnpMbkppYkM1dGN5OHhPRE01TmpJNU5DOXZjbWxuYVc0dWFuQm5JaXdpWlhod2FYSmxjMTloZENJNk1UWTFPREl5TlRVMU1uMC4wRHozOXFxLWd4MGdLZFNIOVo5MGFUa3Y3dldvNmFPSldldHdvTVQyY3JNL2ltZy5qcGc_cXVhbGl0eT04MCZ3aWR0aD02OTc&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtRjGXbjt1t_CWoryVK9qM7HaNfcAUzvI4yKDFIckPQQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hc3NldHMucmViZWxtb3VzZS5pby9leUpoYkdjaU9pSklVekkxTmlJc0luUjVjQ0k2SWtwWFZDSjkuZXlKcGJXRm5aU0k2SW1oMGRIQnpPaTh2WVhOelpYUnpMbkppYkM1dGN5OHhPRE01TmpJNU5DOXZjbWxuYVc0dWFuQm5JaXdpWlhod2FYSmxjMTloZENJNk1UWTFPREl5TlRVMU1uMC4wRHozOXFxLWd4MGdLZFNIOVo5MGFUa3Y3dldvNmFPSldldHdvTVQyY3JNL2ltZy5qcGc_cXVhbGl0eT04MCZ3aWR0aD02OTc&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FtRjGXbjt1t_CWoryVK9qM7HaNfcAUzvI4yKDFIckPQQ%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9hc3NldHMucmViZWxtb3VzZS5pby9leUpoYkdjaU9pSklVekkxTmlJc0luUjVjQ0k2SWtwWFZDSjkuZXlKcGJXRm5aU0k2SW1oMGRIQnpPaTh2WVhOelpYUnpMbkppYkM1dGN5OHhPRE01TmpJNU5DOXZjbWxuYVc0dWFuQm5JaXdpWlhod2FYSmxjMTloZENJNk1UWTFPREl5TlRVMU1uMC4wRHozOXFxLWd4MGdLZFNIOVo5MGFUa3Y3dldvNmFPSldldHdvTVQyY3JNL2ltZy5qcGc_cXVhbGl0eT04MCZ3aWR0aD02OTc&w=3840&q=75 3840w",
"https://deepstash.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FX52OV_lNzWrH3fMyNCBB_XH1mu1jv-uMqRtm_om3MvM%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9lbmNyeXB0ZWQtdGJuMC5nc3RhdGljLmNvbS9pbWFnZXM_cT10Ym46QU5kOUdjVDVwUXZsNWY4Sk5UZVlvXzJ4bWpQS3pHWUFDV2liUVdsU3pWZ1ZmenhFN0pqUVpBUjRzQQ&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FX52OV_lNzWrH3fMyNCBB_XH1mu1jv-uMqRtm_om3MvM%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9lbmNyeXB0ZWQtdGJuMC5nc3RhdGljLmNvbS9pbWFnZXM_cT10Ym46QU5kOUdjVDVwUXZsNWY4Sk5UZVlvXzJ4bWpQS3pHWUFDV2liUVdsU3pWZ1ZmenhFN0pqUVpBUjRzQQ&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FX52OV_lNzWrH3fMyNCBB_XH1mu1jv-uMqRtm_om3MvM%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9lbmNyeXB0ZWQtdGJuMC5nc3RhdGljLmNvbS9pbWFnZXM_cT10Ym46QU5kOUdjVDVwUXZsNWY4Sk5UZVlvXzJ4bWpQS3pHWUFDV2liUVdsU3pWZ1ZmenhFN0pqUVpBUjRzQQ&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FX52OV_lNzWrH3fMyNCBB_XH1mu1jv-uMqRtm_om3MvM%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9lbmNyeXB0ZWQtdGJuMC5nc3RhdGljLmNvbS9pbWFnZXM_cT10Ym46QU5kOUdjVDVwUXZsNWY4Sk5UZVlvXzJ4bWpQS3pHWUFDV2liUVdsU3pWZ1ZmenhFN0pqUVpBUjRzQQ&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FX52OV_lNzWrH3fMyNCBB_XH1mu1jv-uMqRtm_om3MvM%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9lbmNyeXB0ZWQtdGJuMC5nc3RhdGljLmNvbS9pbWFnZXM_cT10Ym46QU5kOUdjVDVwUXZsNWY4Sk5UZVlvXzJ4bWpQS3pHWUFDV2liUVdsU3pWZ1ZmenhFN0pqUVpBUjRzQQ&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FX52OV_lNzWrH3fMyNCBB_XH1mu1jv-uMqRtm_om3MvM%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9lbmNyeXB0ZWQtdGJuMC5nc3RhdGljLmNvbS9pbWFnZXM_cT10Ym46QU5kOUdjVDVwUXZsNWY4Sk5UZVlvXzJ4bWpQS3pHWUFDV2liUVdsU3pWZ1ZmenhFN0pqUVpBUjRzQQ&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FX52OV_lNzWrH3fMyNCBB_XH1mu1jv-uMqRtm_om3MvM%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9lbmNyeXB0ZWQtdGJuMC5nc3RhdGljLmNvbS9pbWFnZXM_cT10Ym46QU5kOUdjVDVwUXZsNWY4Sk5UZVlvXzJ4bWpQS3pHWUFDV2liUVdsU3pWZ1ZmenhFN0pqUVpBUjRzQQ&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3t70bohx4vuj7.cloudfront.net%2FX52OV_lNzWrH3fMyNCBB_XH1mu1jv-uMqRtm_om3MvM%2Fresize%3Afill%3A900%3A0%2Fgravity%3Asm%2FaHR0cHM6Ly9lbmNyeXB0ZWQtdGJuMC5nc3RhdGljLmNvbS9pbWFnZXM_cT10Ym46QU5kOUdjVDVwUXZsNWY4Sk5UZVlvXzJ4bWpQS3pHWUFDV2liUVdsU3pWZ1ZmenhFN0pqUVpBUjRzQQ&w=3840&q=75 3840w"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Varahamihira was born in 505 A.D. into a family of Brahmins settled at Kapittha, a village near Ujjain. His father, Adityadasa was a worshipper of the Sun god and it...
|
en
|
Deepstash
|
https://deepstash.com/idea/198192/10-varahamihira
|
Varahamihira was born in 505 A.D. into a family of Brahmins settled at Kapittha, a village near Ujjain. His father, Adityadasa was a worshipper of the Sun god and it was he who taught Varahamihira astrology. On a visit to Kusumapura (Patna) young Varahamihira met the great astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata. The meeting inspired him so much the he decided to take up astrology and astronomy as a lifetime pursuit.
At that time, Ujjain was the centre of learning, where many schools of arts, science and culture were flourishing in the prosperity of the Gupta reign.
|
|||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 81
|
https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/21665/in-which-year-did-varahamihira-write-his-brihat-samhita
|
en
|
In which year did Varahamihira write his Brihat Samhita?
|
[
"https://i.sstatic.net/3KiOVMml.jpg?s=64",
"https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7b5798cab6c50cd4314e41ef8321fa36?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG&f=y&so-version=2",
"https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a007be5a61f6aa8f3e85ae2fc18dd66e?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG",
"https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d8bac862d721db1b07416154460bcb73?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG&f=y&so-version=2",
"https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/posts/21665/ivc/9c38?prg=836894d0-0cbd-479d-9acf-2bb3bc5580af"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2017-10-20T06:15:06
|
Varahamihira is considered one of the Navaratna's in King Vikramaditya's court.
I would like to know if anybody has authentic ancient reference to when he or King Vikramaditya lived and which year ...
|
en
|
https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/hinduism/Img/favicon.ico?v=40cda9a1da16
|
Hinduism Stack Exchange
|
https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/21665/in-which-year-did-varahamihira-write-his-brihat-samhita
|
Varahamihira himself gives a hint of the current date in verse 3.2 of his book, the “Brihat-samhita”:
(2) “Whereas at present the one course of the sun commences at the beginning of Cancer, and the other at the beginning of Capricornus. That it is so, and different from what it was at one time can easily be ascertained from actual observation as follows:” (source)
N. Chidambaram Iyer, in the introduction of his translation of said work, interprets the verse as follows:
In verse 2 of Chapter III of his Brahat Samhita Varaha Mihira says:—
“At present the Solsticial points coincide with the beginning of Karkataka (Sign Cancer) and with the beginning of Makara (Sign Capricornus).”
This amounts to saying that the Vernal equinox, which is midway between the Solstices (90° from each), was at the commencement of Mesha (Sign Aries) i.e. coincided with the Star Revati where the fixed Hindu Zodiac commences. The precession of the equinoxes was known to the Hindus long before it was known to the Europeans, although Hindu astronomers are not agreed as to the nature of its course—some asserting that it oscillates on both sides of the star Revati while others that it makes a complete revolution round the heavens, a point about which even European astronomers have not arrived at any conclusion.
What follows is a calculation on the basis of the above verse deriving to the date of either 416 A.D. or 572 A.D., according to two different methods, explained in the article:
Substituting these values, we get n= 14,66 and 4,17,368 years, or = 1310 and 4,17,523 years, before first January 1883 where the bigger figures may be rejected as they refer to the position of the vernal Equinox in its second revolution. So that Varaha Mihira’s time is found to be either 1882-1466= 416 A.D. or 1882-1310=572 A.D., according to me or Mr. K. L. Chatrai respectively. Now it is true that 572 A.D. is in support of the supposed dates, above given, of Varaha Mihira’s birth and death. But I cannot bring myself to believe that Zeeta piscium was the Revati of the Hindus, for this simple reason that it is not on the ecliptic.
As a sidenote, the translator also provides the following information:
Varaha Mihira was a native of Avanti and the son of Adityadasa who was an astronomer and from whom he received his education as he himself tells us in his Brihat Jataka (Chap. XXVI Verse 5). The date of his birth is involved in obscurity. It is the practice of all the Hindu astronomers to give this information in their works on astronomy; but unfortunately Varaha Mihira’s work on astronomy, known as the Panchasidhantika, is now lost beyond all hope of recovery. The popular notion is that he was one of the 12 gems of the Court of Vikramarka. Now Vikrama Era, as we find from the Hindu calendar, dates from 56 B. C. whereas Varaha Mihira is considered to have flourished in the sixth century after Christ. So the Vikramarka of the first century before Christ must be different from the Vikramarka of the 6th century after Christ, unless we go to the length of believing that Vikramarka reigned, according to the Hindu legend, for a thousand years
Which means that, according to legend, Vihara Mihira might have lived in the first century B.C.
|
||||
8397
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 40
|
https://www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/maths-sudoku
|
en
|
The Maths of Sudoku and Latin Squares
|
[
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/themes/pippip/assets/img/gresham-logo.svg",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/themes/pippip/assets/img/search.svg",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/themes/pippip/assets/img/in-person.svg",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/themes/pippip/assets/img/search.svg",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/themes/pippip/assets/img/close.svg",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/themes/pippip/assets/img/menu-default.svg",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/themes/pippip/assets/img/close.svg",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/themes/pippip/assets/img/close.svg",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/sites/default/files/speaker-image/Sarah%20Hart%20420.jpg",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/themes/pippip/assets/img/star-outlined.svg",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/themes/pippip/assets/img/download.svg",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/themes/pippip/assets/img/download.svg",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/speaker/public/speaker-image/Sarah%20Hart%20420.jpg?itok=2ow3eKZ-",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_thumb/public/teaser-override/2023-10-05_Dossett_390x230.jpg?itok=YpXWHrdB",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_thumb/public/19jan15TonyMann_short2_360x225.jpg?itok=e7MM-Add",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_thumb/public/how-to-be-a-winner-the-maths-of-race-fixing-and-money-laundering.jpg?itok=RjtQqTaz",
"https://www.gresham.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_thumb/public/teaser-override/Topics%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Financial%20Mathematics%20Mathematics%20and%20Foreign%20Exchange_390x230.jpg?itok=ycQwpY47"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2024-01-10T10:11:26+00:00
|
Millions of us regularly solve Sudoku puzzles. In this lecture, we discuss the mathematics behind them, and the links to other kinds of number grids, like magic squares and so-called Latin squares, which have been studied for centuries. Latin squares have many applications in areas as diverse as experiment design, algebra and coding theory.
|
en
|
/sites/default/files/favicon.svg
|
Gresham College
|
https://www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/maths-sudoku
|
There’s a very interesting paper about the ancient order 4 magic square we mentioned
Varāhamihira's pandiagonal magic square of the order four, by Takao Hayashi
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/031508608790019X
You can read the gory details about the minimum number of entries in a valid Sudoku puzzle in the
paper There is no 16-Clue Sudoku: Solving the Sudoku Minimum Number of Clues Problem via Hitting Set Enumeration, by Gary McGuire, Bastian Tugemann, Gilles Civario at https://arxiv.org/pdf/1201.0749.pdf
I made my magic Sudoku with the help of https://www.sudoku-solutions.com/, which checks any partial grid you enter to see if it is valid and has a unique solution. So you can (try to) make your own, subject to whatever crazy constraints you like.
If you want to get a lot further into more of the mathematics relating to Sudoku, try Taking Sudoku Seriously: The math behind the world's most popular pencil puzzle, by Jason Rosenhouse and Laura Taalman (Oxford University Press, 2011).
A note on images used in the lecture
To the best of my knowledge all the images used are either in the public domain, or may be used for educational purposes under fair use rules, or were created by me. The only image I wasn’t able to source definitively was the photograph of the Latin square laid out in 1929 at Beddgelert Forest in Wales; I believe it’s from a Forestry Commission report of circa 1945.
|