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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/varahamihira-sage-who-predicted-water-discovery-mars-1500-solution
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Varahamihira – Sage Who Predicted Water Discovery On Mars 1500 Years Ago
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https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/C5112AQGDS7GHZZX6oQ/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/0/1520122319867?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=fWIQMT-JCh4eVAqchAV6pseMJKo4SFyoKwVTn6mGk0o
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"JAYA SRUTHI Accounting and Administration Services"
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2017-08-23T13:57:48+00:00
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Even thousands of years before, India had become famous and reached its pinnacle in astrological and astronomical sciences. Ancient Astrological works had been translated into many foreign languages.
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https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca
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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/varahamihira-sage-who-predicted-water-discovery-mars-1500-solution
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Even thousands of years before, India had become famous and reached its pinnacle in astrological and astronomical sciences. Ancient Astrological works had been translated into many foreign languages. Ibn Batuta and Al Baruni were two prominent Arab travellers who had visited ancient India specially to pursue Astrology.
By their translations they had induced German scholars to come to India to study Astrology and Vedic literature. Varahamihira was one of the only renowned Indian Astronomer, Mathematician and Astrologer whose name became a household word throughout India and it is said his near contemporaries Aryabhata and Brahmagupta even did not match with the popularity of Varahamihira.
Varahamihira was born in 505 A.D. into a family of Brahmins settled at Kapittha, a village near Ujjain. His father, Adityadasa was a worshipper of the Sun god and it was he who taught Varahamihira astrology. On a visit to Kusumapura (Patna) young Varahamihira met the great astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata. The meeting inspired him so much the he decided to take up astrology and astronomy as a lifetime pursuit.
At that time, Ujjain was the centre of learning, where many schools of arts, science and culture were flourishing in the prosperity of the Gupta reign. Varahamihira, therefore, shifted to this city, where scholars from distant lands were gathering. In due course, his astrological skills came to the notice of King Yashodharman Vikramaditya of Malwa, who made him one of the Nine Gems of his court.
Varahamihira was learned in the Vedas, but he was not a blind believer in the supernatural. He was a scientist. Like Aryabhata before him, he declared that the earth was spherical.
In the history of science he was the first to claim that some “force” might be keeping bodies stuck to the round earth. The force is now called gravity. He proposed that the Moon and planets are lustrous not because of their own light but due to sunlight.
Varahamihira’s main work is the book Pancha Siddhantika (Treatise on the five Astronomical Canons gives us information about older Indian texts which are now lost). The work it seems is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises five earlier astronomical treatises, namely, the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitama Siddhanta.
It is acclaimed that Pancha Siddhantika of Varahamihira is one of the most important sources for the history of Hindu Astronomy from before the time of Aryabhata.
Another important contribution of Varahamihira is the encyclopaedic Brihat-Samhita. It covers wide ranging subjects of human interest, including astrology, planetary movements, eclipses, rainfall, rainfall, clouds even domestic relations, gems, pearls and rituals.
Varahamihira in 550 AD have described a large number of comets in the Brhat Samhita. He wrote over sixty couplets about comets. He did not have the modern facilities like Telescope or other electronic equipment. He says that sages Garga, Parasara, Asita, Devala and others had already written about the comets.
He was also an astrologer and has written on all the three branches of astrology. His son Prithuyasas has also contributed in the Hindu astrology through his work, Hora Sara.
Varahamihira’s mathematical work included the discovery of the trigonometric formulas. He improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata l. He defined the algebraic properties of zero as well as of negative numbers. Furthermore, He was among the first mathematicians to discover a version of what is now known as the Pascal’s triangle. He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
Varahamihira made some significant observations in the field of ecology, hydrology and geology too. He was the first person who predicted underground water. His claim that plants and termites serve as indicators of underground water is now receiving attention in the scientific world.
Varahamihira, without any scientific equipment, derived the true value of equinox. This value is very important for the modern day Geostationary Satellites.
Surya Siddhanta & description on planet Mars:
Pancha siddhantika includes Surya Siddhanta, an astronomical treatise which explains or determines the true motions of the luminaries. Under this work, Varahamihira has also explained the estimated diameters of the planets, like Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter.
The book gave the locations of several stars other than the lunar nakshatras (constellations) and the calculation of solar eclipses. The book also had a significant coverage on kinds of time, the length of the year of gods and demons, day and night of god Brahma, the elapsed period since creation, how planets move eastwards and sidereal revolution.
Surya Siddhanta mentioned the Mars’s diameter (which was calculated to be 3,772 miles that has an error within 11% of the currently accepted diameter of 4,218 miles), circumference and also carries calculations on and about solar eclipses and lunar eclipses, its color and portion of the moon as well.
Apart from these, Varahamihira also predicted the presence of water on Mars. The book had a detailed description of planet Mars. He had said in his book that planet Mars has both water and iron present on its surface, which have now been revealed by NASA and ISRO.
He was the first to mention and explain how each planet in the solar system has been created by and centered on the sun.
It’s intriguing to know that during NASA’s Mars mission, Arun Upadhyay, a retired IPS, did a comparative study of Varāhamihira’s calculations about Mars and found certain similarities.
Though the original book of Surya Siddhanta till date remains untraced, but somehow a few scholars had taken their notes for their own research work. Many fear that the original version was stolen by the other astronomers from overseas. The present version of Surya Siddhanta, which is often used by Panchang experts to predict festive dates and nakshatras, was modified by Bhaskaracharya during the Middle Ages.
It is learnt, Varahamihira humbly said about his own treatises: “The science of Astrology is a vast ocean and is not easy for everyone to cross it. My treatises provide a safe boat.” Truly, even now they are acknowledged as masterpieces.
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Works of Varahamihira
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Varahamihira made great contributions not only in the field of mathematics; he was also an astrologer and is considered among the greatest Acharyas of modern astrology. Varahamihira’s son Prithuyasas also contributed...
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Deepstash
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https://deepstash.com/idea/198215/works-of-varahamihira
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Varahamihira made great contributions not only in the field of mathematics; he was also an astrologer and is considered among the greatest Acharyas of modern astrology. Varahamihira’s son Prithuyasas also contributed to Hindu astrology and his book Hora Sora is a famous book on horoscopy. Listed below are some of the important works of Varahamihira.
Pancha- Siddhantika: Also known as the Treatise on the Five Astronomical Canons dated 575 AD that now give us information about older lost Indian texts. The book of Pancha- Siddhantika is one of the main works by Varahamihira.
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siddhantika
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https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
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/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancha-siddhantika
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Pancha-siddhantika (IAST: Pañca-siddhāntikā) is a 6th-century CE Sanskrit-language text written by astrologer-astronomer Varāhamihira in present-day Ujjain, India. It summarizes the contents of the treatises of the five contemporary schools of astronomy (siddhantas) prevalent in India.
The text refers to the Shaka year 427, which corresponds to 505 CE. Indian writers on astrology and astronomy generally chose an epoch year close to the date of composition of their texts, in order to facilitate correct astronomical calculations. Thus, 505 CE was most probably the year in which Varāhamihira composed Pancha-Siddhantaka or began planning it. The writings of both Varāhamihira and his commentator Utpala suggest that the text was Varāhamihira's first work.
However, some scholars believe that 505 CE was the year of Varāhamihira's birth or of another important event in his life. This is because according to Amaraja, the author of a commentary on Brahmagupta's Khanda-khadyaka, Varāhamihira died in 587 CE (Shaka year 509). If Varāhamihira wrote Pancha-siddhantika in 505 CE even at the young age of 25, he must have been over 105 years old at the time of his death, which seems exceptionally high to these scholars. Consequently, these scholars date Varāhamihira's lifespan to 505-587 CE.[6] Other scholars doubt the accuracy of Amaraja's statement, since he lived a thousand years after Varāhamihira.
Contents
[edit]
The text discusses five contemporary astronomical schools and their treatises, listed in order of importance, the last two regarded as inferior:[7]
Surya Siddhanta (or Saura Siddhanta), the treatise of the Sun
Romaka Siddhanta, the treatise of Romans or westerners
Paulisa Siddhanta, the treatise of Pulisha (IAST: Pauliśa, possibly Paulos)
Vasishtha Siddhanta, the treatise of the sage Vasishtha (IAST: Vāsiṣṭha)
Paitāmaha Siddhanta, the treatise of Pitamaha (the deity Brahma)
Varāhamihira's text summarizes the contents of the astronomical treatises of these schools: these treatises, at least in their original form, are now lost. For example, the surviving version of the Surya Siddhanta can be dated to 1000 CE, although its original version may have been composed around 400 CE.[10] Similarly, the Paitamaha Siddhanta referred to by Varāhamihira was probably composed in the early 5th century (distinct from an even earlier work of the same name ), but the present-day text is a later work that survives as part of a Purana text. Thus, Varāhamihira's text is the only source about these ancient treatises. Varāhamihira mentions several rules from these texts, but sometimes, it is not clear which rule is from which text.
Varāhamihira refers to his Pancha-siddhantika as Karana (a concise exposition of astronomy), but the text covers a wider range of topics that appear in the texts belonging to the karana genre.
Notable mathematical concepts in the Pancha-siddhantika include:[7]
Use of the decimal notation with its place-value number system[7]
Arithmetic addition and subtraction operations involving zero[7]
Associating sines with arcs at an intervals of 30°/8, thus implying that pi = square root of 10 = 3.16
Like Brahma-gupta, Varāhamihira rejects Aryabhata's view (now universally accepted) that the earth revolves around the sun.
Utpala suggests that Varāhamihira wrote an abridged version of the Pancha-siddhantika, but that work is now lost. Shatananda based his Bhasvati-karana (c. 1098 CE) on the Surya Siddhanta section of the Pancha-siddhantika.
Editions
[edit]
Printed editions of the text include:[15]
1889, Varanasi: Edited by George Thibaut and Sudhakara Dvivedi, with a Sanskrit commentary by Dvivedi
1970: English translation by Otto E. Neugebauer and David Pingree
1993, Chennai: Edited and translated by T. S. Kuppanna Sastry and K. Venkateswara Sarma
References
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Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Personalities: Varahamihira, a Great Iranic astronomer
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"Dr. Samar Abbas"
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Iranian Historical & Cultural Information Center
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Varahamihira, a great Iranic astronomer
By: Dr. Samar Abbas, 2003, Aligarh, India
Note:
This article uses UniCode Diacritics and due to some technical reasons Microsoft Internet Explorer is not able to show them properly yet.
Abstract: An account of Varahamihira, father of modern South Asian astronomy, architecture and the arts. His Scythic or East Iranic origin revealed. Varahamihira, an inhabitant of Sakastan or Rajputana, disclosed as a Maga, Magus or Magician, the class of legendary Iranic sun-priests. Varaha-Mihir named after Mihira or Mithra, the supreme Iranic Sun-God; his ministry as priest of the primordial Iranic religion of Heliolatry, Sun-worship, or the Saura sect. Surya-siddhanta, Varahamihira's system of Iranic astronomy, named after the Iranic Sun-God Surya, Syrius, Cyrus, Ashur or Asshur. Harappan or Dravidian Origin of Vedanga Jyotisha, ancient Vedic astronomy, disclosed. Iranic Solar or Surya astronomy (Surya-siddhanta) contrasted with, and its supercession of, Dravidian Vedic astronomy (Vedanga Jyotisha).
Who was Varahamihira?
Varahamihira, also called Varahamira or simply Varaha, was one of the most celebrated scientists in South Asian history, having made substantial contributions to virtually all branches of the arts and sciences. Thus, Encyclopedia Britannica notes, "Varāhamihira of the Gupta age was a profound scholar of all the sciences and arts, from botany to astronomy and from military science to civil engineering." (Enc.Brit., "Education, History of," vol.18, p.4, 1990 ed.)
Born in Ujjain, the capital of the Scythian-dominated region now known as Rajputana, he wrote three important books: Panchasiddhantika, Brihat Samhita, and Brihat Jataka. Brihat Samhita is a compilation of an assortment of topics that provides interesting details of prevailing beliefs. Brihat Jataka is a book on astrology.
However, the most famous work by Varahamihira is the treatise on mathematical astronomy called the Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Astronomical Treatises") and dated 575 AD. It is a summary of five earlier astronomical systems, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha siddhantas. (Chakravarty 1991) The famous Iranic scholar Al-Beruni summarised these canons thus, providing slightly different names for the various systems:
"They [the Indians] have 5 Siddhāntas:
Sūrya-Siddhānta, ie. the Siddhānta of the Sun, composed by Lāṭa,
Vasishṭa-siddhānta, so called from one of the stars of the Great Bear, composed by Vishnucandra,
Pulisa-siddhānta, so called from Paulisa, the Greek, from the city of Saintra, which I suppose to be Alexandria, composed by Pulisa.
Romaka-siddhānta, so called from the Rūm, ie. the subjects of the Roman Empire, composed by Śrīsheṇa.
Brahma-siddhānta, so called from Brahman, composed by Brahmagupta, the son of Jishṇu, from the town of Bhillamāla between Multān and Anhilwāra, 16 yojanas from the latter place.
The authors of these books draw from one and the same source, the book "Paithāmaha", so called from the first father, ie. Brahman." (Sachau 1964, vol.I, p.153)
Thus, the Romaka-Siddhanta was Roman in essence. The Pulisa-Siddhanta was, as noted by Al-Beruni above, of Egyptian origin. The Paitamaha Siddhanta appears to be the ancient Vedanga Jyotisha of Lagadha, which was of Dravidian origin (see below). However, the Surya Siddhanta or Saura-Siddhanta was the most accurate and is the system most widely used today. The modern system differs but in minor details from Varahamihira's classical system.
On a more concise note, the Encyclopedia Britannica provides a compact summary of his outstanding achievements:
"Varāhamihira, also called VARAHA, or MIHIRA (b.505, Ujjain, India -d.587, Ujjain). Indian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, author of the Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Treatises"), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Indian astronomy.
Varāhamihira's knowledge of Western astronomy was thorough. In 5 sections, his monumental work progresses through native Indian astronomy and culminates in 2 treatises on Western astronomy, showing calculations based on Greek and Alexandrian reckoning and even giving complete Ptolemaic mathematical charts and tables.
Although Varāhamihira's writings give a comprehensive picture of 6th-century India, his real interest lay in astronomy and astrology. He repeatedly emphasized the importance of astrology and wrote many treatises on śakuna (augury) as well as the Bṛhaj-Jātaka ("Great Birth") and the Laghu-Jātaka ("Short Birth"), two well-known works on the casting of horoscopes." (Enc.Brit., vol.12, p.269)
Towering like a colossus on the Indian science scene, it is only natural that the Indian Union should honour Varahamihira with a mural inside the Parliament House at New Delhi (see Fig.).
Fig: Mural painting inside the Parliament House of New Delhi showing Aryabhatta (5th Century CE) and Varahamihira (7th Century CE),
Artist: Ms. Kumud Patel, Baroda.
Maga or Iranic Sun-priestly Descent of Varahamihira
Given Varahamihira's immense contributions to science, it is important to ascertain his ethnic origins. In this regard, it is important to note that he was born in Ujjain, a city located within a region later known as Rajputana. As eminent ethnographers such as Col. Tod and Baron Metcalfe have shown, the people of Rajputana or Rajasthan are predominantly of Scythic or East Iranic origin. Indeed, in Varahamihira's age, Rajputana was part of a much larger region called "Sakastana", or "Land of the Scythians", a vast tract of land which included modern Afghanistan, Seistan, Rajputana, the Punjab and Sindh. From the fact that the word "Sakastan" occurs on the Mathura lion capital inscription, it is evident that Mathura (a name itself derived from Mithra) and Delhi were also included in the vast territories of Sakastan. Having been born in Sakastan, it is only natural that he should himself be of Scythic or East Irano-Aryan stock.
His Iranic origin is further confirmed by his very name: Varaha-mihira. The last part, Mihir, is derived from the Persian Mithra. Moreover, the fact that he named his astrological works using the name "Jataka" is significant, for it is identical to the name of the Scythic-Buddhist cycle of legends on the Buddha's former lives. Furthermore, the focus of his research was the Surya-siddhanta system, a clearly Iranic school of astronomy, as its name, derived from the ancient Iranic sun-god Surya or Assur or Asshur, clearly indicates. The term "Surya-Siddhanta" means "Treatise of the Sun", while the alternative name "Saura-Siddhanta" denotes "Treatise of the Sun-worshippers". Since the only exclusive Sun-worshippers in South Asia are Iranic, it follows that Varahamihira was an Iranic sun-priest or Magus (Biswas 1949). The Magii were so famed for their prowess in science and mysticism that the modern words "magic" and "magician" are derived from their noble name. Hence, Mrs. Debala Mitra notes,
"The Magas did not confine themselves to Śāmbapura, identified with the modern Multan, where Hiuen Tsang saw a grand Sun temple in the seventh century. They soon spread over other parts of India. Ptolemy (middle of the second century AD) vouches for the existence of the `Brachmanai Magoi' in the South. ... They contributed much to astronomy and astrology. The famous astronomer Varāhamihira was himself a Maga. The descendants of the Maga Brāhmaṇas are still interested in astrology, foretelling, divination, propitiation of planetary deities (graha-yāga), etc. As they enjoyed the gifts made for the propitiation of the grahas (planets), they are called graha-vipras (astrologers)." (Mitra 1962, p.614)
Further connections with Iran exist (Upadhye 1933). Davar has an exhaustive description of the Maga "Brahmins" and provides substantial new evidence proving Varahamihira's Iranic origin:
"We shall now review the influence of the Mag Brahmins on India. According to K.N.Sitaram,38 [38. "Iranian Influence on Indian Culture": an article by K.N.Sitaram in the K.R.Cama Institute Journal] the influence of the Mag Brahmins was considerable in the 6th century AD, when the Iranian form of sun-worship was in full swing in India. Sitaram holds that king Harshavardhan (AD 606-648), his father Prabhākarvardhan, his father Ādityavardhan and his father Rājyavardhan were all sun-worshippers and {p.66} descendants of Mag Brahmins. It is also significant that `Prabhākar' and `Āditya' are names of the sun. Sitaram asserts that the famous Indian astronomer Varāhamihir of the 6th century AD was a Mag Brahmin, and that he had referred to his Mag Brahmin ancestors in his works. From his father's name Ādityadās (meaning servant of the sun) and from the fact that Varāhamihir dedicated his great work, the Brihatsamhitā, to Mihir (Mithra or the sun), Sitaram concludes that the astronomer was in some way connected with the Mag Brahmins. In this respect a shrewd argument has been advanced by J.E.Sanjana 39, [39. "Varāhamihir - an Iranian name": an article by J.E.Sanjana in the Dinshah J.Irani Memorial Volume] who invites our attention to a certain verse of a Zarathushtrian scripture, named the Meher Yasht (Yasht X), according to which, while Meher (the sun) advances, he is accompanied by Verethraghna (Vritrahaṇa or Behrām) in the form of a "varāz" (varāha or boar). From this Avestan passage one can see the close connection between Varāha (boar) and Mihir (sun), which words go to form the name of the Hindu astronomer, and thus support the theory that he was a Mag Brahmin." (Davar 1962, p.65-66)
The Magas of Persia were of course subsequently absorbed into Islam as the priestly Sayyid or Syed class. Islam - with its focus on the Kaaba of Mecca, the ancient temple of the Assyrian or Syrian Sun-God Hu-Baal, Bel or Baal - came naturally to the heliolatric Persian Magas, who no doubt regarded Islam as an offshoot of the ancient Iranic Solar religion.
Father of Indian astronomy
Perhaps the most famous Maga in the East, Varahamihira was the father of modern Indian astronomy, for his system superceded the preceding Vedanga Jyotisha. Indeed, the earliest Indian treatise on astronomy is the Vedanga Jyotisha, as a recent popular science article states:
"The first formal treatise on astronomy is the Vedanga Jyotisha, dated about 1400 BC. It talks of a five-year yuga (time span) consisting of 67 lunar months, which incorrectly corresponds to 366 days in a year. But a peculiar concept was of the Rahu and Ketu which eclipsed the sun and the moon. This was later identified as two imaginary points where the path of the moon intersects the apparent path of the sun. For an eclipse to occur the moon should be at one of these two points." (Abraham 2001)
This Vedanga Jyotisha dominated South Asian astronomy for 1500 years. Unfortunately, the lunar Vedanga Jyotisha system was crude in comparison to the advanced heliolatric Surya Siddhantic system. This, coupled with a continuous immigration of Iranic settlers, led to the new Surya Siddhanta system gradually superceding the Harappan system around 400 AD. It has remained supreme ever since. Thus, Varahamihira is the father of modern Indian astrology and astronomy.
Father of Rajput Art, Sculpture & Architecture
What is often vaguely and incorrectly called "North Indian architecture", or "Classical Hindu architecture" is in fact more correctly known as "Rajput architecture" or "Scytho-Rajput architecture". Varahamihira was the first person to codify the rules for art, sculpture and architecture which formed the basis for this splendid Rajput school:
"The rudiments of this framework for construction and design can be seen in the Puranas, Shastras, Samhitas and Buddhist classics. Matsya Purana, for instance, has much on architecture and sculpture. Natya Sastra has a chapter on the design and construction of theatres while Padma Samhita covers planning and construction of temples.
But the earliest text codifying rules for art, sculpture and architecture is the early 6th century AD text Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira. Mayamata and Manasara are early texts which are held as standard reference works on Vastuvidya-the science of building." (Abraham 2001)
That Varahamihira codified the norms of civilization for the Rajputs should come as no surprise, for the Rajputs were ethnically closely related to Varahamihira. Both Rajputs and Magas are twigs of the same branch, for they are divisions of the Saka branch of the long-headed Iranic or Iranoid race.
Alleged Vedic Origin Refuted
Out of ignorance or chauvinism, Varahamihira, and sometimes even his whole school of astronomy, is often misrepresented as being of so-called "Vedic Origin". Refuting the alleged Vedic Origin of Varahamihira, Prof. Rajesh Kochhar, "astrophysicist and director of National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies in New Delhi," (Abraham 2001) notes,
"`Vedanga Jyotisha does not mention week days or zodiacal signs but in the Siddhantic astronomical texts zodiacal signs are inbuilt," says Kochhar. "There are many new inputs in Aryabhatta's work.' Aryabhatta's follower Varahamihira (c. 505 AD) compiled five siddhantas, two of which bear testimony to outside influence. The most accurate is Surya Siddhanta, which was revised several times." (Abraham 2001)
Prof. Kochhar further notes that modern South Asian astronomy is in fact non-Vedic and was largely created by Varahamihira:
"Kochhar, who wrote the book Vedic People, says the astrology we have today is not Vedic and hence there is no question of teaching Vedic astrology (as planned by the University Grants Commission). "It is post-Varahamihira and based on Siddhantic astronomy. Vedic astronomy did not have zodiacal signs," says Kochhar. "Teaching astrology is different. You can certainly teach astrology if you can teach Sanskrit." (Abraham 2001)
Thus, modern South Asian astrology is non-Vedic and instead based on the Iranic solar system of Varahamihira. Indeed, Varahamihira called the Vedanga Jyotisha system as "Pitamaha Siddhanta" and considered it inferior to the Iranic system:
"Varahamihira (c. AD 530), in his work, `the five astronomical systems' or the Pancasiddhantika, begins with an account of what he calls Pitamaha Siddhanta or the astronomical system of the grandfathers - evidently a figurative way of indicating its hoary antiquity. Compared to the other systems of astronomy discussed by him, this is considered by Varahamihira as crude and undeveloped, and hence he gives very meagre information about it.78 (78. Panca-Siddhantika, verse 4, see also S.B.Dikshit, BJS [Bharatiya Jyotish Sastra, tr. R.V.Vaidya], pt. II, p.3). But the interesting point is that Thibaut, comparing these information with some of those of the Vedanga Jyotisa, feels "that the astronomical book quoted by Varahamihira as Pitamaha Siddhanta must have been either the Jyotisa itself or a work very much like it." 79 (79. G.Thibaut, in SHSI ["Symposium on the History of Sciences in India", New Delhi, Oct. 1968], II, p.488)" (Chattopadhyaya, 1986, vol.I, p.267-268)
Thus, the Surya-Siddhanta system of astronomy cannot be of Vedic or non-Aryan origin, and was the creation of Iranic sun-priests or Magas.
These Maga Brahmins are not to be confused with the Vedic or Vaidik Brahmins. The Magas are members of the dolichocephalic (long-headed) Irano-Aryan race, while the Vedic Brahmins are, as their very name indicates, "Abrahamites" or members of the original brachycephalic (round-headed) Semitic race which ruled over later Sumer and Harappa. The Irano-Aryans were Aryan Sun-worshippers of Surya, representative of the forces of Light and Day, while the Vedic Brahmins were adherents of the Semitic Moon-cult of Sin or Chandra, representative of the forces of Darkness and the Night. It must be recalled that the prime god in the Vedas is Indra, a derivative of Indu, the moon-god, while the Irano-Aryan sun-god Surya is cursed in the selenolatric (moon-worshipping) Vedas and Puranas as "Asura" or demon. Instead, the Vaidiks worship the "devas" (a term cognate with the English "devil"), while these "daivas" are considered malevolent spirits in the Iranic tradition. Indeed, the Vedic cult is the very opposite of the Aryan or Iranian religion, and is anti-Aryan in spirit, one of the main proofs for the non-Aryan origin of the Vedic Brahmins. These more numerous Vedic Brahmins have always refused to interdine and inter-marry with the Magas, and curse them as "non-Brahmins". The Maga Brahmins in their turn consider the lunar Vedic cult inferior to their own solar Avestan and Iranic civilization. Moreover, it is the Maga Brahmins who produced much of the later Brahmanic civilization. (Srivastava 1969, 1970, 1972).
Dravidian Origin of Vedanga Jyotisha
Indeed, not only is the Surya-Siddhanta of non-Vedic origin, but the so-called "Vedanga Jyotisha" (used for ritual purposes during the Vedic Dark Ages, ca. 1500 BC-500 BC) itself was in actual fact the system of astronomy adopted by the Vedic priests from the Dravidian priesthood of Harappa. As it is still sometimes misrepresented as "Vedic astrology", and falsely portrayed as having its roots in the Vedas, it is necessary to summarise the Dravidian origin of Vedanga Jyotisha:
"It is also significant to note from the point of view of our discussion that the place of observation of the longest and shortest day of the Vedanga Jyotisha cannot be true of the regions where the Vedic people eventually settled and produced their ritual literature - the Yajurveda and the Brahmanas. The latitude of the Vedic settlements could not be more than 28 ° N. 86 [86.The Aryavarta of the Dharmasastras is the middle Gangetic zone, extending initially from Kurukshetra to Allahabad.] Therefore, we are inclined to conclude that in the Vedanga Jyotisha we have an important clue which, geographically, speaking, indicates that its astronomical contents were presumablybased on the observations of the Harappans, though it came down to a much later period and to a different region altogether, where the Vedic priests wanted somehow to connect it with their sacrificial ritual, branding it as a "limb of the Vedas" (Vedanga), perhaps without understanding and certainly not verifying the astronomical contents that came down to them." (Chattopadhyaya 1986, vol.I, p.271)
Moreover, the name "Lagadha", the legendary author of Vedanga Jyotisha, has no Indo-European etymology, and is phonetically of Dravidian origin: "... the author/authors of both its [Vedanga Jyotisha] versions claim that they simply present the views of a certain authority called Lagadha74 [footnote 74. RV-J.2, VJ-Y.44. Interestingly, the name [Lagadha] appears to be quite peculiar and it seems that it is not Sanskritic at all]." (Chattopadhyaya 1986, vol.I, p.266).
Hence, what is often termed as "Vedic astronomy" or "Vedic astrology" is a misnomer; the ancient Vedic astronomy of the Vedanga Jyotisha is Harappan and hence should correctly be termed "Afro-Dravidian astronomy", whilst later "Vedic astronomy" should be termed "Iranic astronomy".
The Maga or Iranic priestly origin of Varahamihira has thus been firmly established. Varahamihira is justly regarded as one of the greatest Iranic astronomers in history. He was perhaps the greatest representative of the Maga branch of the Iranic race.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Prof. Qazi Afzal Hussain (Aligarh) for assistance.
References:
Abraham 2001: "Lost knowledge", by Samuel Abraham The Week, June 24, 2001, Kerala, http://www.the-week.com.
Biswas 1949: "The Maga ancestry of Varahamihira" by Dilip Kumar Biswas. Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. 25 (1949), art.no.6, pp. 175-183.
Chakravarty 1991: "Some Studies in Varahamihira" by A.K.Chakravarty, Indian Journal for the History of Science, 26, 1991, pp. 71-77.
Chattopadhyaya 1986: " History of Science and Technology in Ancient India" by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd., 257-B, B.B.Ganguly St., Calcutta-700012, firmaklm@iname.com.
Davar 1962: "Iran and India through the Ages", by Firoze Cowasji Davar, Asia Publishing House, Bombay-1, 1962.
Mitra 1962: "Foreign Elements in Indian Population", by Mrs. Debala Mitra, in "The Cultural Heritage of India", ed. S.K.De et al., Vol.II, p.610-626, Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, 2nd ed. Calcutta 1962.
Sachau 1964: "Alberuni's India", tr. Dr. E.C.Sachau, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. London, 1910, reprint 1964, S.Chand & Co., Ravindra Mansion, 7361 Ram Nagar, Qutab Road, New Delhi-110055, India; schand@vsnl.com, http://www.schandgroup.com
Srivastava 1969: "Antiquity of Magas in Ancient India", by V.C.Srivastava, Proceedings of Indian History Congress, 1969, pp. 86-94.
Srivastava 1970: "Advent of Magas or Iranian Priests in India", by V.C.Srivastava, in "Foreigners in Ancient India and Sarasvati in Art and Literature," ed. By D.C. Sircar, Calcutta, 1970, pp.73-79.
Srivastava 1972: "Sun Worship in Ancient India," by V.C.Srivastava, Allahabad, 1972.
Upadhye 1933:"Varahamihira and Buzurjmehr" by A.N.Upadhye, Indian Historical Quarterly, vol.9, (1933) misc., art.28, pp. 984-986.
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8. Contributions of Varahamihira
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Varahamihira was the prodigious Indian Astronomer, Astrologer of Ujjain, and distinguished Mathematician, who lived in 5th century AD. He was the prin...
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Varahamihira was the prodigious Indian Astronomer, Astrologer of Ujjain, and distinguished Mathematician, who lived in 5th century AD. He was the principal Indian sage who predicted the availability of water in Mars about 1500 years ago. His valuable insights about the space and universe become the study of modern scientists. He identified that the moon and other planets are glistening because of sunlight. His adjacent contemporaries Aryabhata and Brahmagupta could not compare with the acceptance of Varahamihira.[1] His Astrological talent promoted was one among the nine Gems of the emperor Vikramaditya and Chandragupta. The minute observations awarded the most reputed exaltation among the Navaratnas of the court of Vikramaditya.
Kalidasa in his book Jyotir Vidhabharanam has admired the role of Varahamihira through the verses–
[...][2]
Ibn Batuta and Al-Baruni were two prominent Arab travelers who had visited ancient India specially to pursue Astrology. By their translations they had induced German scholars to come to India to study traditional Astrology and Vedic literature. The Ancestors of Aryabhata, and Varahamihira declared that earth was spherical in shape. Ever in the history of science he was the first to claim that some “force” might be keeping bodies stuck to the round earth. Later the force has been called as gravity. He constructed Merustambh 2200 years ago for doing research on astronomy. His great work called Panchsidhanthika summarizes the earlier astronomical treatise such as Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitama Siddhanta. He proposed that the Moon and planets are lustrous not because of their own light but due to sunlight. Another significant contribution of Varahamihira is the encyclopedic Brihat-Samhita covering wide range of subjects covering astrology, planetary movements, eclipses, star effects, rainfall, clouds, and symptoms of male and female, domestic animals, gems, pearls and propitiating rituals. He wrote on all the three main branches of Jyotisha (Ganita-Samhita and Hora) covered under his great works named as Brihat Jataka, Laghu Jataka, Samasa Samhita, Brihat Yogayatra, Yoga yatra, Dikkani Yatra, Vivaha Patala and Daivajna Vallabha (apocryphal). Varahamihira’s mathematical work includes the discovery of the trigonometric formulas. He improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata. He defined the algebraic properties of zero as well as of negative numbers. Furthermore, he was the first mathematician who discovered the version of Pascal’s triangle which is useful to calculate the binomial coefficients.
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The Bṛhat saṁhitā of Varāha Mihira
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varahamihira’s Brihatsamhita: Old Indian Astronomy and Wisdom
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Varahamihira the Philosopher who lived during the 6th century CE was a significant Indian scholar, astronomer, and polymath who made significant contributions in several fields. The greatest…
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https://medium.com/the-pub/varahamihiras-brihatsamhita-old-indian-astronomy-and-wisdom-537187b22292
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Varahamihira the Philosopher who lived during the 6th century CE was a significant Indian scholar, astronomer, and polymath who made significant contributions in several fields. The greatest composition of Vativah or Vatesvara, the ‘Brihatsamhita’, is proof of his superior knowledge of the world.
The text also has one hundred and five sections which comprise the Brihatsamhita also known as the Great Compilation. This term is as versatile as any term can be, and it refers to subjects like meteorology, mathematics and architecture, agriculture, gemology, and architecture among other disciplines. While it is one of the first and most comprehensive treatises of its kind, its focus is rather narrowly directed at astronomy and horoscopy.
It is also noteworthy to focus on one of the detailed topics encompassing the “Brihatsamhita,” namely the information regarding celestial bodies and their movements. Closely recapitulating the sky positions of the planets, stars, and constellations, Varahamihira has given an insight into the indubitable Indian astronomy of the ages. His work indicates a profound comprehension of the movement within the celestial sphere, which is important for computing eclipses, along with being significant for religious purposes that were imperative in Ancient India.
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Bṛhat Saṃhitā of Varāhamihira Chapter One (Introduction)
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This translation contains Chapter One of the Brihat Samhita, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century). This chapter deals with introductory matters such as establishing the competence and experience of the author and
|
https://www.academia.edu/36792593/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81_of_Var%C4%81hamihira_Chapter_One_Introduction_
|
This translation contains Chapter Two of the Brihat Samhita, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century). This chapter lists various astrologer sūtras a.k.a. aphorisms. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This translation contains Chapter Two of the Brihat Yogayatra, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century) dealing with military astrology. There are a total of 34 chapters for a total of 562 verses. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. This is my first translation where I did not have a published Sanskrit-English translation to work off of as a guide. I found only one online Sanskrit-only source of the Brihat Yogayatra. It was edited by the late David E. Pingree and published in 1972. Chapter Two deals with inquires a.k.a. prashna or horary in the context of setting out on a military march. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This translation contains Chapter Seventy-three of the Yavanajātaka of Sphujidhvaja (circa 200 to 600 CE). This chapter deals with the result of the nakṣatras and tithis on military expeditions. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
This Sanskrit-English translation of the Samkhya Karika of Ishvarakrishna contains word-for-word translations with grammatical detail. It was translated by Michael Douglas Neely. This is the earliest available text on Samkhya Philosophy, which describes reality. This philosophy is one of the six major philosophies of the East Indian culture and one of the most significant of the six that has endured throughout time. It is sighted in many major texts from the East Indian culture.
This translation contains Chapter One of the Bṛhat Yātrā of Varāhamihira, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century) dealing with military astrology. There are a total of 34 chapters for a total of 543 verses. The other chapters will be added as I complete them. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. This is my first translation where I did not have a published Sanskrit-English translation to work off of as a guide. I found only one online Sanskrit-only source of the Brihat Yogayatra. It was edited by the late David E. Pingree and published in 1972. Chapter One is a philosophical chapter and deals with the effort of man and that belonging to the divine (fate). I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support. This chapter was originally published in 2018 and was revised and republished on December 10, 2022.
This translation contains chapters eighteen to twenty of the Brihat Jataka, a famous East Indian astrology text by Varahamihira (circa 6th century). There are a total of 28 chapters. My translation includes an outline of the major concepts for each chapter with spreadsheets, a word for word translation from Sanskrit to English with parts of speech annotations. The chapter topics for this part are as follows: Chapter Eighteen: Results of the Aspects Chapter Nineteen: Ashtakavaraga Chapter Twenty: Houses Chapter Twenty-one: Support Yogas Chapter Twenty-two: Miscellaneous Yogas Chapter Twenty-three: Undesirable Yogas Chapter Twenty-four: Horoscope of the Female Chapter Twenty-five: Death Chapter Twenty-six: Lost Horoscopes Chapter Twenty-seven: The Character of the Drekkana Chapter Twenty-eight: Conclusion This is my first draft at this translation. I plan on doing a final version with more commentary. I welcome any feedback. Thank you for your attention and support.
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Varahamihira: Indian Sage And One Of The Greatest Minds Of All Time
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A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com - Varahamihira (505–587 CE) was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer from Ujjain, which during the Gupta
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https://www.ancientpages.com/2016/09/13/varahamihira-indian-sage-and-one-of-the-greatest-minds-of-all-time/
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India as Known to Varahamihira : Chopra, Surendranath : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
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Shodaganga Thesis has been archived for better accessibility. Source:https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ , Source Citation : http://hdl.handle.net/10603/91755
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https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9604
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Varāhamihira
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2008-08-18T00:00:00
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'Varāhamihira' published in 'Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures'
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https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9604
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Varāhamihira, who flourished in Ujjain, in Central India, during the sixth century, was perhaps the greatest exponent of the twin disciplines of astronomy and astrology in India. A master of all three branches of the disciplines astronomy, natural astrology, and horoscopic astrology, he was a prolific writer whose works number more than a dozen, some of which are extensive.
Varāhamihira was born in Kāpitthaka, present‐day Kapitha, in Uttar Pradesh, known also as Saṇkāśya and mentioned as a great center of learning by the Chinese pilgrim Yuan Chwang as Kah‐pi‐t'a. He was the son of Ādityadāsa, and a Śakadvīpī brāhmaṇa of the Maga sect who were sun worshippers. His renown has caused several legends, both Hindu and Jain, being woven round his birth, growth, and predictive propensity. A legend has it that he was one of the nine luminaries of the court of King Chandragupta II Vikramāditya, but the definitively known date of Varāhamihira goes against this identification. Varāhamihira's...
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Sarma, K.V. (2008). Varāhamihira. In: Selin, H. (eds) Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9604
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Varahamihira
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Varahamihira | Astronomer, Mathematician, Astrologer
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Varahamihira was an Indian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, author of the Pancha-siddhantika (“Five Treatises”), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman, and Indian astronomy. Varahamihira’s knowledge of Western astronomy was thorough. In five sections, his monumental work progresses
|
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Varahamihira
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Varahamihira (born 505, Ujjain, India—died 587, Ujjain) was an Indian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, author of the Pancha-siddhantika (“Five Treatises”), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman, and Indian astronomy.
Varahamihira’s knowledge of Western astronomy was thorough. In five sections, his monumental work progresses through native Indian astronomy and culminates in two treatises on Western astronomy, showing calculations based on Greek and Alexandrian reckoning and even giving complete Ptolemaic mathematical charts and tables. But his greatest interest lay in astrology. He repeatedly emphasized its importance and wrote many treatises on shakuna (“augury”) as well as the Brihaj-jataka (“Great Birth”) and the Laghu-jataka (“Short Birth”), two works on the casting of horoscopes.
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Varahamihirawas an Ancient Indian Astrologer, Astronomer, and Polymath who lived in Ujjain.: 6th Century Indian Mathematician
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varahamihira is an Indian Mathematician who was born during the early 6th-century. He was born in the Avanti region and brought up in Ujjain
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Vedic Math School
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https://vedicmathschool.org/varahamihira/
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Varahamihira is an Indian Mathematician who was born during the early 6th-century. He was born in the Avanti region and brought up in Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh, India).
After Meeting Aryabhatta, He got the inspiration to become a mathematician and astrologer. He was studied at Kapitthaka. He is one of the “Nine Jewels” of the court of emperor Yashodharman Vikramaditya of Malwa.
Varāhamihira’s most well-known work was Brihat Samhita. This book is all about architecture, mathematics, gemology, temples, planetary motions, astrology, cloud formation, eclipses, timekeeping, rainfall, seasons, agriculture, and many other topics.
Some Mathematicians even believed that he has a strong knowledge of the predictive calculations and zodiac signs. He used to perform astrological computations and auspicious ceremonies in India in those days.
Varahamihira Books
He has written two books which became famous not only in India but also throughout the globe. His books were been translated into different languages.
Pancha-Siddhantika
In this book, he writes about mathematical astronomy. He explains about the five earlier astronomical treatises by five authors, namely the Paulisa Siddhanta, Paitamaha Siddhanta, Surya Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta.
In this book, He says about ayanamsa, or the shifting of the equinox is 50.32 seconds. He was the first Mathematician to speak about ayanamsa.
Brihat-Samhita
This is the second book written by Varahamihira.
This book has 106 chapters and hence this book is also called “great compilation”.
This book is all about divination. He even writes about other topics like astronomy, clouds, planetary movements, rainfall, eclipses, growth of crops, matrimony, gems, pearls, architecture, manufacture of perfume, domestic relations, and rituals.
It is said that many of his books have been lost.
The Arub Travelers Ibn Batuta and Al Baruni who came to India to Learn Vedic Mathematics has translated his book into different languages.
Contributions of Varahamihira in Mathematics
Sine tables were created by Aryabhata but were improved by Varahamihira.
He discovered a version of Pascal’s triangle.
He created the first 4×4 magic square.
He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
He was the first to speak about ayanamsa.
Interesting facts about Varahamihira
Though he was a Mathematical Astronomer, He had an interest in other fields too.
He was a great astrologer and astronomer. He used to see the positions of stars, sun, moon, and planets and used to predict many things.
It is said that Varahamihira had constructed “Meru Stambh”.
He proposed that planets and Moon are lustrous due to sunlight but not because of their own light.
He even said that the earth was spherical.
He penned all the three main sections of Jyotisha astrology.
Many other Indian Mathematicians has done great contribution in the field of Mathematics just like Varahamihira. A few of them are Aryabhatta, Mahavira, Madhava of Sangamagrama.
To know more about Varahamihira, read the article written by the University of Maine.
FAQ
What did Varahamihira discover?
Varahamihira’s discovered the trigonometric formulas and improved many of the formulas. Sine tables, which were created by Aryabhata was been recalculated by him to improve the accuracy. He even worked on the number zero and negative numbers.
What is the contribution of Varahamihira?
Sine tables were created by Aryabhata but were improved by Varahamihira.
He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
He created the first 4×4 magic square.
He was the first to speak about ayanamsa.
He discovered a version of Pascal’s triangle.
Using his mathematical calculations he said that the stars are “fixed” and the planets revolve around the star at a constant speed.
What is Pancha Siddhanta?
Pancha-Siddhantika is the name of one of the books written by Varahamihira. In this book, he mentions about astronomical treatises. Paulisa Siddhanta, Surya Siddhanta, Paitamaha Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and are the 5 authors.
How did he get the name Varahamihira?
The term Varaha Means the boar (is the avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu) and the Term Mahira Means Talented.
There is a story behind this name
The then king has rewarded Varaha-Mahira with the title ‘Varaha’. King Vikramaditya was alarmed by the Mihira’s prediction. King looked around the crowded court and asked in agony “Can it be true?” No one responded to the king’s question. Breaking the silence, Mihara sadly said “As per the position of the planets, the prince will die at the age of 18.”
Queen cried and said to the king “My lord, you should see to it that this prediction proves false.”
It is said that Mihira never made any false predictions. Even though the king took every precaution to protect his son from all the odds. But on the predicted day,i.e on his 18th birthday, the prince was been killed by a boar. From that day itself, he was been named as Varaha-Mahira.
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Varāhamihira also called Varaha or Mihira, was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who lived in Ujjain.He is considered to be one of the...
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Varāhamihira also called Varaha or Mihira, was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who lived in Ujjain.He is considered to be one of the...
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https://www.facebook.com/ScienceHistoryAndTechnologyOfAncientBharatwarsh/videos/var%C4%81hamihira-also-called-varaha-or-mihira-was-an-indian-astronomer-mathematician/179936584001587/
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VARāHAMIHIRA(fl. near Ujjain, India, sixth century)astronomy, astrology. Source for information on Varahamihira: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography dictionary.
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/varahamihira
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VARāHAMIHIRA
(fl. near Ujjain, India, sixth century)
astronomy, astrology.
The best-known and most respected astrologer of India, Varāhamihira was the son and pupil of Ādityadāsa, a Maga Brāhmana and descendant of Iranian Zoroastrians who immigrated to northern India in the centuries about the beginning of the Christian era and who, while retaining some traces of the solar worship of their forebears, were absorbed into Hinduism. Varāhamihira himself stated that he was a native of Avantī or Western Mālwä (the region about Ujjain) and that he resided in the village Kāpitthaka, which is probably to be identified with the ruins at Kayatha about twelve miles from Ujjain. His date is established by his own adaptation in the Pañcadiddhāntikā of Lāta’s epoch, 505, and by the references to him as an authority in the Brāhmasphutasiddhānta composed by Brahmagupta in 628. It has further been suggested that he was connected with the Aulikara court at Daśapura (Mandasor), and in particular with Yaśodharman, who was reigning in 532.
His numerous writings covered all of the traditional fields of astrology and astronomy in India, generally in pairs. It is evident from internal crossreferences that he composed the Pañcasiddhäntikä and Brhatsamhitā simultaneously toward the beginning of his career, although some additions were made to the latter after his other major works were completed. The Brhajjätaka was probably composed toward the end of his life, and the other treatises fall somewhere in between.
Varāhamihira was not original in his writings. In genethlialogy he depended primarily on Sphujidhvaja’s and Satya’s expositions of an Indianized Greek system, in divination on the Indian adaptations by Garga and others of Mesopotamian omen-series, and in astronomy on representatives of three traditions : the Mesopotamian-influenced vedāñga-astronomy as represented in the first century Paitāmahasiddhānta, the Indian versions of Greco-Babylonian solar, lunar, and planetary theory in the Vasisthasiddhānta and Pauliśasiddhānta, and the essentially Hellenistic astronomy of the Romakasiddhānta and Läta’s Süryasiddhānta. Since we have very few other sources for studying these traditions in India in the period before 500, Varāhamihira’s work is extremely valuable; and as we know little else about the Greek traditions that the sources of the Pañcasiddhäntikā depend on, it affords us a most useful if somewhat problematic insight into pre-Ptolemaic Greek astronomy.
Varāhamihira’s works are as follows:
1. The Pañcasiddhātikā, edited with translation and commentary by O. Neugebauer and D. Pingree, 2 pts. (Copenhagen, 1970–1971). This difficult text deals with solar, lunar, and planetary theory; problems of time and terrestrial latitude: eclipses: astronomical instruments: and cosmology. Something has been said of its sources and its importance above.
2. The Brhatsambitā on divination, edited with the commentary of Utpala (966) by Sudhākare Dvivedin, 2 vols. (Benares, 1895–1897; repr., Benares, 1968); there are several English translations, of which the best is H. Kern, “The Brhat-Sañhitā,” in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1870), 430–479; (1871), 45–90, 231–288; (1873), 36–91, 279–338; and (1875), 81–134; this was reprinted in H. Kern, Vespreide Geschriften, 16 vols. (The Hague, 1913–1929), I 169–319, and II , 1–154. This extensive treatise, besides being one of the most complete extant Sanskrit treatises on divination, is very valuable for the information it contains about Indian geography and society: see, for instance, J. F. Fleet, “The Topographical List of the Brihat-Sanhita,” in Indian Antiquary, 22 (1893), 169–195; and A. M. Shastri, India as Seen in the Brhatsamhitā of Varāhamihira (Delhi-Patna-Varanasi, 1969).
3. The Samāsasamhitā, Varāhamihira’s shorter work on divination. This is now lost, but many of the quotations from it can be found in A. M. Shastri, “Contribution Towards the Reconstruction of the Samāsa-Samhitā of Varāhamihira,” in Bhāratīya Vidyā, 23 (1963), 22–39.
4. The Vatakanikā, a third work on divination, is also lost save for some quoted verses; see P. V. Kane, “The Vatakanikā of Varāhamihira,” in Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal, 1 (1963), 63–65.
5. The Brhajjātaka, Varāhamihira’s major work on genethlialogy; it has often been commented on and often translated. The most useful commentary is that of Utpala (966), published, for example, at Bombay in 1864. This is still the standard work on natal horoscopy in India. For its relation to Greek astrology, see The Yavanajātaka of Sphujidvaja, D. Pingree, ed., which is to appear in the Harvard Oriental Series.
6. The Laghujātaka is the shorter treatise on genethlialogy. It also was commented on by Utpala, and it was translated into Arabic by al-Bīrünī, who inserted it into his India. There are many editions: for example, with the Hindī ortikā of Kāśīrāma (Bombay, 1936). Unfortunately, there exists no critical edition of either of these popular textbooks on genethlialogy.
7. The Brhadyātrā is a major treatise on military astrology. An edition of it with the surviving fragment of Utpala’s commentary, prepared by D. Pingree, is in Bulletin of the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras, 20 (1972), 1, app., 1–92; 2, app., i-xiv; and 93–130; repr. (Madras, 1972).
8. The Yogayātrā is a shorter text on military astrology. The first nine chapters were published by H. Kern, “Die Yogayātrā des Varāhamihira,” in Indische Studien, 10 (1868), 161–212; 14 (1876), 312–358; and 15 (1878), 167–184; and the whole, in imperfect fashion, by J. Lal (Lahore, 1944). A critical edition of the text with the commentary of Utpala has been prepared by D. Pingree.
9. The Tikanikāyātrā is a third treatise on military astrology. It was edited by V. R. Pandit, “Tikanikāyātrā of Varāhamihira,” in Journal of the University of Bombay, 20 (Arts, No. 26) (1951), 40–63.
10. The Vivāhapatala, a text on astrology as related to marriage, is preserved in a unique manuscript at Baroda. An edition has been prepared by V. R. Pandit.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Additional bibliographical references to those given above will be found in O. Neugebauer and D. Pingree, Pañcasiddhāntikā, II, pp. 152–154; A. M. Shastri, India as Seen in the Brhatsamhitā pp. 504–515; and D. Pingree, Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit, series A, V. (forthcoming).
David Pingree
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Varahamihira – Indian Sage who Predicted Water Discovery on Mars 1500 Years Ago
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Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer from Ujjain, Varahamihira in his book written 1500 years ago had mentioned so many insights about space and universe that has shocked the scientists of today. Even thousands of years before, India had become famous and reached its pinnacle in astrological and astronomical sciences. Ancient Astrological works had been translated
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VINA - Vaishnava Internet News Agency
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https://www.vina.cc/2016/05/07/varahamihira-indian-sage-who-predicted-water-discovery-on-mars-1500-years-ago/
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Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer from Ujjain, Varahamihira in his book written 1500 years ago had mentioned so many insights about space and universe that has shocked the scientists of today.
Even thousands of years before, India had become famous and reached its pinnacle in astrological and astronomical sciences. Ancient Astrological works had been translated into many foreign languages. Ibn Batuta and Al Baruni were two prominent Arab travellers who had visited ancient India specially to pursue Astrology. By their translations they had induced German scholars to come to India to study Astrology and Vedic literature. Varahamihira was one of the only renowned Indian Astronomer, Mathematician and Astrologer whose name became a household word throughout India and it is said his near contemporaries Aryabhata and Brahmagupta even did not match with the popularity of Varahamihira.
Varahamihira was born in 505 A.D. into a family of Brahmins settled at Kapittha, a village near Ujjain. His father, Adityadasa was a worshipper of the Sun god and it was he who taught Varahamihira astrology. On a visit to Kusumapura (Patna) young Varahamihira met the great astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata. The meeting inspired him so much the he decided to take up astrology and astronomy as a lifetime pursuit.
At that time, Ujjain was the centre of learning, where many schools of arts, science and culture were flourishing in the prosperity of the Gupta reign. Varahamihira, therefore, shifted to this city, where scholars from distant lands were gathering. In due course, his astrological skills came to the notice of King Yashodharman Vikramaditya of Malwa, who made him one of the Nine Gems of his court.
Varahamihira was learned in the Vedas, but he was not a blind believer in the supernatural. He was a scientist. Like Aryabhata before him, he declared that the earth was spherical.
In the history of science he was the first to claim that some “force” might be keeping bodies stuck to the round earth. The force is now called gravity. He proposed that the Moon and planets are lustrous not because of their own light but due to sunlight.
Varahamihira’s main work is the book Pancha Siddhantika (Treatise on the five Astronomical Canons gives us information about older Indian texts which are now lost). The work it seems is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises five earlier astronomical treatises, namely, the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitama Siddhanta.
It is acclaimed that Pancha Siddhantika of Varahamihira is one of the most important sources for the history of Hindu Astronomy from before the time of Aryabhata.
Another important contribution of Varahamihira is the encyclopaedic Brihat-Samhita. It covers wide ranging subjects of human interest, including astrology, planetary movements, eclipses, rainfall, rainfall, clouds even domestic relations, gems, pearls and rituals.
Varahamihira in 550 AD have described a large number of comets in the Brhat Samhita. He wrote over sixty couplets about comets. He did not have the modern facilities like Telescope or other electronic equipment. He says that sages Garga, Parasara, Asita, Devala and others had already written about the comets.
He was also an astrologer and has written on all the three branches of astrology. His son Prithuyasas has also contributed in the Hindu astrology through his work, Hora Sara.
Varahamihira’s mathematical work included the discovery of the trigonometric formulas. He improved the accuracy of the sine tables of Aryabhata l. He defined the algebraic properties of zero as well as of negative numbers. Furthermore, He was among the first mathematicians to discover a version of what is now known as the Pascal’s triangle. He used it to calculate the binomial coefficients.
Varahamihira made some significant observations in the field of ecology, hydrology and geology too. He was the first person who predicted underground water. His claim that plants and termites serve as indicators of underground water is now receiving attention in the scientific world.
Varahamihira, without any scientific equipment, derived the true value of equinox. This value is very important for the modern day Geostationary Satellites.
Surya Siddhanta & description on planet Mars:
Pancha siddhantika includes Surya Siddhanta, an astronomical treatise which explains or determines the true motions of the luminaries. Under this work, Varahamihira has also explained the estimated diameters of the planets, like Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter.
The book gave the locations of several stars other than the lunar nakshatras (constellations) and the calculation of solar eclipses. The book also had a significant coverage on kinds of time, the length of the year of gods and demons, day and night of god Brahma, the elapsed period since creation, how planets move eastwards and sidereal revolution.
Surya Siddhanta mentioned the Mars’s diameter (which was calculated to be 3,772 miles that has an error within 11% of the currently accepted diameter of 4,218 miles), circumference and also carries calculations on and about solar eclipses and lunar eclipses, its color and portion of the moon as well.
Apart from these, Varahamihira also predicted the presence of water on Mars. The book had a detailed description of planet Mars. He had said in his book that planet Mars has both water and iron present on its surface, which have now been revealed by NASA and ISRO.
He was the first to mention and explain how each planet in the solar system has been created by and centered on the sun.
It’s intriguing to know that during NASA’s Mars mission, Arun Upadhyay, a retired IPS, did a comparative study of Varāhamihira’s calculations about Mars and found certain similarities.
Though the original book of Surya Siddhanta till date remains untraced, but somehow a few scholars had taken their notes for their own research work. Many fear that the original version was stolen by the other astronomers from overseas. The present version of Surya Siddhanta, which is often used by Panchang experts to predict festive dates and nakshatras, was modified by Bhaskaracharya during the Middle Ages.
It is learnt, Varahamihira humbly said about his own treatises: “The science of Astrology is a vast ocean and is not easy for everyone to cross it. My treatises provide a safe boat.” Truly, even now they are acknowledged as masterpieces.
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[Solved] During the Gupta Age, Varahamihira was a
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Varahamihira was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher.Varahamihira was one of the nine gems(navaratna) of the court of Chandragupta II.
He wa
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Testbook
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https://testbook.com/question-answer/during-the-gupta-age-varahamihira-was-aan--6014e0f9d4fbbae2e4411bf8
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Varahamihira was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher.Varahamihira was one of the nine gems(navaratna) of the court of Chandragupta II.
He was born in 499 A.D. in Ujjain.
During the Gupta age, he wrote the famous book Brihat Samhita which was a treatise on astronomy.
Pancasiddhantika is one of the main books written by Varahamihira which provides the information of earlier texts.
His book Brihat Samhita deals with architecture, temples, planetary motions, rainfall, agriculture, mathematics, astrology, seasons, etc.
Thus, we can conclude that Varahamihira was a scientist.
Additional Information
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The astronomer, Varahamihira was one of the nine gems at the cour
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The correct answer is The astronomer, Varahamihira was one of the nine gems of the court of Chandragupta II. Varahamihira was a well-known mathematician and astronomer. In "Pancha Siddhantika" and
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https://master.d3v869tz176ej4.amplifyapp.com/favicon.ico
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Infinity Learn
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https://infinitylearn.com/question-answer/the-astronomer-varahamihira-was-one-of-the-nine-gems-at-the-court-669520
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Questions
The astronomer, Varahamihira was one of the nine gems at the court of ____.
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The astronomer, Varahamihira was one of the nine gems of the court of Chandragupta II. Varahamihira was a well-known mathematician and astronomer. In "Pancha Siddhantika" and "Brihat Samhita," two important and influential works by Varahmihira, he claimed that the earth rotates around the sun and that the moon revolves around the earth. He even looked into how the Greeks perceived the motions of the planets. The Pancha Siddhantika was a key source of astronomy before the time of Aryabhatta.
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Chittagong
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Chittagong W ith an area of 5282.98 sq km, is Bounded By Feni District and Tripura (Indian State) on The North, Cox’s Bazar District on The South, Bandarban , Rangamati & Khagrachhari Districts on...
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THE CHITTAGONG INFORMATION PORTAL
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https://chittagonginfo.weebly.com/chittagong.html
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Chittagong District
Chittagong With an area of 5282.98 sq km, is Bounded By Feni District and Tripura (Indian State) on The North, Cox’s Bazar District on The South, Bandarban, Rangamati & Khagrachhari Districts on the East and Noakhali District and the Bay of Bengal on the West. Chittagong District is Quite Different From other Districts for its Unique Natural Beauty Characterized By Hills, Rivers, Sea, Forests & Valleys. Annual Average Temperature Maximum 32.5°C, Minimum 13.5°C, Total Annual Rainfall 2687 mm. Main Rivers are Karnaphuli, Halda and Sangu.
Chittagong (Town) Consists of Six Thanas, 68 Wards & 236 Mahallas. It has an Area of 209.66 sq km. The Town has a Population 3202710; Male 54.36% and Female 45.64%; Population Density per sq km 15276. The Main Seaport of Bangladesh is Located at the Estuary of the Karnaphuli River. Chittagong is also Called the Commercial Capital of Bangladesh. Interesting Places of the City Include Batali Hill (87.5 m in height), War Cemetery, Patenga Sea Beach, Foy's Lake, etc. The First Export Processing Zone (1983) EPZ of Bangladesh is Situated here. Chittagong Municipal Committee was Established in 1860. At Present, It Has Been Turned Into Chittagong City Corporation.
Administration Chittagong District was Established in 1666 Including 3 Hill Districts. The District of Chittagong Hill Tracts was Established in 1860 with the Hill Region of the District. Later, Chittagong District was Further Divided into Chittagong & Cox's Bazar Districts. The District Consists of one City Corporation, Seven Municipalities, Six Thanas, 20 Upazilas, 197 Union Parishads and 1,319 Villages. The Upazilas are Anwara, Banshkhali, Boalkhali, Chandanaish, Fatikchhari, Hathazari, Lohagara, Mirsharai, Patiya, Rangunia, Raozan, Sandwip, Satkania and Sitakunda. The Thanas are Chandgaon, Bandar thana (Chittagong Port) , Double Mooring, Kotwali, Pahartali, Panchlaish and Hathazari.
Archaeological Heritage and Relics Bronze Statues (8th and 9th Centuries, in Anwara Upazila), Fakira Mosque (Hathazari), Musa Khan Mosque (1658), Kura Katni Mosque (1806), Kala Mosque (16th century), Chhuti Khan Mosque (Mirsharai), Kadam Mobarak Mosque (1719), Andre Kiblah Mosque, Wali Khan Mosque (1790), Badar Awlia Dargah, Bakshi Hamid Mosque of Banshkhali (1568), Chittagong Court Building (1893), Collegiate School, Ethnological Museum (1974).
Historical Events Historians are of Different Opinions as Regards the Nomenclature of Chittagong This Area Once in The Past Had Been Earmarked for Fighting Spot. They Say a Muslim Sultan Sometimes During 8th Century Had Founded an Independent State. In 953 The King of Arakan, While Passing Beside the Area, was Compelled to Sign a Treaty of Peace With The Sultan. Present Patenga Had Been Familiar as “Fategaon” in Other Words. “Place of Victory” In Olden Days."Chit-ta-gong”, an Arakan Word, Meaning “Fighting is Unjustified” was Written in the Local Memory Column. It is Thought that the Word “Chittagong” is the Changed Form of the Word "Chit-ta-gong”.
On The Other Hand, The Buddhists Opine That Chittagong Originated From the Residential Spot of "Chita Keyang" in Their Glory Column, as Per Opinion of Sir William Goans Chittagong Has Been Named After The Tiny Bird “Chatga”. The History of Chittagong Dates Back to Ancient Times of Pre-Historic era. Although the Political Status of Chittagong in Pre-Historic Time is Rather Sketchy But the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea Documents a Vivid Picture of this City.
The Yemeni and The Arab Traders Used to Trade With Chittagong. Tolemi, the Famous Historian, Described Chittagong as the Finest Port in the Near and the Far East While the Great Malayan History Claims Chittagong’s Link with Malay in the 4th Century B.C. Fahien, Hieu-en Tsan, lbn Batuta, all Portrayed Chittagong as Mingled with the Ancient Civilization of the World Chinese, Turkish, Arab and European Traders Used to Trade with this Part of the World Through Chittagong.
Chittagong Derived its Name from the Arabic Word Shetgang Delta of the Ganges, Whilst Muslim Traders During the 9th Century, Using Chittagong as their Base Port, Named it as ‘Samunda’. In 1528 A.D. Portuguese Sailors Rightly Pointed out the Port City as ‘Porte Grande’. From the Above Delineation, it is Crystal Clear that From the Very Ancient Period Chittagong Has Been Regarded as one of the Most Lucrative Places to the World Business Community for its Abundance in Natural Resources and Strategically Advantageous Geographical Location. It is Worth Mentioning that in 1818 Wooden Warship was Built and Exported From Chittagong to German Naval Fleet.
Marks of the War of Liberation Mass Graves and Mass Killing Sites: Foy's Lake, Lalkhan Bazar, Hills Area Adjacent to Firoz Shah Colony, Kattoli Beach, CRB Area, Hills on the East of Sher Shah Colony, Patenga Air Port, Hills Around Nasirabad Residential Area and Many other Places.
Religious Institutions Mosque 7140, Tomb 220, Temple 1,206, Church 8 and Sacred Place 1 the Most Noted of Which are Chuti Khan Mosque, Daulat Bibir Mosque, Mahadia Mosque, Noi Duari Mosque, Hamidullah Khan Mosque, Tomb of Shah Jadeh (R), Three Domed Khan Mosque (Dohazari and Baghica Hat), Tombs of Hazrat Shah Amanat (R), Hazrat Bayazid Bostami (R), Mohsen Awlia, Goribullah Shah (R), Hajrat Shah Pir Awlia, Baro Awlia (Sitakunda), Miskin (R), Akbaria Jami Mosque, Nasrat Shah Jami Mosque, Jagannath Mandir (Abu Torab Bazar), World Peace Pagoda (Hathazari), Sitakunda Shankar Math, Dharmo Chakro Buddho Vihara, Koriya Nagar & Sonakania Buddho Viharas, Chandranath Temple Hill, etc.
Population 6545078; Male 52.16%, Female 47.84%; Muslim 83.92%, Hindu 13.76%; Buddhist 2.01%, Christian 0.11% and others 0.2%.
Literacy and Educational Institutions Average Literacy 43.2%; Male 50.3%, Female 35%. Educational Institutions: University 3, Private University 13, Medical College 1, Private Medical College 5, Science & Technology University 1, College of Physical Education 3, Teachers Training College 6, Regional Public Administration Institute 2, Polytechnic Institute 2, Private Polytechnic Institute 12, Homeopathy College 2, Nursing Institute 1, Forest Research Institute 1, Veterinary University 1, Government College 13, Non-government College 136, Gov. Woman College 3, Bangladesh Military Academy 1, Vocational Institute 1, Law College 2, Art College 1, Marine Academy 1, Marine Fisheries Academy 1, Cadet College 1, Theatre Institute 1, Madrasa 275, High School 764, Junior School 36 and Primary School 3,245. Noted Educational Institutions: Chittagong University (1961), Dr. Khastagir Government Girls' School, Ispahani School and College, Nasirabad Government High School, Chittagong City College, Chittagong College, Chittagong Commerce College, Mohsin College, Chittagong Collegiate School, North Amirabad High School (1932), Patiya Ideal High School (1845), Abdus Sobhan Rahat Ali High School (1914), Shah Chand Awlia Alia Madrassa (1928), Fouzdarhat Cadet College (1958), Rangunia Ideal Multipurpose Pilot High School (1915), Satkania Ideal Pilot High School (1902), Garangia Islamia Kamil Madrassa (1920), Ramgati Ramdhan Abdul Bari Chowdhury High School (1898), Banigram Primary School (1881).
Locally Published Newspapers & Periodicals Present Daily Azadi, Daily Purbokon, Daily Life, Daily Karnafuli, Daily People's View, Weekly Chattala; Extinct: Monthly Sanshodhani, Purobi, Mukulika, Simanto; Weekly Jyoti, Weekly Sultan, Daily Jyoti, Daily Rashtrobarta, Daily East Pakistan and Daily Azan.
Cultural Organisations Club 489, Public Library 16, Cinema Hall 29, Womem's Organisation 185, Community Centre 36, Shilpakala Academy 1, Theatre Institute 1, Shishu Academy 7, Museum 4, Theatre Stage 5, Theatre Group 18,Opera Party (Extinct) 29, Circus Party 6, Puppet-Show Party 16, Literary Society 36, Cooperative Society 932,Playground 45, Park 15, Youth Organisation 45, Music School 35,
Main Occupations Agriculture 18.71%, Fishing 1.16%, agricultural labourer 12.13%, wage labourer 3.54%, Industry 1.72% Commerce 16.58%, Transport 4.52%, Construction 1.43%, Service 24.09% and others 16.12%.
Land Use Total Cultivable Land 223782.40 Hectares; Fallow Land (Wetland) 115901.25 hectares; Forest 162082.56 hectares; Hilly area 172759.21 hectares; Single Crop 29%, Double Crop 54% and Treble Crop 17%; Cultivable Land under Irrigation 34.18%.
Land Control Among the Peasants 25% are Landless, 27% Small, 15% Intermediate, 3% Rich and 30% Marginal; Cultivable Land Per Head 0.04 hectare.
Value of Land The Market Value of the Land of the First grade is Approximately Tk. 17000 per 0.01 hactare.
Main Crops Paddy, Betelleaf, Potato, Cone, Turmeric, Tea, Peanut, Mustard, Patol (Heap), Brinjal, Ginger, Cucumber and Vegetables.
Extinct or Nearly Extinct CropsLocal Varieties of Rice.
Main Fruits Mango, Jackfruit, Guava, Coconut, Betelnut, Palm, Litchi, Banana, Papaya, Watermelon and Lemon.
Fisheries, Dairies, Poultries Dairy 1637, Poultry 3257, Hatchery (fishery) 7; Dry Fish Work in the Coastal Areas of Anwara, Patiya, Cornel Hut and Banshkhali.
Communication Facilities Roads: Pucca 985.32 km, Semi Pucca 912.87 km, Mud Road 6534 km; Railways 146 km; Waterways 67 Nautical mile; Airport 1.
Traditional Transport Palanquin, Horse Carriage and Bullock Cart. These Means of Transport are Either Extinct or Nearly Extinct.
Manufactories Major Manufactories include Eastern Refinery, Pahartali Railway Workshops, Fouzi Flour mill, Jamuna Oil Company, Glaxo Welcome, Unilever Bangladesh, TK Group, BSRM, Young One and etc.
Cottage Industries Brass Work 36, Garments Industry 300, Conch Industry 40, Welding 375, Fish Preservation Centre 55, Bamboo & Cane Work 1253, Goldsmith 356, Blacksmith 432, Potteries 601, Wood Work 612, Tailoring 1966.
Mineral Resources Natural Gas, Zircon, Ilmenite, Rutile, Magnetite, Monazite, Coralline limestone.
Hats, Bazars and Fairs Total Number of Hats and Bazars are 427; Fairs 16
Main Exports Tea, Leather, Dried Fish, Readymade Garments, Betel Leaf, Betel nut, Jackfruit, Banana, Papaya, Pineapple, Timber, Shrimp, Dry fish, Salt, Tobacco, Ground nut, Fish, Coconut, Shrimp fry, Rubber.
NGO Activities Operationally Important NGOs are Caritas, YMCA, Brac, FPAB, NGO Forum for DWSS, Ucep, Grameen Bank, Proshika, Asa, Nijera Kari, CODEC, Mamta, Love the Children Foundation, Sheba Shango, IMAGE, Chittagong Anti-Drug Abuse Society, CWFP, Bita, Prottashi, Palli Progati, Sangstha, Grammen Projukti (Technical) Kendra, Bangladesh Samaj Unnayan Sangstha, SDI, Bangladesh Nari Pragati Sangha, Gana Unnayan Prachesta, World Vision, CARE, Save the Children, Save Our Life, RSS, ICPA, PBM, HWA,
Health Centres Medical College Hospital 1, General Hospital 1, Upazila health complex 25, Family Welfare Centre 132, TB Hospital 1, Infectious Disease Hospital 1, Diabetic Hospital 1, Mother and Children Hospital 8, Police Hospital 1, Jail Hospital 1 and Bandar Port Hospital 1. Private 22+-
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Chittagong District [Upazila wise Mouza Maps & Information]
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2014-12-05T23:07:00+06:00
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Map of Chittagong, also known as Greater Chittagong, Bangladesh. Foy's Lake, Patenga Sea Beach, Shadhinata Complex, etc. are the main attractions.
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/images/favicon.ico
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https://www.thebangladesh.net
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Chittagong District (Chittagong division) with an area of 5,282.98 sq km, is bounded by feni district and Tripura (Indian state) on the north, cox's bazar district on the south, bandarban, rangamati and khagrachhari districts on the east and noakhali district and the bay of bengal on the west. Chittagong District is quite different from other districts for its unique natural beauty characterised by hills, rivers, sea, forests and valleys. Annual average temperature maximum 32.5 oC, minimum 13.5 oC, total annual rainfall 2687 mm. Main rivers are karnafuli, halda and sangu.
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https://en.banglatribune.com/national/news/12217/Birangana-Rama-Chy-laid-to-rest-at-her-birthplace
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Birangana Rama Chy laid to rest at her birthplace
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Birangana (Liberation War Heroine) Rama Chowdhury was laid to rest at her birthplace with state honour at Popadia village in Boalkhali upazila of Chittagong on Monday afternoon.Instead of cremating, the family members decided to bury her complying with her last wish.People from all...
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Bangla Tribune
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https://en.banglatribune.com/national/news/12217/Birangana-Rama-Chy-laid-to-rest-at-her-birthplace
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Birangana (Liberation War Heroine) Rama Chowdhury was laid to rest at her birthplace with state honour at Popadia village in Boalkhali upazila of Chittagong on Monday afternoon.
Instead of cremating, the family members decided to bury her complying with her last wish.
People from all walks of life paid their last respect when the mortal remains of the freedom fighter reached her birthplace around 2:30pm of Monday.
Earlier, her body was taken to Chattogram Central Shaheed Minar where she was given a state honour as a freedom fighter.
Like many people, eminent writer and freedom fighter Begum Mustari Shafi came to Shaheed Minar to pay her last respect to Rama Chowdhury.
"Rama Chowdhury struggled throughout her life. She refused to accept donations from anyone. She is a courageous woman. She led her life by selling her own books. Her contribution to the society is beyond measure," said Mustari Shafi.
Chattogram Divisional Commissioner Abdul Mannan, CMP Additional Commissioner Amena Begum, acting Deputy Commissioner of Chattogram Habibur Rahman, AL leaders Moslem Uddin and Mofizur Rahman, BNP leaders Dr Shahadat Hossain and Abu Sufian and CPB leader Ashok Saha, among others, to have paid respect to Rama Chowdhury at Shaheed Minar.
Rama Chowdhury died while undergoing treatment at Chattogram Medical College Hospital (CMCH) on Monday.
Born in 1941, Rama obtained her Masters degree in Bengali literature from Dhaka University in 1961. She authored 19 books throughout her lifetime. Rama lost her husband and two children in the Liberation War of 1971.
On May 13, 1971, the occupying Pakistani army tortured and violated her. They also torched her house at Popadia in Boalkhali upazila of Chittagong.
Out of grief and respect for the freedom fighters, Roma walked barefooted from 1972.
Though she momentarily stopped doing so due to a health condition, she resumed the practice on December 16, 1998 when her youngest son was killed in a road accident—and never stopped the practice afterwards.
Related story
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Banshkhali Upazila
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Banshkhali (Bengali: বাà¦à¦¶à¦à¦¾à¦²à§) is an Upazila of Chittagong District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh.[1]
Geography
Banshkhali Upazila is located at 22°02â²55â³N 91°56â²30â³E / 22.04851112°N 91.941616°E / 22.04851112; 91.941616. It is bounded by Anwara and Sangu on the north, Chakaria on the south, Lohagara and Satkania on the east, Kutubdia and Bay of Bengal on the west. There is a canal named âShonaichariâ at Banshkhali which is locally known as âHonaichariâ. Businessmen from Chakaria used to buy bamboos from this area and used Shonaichari canal to pass these bamboos to another area. At that time, local people observed that Shonaichari canal filled with bamboos. Banshkhali is named after this historical event. It has 55,609 households and a total area of 376.9 km².
Demographics
As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Banshkhali had a population of 320,339. Males constituted 52.07% of the population, and females 47.93%. The population aged 18 or over was 151,875. Banshkhali had an average literacy rate of 22.6% (7+ years), against the national average of 32.4%.[2]
Administration
Banshkhali has 15 Unions/Wards, 72 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 111 villages. Primary School-412, High School-39, Madrassa-66, College-5. Name Of Unions
1.Pukuria.
2.Sadhanpur.
3.Khankhanabad.
4.Baharchara.**
5.Kalipur.
6.(6no)Ko KATHARIA
7.Boilchari.
8.Joldi.
9.Shekherkill.
10.Shilkup.
11.Puichari.
12.Chanua
13.Saral
14.Gandamara
15.Sambol
4 No Baharcara Union Village's name
Chapachari<Post Office>, Elsha, Baharchara, Baskala, Roatnapur, Satdigirpara, Maijpara, Haliapara.
3 no Khankhanabad Union Village's name:-
Kadam Rasu<Post Office> Khankhanabad, Kadam Rasul, Premasia, Raichata, Dongra, Digirpara.
Education
Secondary schools: 39
1.Kokdandi Gunagari High School (kokdandi)
2. Natmura Pukuria High School (1957),Pukuria.
3. Banigram Shadhanpur High School,Shadhanpur.
4. Joldi Pilot High School,Joldi.
5. KATHARIA BAGMARA HIGH SCHOOL.(katharia)
6. Kamal Uddin Chy.Girls High School (2005).Chapachari.
7. Banigram Sadhonpur High School (1928) Banigram.
8. Azaharul Huq High School (1943) Kalipur.
9. Khankhanabadh ideal High School khankanabadh.
10.West Banshkali High School (1957).Chapachari.
11. Monaem Shah Awlia High School (Pukuria)
12. hajigaon barumchara high school (1967) Hajigaon
13. Bailchari Nazmunnesa High School. Bailchari
14. Puichari Izzatia Ideal High School.
S.S.C.Exam Halls: 4
1. West Banshkali High School (1957) Chapachari.
2. Joldi Piolot High School (1932) Joldi
3. Banigram Sadhonpur High School (1928) Banigram.
4. Azaharul Huq High School (1943) Kalipur.
Colleges: 5
1. Banshkhli Degree College (1967) Gunagori.
2. West Banshkhli Upokulio Degree College(1995).Chapachari.
(Founder: Dr.Abdul Karim.Ex VC.CU. Chapachari.)
3. Alawl Degree College (1973) Joldi.
4. Mtr.N.Ahd. College. Napoda.
5. Banshkhli Mohila College. Boilchari.
Madrasas:
1. Banskhali Hamedia Rahima Alia Madrasa (1974) Chechuria
Place of Interest
Banshkhali Eco Park
Baamer Chara
Sea Beach (Baharchara,kankanabad,kadam rasul)
River Shangu
Pukuria tea garden
Bokshi Hamid Mosque.
Khan Bahadur Jame Masjid, Boilchari
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Banshkhali.
â Ujjal Bishwas (2012), "Banshkhali Upazila", in Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal, Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
â "Population Census Wing, BBS.". Archived from the original on 2005-03-27 .
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A leading scientific publisher dedicated to publish peer-reviewed significant research work, delivering quality content through innovative information products and services. Our business is to manage the knowledge and disseminate the new discoveries globally.
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Currently hosting more than 50,000 fully open-access articles
Science Alert is an AI-supported leading journal-hosting platform designed to serve readers and publishers. Our publishing infrastructure is designed by experts after communicating with researchers of various disciplines and provides different options to read and share quality research work around the globe.
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Chittagong District [Upazila wise Mouza Maps & Information]
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2014-12-05T23:07:00+06:00
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Map of Chittagong, also known as Greater Chittagong, Bangladesh. Foy's Lake, Patenga Sea Beach, Shadhinata Complex, etc. are the main attractions.
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Chittagong District (Chittagong division) with an area of 5,282.98 sq km, is bounded by feni district and Tripura (Indian state) on the north, cox's bazar district on the south, bandarban, rangamati and khagrachhari districts on the east and noakhali district and the bay of bengal on the west. Chittagong District is quite different from other districts for its unique natural beauty characterised by hills, rivers, sea, forests and valleys. Annual average temperature maximum 32.5 oC, minimum 13.5 oC, total annual rainfall 2687 mm. Main rivers are karnafuli, halda and sangu.
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https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/245480
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10 Top Attractions in Boalkhali Upazila (2024)
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Discover the best tourist attractions & things to do in Boalkhali Upazila. From iconic landmarks to hidden tourist spots, find all the top places to go and explore in Boalkhali Upazila with expert travel tips from Trip.com.
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/trip.ico
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TRIP.COM
|
https://www.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/boalkhali-upazila-1706510/tourist-attractions/type-other-sightseeing-tours-70-128/
|
6 . Dhaka Holidays
1.7
5/51 Review
based on 52 reviews
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Environment
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| null |
Environment the aggregate of conditions affecting the existence or development of life and nature. The overall global environment is declining fast and for Bangladesh it has been doing so more rapidly during the last few decades because of many obvious reasons. Bangladesh passed an act on environmental conservation in 1995. However, the environmental problems of the country are becoming acute because of population explosion, lack of adequate forest areas and nearly complete absence of any controlling measure on the part of industry or the transport system. A few articles on the environment of Bangladesh are given below:
• State of environment
• Environmental pollution
• Environmental degradation
• Inundation and flood
• Areas of environmental concern
• River Erosion and siltation
• Environmental protection agency
• Environmental planning and management
• Greenhouse effect and global
• Environment Education
• NEMAP
• Environment policy
State of environment Globally Bangladesh has great importance for its exceptional hydro-geographical setting. Three mighty rivers, the padma, the brahmaputra and the meghna drain a total catchment area of about 1.5 million sq km, of which only 8 percent of the drainage area lies within Bangladesh. Most of the drainage basin is located in the neighbouring countries. Bangladesh has been formed over tens of thousands of years, composing a very thick layer of sedimentary deposition as the heavily laden rivers slow down in the Bangladesh delta. The following aspects made Bangladesh significant from the environmental point of view: Bangladesh is one of the largest deltas in the world and is criss-crossed by numerous rivers, their tributaries and distributories; the country is characterized by very low general relief composed of very thick sedimentary deposition (the thickest in the world); Bangladesh has the world's largest mangrove forest and the longest sandy beach in the world; the highest population density in the world and a very high demand on natural resources; vast variations in amount of surface water availability between wet and dry seasons (extreme flood and drought); the rate of water flow through Bangladesh is tremendous. The outflow is second only to that of the Amazon river system in South America. In both breadth and total annual volume the Padma-Lower Meghna river is the third largest in the world.
The above-mentioned characteristics of Bangladesh make the country vulnerable to natural disasters as well as environmental hazards.
The land is largely low-lying floodplain. The physical characteristics of the land, geographic location, the multiplicity of rivers and the monsoon climate render Bangladesh highly vulnerable to natural disasters such as floods and cyclones. Seasonal extremes of water availability, ie flood and drought, are characteristics of Bangladesh. These natural phenomena act as significant constraints in achieving sustainable socio-economic development.
Physical environment Climate- Bangladesh's climate is a tropical monsoon climate characterized by marked seasonal variations. Abundant rainfall during the monsoon (July-October) is followed by a cool winter period (November-February), then a hot, dry summer (March-June). In the hot season, the average maximum temperature is 34°C and the average minimum is 21°C. Average maximum temperature in winter is 29°C and the minimum is 11°C.
The rainfall in the region shows great temporal and spatial variations. Seventy to eighty percent of the annual rainfall occurs in the monsoon season. After summer the warm, moist air of the monsoon sweeps up the bay of bengal from the Indian Ocean producing some of the highest recorded rainfalls in the world. The heaviest rainfall is largely over the upper catchment area, particularly in the Indian states of Meghalaya and Assam and over Northeast Bangladesh.
The average annual recorded rainfall within Bangladesh varies from about 1100 mm in the extreme west to about 5700 mm in the northeastern corner of the country. Rainfall in the Himalayas ranges from 2,000 to 15,000 mm annually.
Hydrology- Bangladesh is characterised by an exceptional hydro-geographical setting. Three major rivers, the Padma, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna, drain a catchment extending over Bhutan, Nepal, India, Bangladesh and China (Tibet). The total area of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna drainage basin is about 1.5 million sq km of which approximately 62 percent is in India, 18 percent in China, 8 percent in Nepal, 4 percent in Bhutan and 8 percent in Bangladesh.
In the last hundred kilometres run to the sea the combined Padma, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers forms a single flow that is two and half times the rate of the Mississippi. Although the total area of the South Asian watershed is slightly less than half the area of the central basin of the United States, it receives four times the area's total annual rainfall.
There are over 250 large rivers in Bangladesh. The major rivers can be classified as either 'unstable' such as the Meghna or 'very unstable' such as the Padma and jamuna. This implies that water and flooding are major factors of consideration in the development of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is prone to three main types of flooding: (i) flash floods result from heavy rainfall from upstream and create a flood wave along a river. Riverbank erosion, loss of land and severe crop damage are common problems during these events; (ii) monsoon floods are due to heavy continuous rainfall on impounded or poorly draining areas where precipitation exceeds infiltration. These are annual, expected events upon which the agriculture of the country has traditionally depended for the replenishment of the soil and for the water required for wet rice and jute cultivation; (iii) cyclonic floods are the most serious of the flooding events. They can cause serious disasters and occur mainly in the coastal regions.
Physiography- Bangladesh can be divided into three main physiographic divisions: Tertiary hills, Pleistocene terraces, and recent plains. The tertiary hills are situated in Rangamati, Bandarban, Khagrachari, Cox's Bazar, Chittagong, Sylhet, Maulvi Bazar and Habiganj districts. These hills are formed mainly of sandstone, shale and clay. The average altitude of these hills is 450 m.
The Pleistocene terraces comprise mainly the Madhupur and the Barind Tracts, Bhawal's Garh and the Lalmai hill area. These terraces were formed about 25,000 years ago. The approximate area of the barind tract is 9320 sq km. The average height of the tract from the adjacent flood plains is 6 to 12 metres. Madhupur and Bhawal stretch over 4103 sq km where the average height from the adjacent floodplain is 30 m. The Lalmai Hill area of Comilla district comprises 34 sq km and is on average 15 m higher than the adjacent flood plain.
The recent plains comprise 124,266 sq km of the country (86 percent). Recent plains can be further classified into five types: piedmont plain, flood plain, deltaic plains, tidal plains and coastal plains. The five types of plains are generally expressed by the common term 'flood plain'.
The flood plains have an altitude of 0 to 10 m and are low in relief. The average gradient from the northeast to the coast is less than 20 cm per km. South of Dhaka the slope averages 1.6 cm/km. About 50 percent of the land area is below 12 m altitude (height from the sea level) and 75 percent of the area lies below 29 m.
The flood plains of Bangladesh are mainly composed of deltaic silt plains, built up from both alluvial and marine deposits. Because of the low altitude and relief of the land, water travels very slowly on the plain and the rivers have a tendency to meander. The recent plains have been developed, and are being re-worked continuously through the processes of erosion and deposition, and by recurring flooding or inundation.
Soil types and their characteristics- The country is generally composed of a thick layer of sediment, deposited over tens of thousands of years by the flowing rivers. It is estimated that 2.4 billion tons of sediment are transported annually through Bangladesh. The different physiographic divisions are characterized by different types of soil. The tertiary hill areas are characterized by 'hill soils' that are mainly composed of tertiary rocks and unconsolidated Tertiary and Pleistocene sediments. The soil is usually acidic with pH varying from 4.0 to 4.5. The soil texture allows comparatively lower infiltration. High porosity allows high moisture content.
The Pleistocene terraces are composed of 'old alluvial soils' which were formed from the alluvium of the Pleistocene period. They stand on high land above the flood level. They are clayey in texture and reddish to yellowish in colour due to the presence of iron and aluminium. They are highly aggregated and have a high phosphate fixing capacity. The soil is acidic with pH ranging from 6 to 6.5.
The recent plains are composed of 'recent alluvial soils'. Since soil composition in the upstream area is an important factor in determining the properties of the down-stream soils, variations are common in the properties of soils in different river basins. Gangetic alluvium is rich in calcium, magnesium and potassium. It also contains free calcium carbonate. The soil is characterized by nitrogen and phosphate deficiency as well as by alkalinity. The pH range is 7.0 to 8.5.
Tista silt tract soils are sandy to sandy loam in texture, without any developed profile. They are flooded every year and, as a result, are replenished by fresh deposits annually. The pH varies from 6 to 6.5. The coastal saline tract is part of the active flood plain, but is subject to flooding by saline water at high tide. A large part of the tract is occupied by mangrove forest, where some soils contain large amounts of sulphide in their profile. The soil is generally neutral but tends to be on the alkaline side. The pH varies from 6.9 to 7.5.
Soil workability and its influence on cropping patterns- The agricultural potential of flood plain soils is determined as much by hydrology as it is by soil properties. Depth and duration of seasonal flooding and the relative risk of crop damage by floods are the main determinants of cropping patterns. Soil permeability and moisture holding capacity are as important as soil fertility (micronutrient availability). Most floodplain areas have low elevation which ranges around 1m, with the permeable loamy soils on the higher land and impermeable clays in the depressions. These elevation differences determine local differences in the depth and duration of seasonal flooding. Differences in elevation of as little as 30 cm can be highly significant for crops, cropping varieties and seasonal rotations in relation to flooding characteristics.
The agricultural potential of tertiary soils is moderate in poorly drained soils and in deep upland soils. It is much lower in shallow upland soils. The agricultural potential of the sandy hilly soil is severely limited by their erodibility, aggravated by heavy rainfall and depleted soil fertility resulting from repeated jhum cultivation (slash and burn and shifting agriculture in the hilly areas). This soil is best suited for tree crops or forest production.
Biological environment Forest resources- In the past three decades, the stock of forest trees has declined at a tremendous rate. Huge areas of forestland have been illegally converted into croplands. Though an up to date forest inventory is unavailable, it is estimated that the forest cover has been reduced more than 50 percent since the 1970s. In 1970 there were over 20,000 acres of sal forest in the Madhupur Tract; twenty years later, approximately 1,000 acres remained. Estimates in 1990 revealed that Bangladesh had less than 0.02 ha of forestland per person, one of the lowest forest to population ratios in the world.
On the basis of location characteristics, forests can be classified under three types: (i) Hill forests, covering an area of 1.15 million acres including 296,300 acres of plantations, mainly in the Rangamati and Sylhet areas; (ii) Mangrove forests, consisting of 1.45 million acres of natural mangroves (sundarbans) and 2,50,000 acres of artificially raised mangrove plantations in the coastal belts and offshore islands for flood protection; and (iii) Plain land sal forests, covering about 3,00,000 acres in Gazipur, Sherpur, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Rangpur and Dinajpur district. The Forest Department controls about 3.617 million acres of lands in these areas.
Wetlands- Bangladesh has an enormous area of seasonal wetland. In fact, half of the country could be delineated as such. The area under perennial wetlands is much smaller and is principally permanent rivers and streams, shallow freshwater lakes and marshes (haors, baods, and beels), fish ponds and estuarine systems in the extensive mangrove swamps.
Wetland resources are crucial to the environment of Bangladesh. Both perennial and seasonal wetlands provide habitats to a large variety of flora and fauna. Wetlands also provide subsistence for a significant proportion of the population through their fishery resources. The fishermen of Bangladesh are traditionally among the poorest of the rural dwellers. Numerous wetland plants are harvested for use as medicines, food, fodder and building materials. Unfortunately the wetland habitats are under constant threat from human encroachment and flood control and irrigation schemes.
Biodiversity- Bangladesh possesses rich biodiversity, especially in the forested and wetland areas. Approximately 5,000 species of flowering plants are found in Bangladesh (Bangladesh Country Report for UNCED 1992). The country has 266 inland and 442 marine fishes, 22 amphibians, 109 inland and 17 marine reptiles, 388 resident and 240 migratory birds, 110 inland and 3 marine mammals (Red List of Threatened Animals of Bangladesh, IUCN-Bangladesh 2000). Some species have been identified as threatened. Of the known vertebrates, 13 have already become extinct from Bangladesh territory. Of the inland fish species 54 are threatened. The number of threatened amphibians, inland reptiles, resident birds, and inland mammals are 8, 58, 41, and 40 respectively.
The loss of plant diversity has not yet been studied and documented in detail. Some individual studies have been carried out to identify threatened plant species and it was found that about 100 vascular plants are threatened.
The main reasons for the loss of biodiversity are: (i) disruption of wetland habitats through encroachment on and destruction of fauna migration paths; (ii) human encroachment on forest lands for agricultural, settlement and commercial purposes; (iii) indiscriminate felling of trees for fuel and construction resulting in a reduction of tree cover areas and habitats; (iv) over-exploitation of particular resources such as medicinal plants, bamboo and cane leading to loss of protective habitat; (v) over-exploitation of wildlife; (vi) monoculture of (HYVs) or less diversified cropping leading to agrochemical build-up; (vii) destruction of mangrove forests; and (viii) shifting (slash and burn) agriculture.
Socio-economic environment Population- Bangladesh is the most densely populated country in the world. At present, the population is increasing at around 2 percent per year. The 2001 census put the population at 12,92,47,233 (about 130 million).
Land use Due to the high population density and influence of agriculture based livelihood, pressure on the country's limited land is tremendous. People are even living and using the land in the very low-lying coastal areas that are much exposed to cyclones and storm surges. A little over 63 percent of the total land area of Bangladesh is under agriculture, the vast majority being used for wet rice cultivation. Forests (including community and village groves) account for almost 20 percent of the land area and human settlements cover 16 percent.
Forests and wetlands have faced the double-barrelled threat of a growing population in terms of increased exploitation of forest products and outright conversion of forest lands for both settlement and cultivation purposes. During the 1970s population growth outstripped agricultural production. As a result agricultural lands underwent expansion, severely encroaching on forestlands.
Throughout the 1980s the introduction of advanced technologies, such as high yield varieties of rice, altered the traditional cropping patterns. This made it possible to expand the crop without utilising more land. This vertical expansion (more crop yield on the same area of land) has almost reached its limit. Horizontal expansion (aerial expansion of cropped area) into forests and increasingly into wetlands is on the increase. More wetland areas are lost to agriculture daily. When water is drained from the wetlands the delicate ecology that maintains the fertility of the land is upset. This increases the need for new agricultural lands or increased fertiliser use to make up for lost production.
Agricultural lands in the polder areas of the south are being encroached upon by shrimp cultivators. Here the land is embanked to contain salt-water ponds for a shrimp cash-crop. Though use as a shrimp pond renders the soil too saline for cropping, it is predicted that more agricultural lands will be converted into big shrimp ponds (gher) in southern Bangladesh. [Mamunul Haque Khan]
See also biodiversity; climate; wetland.
Environmental pollution Pollution broadly means disruption of man's own environment and refers primarily to the fouling of air, water, and soil by wastes or harmful materials. The population explosion in the last few decades has aggravated the pollution problem. More people mean more consumption, and therefore more pollution.
There can be air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. The pollution from solid wastes is a major problem in Bangladesh. The cities generate a considerable amount of solid wastes. At present, Dhaka city alone generates about 5000 million tons of solid wastes per day. The amount increases with the increase of population every year.
The domestic, commercial, street sweeping, combustible and non-combustible wastes include discarded food, grass, plants, paper, cardboard, textiles, plastics, polythene materials, glass, metals, and construction debris.
There are about 1000 small and large industries in Dhaka city producing a large amount of toxic and hazardous wastes contributing significantly to environmental degradation. In the Hazaribag area of Dhaka there are 149 tannery units daily producing about 20,000 litres of liquid wastes and 120 m tons of solid wastes; nearly all of these are dumped in the buriganga river, and a part is thrown into nearby drains and sewers. These wastes contain sulphuric acid, chromium, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate, calcium oxides etc. These may seep into the ground causing ground water pollution. Also, the intense, unpleasant odour affects the health of the people of the surrounding area. tannery wastes have a very serious and negative effect on the ecosystem.
The unplanned shrimp cultivation in the coastal belt of Bangladesh has increased the salinity in the soil, which has lost its natural productivity. Nothing grows in a large area surrounding these places.
The Department of Environment (DOE), Government of Bangladesh conducted a survey in Dhaka city for noise pollution from March 9 to April 7, 1997 for twenty schools and hospitals where the acceptable limit is 45 dB. The highest value of 84 dB was recorded in front of viquarunnesa noon school followed by 82 dB near bangabandhu sheikh mujib medical university, and 80 dB near dhaka medical college and Hospital. An 82 dB noise level was recorded near Residential Model School and College, Mohammadpur. Another survey was conducted in May 1999 by the DOE in the industrial, commercial and residential areas. Tejgaon and Hazaribag areas showed an average of 75dB, whereas at Farmgate, Shapla Chattar, Mohakhali, and Banglamotor areas, the recorded noise level varied from 90dB to 85dB. The residential areas of Dhanmondi, Cantonment, Banani, and Gulshan recorded an average of about 65dB. The areas of Mirpur and Mohammadpur showed little over 60dB noise level as against a record high of 90dB at Tikatooly and Shakharipatty. [M Shamsul Islam and Quamrun Nessa Begum
Industrial pollution' Environmental degradation resulting from the emissions or offensive products of the mills, factories, and other industrial establishments. The industrial sector in Bangladesh accounts for about 20% of the GDP, of which the manufacturing sector shares 11%. This trend has been observed mainly in ready-made garments, textiles, leather and other export-oriented manufacturing sectors. While strong industrial sector growth is beneficial in terms of employment and income, it also adds to environmental degradation.
A study identified the spatial distribution of the most polluted 'hot spots' in Bangladesh. The six environmental hot-spot districts are: Dhaka, Gazipur, Narayanganj, Chittagong, Khulna, and Bogra. These districts contribute more than 50% of the national pollution load in 4 of the 6 pollutant groupings, and in the case of total particulates and biological oxygen demand (BOD), they contribute about 35% each. The six groupings of pollutants are: toxic chemicals discharged into the land (about 300 chemicals, treated here in aggregate); toxic chemicals emitted into the air; total particulate in air; sulphur dioxide emissions; toxic bio-accumulative metals discharged in water (including arsenic, chromium, lead, mercury, and zinc); and 5-day biological oxygen demand.
The national pollution profile shows that industrial subsectors contribute to a large percentage of pollution loads in the country. The following table shows the most polluting industrial subsectors in Bangladesh, defined as those which contributed at least 5 percent to the national total of one or more of the pollutant clusters. In total, the 12 highest polluting industrial subsectors contribute more than 85% for three of the pollutants considered (toxic chemicals to land, toxic metals to water, and SO2); more than 70% for two more pollutants (toxic chemicals to air and BOD); and more than 50% of the sixth pollutant (total particulates). [M Aminul Islam]
Air pollution In Bangladesh, apart from fossil fuel combustion, the other sources of air pollution are the brick kilns, fertiliser factories, sugar, paper, jute and textile mills, spinning mills, tanneries, garment, bread and biscuit factories, chemical and pharmaceutical industries, cement production and processing factories, metal workshops making grills, doors and windows for building, sawdust from saw mills and dust from ploughed land, and salt particles from ocean waves near the off-shore islands and coastal lands. These sources produce an enormous amount of smoke, fumes, gases and dust, which create the condition for the formation of fog and smog.
Certain industries in Bangladesh emit hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia, chlorine, and some other odorous chemicals that may be poisonous and cause irritation. Some time people of Dhaka and other cities are so used to these that they seldom care these as air pollution problem. Hazaribag tanneries which are located near the city is an example of this. In the processing of leather the toxic and pollutant gases like chlorine, SO2, H2S and amonia are emitted. Some buildings are poorly designed and because of lack of adequate ventilation, the trapped pollutants like tobacco smoke, gases from stoves and furnaces and household chemical substances cannot escape into the atmosphere.
In this way indoor air pollution can be five to ten times that of the dirtiest air outside. This may cause headache and other health problems. Sometimes the houses are built on rocks and soils which give out radioactive radon gas from their basement. If this gas is inhaled for a long time it may cause lung cancer.
Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh is the most densely populated city in the world, with a population very of about 16 million recorded in 2011. The means of transport are motor vehicles, babytaxies and tempos, and a large number of them are operating with two-stroke engines. These engines are less fuel-efficient and release more than forty times the amount of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the air than the four-stroke diesel engines.
DOE has set the following air quality standards for Bangladesh. Concentration of air pollutants should not exceed these values for different locations mentioned in the table (in micro gram/metre3).
Table 1 Tolerable concentrations of air pollutants (B5g/m3) [SPM- suspended particulate; SOx- sulfur oxides].
Location SPM SOx CO NO Industrial and mixed use 500 120 5000 100 Commercial 400 100 5000 100 Residential and rural 200 80 2000 80 Sensitive areas (Hospitals and Educational Institutions) 100 30 1000 30
[M Shamsul Islam and Quamrun Nessa Begum]
Noise pollution The incidence of noise pollution in Bangladesh is becoming a problem of far-reaching consequences. In the absence of a traffic rule curbing the use of horns, the noise problem has become acute in many parts of the cities and towns. Motor cars, trucks, buses, mini buses, aeroplanes, motor cycles, trains, construction works and noises from industrial plants are sources of noise pollution. The term pollution is being used because the noise level is so high that it causes various kinds of diseases of the ear in human beings.
Noises are measured in units called decibels. Decibels may have a range from 1 to 160; 1-60 decibels being the acceptable level; 60-100 level is regarded as annoying, and 100-160 level may cause damage to hearing. It has been estimated that the average noise level in North America, for example, is doubling every 10 years or so. The noise level in Bangladesh is also increasing. [M Aminul Islam]
Radiation pollution A kind of invisible pollutant, radiation can cause serious harm to people. The source of radiation is the sun and outer space, from where it reaches the earth. Most of the effects of radiation are due to radioactive materials-especially from the fallout of nuclear weapons (radioactive dust), nuclear power plants and various electronic devices. Among these laser ray, x-ray machine, coloured television set, microwave oven are worth mentioning.
It is not yet known what effects small amounts of radiation have upon human bodies. The rate of radiation is measured in terms of rems: 1 rem =1 in 10,000 probable deaths by cancer; 0-200 rems = increasing cancer risks; 300-500 rems = death by radiation diseases.
The damaging effects of radiation is best seen in regard to cell development. If the cell dies or gets well by itself then there are no ill effects later on, but a damaged cell at a later stage can become cancerous (a process of getting septic). If the reproductive cells of humans are affected, the inevitable effect is that they become sterile. Further, if along with the cell bodies, spermatozoa or egg-cells (ovary) are attacked, then new-born babies are likely to be crippled or suffer from mental derangement.
The problem of the disposal of radioactive wastes has caused serious concern throughout the world. There are instances of radioactive wastes being thrown into the deep sea, much to the dismay of people living around the oceans. The incidence of throwing radioactive waste materials into the Bay of Bengal in particular has increased the concern of the people in the subcontinent and in Southeast Asia. Today the situation is such that pollution caused by harnessing nuclear energy has aroused anxiety all over the world and there is a need for mobilizing public opinion against the use of nuclear power in order to ensure the safety of human beings and animals at large. [M Aminul Islam]
Soil pollution Soil exists in a thin layer of the earth's crust. On the basis of the characteristics of soils, an agricultural system is developed. Natural processes take many years for a soil to be formed for agricultural use. In Bangladesh soils are developed in layers, mostly azonal in characteristics. While owing to flooding every year new layers of soils are deposited, the textural characteristics of old soil layers are also seen to be modified or altered. Of late soil pollution has become a serious threat, as there is a lack of proper soil management practices.
Apart from the loss in terms of soil productivity, soil erosion has been one of the major factors generating pollution. Soil erosion is the wearing away of soil. Thus a qualitative change in the soil is brought about by erosion, which affects the binding of the soil, making it loose and fragile. Moreover, if trees, vegetative covers including grass or plants as soil cover or those that hold soil in place are removed or destroyed, the process of soil erosion is hastened by winds blowing bare soils away and rains washing away more. Floods also remove soils from one place to another, thus bringing in qualitative change in soil structure.
The point to reflect here is that both the processes of erosion and removal of soil gradually make soils infertile, disrupting the natural ecosystem of the area as well. Unplanned, uncoordinated land use and agricultural methods are the causes of environmental degradation. By the same token, clearing of land for the construction of roads and settlements, together with the felling of trees and deforestation also causes erosion.
For a higher yield of improved varieties of crops there is a need for use of fertilisers and pesticides. Fertilisers provide extra doses of nutrition to the soil and help raise productivity. But use of a large amount of fertiliser decreases the ability of bacteria to break down humus into various nutrients in the normal process.
Use of pesticides these days, to have a higher yield of crops, especially food crops, is on the increase. It often becomes necessary to use pesticides to destroy weeds and insects that harm crops, but if pesticides are used in excess or in large amounts, they harm bacteria and other helpful organisms in the soil, thereby reducing the yield of crops. [M Aminul Islam]
Water pollution Any undesirable and harmful change in the quality of water. Water pollutants come from the wastes of homes, industries, agricultural farms, and wastes from human beings and livestock. Industrial acids, pesticides, oil, and different types of toxic materials may destroy aquatic plants and animals. Phosphates, chemical fertilisers, detergents, and animal manure pollute the water system by supplying excess nutrients for aquatic life resulting in the pollution known as ‘eutrophication’. Following the excessive growth and subsequent death of algae, the bacteria uses up high amounts of oxygen from the water for the consumption of those dead algae, and this results in oxygen deficiency in water.
Industrial and municipal wastes pollute Bangladesh rivers and water sources. DOE observe that sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid from TSP factory in Chittagong, Karnafuli Paper Mills of Chandraghona, Paper Mill of Sylhet, Carew and Company of Darshana, Khulna shipyard and Fish processing factory, Olympic and Kaderia textile mills of Dhaka dispose of their millions of gallons of liquid wastes to the nearby rivers and waterways and thus pollute the water.
There are more than 140 industries in Kalurghat, Nasirabad, Patenga, Kaptai, Bhatiary, Barab Kunda, Fauzdarhat and Sholoshahar in Chittagong. All their wastes fall in the waters of the karnafuli and the Bay of Bengal. Chittagong has 19 tanneries, 26 textile mills, 1 refinery, 1 TSP fertiliser, 2 chemical, 5 fish processing, 2 cement factories, 1 paper rayon mill, 1 steel, 2 soap factories, 2 insecticide factories, 4 dyeing factories, and about 75 other small industries.
The water of the Buriganga river of Dhaka is being polluted by 53 industries of Postogola and Fatullah, and 151 tanneries of Hazaribag. Tanning wastes contain sulfuric acid, chromium, ammonium sulfate, chloride, and calcium oxides. These may seep into groundwater polluting both the surface and groundwater resources. The odour of tanneries affects the health of the people in surrounding areas. From the Tongi area, at least 29 industries pollute the turag river, and 42 big industries are responsible for throwing their wastes in the shitalakshya river.
Several industries and match factories of Rupsa industrial area, Khulna are polluting the Rupsa river with their wastes. The Khulna Newsprint Mill, Hardboard Mills, Goalpara Thermal Power Station, Jute and Iron Industries of Khalishpur are depositing all their wastes into the bhairab river. The Khulna Newsprint Mill discharges about 4500 cubic metre of wastewater per hour in the river Bhairab, in which suspended undissolved solid materials are present.
Apart from the wastes of industries in towns, the river Padma is also polluted by upstream wastewater from the Ganges. The Ganges in India carries nearly 8,62,000 sq km of Ganges plain wastes. Seven hundred cities along the banks of the Ganges dump about 1200 million litres of wastes per day and the downstream community of Bangladesh is forced to deal with this already polluted water.
In Chittagong, the number of fish in the Karnafuli has decreased because of water pollution, and many fishermen of Rangunia, Raujan, Boalkhali, and Anwara upazila have become unemployed. An industry in Chittagong known as 'ship breaking' thrives along the 20 km long coast from Fauzdarhat up to Kumira. During the scrapping operation, a large amount of remnant engine oil and oil deposited on the bottom of the ship exudes out to the Bay of Bengal polluting the sea thoroughly to a great distance. Large amounts of metal of different kind are also mixed with seawater to pollute the water further. The incoming and out-going ships for Chittagong and Mangla ports are causing serious pollution with their solid and liquid wastes thrown indiscriminately to the seawater. The ships bound for Mangla Port covers a distance of about 100 km along. The pasur river runs through forests of the Sundarbans and the liquid and solid wastes of the ships passing through this river are thrown into the water are polluting the forest areas; deforestation may result in future.
Bangladesh and West Bengal, India are facing a serious problem of water pollution from the metal Arsenic. After its first detection in 1983, the School of Environmental Studies (SOES), Jadavpur University, India organised an international conference in Calcutta in 1995 on Arsenic, and highlighted the urgent need for serious studies across the border in Bangladesh. Arsenic contamination has been identified in some more districts of West Bengal since then. The Dhaka Community Hospital (DCH) and SOES, Jadavpur, West Bengal carried out a field survey to detect groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh from August 1995 to February 2000. Actual field survey was done for 239 days. WHO recommended the safe level of Arsenic as <0.01mg/l and the maximum permissible limit as <0.05mg/l. During the last 5 years, 64 districts were surveyed, and it was found that in 54 districts, arsenic in groundwater was above 0.01 mg/l, including 47 districts where it was above 0.05 mg/l. The remaining 10 apparently safe districts may not remain safe in future.
A report published in January 1999 by the British Geological Survey jointly with the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), Bangladesh gives the number of people exposed to groundwater arsenic poisoning as 18.5 to 22.7 million, assuming an uncertainty of about 10%.
The arsenic contamination problem has become so urgent in Bangladesh that most of the universities of Bangladesh are conducting research in this line. The object is to develop remedial strategies that minimise arsenic poisoning. Arsenic contamination of land (as in Victoria and other places of Australia) has been reported from spent mining material and mining sands.
DCH and SOES have analytical information on 15,969 hand tube wells (with depth from 6.4 m to 40 m) from 47 districts of Bangladesh where groundwater showed arsenic levels above 0.05 mg/l. DCH is responsible for testing tube wells and health-screening components of the programme, including incidence of arsenic poisoning. [M Shamsul Islam and Quamrun Nessa Begum]
Environmental degradation While environmental problems merge imperceptibly into development problems, the socio-economic development of Bangladesh has been constrained further owing to the inadvertent manipulation of the environment, bringing in disequilibrium between resource development and utilization. Much land is being abused, and overuse has resulted in land degradation. The problem, however, lies with the implementation of the principle of optimum land use. The major consequences of changes in land use and land cover are resource depletion, loss of rural land, land degradation, deforestation, desertification, soil loss, salinization, loss of wetlands, loss of biodiversity, and loss of cultural diversity. The key issue is the magnitude of the changes induced by the changes in land use over an extensive area. There is much concern today in Bangladesh about environmental stresses leading to environmental degradation, namely the increasing aridity being experienced in the western and northwestern zone, particularly in the districts of Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Bogra, and some areas of Kushtia and Jessore.
The degradation of the biological environment including the human use system of the region has exacerbated the risk of erosion, salinization and above all desertification. Of late, concern has been expressed about the fact that the progressive desiccation and consequent expansion of sandy area have been due to recent changes in the weather system. It is possible that the climate is becoming drier, exacerbating the process of desertification. But there appears to be evidence of increasing aridity in recent years owing largely to changes in landforms, formation of char lands and drying up of rivers as a result of the withdrawal of Ganges water upstream, and degradation of the vegetative cover (diminution of forest resources), soil erosion, waterlogging and salinization (increase of salinity further inland). It seems that rapid deterioration in the quality of the environment has already ensued, with a gradual decrease in land productivity.
The conversion of wetlands to agricultural and urban uses is another factor in land degradation. Several hundred wetlands have already disappeared and some of the larger ones are in the process of being degraded. The total area of wetlands now in Bangladesh has been variously estimated at between 7 and 8 million ha. These include rivers, estuaries, tanks, fish ponds, and some other lands which are seasonally inundated to a depth of 30 cm or more. Historically and culturally wetlands have been integral parts of human habitation in Bangladesh. Wetland resources in a country like Bangladesh are of enormous economic importance, especially for retaining fish, wildlife and various other vegetative covers. But owing to high population density the wetland resources of Bangladesh have been markedly impacted in both quantity and quality by habitat loss, changes due to water development and management projects and unplanned and uncoordinated agricultural extension.
Urbanization as a process has impacted adversely on the environment at large. Although Bangladesh experiences a low level of urbanization, the rate of growth of the urban population has been rapid during the last few decades. The unabated growth of population in general has already overburdened the inadequate public service infrastructures of urban centres. Moreover, over 30% of the population in most of the urban centres lives in squatters and slums. The strain on human services and the physical structure are severe, and air and water pollution, waste disposal problems health problems are endemic. Moreover, industrialization accompanied by urbanization with a view to generating economic growth and providing much needed employment is also a contributor to air and water pollution and the ill health of millions. However, these problems of poor infrastructure and environmental degradation are being compounded by an increase in the migration of rural people towards urban centres for seeking employment.
Environmental degradation is also caused by such factors as flooding (in both on-shore and off-shore areas) and cyclonic storms in the coastal areas. Apart from gigantic social problems, the floods invariably lead to the deterioration of the general standard of living of the people and the quality of the environment.
A pervasive recurring phenomenon, the frequency of occurrence and magnitude of the drought hazard have a profound bearing on such aspects as environmental deterioration and quality of life. Some of the severe droughts occurring in Bangladesh affected as high as 47 percent of land area and 53 percent of the population.
Loss of productive cropland through erosion, natural hazards like floods, cyclones, drought and salinity and human intervention involving natural processes have been as critical as development of infrastructures for transportation, energy production and irrigation structures leading to environmental degradation. All these processes involved in land use transformation bring about changes in biogeochemical cycles, in biodiversity, and in the climate system. [M Aminul Islam]
Inundation and flood Some of the devastating natural hazards in Bangladesh are caused by floods induced by the excessive run-off and rise in river water levels in floodplain areas. The duration, magnitude, area and extent of flooding have increased alarmingly in recent years. According to various estimates, roughly one-third of the total area of the country, inhabited by well over 35 million, is normally prone to flooding.
Flooding has two connotations. It is referred to as Barsa and bonnya. Barsa (June-October) is a period of normal inundation and is taken as a benevolent agent facilitating agricultural activities. As long as the floodwater does not overtop homestead land, and more particularly when crops in the field are not submerged, it is regarded as a normal flood. Bonnya is taken as a disastrous or damaging phenomenon when the timing, duration and magnitude of the inundation are abnormal, homesteads and land adjacent to homesteads becoming submerged and cropland going under floodwater by a few centimetres.
No systematic records of annual floods of olden times are available; the earliest one of which there are records occurred in 1769. In recent times, major floods occurred in Bangladesh in 1954, 1955, 1956, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1976, 1987, 1988 and 1997, and 2000. It is to be mentioned here that the definitions of 'abnormal' as opposed to 'normal' flood vary among different agencies responsible for collecting data on flooding. [M Aminul Islam]
See also flood.
Areas of environmental concern Some of the important areas of environmental concern are:
Coastal environment The coastal zone of Bangladesh has been vulnerable to both physical and cultural intervention, surviving as an area of much environmental concern. Along more than 700 km of shoreline, the diverse coastal features, dynamic as well as complex in nature, have been subject to a combination of the natural and cultural processes leading to the modification of natural coastal environment. Relatively rapid changes in landforms due to erosion and sedimentation have occurred in the coastal areas. Physical evidence of changing conditions is apparent in eroding riverbanks; areas of new deposition and consequent changes in landforms are also present. Coupled with these, the high upland discharge with a heavy sediment load, severe tidal activity at the head of the Bay of Bengal, piling up of water at the coast during monsoon are some of the extreme conditions including rapid morphological instability of the area.
Within the time span of more than 200 years the estuary has gone through changes in shape, channel migration and southward growth of islands. The phenomena of storm surges and tidal bores have also been associated with the rapid changes of environmental conditions. Tidal bores have been found to occur immediately after low water at rising tide, but not under all tidal conditions thereby, a new damage potential is also being created at an accelerating rate by occupancy of coastal areas subject to high winds, wave action and salt water flooding associated with storms.
Besides, the coastal zone is the home of the world's largest ecosystem, the Sundarbans mangrove forest. The human intervention for development of the area has been such that the morphological features have been subjected to a very sensitive and fragile ecosystem of the coastal zone.
Southwestern region salinity problem The combined flow of the Padma, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers transports fresh water to the coastal area through several estuaries. Of the rivers carrying sediments to southwestern regions, the river gorai and its distributaries play a major role. The Gorai river, the major distributary of the Ganges is the major source of water supply to the major part of the southwestern zone. The upland fresh water flows through the Gorai-Madhumati govern the state of salinity of the region. The withdrawal of water upstream at Farakka (India) has reduced the flow as well as the level of sweet water downstream. The river Gorai, being choked up at the mouth, is unable to carry water downstream during the dry season because of the drastic fall of the Padma water level. As a result of the reduced flow of water to the southwestern region the intrusion of saline water progressively upstream has made the region vulnerable to increasing salinity.
The situation is further aggravated by the fact that a salinity front of more than 500 micromhos intrudes nearly 160 km inland during the dry season. It is nonetheless significant that salt water intruding further up the river mouth is altering the entire estuarine ecosystem. The area affected, as reported, by more than 2000 micromhos level was found to be nearly 20,700 sq km. In particular the salinity-affected areas have been Satkhira, Khulna, Jessore, Narail, Bagerhat and Gopalganj.
While it is noted that the increase in salinity is totally attributed to the reduced flow of the Padma water, a large part of the southwestern part of the southwestern region is subject to the tides of the Bay of Bengal. The flora-fauna ecosystem of the southwestern region once used to be dominated by the mangrove forest of the Sundarbans. Before the withdrawal of water at Farakka, of the flow water from the Ganges downstream used to counteract the flow of salt-water inland. However a vast area has been adversely impacted by the increased salinity, especially in such activities as agriculture, fishery, forestry, power generation, industry and some other enterprises- not to mention the spread of diseases and increased mortality rates, causing thereby an environment of hazards.
The Sundarbans The area stretching over 0.57 million ha in the southern districts of Bangladesh, namely Khulna, Satkhira and Bagerhat, is the largest mangrove forest ecosystem of the world. Out of the total area, nearly 0.17 million ha is occupied by rivers, channels and other watercourses.
Some decades back mangrove forests were abundant all along the coastline, especially in Cox's Bazar, Chittagong, Patuakhali and Khulna districts. According to one estimate a little over 1.5 m acres of mangrove forest, mainly in the Sundarbans, are in existence. Although the size of the Sundarbans mangrove forest has been reduced greatly from their former extent owing largely to shrimp cultivation, salt production and subsistence agriculture, it still remains the largest single tract of mangrove ecosystem in the world. Though habitation is not permitted, the Sundarbans has been exploited since time immemorial. The principal economic activities include harvesting of timber, fishing, collection of honey, beeswax, and oysters and shells.
A significant ecological change is taking place in the Sundarbans because of the activities of man. Changes in land use has brought about changes in biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles leading to a change in the weather pattern as a whole. The top dying of sundari, the principal commercial tree species is a matter of grave concern. Oil spill, increasing salinity and reduced river discharge and illegal activities are greatly destroying the ecological balance. The climatic system of Bangladesh is interlinked with the weather system of the Sundarbans area. Any change in the Sundarbans weather system is bound to produce an adverse impact on the climate and life of the people of Bangladesh.
In the interest of mankind, and especially for preserving environmental quality, the Sundarbans has received recognition as a natural heritage of the world. A declaration by the UNESCO to this effect has been would be a step further to preserve and maintain the worldmost vulnerable areas.
Poldered projects The traditional poldered projects of the southwestern region in the saline zone and the Chalan Beel project in the sweet water zone represent the detrimental effects of present-day flood control and drainage (FCD) system. Since the land is not graded, most of the low-lying areas inside many poldered projects have been turned into waterlogged areas though there were numerous controlled structures for flood control and drainage. The channels outside and inside the compartments get silted up gradually. Moreover, the outfalls and inlets are also choked up due to rapid sedimentation and waterlogging creeping gradually to other elevated areas. As a result, an irreversible change in the hydrological regime of the channels is brought about due to human activities through numerous structures.
Shrimp cultivation It has posed a grave environmental problem in the coastal area. In some places, especially in the Satkhira-Khulna area, shrimp cultivation is practiced almost 80 km inland, inducing thereby the problem of salinity with concomitant dying of vegetation and destruction of fertile agricultural land.
The cultivation of shrimp requires the holding of at least 8-9 months of stagnant saline water every year. The deliberate inundation of coastal polders to facilitate the production of brackish-water shrimp has brought a new dimension in the land use pattern, a practice seen as having detrimental effects on the economy and environmental set-up. The areas with a potential for brackish-water shrimp cultivation are located in the coastal areas, including polders adjacent to tidal creeks and rivers.
The shrimp culture industry being a major source of overseas export earnings for Bangladesh, has resulted in the seasonal inundation of large areas of land, especially in the farm and grazing lands. It is asserted that dry season brackish-water shrimp cultivation is consistent with wet season rice production. This has resulted in deliberate cutting of the coastal embankment to allow the inflow of saline water. The agricultural land has thus been lost to shrimp ponds and wet season rice yields have declined progressively as salinity and soil changes have taken their toll on land fertility.
Chakaria Sundarbans Its mangrove forest ecosystem is unique in the coastal area and covers a vast coastal area of Bangladesh. Before the turn of the 20th century most of the northern part of the Sundarbans area was cleared for habitation and other economic uses. Today virtually all of the mangrove forests in the vicinity of the Chittagong Chakaria and the naf river have been cleared for shrimp farming, salt production and agriculture.
Shrimp cultivation in the Chakaria mangrove forest has affected adversely on the socio-economic and ecological system as the loss of mangrove forest has made the area vulnerable to cyclonic winds and associated tidal wave in addition to exacerbating soil erosion, environmental disruption and destruction of biodiversity. Shrimp culture is basically responsible for the destruction of mangrove resources of Chakaria Sundarbans.
The Naf River Estuary Like Chakaria Sundarbans, the Naf River Estuary which at one time had luxurious mangrove swamps and inter-tidal mudflats has been subject to negative environmental impacts in recent years owing to the cultivation of shrimps, salt production and seasonal paddy cultivation. The process of converting agricultural land and mangrove forest into shrimp ponds has adversely affected the soil and water system in the adjoining land, making the entire area sensitive to normal production process. The old mangrove forested areas along the Naf river near Teknaf are also being taken over for shrimp farming, a process whereby agricultural farms are being converted into shrimp farms with negative consequences to the lifestyle of the people.
Coastal pollution The pollution in the coastal area has several sources, one of them being the effluent from pulp mills and other industrial plants at upstream locations. Most of the industries, not having been planned with pollution treatment facilities, discharge their untreated wastes directly into the river Karnafuli or in to the Bay of Bengal, threatening thereby the aquatic life and the estuarine ecosystem. In a similar way untreated domestic wastes are also thrown into the river or the Bay affecting local fisheries adversely with fish catch diminishing gradually on account of oxygen depletion.
The fishing environment and aquatic life in the coastal zone is also seriously affected by water resources development activities, thereby seriously affecting the biodiversity and life support system.
Marine pollution One of the major environmental concerns relates to marine pollution in the Bay. The sources of marine pollution are urban industrial effluents and river run-off including oil spills in the vicinity of the two major ports of Bangladesh, namely Chittagong and Mongla. The problem has been with the discharge of waste oil, spillage and bilge washing in the river creating pollution in the marine environment. The average oil spill effect has caused such a severe water quality problem that it has affected the multiplication of phyto- and zooplankton, and breeding grounds of shrimp and prawn fishery. The Sunderbans mangrove forest is also affected as much by marine and industrial pollution as by salt water flooding.
Chalan Beel Once a flourishing wetland with rich flora and fauna, the area is now almost degraded and converted into an area of environmental concern. The problems of drainage congestion and flooding have been created by the very construction of polders. The extent of the beel has now been reduced to 26-40 sq km owing mostly to sedimentation and agricultural invasion, and serious drainage problems from stagnant monsoon water inside the polder. There are also a number of beels located between the Barind Tract and the Padma floodplain, which are in effect extensions of the chalan beel having similar geomorphic features. The beels are flooded to more than 4.5 m and are covered with water throughout the year.
The encroachment of sediments, mostly sandy in character, from the Padma basin to the Chalan Beel area has transformed the area into a morass, bringing in environmental change and the concomitant suffering of the people owing to agricultural decadence and the depletion of fish resources.
Beel Dakatia In this area, sedimentation and land formation within the polders have ceased- a process that has led to ecological catastrophe with disastrous socio-economic consequences.
As observed, poldering has impeded drainage on both sides of the protected area that led to rapid siltation of drainage channels. Siltation outside the polders prevents outflow of water held within the polders, obstructing the natural drainage system and leading to the progressive and permanent flooding of large areas of once productive farmland. Permanent flooding of thousands of hectares of land owing to siltation of drainage channels has forced the displacement of a large proportion of the farmer population and led to environmental decadence. Access to clean drinking water is one of the major problems, especially for those who are still living in the beel area.
Flash flood While the usual river-borne monsoonal flood brings about a gradual rise of the river stages, flash floods on the other hand show characteristics of sharp rise and fall- up to about 4 m in a day in some cases. They are caused by rapid surface water run-off due to heavy monsoonal and pre-monsoonal rainfall in April and May in the hills of Meghalaya and Tripura. The area that suffers most owing to flash floods is the Sylhet basin in the northeastern region of the country, notably in the Habiganj area, regularly causing extensive damages to boro crops.
Massive deforestation, especially in the hilly areas, causes severe soil erosion and landslides, which contribute to river siltation. The process of deforestation reduces the water retention capacity of soils and increases the rate of surface run-off. The sediment load, carried by streams mostly consisting of coarse sand, is deposited on the land, just as the silts fill up river beds, inducing flash floods.
Elsewhere, increased pineapple cultivation and resultant soil loss threatens the Kaptai Multi-purpose Project and the Monu river irrigation scheme, accentuating siltation in the surrounding rivers and provoking flash floods. Similarly, in the Cox's Bazar area conversion of rich tropical forests with their unique bio-diversity into plantation and shrimp farms have had a negative impact on the environmental system. Improper land use and mode of farming, jhum cultivation for that matter, leading to massive erosion and flash floods in general have made the north and southeastern hill areas vulnerable to both physical and cultural interventions.
The Sylhet Basin 'It occupies roughly the depressions bordering eastern Mymensingh and western Sylhet, which is also the heart of the Meghna Basin. The lowest part of Bangladesh, the Sylhet Basin lies under water for more than six months of the year with the underlying sediments being clay. Further, large marshy areas cover the basin and are completely unsuitable for agriculture. The occurrence of early floods including flash floods is an environmental constraint. This is also the region of large water bodies locally known as haors.
The Barind Tract The area occupying the west central part of Bangladesh, in the districts of Rajshahi, Bogra and Dinajpur, is the largest of the Pleistocene areas of the country. Its surface has a domal appearance and rises 6 to 12 m above the floodplains. Pleistocene sediments are well oxidized and typically are reddish, brown or tan, and are mottled. They commonly contain ferruginous or calcareous nodules. Water content is lower, resulting in firmer, more compacted material. Organic material in Pleistocene sediments is commonly confined to the surface soil profile. Divided into several parts by the rivers, the Barind has been laboriously terraced for aman rice cultivation.
While the soils in the Barind Tract bake too hard during the summer season, drought is a major environmental problem during the winter season. Monsoon rainfall in the region suffers from extreme variability, often exceeding 60 percent. An important fact is that this variation occurs in both time and space. Not only the annual and monthly variation but also the micro-variation is of significance environmentally. Persistent drought for at least half of the year (November to March) and the intense rainfall variability together with an average of about 15 cm of soil moisture deficiency characterize this region.
The Moribund Delta This area, the western part of the deltaic plain, bounded on the east by the madhumati river, comprises the areas which extend from the northern boundary of the Khulna district to Jessore and parts of Kushtia district. The area lacks the important effect of the flooding from the Padma and is characterized by rivers that are now abandoned or drying up, having lost connections with their parent streams. The rivers having now no off-take from the main streams cannot bring down enough water and silt, even during the flood season, and being confined within high levees, are not in a position to inundate the entire area. As a result, land building has ceased and the delta has grown moribund up to this limit. The moribund delta area has for a long time been noted for its agricultural decadence and incidences of diseases, especially malaria. [M Aminul Islam]
River erosion and siltation Riverbank erosion is one of the major environmental hazards in Bangladesh. Vast areas come under this phenomenon during the season of floods (July-September) disrupting normal lifestyles of people. Agricultural land, human settlements, markets and towns are just as much vulnerable as the environment itself. According to the bangladesh water development board data (1984-85), among the major 16 rivers, river bank erosion has been observed in 254 places and in many places the process at work is dangerously threatening the existence of a number of old towns and cities. The very best example is the case of Chandpur, located along the Padma-Meghna interface.
Although river erosion is observed in almost all the areas of Bangladesh, their effect on bank erosion is most noticeable in the two most important rivers ie the Padma and the Jamuna. Every year it is because of the effect of river bank erosion caused by the Brahmaputra Jumuna and the Padma river system, that thousands of people living in the floodplains become homeless as well as landless - homesteads and agricultural land coming under damage syndrome. The losses and damages to properties are exacerbated when the process of riverbank erosion is synchronized with the widespread flooding. Riverbank erosion has been endemic in Bangladesh in recent years, with almost a million people being adversely affected by the process, directly or indirectly, leading to an economic loss of more than US $ 40 million annually.
Siltation The aspect of siltation is as critical as the changing courses of the major rivers of Bangladesh. Almost every year the two major rivers change their courses and in the process form sand bars or chars as they are called locally, which can be formed overnight while some coastlines are estimated to be receding at rates of up to about 270 m per year. The surface flows bring about 3 million m tons of sediments every year in the country. While it is seen that the process of siltation and erosion is a natural phenomenon in the rivers of Bangladesh, there is evidence of serious problems with many rivers becoming dead, dislocating many navigation routes. In recent years deforestation and landslides in the upland countries have caused siltation problem in Bangladesh rivers.
While the process of siltation is continuing unabated, it is to be noted that the rivers of Bangladesh, notably the Padma, Brahmaputra and Meghna carry a huge amount of annual sediment supply of up to 1.48 billion m tons during the wet season to one of the world’s largest deltas keeping the expansion of the delta in progress. Further, as an area of over 30% of land area in Bangladesh comes under normal flood regime, a large quantity of suspended sediments are deposited. Moreover, relatively rapid changes in landforms due to erosion and sedimentation have been occurring for long; the physical evidence of such changing conditions is apparent in eroding riverbanks, areas of new deposition and consequent changes in environment. [M Aminul Islam] Siltation
Environmental protection agency The environmental programmes in Bangladesh hardly got off to a start until the mid 80s. Following the UN Stockholm Conference in 1972, environmental programmes were initiated for the first time by the Government of Bangladesh with the creation of the Pollution Control Board in 1974, and the Pollution Control Ordinance was enacted in 1977. In 1989 the Ministry of Environment and Forestry was set up along with the Department of Forests and a newly created Department of Environment under it. The former Pollution Control Board was eventually renamed as the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The year 1990 was declared as the Year of Environment and the years 1990-91 declared as the Decade of Environment.
Meanwhile, the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief and the Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) brought out 'Standing Orders on Disaster' through updating and thorough review of the disaster situation. The 'Standing Orders on Disaster' distributed down to the union level is acting as a guide book for all concerned for coping with and recovering from disasters in effective ways.
There was another dimension in regard to disaster management. The environmental crisis was being felt most severely by the rural poor in Bangladesh where resource exploitation combined with a poor understanding of the environment has led to further environmental stresses, threatening not only economic development but also the survival of the most vulnerable people.
The effort for the formulation of an Environment Conservation Strategy began in 1984 and much progress has been made since then. Further, the National Environmental Management Plan: An Action Plan for Bangladesh (NEMAP, 1991) has been prepared with the objective of addressing vital environmental concerns, taking into consideration the activities that would arrest further degradation. NEMAP, as claimed, is the logical follow-up to the National Environmental Policy and the National Conservation Strategy (NCS), with the objective of providing guidelines for the preparation of various activities necessary for structuring socio-economic development of Bangladesh on a sustained basis. [M Aminul Islam]
Planning and management Bangladesh experiences an almost unique environmental situation, being located on two of the world's largest rivers (the Padma and the Brahmaputra), and in one of the great flood and cyclone hazard zones of the earth. While physical environmental problems merge imperceptibly into development problems, the socio-economic development of the country has been constrained owing to pressures exerted on the total environmental system bringing in disharmony between resource development and utilization. With a population of about 130 m and a limited resource base, the man-land ratio being the most critical, the importance of environmental planning and management can hardly be over-emphasized- a perspective necessitating a working knowledge of the environment which it is felt would have a seminal influence on the proper planning of development and environmental management.
Of late, much emphasis is being given on the aspect of environmental management. Mention must be made of the National Environment Policy (1992), National Environment Action Plan (1992), Forest Policy (1994), Forestry Master Plan (1993-2012), and Environment Conservation Act (1995). The National Conservation Strategy and especially the National Environment Management Action Plan (NEMAP) have been drawn up with assistance from people from all walks of life. Further, for executing management programmes and action plans in particular, various policy instruments such as government regulations and control, including social instruments have been enforced, though these have not always yielded fruits. Among other considerations, the policy objectives include in addition to enhancement of the environment, such items as urban beautification programmes, recreation, aesthetics, ecosystem and habitat conservation, landscape preservation, wildlife protection and heritage safeguard.
Environment and developmental planning Recognizing the importance of the environment as a crucial factor in development planning as well as taking steps to development policy more responsive to governmental concerns has been a step consistent with broad national objectives. Building environmental concerns into development is indeed a life and death situation in Bangladesh. By the same token, improving the quality of the physical environment without thinking of improving the status of man himself is an anomalous assertion. Population control, sustainable resource exploitation, environmental conservation and rural development are all best served not by starting with them in a normal professional way, but by starting with poor rural people and with what they want and need. It is precisely sustainable livelihoods, which can secure rights and ownerships, integrate the poor people's wants and needs, that those concerned with population resources, environment and rural development seek. [M Aminul Islam]
Greenhouse effects and global warming Increase of temperature of the lower atmosphere of the earth due to effects similar to that of a greenhouse, or a glass house used for growing delicate plants (flowers and vegetables) mostly in cold countries. The solar radiation comes through the glass and warms the materials, the structures and soils inside. Being heated up they, in turn, emit infrared radiation (heat radiation). This longer wavelength radiation cannot penetrate the glass shield of the green house and is trapped inside. Thus radiant energy can enter the greenhouse but the heat it produces cannot escape so easily and the greenhouse remains moderately warm allowing plants to grow.
In a roughly analogous manner the atmosphere acts like a greenhouse glass shield for the earth. Solar radiation penetrates the long columns of air and warms up the earth's surface. The earth then re-emits in the long wave infrared region which is then largely trapped in the lower atmosphere. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect. The trace gases in the atmosphere which largely absorb the reradiated infrared radiation are known as greenhouse gases (GHGs). They are: water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ozone (O3) and the chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs). The consequential production of heat throughout the world because of greenhouse effect is known as global warming.
If the atmosphere were absent the average global temperature would be about -18' C instead of the present value of 15' C. All the incoming energy in the from of sunlight is striking the earth's surface and causing the earth to emit infrared radiation like a giant radiator. Only a fraction of this heat could escape directly back to space; the rest of this radiation is trapped inside the atmosphere. As mentioned before, the greenhouse gases are heated up and some of this heat is radiated down to the surface of the earth making the earth warm.
The predominant greenhouse gas, water vapor causes a large part of the heating. As the heating is increased, more water evaporates from the oceans, rivers, lakes and the soil. The warmer atmosphere again can hold more water vapor. This creates a powerful feedback loop and thus the greenhouse warming is enhanced.
Greenhouse gas emissions in Bangladesh 'A publication of the Department of Environment, Bangladesh (Global Climate Change, Bangladesh Episode, June 1997) reports that the rich developed countries are emitting GHG's as a result of their wasteful consumption pattern and reckless lifestyle.
On the other hand, activities of the vast population living in poor developing countries also contribute to the GHG load, but to a much lesser extent. The per capita GHG emission by industrialized countries is about 6 times the world average emissions. The GHG emission from USA alone accounts for about 20% of the total global emission.
According to the report the total carbon dioxide released from all primary fossil fuel use in Bangladesh amounted to 13,443 Gg in 1990 (base year), the corresponding value of carbon (oxidized) amounted to 3,666 Gg. On a per capita basis (the 1990 population being 109 million) this amounts to just about 123.3 and 33.6 kg respectively. Biomass combustion caused an annual release of 61,283.7 Gg of CO2 in 1990. The emission from agricultural residues contributed about 59% of total emission from biomass energy combustion.
Emission from energy production and landfills In Bangladesh, natural gas is the only indigenous source of commercial energy, except for a little oil discovered in 1987 and coal which remains yet to be mined. Hence natural gas is the only source from which methane emission is to be estimated. It is estimated that annually 6.1 Gg of methane (by weight) gas is emitted due to energy production by natural gas.
Land fills (Municipal wastes used for land filling) Very little quantitative information exists in Bangladesh on municipal wastes. Methane emission from six major urban areas of Bangladesh (Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Mymensingh) from landfills has been estimated to be about 73.6 Gg per year.
Emission from agriculture, livestock and waste water Methane emissions have been reported from the flooded rice fields, enteric fermentation in livestock, manure management, and anaerobic wastewater treatment in the municipalities.
The methane flux in Bangladesh rice cultivation is expected to be lower than in other countries. Estimated values of CH4 from flooded rice fields vary between 257 and 622 Gg. Considering the median value it is estimated that rice cultivation emits about 468 Gg of methane gas per year. HYV Boro rice contributes about 42% followed by HYV transplanted aman (about 31%).
The low body weight of animals in Bangladesh results in low level CH4 (446.8 Gg) emission by enteric fermentation of livestock, 67.5% of which is contributed by non-diary cattle. About 73.07 Gg of methane is emitted from manure management, a large fraction of which comes from non-diary cattle. Emission from wastewater treatment is insignificant.
Usually when forestland is cleared for agricultural or other purposes by felling frees, a part of the carbon locked in them is released when parts of the trees are used as fuel. The land is cleared through slash and burning. In the process the soil is disturbed. This also releases the carbon locked therein. If on the other hand, the forest or tree cover area increases there is likely to be a net sink effect.
In the 1990 base year, 5,456 Gg of carbon was removed from the forests while 12315 Gg of carbon was absorbed during the same time by vegetation in the remaining forest areas of Bangladesh. Net annual carbon flux was about 6,859 Gg. This amount has the capacity to offset about 25,151 Gg of carbon dioxide from other sources.
Emission from biomass burning In the rural areas of Bangladesh a part of the biomass is left in the field after each harvest. Open air burning of these release gases such as CO2, CH4, N2O and NOx. It is estimated that 695.4 Gg Carbon, and 9.7 Gg Nitrogen are released annually from field burning of biomass. The major sources of rural energy in Bangladesh are biomass sources like rice straws, husks, dung, twigs, leaves, bagasse, jute sticks, fuel wood etc. It is estimated that normal biomass fuel combustion in open air releases about 189.5 Gg methane, 2339.9 Gg CO, 2.4 Gg N2O, and 85.9 Gg NOx gas. The Department of Environment, summarizes most of the results of GHG emissions in Bangladesh.
Table 2' Annual GHG emissions in Bangladesh
Source of GHG emissions Quantity of GHG emitted (Gg) Combustion of fossil fuel 13443 as CO2 Energy production 79.7 as CH4 Flooded rice fields 468 as CH4 Livestock (enteric fermentation & manure management) 520 as CH4 Burning of agricultural biomass 4.7 as CH4 97.3 as CO 0.11 as N2O 3.84 as NO Forest No net emission Biomass burning 189.5 as CH4 2340 as CO 2.4 as N2O 86 as NO
The estimates indicate that on the basis of global warming potentials more than one half is due to methane while about 30% are contributed by fossil fuel burning (due to CO2). [M Shamsul Islam and Quamrun Nessa Begum]
Educating environment Given the country's need to respond to an emergency situation and its longer term requirements to rehabilitate and reconstruct immediately after the advent of environmental disasters it was long been advocated that centres for environmental education be established and developed at various postgraduate institutions of Bangladesh, especially at the universities and various research bodies.
Environmental education programmes so far developed in the institutions have focused on multidisciplinary issues related (i) to monitoring existing disaster-active and disaster-prone areas, and where feasible, provide forecasts of potential disaster situations, consequent needs and management strategies that can mitigate the effects of such disasters; (ii) to provide an interdisciplinary forum for research into disaster forecasting, management and means of redressing the immediate and long-term impacts of disasters; (iii) to create a series of extension programmes and services through education and training programmes for private and government personnel engaged in environmental response and management in this area; and (iv) to develop a curriculum in environmental studies ranging from school level to the post-graduate level in the universities through existing departments and interdisciplinary programmes.
Among other things, the institutions have the potential to develop a body of specialists among its faculty able to provide information services, research capability and formal and informal training programmes in environmental management.
Developing educational materials or exhibits related to environmental system in Bangla have received priority consideration from many private and public organisations including the Disaster Management Bureau. Lessons in Bangla on disaster management in the schools at the primary and secondary levels have already been introduced. Other programmes include the development of specific university curricula and holding of seminars and workshops aimed at formulating action programmes, vis-E0-vis, actual practice of mitigation measures. Further, in addition to evolving educational communication and establishment of an education network, personnel training and practitioner exchange programmes have been developed. [M Aminul Islam]
Nemap denotes the National Environment Management Action Plan of the Government of Bangladesh. This plan has been prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF) in consultation with people from all walks of life.
NEMAP has been prepared as the basis for programmes and interventions aimed at promoting better resource management, making people aware of environmental problems and reversing the present trend towards environmental degradation. NEMAP is also expected to identify key environmental issues, including conservation and improvement of environmental conditions, promoting sustainable development and raising the quality of human life. Since these may change over a period of time, it was anticipated that the NEMAP would evolve in response to the changes. [Mamunul Haque Khan]
Environment policy Course of action adopted and pursued by the government to preserve and maintain healthy environment relations. Global environmental degradation in recent years calls for serious environmental planning making and effective implementation of policies. The industrial countries have made good progress in the management of environmental concerns of their priorities. However, the art or science of environmental policy-making in a developing country is a new area, with not much of past experience. The process of governance and environmental priorities of developing countries also differ from those of the industrial world. There is an acute lack of data as well as inter/multi-disciplinary expertise needed for policy planning. This makes the task all the more difficult.
With its physical and socio-economic parameters, Bangladesh can be said to present a test case of sustainable environment management. The pressure of a huge population of about 130 million on a very limited resource base has, perhaps, surpassed the country's carrying capacity in terms of both the source and sink functions of the environment. Recurring natural disasters and huge casualties are to a large extent man-made. In such an all-pervasive predicament, the importance of environmental policy-making in Bangladesh cannot be overemphasized.
In recent years, environmental protection has become a priority agenda of the Government of Bangladesh. The government as well as the civil society are showing increasing concerns about the rapid degradation of both urban and rural environments. Implementation of the government's commitments to the environment and the mitigation of other environment-related problems are possible only through a well-defined national policy. The successive governments have initiated a series of policies and programmes aimed at putting development on a sustainable path, including the adoption of an Environment Policy in 1992.
The objectives of Environment Policy are: (a) to maintain ecological balance and overall development through protection and improvement of the environment; (b) to protect the country against natural disasters; (c) to identify and regulate activities which pollute and degrade the environment; (d) to ensure environmentally sound development in all sectors; (e) to ensure sustainable, long-term and environmentally sound use of all national resources; and (f) to actively remain associated with all international environmental initiatives to the maximum possible extent.
Environmental activities encompass all geographical regions and development sectors of the country. Policies towards realization of the overall objectives of the 1992 Environment Policy encompass fifteen sectors, such as, agriculture, industry, health and sanitation, energy and fuel, water development, flood control and irrigation; land, forest; wildlife and biodiversity; fisheries and livestock, food; coastal and marine environment; transport and communication; housing and urbanization; population; education and public awareness; and science, technology and research. [Mizan R Khan]
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Raozan Upazila HQ Raozan Upazila (Chittagong district) with an area of 246.58 sq km, is bounded by Fatikchhari upazila on the north, Boalkhali upazila and Karnafuli river on the south, Rangunia and...
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Bangladesh / Chattagam / Raozan /
World / Bangladesh / Chattagam / Raozan World / Bangladesh / Chittagong / Chittagong / Chittagong
township, subdistrict, fourth-level administrative division, local government
Raozan Upazila (Chittagong district) with an area of 246.58 sq km, is bounded by Fatikchhari upazila on the north, Boalkhali upazila and Karnafuli river on the south, Rangunia and Kawkhali (Rangamati) upazilas on the east, Hathazari and Fatikchhari upazila on the west. Main rivers: Karnafuli and Halda.
The location of the Raozan town is 22.5372044N 91.9141812E. Raozan (Town) a municipal town, consists of 9 wards and 21 mahallas. It has an area of 9.97 sq km. It has a population of 53817; male 51.61% and female 48.39%. Density of population is per sq km 5398. The town has one dakbungalow.
Raozan thana, now an upazila, was established in 1947. The upazila consists of 1 municipality, 15 union parishads, 64 mouzas and 76 villages.
Archaeological heritage and relics: Jagannath Debaloi and the Gateway (Dabua), Koileshsore Shiva Mandir and Shiva Statue (Dabua, 19th century), Mohamuni Buddhist Temple (Pahartoli), Chulamoni Buddhist Vihara (Lathichari), Aryan Moittro Buddhist Vihara (sleeping statue), Isa Khan Dighi, Lashkar Uzir Dighi.
Historical events: Raozan is considered as the original home of the Buddhists. According to the Arakani dialect this area is called 'Rajoaang' (Raozan) or the land of the royal families.
Religious institutions: Mosque 333, temple 51, Buddhist temple 67 and sacred place 1, most noted of which are Hazrat Yasin Shah Mazar, Hazrat Sikander Shah Mazar, Akbar Shah Mazar, Hazrat Abdul Aziz Naksh Bandi Mazar, Kaileshsar Shiva Mandir, Dabua Jagannath Mandir, Lathichari Buddha Mandir, Moha Moni Buddha Mandir and Sultanpur Kali Mandir.
As of the 1991 Bangladesh census: Population 274344; male 50.58%, female 49.42%; Muslim 70.71%, Hindu 20.42%, Buddhist 8.69% and others 0.18%; ethnic nationals: Jummo, Tripura and Magh.
Literacy and educational institutions: Average literacy 52.5%; male 58.4% and female 46.6%. Educational institutions: college 6, technical college 1, high school 51, junior school 2, government primary school 147, non-government primary school 18, madrasa 14 and Parli and Sanskrit college 2. Noted educational institution: Ramgati Ramdhan Abdul Bari Chowdhury High School (1898).
Cultural organisations: Public library 2, club 104, playground 51, women's organisation 29.
Main occupations: Agriculture 19.55%, agricultural labourer 10.66%, wage labourer 3.02%, industry, commerce, transport and construction 21.65%, service 26.28% and others 18.84%.
Land use: Total cultivable land 13399.84 hectares, fallow land 4122.62 hectares; reserve land 6145.29 hectares; single crop 14.93%, double crop 75.98% and treble crop land 9.09%. Cultivable land under irrigation 7978.55 hectares.
Main crops: Paddy, wheat, potato, sugarcane, chilli, peanut, vegetables, mustard, sesame and pulses.
Fisheries, dairies, poultries Dairy 31, poultry 94, hatchery 1, fish breeding centre 1.
Communication facilities- Roads: pucca 10.83 km, semi pucca 65 km and mud road 470 km.
Manufactories: Power station 1, rubber production centre 6.
Cottage industries: 371 including bamboo work, goldsmith, blacksmith, potteries, wood work, etc.
NGO activities: Operationally important NGOs are brac, asa and proshika.
Health centres: Upazila health complex 1, family welfare centre 6, satellite clinic 3.
Nearby cities:
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Upazila in Chattogram Division, Bangladesh
Upazila in Chittagong, Bangladesh
Boalkhali (Bengali: বোয়ালখালী) is an upazila of Chattogram District in Chattogram Division, Bangladesh.[1]
Geography
[edit]
Boalkhali is located at . It had 44108 households and its total area is 126.46 km2.[1]
According to the 2001 Bangladesh Census, there were 36,588 households.
Demographics
[edit]
As of the 2011 Bangladesh census, Boalkhali upazila had 44,108 households and a population of 223,125. 46,730 (20.94%) were under 10 years of age. Boalkhali had an average literacy rate of 58.90%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1042 females per 1000 males. 31,206 (13.99%) of the population lived in urban areas.[2][3]
As of the 2001 Bangladesh census, the population was 201,590, comprising 104,601 males and 96,989 females. Boalkhali had 9 Unions, 31 Mauza and 30 villages and the literacy rate was 71.8%.[4]
As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boalkhali has a population of 195607. Males constitute 51.75% of the population, and females 48.25%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 98116. Boalkhali has an average literacy rate of 48.5% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate.[5]
Economy
[edit]
Agriculture and manufacturing are the two major economic sectors in Boalkhali. The main crops grown here are Paddy, Mustards, Onion, Garlic, Chili and other vegetables. The KorolDenga hills are very fertile for cultivating fruits. The main fruits cultivated here are Jackfruit, Mango, Olive, Papaya, Guava, Kamranga, Banana, KoshshoGula, FyinnaGula, Boththa, Aamra, Pineapple, Lemon and Jambura. The main trees planted in the Koroldenga hills are Agar, Rubber and Teak. The bank of Karnafuli River is also very fertile for cultivation. There are so many fisheries, dairies and poultries in Boalkhali Upazila.
There are a lot of Hats and Bazars in Boalkhali. Hazir Hat, Chowdhury Hat, Munsi Hut, Jomadar Hat etc. are famous Bazar.
The transportation of Boalkhali Upazila is very developed compare to other parts of the country. People can navigate through Karnafuli River, Rail, Bus, Tempoo, CNG (Local Taxi). For Rail there are two stations one in Gomdandi and another one in Bengura.
Administration
[edit]
Boalkhali Upazila is divided into Boalkhali Municipality and nine union parishads: Ahla Karaldenga, Amuchia, Charandwip, Kandhurkhil, Paschim Gamdandi, Popadia, Sakpura, Saroatali, and Sreepur Kharandwip. The union parishads are subdivided into 31 mauzas and 33 villages.[6]
Boalkhali Municipality was formed by nine wards in 2012 and is located by the whole Former East Gondandi Union, West Gomdandi unit 1 to 6 and Khadurkhil unit 1 to 3 from Union Parishod.
Mayor
Haji Abul Kalam (Abu) Bangladesh National Party
Upazila Chairman:
Mohammad Nurul Amin, Bangladesh Awami League
Vice Chairman:
Mohammad Selim, Bangladesh Awami League
Woman Vice Chairman:
Shamim Ara Begum, Bangladesh Awami League
Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO):
Mohammad Mamun[7]
Notable residents
[edit]
Abdul Wahid Bengali (1850-1905), theologian, teacher and social reformer
Binod Bihari Chowdhury, revolutionary, was born at Uttar Bhurshi village in 1911.[8]
Kalpana Datta, revolutionary, was born at Sreepur village in 1913.[9]
Shefali Ghosh, singer, was born at Kanungo Para village circa 1941.[10]
Rama Chowdhury-War heroine of Bangladesh Liberation war.
Chinmoy Kumar Ghosh - Philosopher, Peace Meditations at the United Nations 1931
See also
[edit]
Upazilas of Bangladesh
Districts of Bangladesh
Divisions of Bangladesh
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Today's Gallery (2023.09.01)
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2023-09-01T04:49:34+06:00
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The Daily Star
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https://www.thedailystar.net/multimedia/homepage/todays-gallery-20230901-3408331
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https://www.thebangladesh.net/chittagong-division/chittagong-district/mirsharai-upazila-chittagong/wahedpur-union-chittagong.html
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en
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Wahedpur Union, Chittagong
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2019-11-20T06:00:00+06:00
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BANGLADESH, land of true natural beauty, home of the famous Royal Bengal Tigers, The Largest Mangrove Forest and The Longest Sandy Sea Beach of the World.
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Wahedpur is a union under Mirsharai Upazila of Chittagong District with a total area of 18.963 square kilometers. The total population of the union is 24,463 among them 11,969 are male and 12,494 are female.
Map of Wahedpur of Chittagong District.
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Boalkhali Area Guide: Discover Insights & Price Trends
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Dive into the Boalkhali area guide for in-depth insights and the price trends. Make informed decisions with our comprehensive review of the Boalkhali real estate market.
|
/favicon.ico
|
PropertyGuide Bangladesh
|
https://propertyguide.com.bd/en/area-guide/boalkhali
|
The Boalkhali Upazila is one of the areas in the Chattogram District, which is located near the Karnaphuli River. To be precise, the upazila is located about 12 kilometers from the Chattogram Sadar and southeast of the Karnaphuli River. It is a developing and growing location right next to the Chattogram City Corporation localities, making it ideal for anyone looking into the Boalkhali area guide.
The land area of the upazila is 137.27 square kilometers, and it has a population of around 2,35,483, with over 42,500 families living there. That makes Boalkhali an averagely populated area. On top of that, since it is one of the areas connected to the Chattogram ports, Boalkhali is an important location for trade and business. That is also why it has several growing industrial zones and farms.
The old Kalurghat Bridge, which goes through Arkan Road and over the Karnaphuli River, is one of the main means of communication in the area. People can also travel to Boalkhali using the Shah Amanat Bridge and Chattogram-Cox’s Bazar Highway through Patiya. There are also several train stations in Boalkhali, one of which runs on the Kalurghat Bridge. Unfortunately, the bridge has been deemed old and risky, and it will be reconstructed soon to ensure safe transportation and communication facilities.
Boalkhali is a progressive area where you will likely come across many concrete and tin-shaded houses as well as a few straw houses. One government data shows that there are no landless or homeless people in the area. Many reputed public figures, including actress Kobori Sarwar, singer Shefali Ghosh, litterateur Atul Chandra Datta, and Liberation War Birangana writer Rama Chowdhury, are from Boalkhali.
Other than the Karnaphuli River or Boalkhali Canal, this upazila has several tourist attractions. Some of the oldest architects and locations in the Upazila are the Sreepur Shahi Bura Masjid, Sri Sri Kalachand Thakurbari Temple, Medosh Munir Ashram/Hermitage, Lalar Dighi, etc. Anyone who wants to enjoy its natural landscape should visit the Karnaphuli Riverview spot and the Sreepur Bangabandhu Riverview, Rangunia Bat Cave, Koroldenga Hill, etc.
The Boalkhali upazila is also religiously and culturally diverse, with Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, and Christians living harmoniously. The government has taken various initiatives to improve and develop the lifestyle and communications in the area and add more amenities.
|
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1814
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dbpedia
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1
| 97
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https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/5042163
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en
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Mirsharai Upazila
|
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click Mirsarai Official Web Site www.mirsarai.info Mirsharai মীরসরাই   Upazila  
|
en
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https://en-academic.com/favicon.ico
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Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
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https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/5042163
|
'click' Mirsarai Official Web Site www.mirsarai.info
Mirsharai Upazila (chittagong district) with an area of 482.88 km2, is bounded by Tripura State of India, chhagalnaiya and feni sadar upazilas on the north, sitakunda and sandwip upazilas on the south, fatikchhari upazila on the east, sonagazi and companiganj (Noakhali) upazilas on the west. Approximately 60 km from the chittagong city. Main river is feni; Sandwip Channel is notable; canal 30, most noted of which are Isakhali, Mahamaya, Domkhali, Hinguli,Moliaish, Koila Govania and Mayani Khal. The hills range on the northern and eastern side of this upazila along the bank of the feni river extended up to Chittagong and the chittagong hill tracts.
Mirsharai (Town) consists of two mouzas. It has an area of 10.12 km2. The town has a population of 10856; male 51.49% and female 48.51%; population density per km² 1073. Literacy rate among the town people is 32%. The town has two dakbungalows.
Administration Mirsharai thana was turned into an upazila in 1983. The upazila consists of 16 union parishads, 100 mouzas and 207 villages.
Archaeological heritage and relics Hinguli Court Parr (embankment) built by Arakani Moghs, Valukia Dighi, Chuti Khan Mosque, Poragol Khan Dighi, Nai Duari (nine-door) Mosque, Daulat Bibi Mosque and Mahania Mosque.
Historical events Fakruddin Mobarak Shah established the Muslim rule in this region in 1340. During the region of Hossain Shah and Nasrat Shah (Sultans of the Gaur), Paragal Khan and Chhuti Khan were the rulers of this region. Later on Nizam Shah, brother of Sher Shah (emperor of Delhi), became its ruler. Nizampur Pargana was named after him and the total area of Mirsharai came under the jurisdiction of Nizampur Pargana. From the beginning of 16th century this area was one of the centres for practising Bangla literature; most noted poets and writers include Sayed Sultan, Kabindra Poromessor, Srikor Nandi, Daulat Uzir Bahram Khan. Most of the time from 1580 to 1666, this region was under the control of the Arakans. The place at Mirsharai Thana, where Bujurgo Umed Khan (son of Subeder Syesta Khan) landed after crossing the Feni River, was named as Bujurgo Umed Nagar. After the conquest of Chittagong, this region came permanently under the Mughals rule. Towards the end of the British rule, Durgapur and Karerhat of Mirsharai upazila were the main centres of the revolutionaries of Chittagong. During the War of Liberation many direct encounters between the Pak army and the freedom fighters were held at Shuvopur Bridge, Higuli Bridge, Auchi Miah Bridge and Mostannagar.
Marks of the War of Liberation Mass grave 1, memorial monument 1, mass killing site 2.
Religious institutions Mosque 640, tomb 50, temple 128 and Buddhist temple 9, most noted of which are Chhuti Khan Mosque (16th century), Daulat Bibi Mosque (16th century), Mahadia Mosque (1780),Dhan Meah jamia mosk(1813), Nai Duari Mosque (18th century), Hamidullah Khan Mosque (19th century), Mazars of Shah Zayed (R) (806 AH), Awal Kazi Moakkel (R), Hazrat Shah Badal (R), Hazrat Chinki Mostan (R), Hazrat Mia Noor Ali Shah (R), Sufi Noor Mohammad Nizampuri (R) and Hazrat Mir Gaffar Khan; Jagannath Mandir (Abu Torab Bazar), Kali Mandir (Karerhat), Hazisharai Mandir and Newanpur Mandir.
Population 325712; male 49. 97%, female 50.03%; Muslim 84.9%, Hindu 13.97% and others 1.13%.
Literacy and educational institutions Average literacy 37.2%; male 45.1% and female 29.3%. Educational institutions: college 4, high school 46, junior school 4, madrasa 38, government primary school 145, non-government primary school 55, madrasa 1, satellite school 8 and kindergarten school 8.
Newspapers and periodicals Mirsarai Songbad,The MONTHLY SOMOY,Mashik Mirsharai; irregular: Mirsharai Chitra, Mirsharai Kantho, Alokito Campus; extinct: Mirsharai Barta, Mirsharai Darpan,.
Cultural organisations Press club 1, club 63, public library 1, theatre group 2, playground 70, stadium 1, music school 3.
Main occupations Agriculture 34.06%, forestry 2.23%, agricultural labourer 15.86%, wage labourer 3.39%, commerce 10.8%, service 16.89%, fishing 1.32%, transport 2.37% and others 11.26%.
Land use Total cultivable land 22,896.40 hectares, fallow land 147713 hectares; single crop 38.91%, double crop 42.46% and treble crop land 18.63%. Cultivable land under irrigation 6,917.85 hectare.
Value of land The market value of the land of the first grade is approximately Tk 9000 per 0.01 hectare.
Main crops Paddy, potato, aubergine, bean, tomato, pumpkin and radish.
Extinct or nearly extinct crops Sugarcane, jute, arahar, mustard, pulse, linseed, kalai sesame and peanut.
Main fruits Mango, black berry, jackfruit, banana, papaya and litchi.
Fisheries, dairies, poultries Fishery 100, poultry 131 and hatchery (fish) 1.
Communication facilities Roads: pucca 193 km, semi pucca 119 km and mud road 1500 km; railways 16 km; waterways 11-nautical-mile (20 km).
Traditional transport Palanquin, Shampan boat and bullock cart. These means of transport are either extinct or nearly extinct.
Manufactories Carpet industry, pipe mill, ice factory, etc.
Cottage industries Weaving 903, goldsmith 110, blacksmith 100, potteries 100, bidi 4, tailoring 250, wood work 150, bamboo work 200 and sanitary 20.
Hats, bazars and fairs Hats and bazars are 30, most noted of which are Mohajan Hat, Abu Torab Bazar, Kamar Ali Bazar, Boro Daroga Hat, Karer Hat, Baroiar Hat, Shantir Hat, Jorarganj,sadurbazar, Mithachara, Fakir Hat, Abur Hat and Bamonsundar Daroga Hat, Golker Hat; fairs 5.
Main exports Bamboo, wood, fish, paddy, potato, banana and vegetables.
NGO activities Operationally important NGOs are proshika, brac, asa, Sheba, grameen bank, icddr, b, CARE, Hunger Project, DORP, Bais Opka, IPSA, Fatema Palli, Swasthya Shikkha Centre and Eva.
Health centres Upazila health complex 1, family planning centre 16, sub health centre Mirsharai (Bengali: মীরসরাই) is an Upazila of Chittagong District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Contents
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 Administrative
4 See also
5 References
Geography
Mirsharai is located at . It has 55771 units of house hold and total area 482.88 km².
Demographics
As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Mirsharai has a population of 325712. Males constitute are 49.97% of the population, and females 50.03%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 160496. Mirsharai has an average literacy rate of 37.2% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate.[1]
Administrative
Mirsharai has 16 Unions/Wards, 116 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 207 villages.
See also
Upazilas of Bangladesh
Districts of Bangladesh
Divisions of Bangladesh
References
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dbpedia
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| 95
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https://www.thedailystar.net/online/news/development-work-leading-frequent-elephant-attacks-ctg-villages-1875826
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en
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Development work leading to frequent elephant attacks in Ctg villages
|
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[
"Mostafa Yousuf"
] |
2020-03-03T15:53:14+06:00
|
Parveen Akther (45), a resident of Joistopura village under Boalkhali upazila in Chattogram, used to hardly experience elephant attacks. The fear of elephant attack has never been a part of daily life for her. But in the last five or six years, a herd of elephants have regularly scoured their village in search of food, in the process attacking people and damaging crops.
|
en
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https://www.thedailystar.net/sites/all/themes/sloth/favicon.ico
|
The Daily Star
|
https://www.thedailystar.net/online/news/development-work-leading-frequent-elephant-attacks-ctg-villages-1875826
|
Parveen Akther (45), a resident of Joistopura village under Boalkhali upazila in Chattogram, used to hardly experience elephant attacks. The fear of elephant attack has never been a part of daily life for her. But in the last five or six years, a herd of elephants have regularly scoured their village in search of food, in the process attacking people and damaging crops.
Now the constant fear of elephant attacks have gripped not only her but the whole village.
On November 24, at least three people died in an elephant attack at Kodurkhil, a neighbouring village. Another person died in December in a similar kind of attack in Joistapura.
Parveen told The Daily Star that they never saw such frequent attacks before. They fear when stepping out in the evenings, as darkness makes it tough to locate a charging elephant's position.
Thousands of people are spending sleepless nights in various parts of six upazilas in Chattogram due to sharp increase in elephant attacks. At least ten people died in multiple attacks in the last four months at Rangunia, Boalkhali, Anwara, Bashkhali, Lohagora and Satkania upazila.
According to the forest department, at least 88 elephants died from 2001 to 2019 in Cox's Bazar, Chattogam and three districts of the Hill Tracts combined. Around 50 people died in elephant attacks from 2010 to 2019.
Md Kamal Uddin (40), a resident of Sharaf Bhata union under Rangunia upazila, told The Daily Star that he did not see such frequent attacks even five years back.
"Every now and then, elephants attack our village and damage crops and claim people's lives," he said. An elderly person died in his village in January this year in elephant attack.
Abu Naser Md Yeasin Neyaz, divisional forest officer (nature conservation and wildlife) of Chattogram, told The Daily Star that they formed nine elephant response teams comprising of ten members each in the wake of repeated attacks.
The committee is actively working now at Anwara, Bashkhali and parts of Chakaria upazila, he said, adding that they will form at least 30 such committees to reduce human-elephant conflict.
"Elephant response teams firstly try to understand the behaviour of elephants and then try to move them back to the forest, depending on their behavioral trend. The second task is to keep curious people outside of the range of elephants, so that no fatalities take place," he said.
Md Raquibul Amin, country director of International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN), told The Daily Star the extent of attacks have seen a sharp rise in recent years as forest area reduced and the elephants lost access to food.
Elephants hardly marauded across Rangunia and Anwara upazilas before, but in recent days elephant attacks in those areas became a common phenomenon, he said. It was necessary to look for the reason seriously, the IUCN country director added.
"Elephants need large habitats. As connectivity between habitats are shrinking due to various development work, they have few spaces left to roam, forcing them to swoop in on localities. Our development work must be elephant and wildlife friendly", he said.
IUCN classified the Asian Elephant as an endangered species, with a population of 268 at present in Bangladesh.
Elephant expert AHM Raihan Sarker, associate professor of Institute of Forestry and Environmental Science at Chittagong University, told The Daily Star that the habitats of elephants are getting destroyed in the name of development. Authorities often spurn the opinions of relevant experts in development planning, in the process costing forest areas and wildlife.
The correct methods of protecting forests are not followed properly, and results in people encroaching on forest land and shrinking the habitats of herbivores like elephants. Forest land is being leased out to many influential people in the locality, thus constricting the roaming space for elephants, he further added.
"We see the reluctance of policy makers in most of the cases when it comes to the conservation of nature and its wildlife. The politicians are not conscious enough. Those who advise them about development projects have their own interests. These are the bitter truth. That's why the issue of conserving nature does not get reflected in developing planning", he added.
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https://dev.library.kiwix.org/content/wikipedia_en_top1m_2023-02/A/Rajasthali_Upazila
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en
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Rajasthali Upazila
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthali_Upazila
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Demographics
As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Rajasthali has a population of 17198. Males constitute 53.84% of the population, and females 46.16%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 9278. Rajasthali has an average literacy rate of 25.7% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate.[2]
Administration
Rajasthali Upazila is divided into three union parishads: Bangalhalia, Gaindya, and Ghilachari. The union parishads are subdivided into 9 mauzas and 106 villages.[3]
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en
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day Agricultural Technology Fair 2023 in Boalkhali
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Sayed Md Nazrul Islam, Chattogram A three-day agricultural technology fair has been inaugurated and a rally has been taken out in Boalkhali. Chittagong 8 Constituency Member of Parliament Noman Al Mahmud inaugurated the fair organized at Upazila Parishad Square on Thursday (July 27) morning. Noman Al Mahmud MP said in the opening ceremony, food production […];
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https://thedailymorningglory.com/2023/07/27/inauguration-of-the-three-day-agricultural-technology-fair-2023-in-boalkhali/
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Sayed Md Nazrul Islam, Chattogram
A three-day agricultural technology fair has been inaugurated and a rally has been taken out in Boalkhali.
Chittagong 8 Constituency Member of Parliament Noman Al Mahmud inaugurated the fair organized at Upazila Parishad Square on Thursday (July 27) morning.
Noman Al Mahmud MP said in the opening ceremony, food production is also increasing in the country along with the population. This country is food self-sufficient today. Care should be taken to create a healthy nation only through the production of poison-free fruits and safe vegetables.
People did not die without food in Bangladesh today during this Awami League government.
Upazila Assistant Commissioner Bhumi Md Alauddin gave a welcome speech at the meeting held under the chairmanship of Upazila Agriculture Officer Agriculturist Md Atiq Ullah.
Upazila Parishad Chairman Rezaul Karim, Vice Chairman Bir Muktijoddha SM Salim, Female Vice Chairman Shamim Ara Begum, Mayor of Boalkhali Municipality Md Zahurul Islam Zahoor, Muktijoddha MA Bashar, Police Officer-in-Charge Achhab Uddin, Upazila Awami League former co. President Rezaul Karim Babul, Chairman SM Jasim Uddin, Organizer of Boalkhali Press Club Syed Md Nazrul Islam, Farmer Sekander etc.
MP Noman Al Mahmud and leaders distributed 1500 coconut saplings to farmers and educational institutions of Boalkhali upazila.
18 stalls of various unions of the upazila participated in the fair.
The fair will run from 9 am to 8 pm, from 27-29 July 2023.
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Districts and Subdistricts: Name Status Population Population Population
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Bangladesh.doc - Free download as Word Doc (.doc), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The document lists the districts, subdistricts, and populations from census years 1991, 2001, and 2011 for several districts in Bangladesh. It begins with Bagerhat district and its subdistricts and populations. It then continues alphabetically listing other districts such as Bandarban, Barguna, Barisal, and their respective subdistricts and populations from the three census years.
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https://www.scribd.com/doc/282591715/Bangladesh-doc
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https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/1615/variable/F1/V22%3Fname%3DBD1991A_0034
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Population Census 1991
|
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This site uses cookies to optimize functionality and give you the best possible experience. If you continue to navigate this website beyond this page, cookies will be placed on your browser. To learn more about cookies, click here.
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https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/245480/Raozan
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Raozan
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https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Chittagong_District
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Chittagong District
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Chittagong District (chittagong division) area 5282.92 sq km, located in between 21°54' and 22°59' north latitudes and in between 91°17' and 92°13' east longitudes. It is bounded by khagrachhari and rangamati districts and tripura state of India on the north, cox's bazar district on the south, bandarban, Rangamati and Khagrachhari districts on the east and noakhali district and the bay of bengal on the west. Chittagong District is quite different from other districts for its unique natural beauty characterised by hills, rivers, sea, forests and valleys.
Population Total 7616352; male 3838854, female 3777498; Muslim 6618657, Hindu 861494, Buddhist 121169, Christian 7484 and others 7548.
Water bodies Main rivers: karnafuli, halda and sangu; Murari canal, Chandahkhali canal, Jalkandar canal and Dhalai beel are notable. Annual average temperature: maximum 33.8'C, minimum 14.5'C, total annual rainfall: 3194 mm.
Chittagong Town Chittagong Town, the main seaport of Bangladesh, is located at the estuary of the river Karnafuli. The Town is also called the commercial capital of Bangladesh. The first Export Processing Zone (EPZ) of Bangladesh, established in 1983, is situated here. Chittagong Municipality was formed in 22 June 1863. It was turned into Chittagong City Corporation on 31 July 1990.
Administration Chittagong district was established in 1666 including three hill districts. In 1860, the district of Chittagong Hill Tracts was formed out of it. Chittagong district was further divided into Chittagong and Cox's Bazar districts.
District Area (sq km) Upazila Municipality Union Mouza Village Population Density (per sq km) Literacy rate (%) Urban Rural 5282.92 14 10 194 890 1288 3152629 4463723 1442 58.9
City Corporation (Census 2001) City Corporation Metropolitan Thana Ward and Union Mahalla and Mouza 1 12 41 207
Chittagong Metropolitan Thana (Census 2001) Name of metropolitan thana and GO code Area (sq km) Ward and Union Mahalla and Mouza Population Density (per sq km) Literacy rate (%) Karnafuli 39 136.59 7+1 (Part) 27 179148 1312 45.70 Kotwali 41 7.68 9+1 (Part) 23 282975 36846 79.60 Khulshi 43 13.12 3+1 (Part) 45 243351 18548 60.30 Chandgaon 19 25.32 3 11 178390 7045 62.70 Double Mooring 28 8.12 5+1 (Part) 41 259181 31919 63.10 Panchlaish 57 8.30 1+1 (Part) 12 148120 17846 69.20 Pahartali 55 13.31 3 14 127243 9560 67.30 Bandar 20 20.04 4 11 213598 10659 72.60 Bakalia 10 12.33 3+1 (Part) 9 196877 15967 50.5 Bayejid Bustami 16 17.58 3 12 168051 9559 59.50 Halishahar 35 9.64 2+1 (Part) 26 125255 12993 62.40
Others Information of District Name of upazila Area (sq km) Municipality Union Mouza Village Population Density (per sq km) Literacy rate (%) Anowara 04 164.10 - 11 80 81 259022 1578 51.9 Chandanaish 18 201.99 1 9 39 46 233017 1154 53.6 Patiya 61 211.85 1 22 120 124 528120 2493 54.9 Fatikchhari 33 773.54 - 21 102 206 526003 680 51.4 Banshkhali 08 376.90 1 14 70 81 431162 1144 37.4 Boalkhali 12 126.46 - 10 34 35 223125 1764 58.9 Mirsharai 53 482.88 2 16 109 208 398716 826 55.1 Raozan 74 246.59 1 14 56 66 322840 1309 62.3 Rangunia 70 361.53 1 15 74 138 339004 938 48.9 Lohagara 47 258.87 - 9 40 43 279913 1081 49.2 Sandwip 78 762.42 1 15 34 34 278605 365 51.5 Satkania 82 280.97 1 17 73 84 384806 1370 52.7 Sitakunda 86 483.96 1 9 60 88 387832 801 59.2 Hathazari 37 246.32 - 15 48 55 431748 1753 63.5
Source Bangladesh Population Census 2001 and 2011, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
Historical events Chittagong had been an international sea port since the ancient time. The Arab traders had business transactions with this port since 9th century AD. Chittagong region was under the kingdom of arakan during sixth and seventh centuries. Before the Muslim rule Chittagong had been either under the control of the Arakans or under the kings of Burma. Sultan Fakruddin Mubarak Shah (1338-1349) of Sonargaon conquered Chittagong in 1340. After the defeat of Sultan Giasuddin Mahmud Shah in the hands of Sher Shah in1538, the Arakanise again captured Chittagong. From this time onward until its conquest by the Mughals this region was under the control of the Portuguese and the Magh pirates. The Mughal Commandar Bujurg Umed Khan expelled the Portuguese from the area in 1666 and established Mughal rule there. The Mughals renamed Chittagong as Islamabad. On 18th April 1930, the revolutionaries looted the Chittagong armoury under the leadership of Mastarda surya sen. During this time the leaders of the women revolutionaries were pritilata waddedar, Bina Das, Lila Ray, Kalpana Dutta etc. Revolutionary Swadesh Roy was shot dead by the British soldiers in the Kalar Pole encounter. Besides, wounded Debu Prashad, Rajat Sen and Manaranjan Sen committed suicide to avoid arrests. In 1933 many revolutionaries including Masterda Surya Sen, Kalpana Datta hide out in the house of Kherada Prava Biswas of village Garla. During this time Surya Sen and Brajendra Sen were arrested by the British soldiers.
War of Liberation On behalf of Bangabandhu sheikh mujibur rahman the Declaration of the Independence of Bangladesh was announced by Shahid ziaur rahman on 27 March 1971 from the swadhin bangla betar kendra located at Kalurghat. A fierce battle was fought between the freedom fighters, under Captain Oli Ahmed, and the Pak army at a place near the Fenakuni Bridge on the south of Mirsharai Sadar on 20 April 1971 in which about 100 Pak soldiers were killed. On 13 April the Pak army killed 48 innocent persons at Unasattarpara and 35 persons at Jagatmallahpara of Pahartali Union. About 56 freedom fighters were killed and many Pak soldiers were killed or wounded in encounters between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at kafco, Kaliganj and Paraikura of Anowara Upazila. The Pak army brutally killed 15 innocent villagers at Banikpara of Amirabad. The freedom fighters killed 17 rajakars at Jotpukuria. A number of civilians were killed or wounded while the Pak army bombarded from two aeroplanes at Patiya Sardar. On 3 May the Pak army conducted genocide indiscriminately and set many houses on fire at village Muzzafarabad of this upazila. The Pak army brutally killed 75 persons on 19 May 1971 in Banshkhali. They also killed 89 freedom fighters at village Napora in October. Two freedom fighters were killed in an encounter with the Pak army near the Barabkundu Chemicals Bridge. The Pak army conducted genocide on 13 October in the Durgabari premises of Kadhurkhil; they also brutally killed 11 freedom fighters at Najirhat Bus Stand area. In 1971, the freedom fighters (naval commandos) conducted a number of successful operations from Bandar and damaged a number of enemy ships by bomb explosions. The Pakistan army, on the verge of their defeat, planted mines in order to deadlock the port. After 16 December 1971, the then Soviet Naval Force sent experts who conducted mine swiping operation for about three months. Several Soviet mariners were killed in this operation. During the war of liberation the Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra was transferred to Dohazari from the Chittagong Town. Mass graves have been discovered at 9 places (P.T.I yard, Nazirhat, Karer Hat, Lelung Tea Garden, Darbar Sharif, Baganbari, Dandmara Ultobit, Banshkhali, Jotpukuria) and mass killing sites at 13 places of the district; 9 memeorial monuments have been built.
Literacy rate and educational institutions Average literacy 58.9%; male 61.1%, female 56.7%. Noted educational institutions: Chittagong University (1966), Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (1968), Sir Ashutush Degree College (1939), Satkania College (1949), Fouzdarhat Cadet College (1958), Chittagong City College, Chittagong College, Mohsin College, Chittagong Commerce College, Ispahani School and College, Patiya Ideal High School (1845), Banigram Primary School (1881), Ramgati Ramdhan Abdul Bari Chowdhury High School (1898), Ideal Pilot High School (1902), Abdus Sobhan Rahat Ali High School (1914), Rangunia Ideal Multilateral Pilot High School (1915), Uttar Amirabad High School (1932), Dr. Khastagir Government Girls' School, Chittagong Collegiate School, Satkania Garangia Islamia Kamil Madrasa (1920), Shah Chand Awlia Alia Madrasa (1928).
Main sources of income Agriculture 33.53%, non-agricultural labourer 4.30%, commerce 16.22%, industry 0.99%, service 17.61%, transport & communication 3.43%, construction 1.32%, religious service 0.44%, rent & remittance 8.48% and others 13.68%.
Newspapers and periodicals Present: Daily Azadi, Daily Purbakon, Daily Life, Daily Karnafuli, Weekly Chattala, Monthly Suprobath Raozan, Monthly Banshkhali Barta, Chandanaish Darpan, Monthly Patiya, Fortnightly Alokito Boalkhali, Weekly Chaloman Sitakunda, Monthly Rangunia Kantha, Monthly Hathazari Kantha, Monthly Mirsharai; defunct: Monthly Sanshodhani, Purobi, Mukulika, Simanto, Weekly Jyoti, Weekly Sultan, Daily Jyoti, Daily Rashtrobarta, Daily East Pakistan, Daily Azan.
Folk culture Various special types of folk culture and festivals such as Mejbani of the Muslim community, Mahadeshwari Puja of the Hindu community, Baisabi festival, buddha purnima, Prabarana Purnima, Kathin Chibar Dan, Shibli Puja, Aushta Upakaran Dan of the indigenous communities and the durga puja are performed in the district. Besides, many folk festivities are performed on the occasion of Chaitra Samkranti, New Years's Day, Halkhata, Punnah, Nabanna, Poush Parvana, Anna Prashana etc. The indigenous communities of the district perform various kinds of folk dances including Mayur (peacock) dance, Jele (fishermen) dance, Sapure (snake charmer) dance, Bhaiya dance, Bottle dance, Plate dance, and Bansh (bamboo) dance, etc.
Tourist spots and important installations World Peace Pagoda (Hathazari), Karaldanga Hill (Boalkhali), Haludia Prantik Lake (Satkania), Batali Hill, War Cemetery, Parki Sea Beach (Anowara), Patenga Sea Beach, Marine Academy, Eco-park and Botanical Garden, Chandranath Hill, Mahamoni Mandir (Raozan), Chakma Rajbari, Buddha statue of the Pala period at Betagi (Rangunia), Bronze Statue (Anowara), Musa Khan Mosque (1658), Kadam Mubarak Mosque (1719), Andar Killah Mosque, Wali Khan Mosque (1790), Badar Awliya Dargah, Bakhshi Hamid Mosque (Banshkhali, 1568), Chittagong University (1893), Ethnological Museum (1974), Foy's Lake (Pahartali), Chhuti Khan Mosque, Mazar of Hazrat Shah Amanat (R), Mazar of Baro Awliya (Sitakunda), Sitakunda Shankar Math, Dharmo Chakro Buddho Vihara, Koriya Nagar and Sonakania Buddha Viharas. [Jasim Uddin Harun]'
See also The upazilas under this district.
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Chittagong District
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Chittagong District (chittagong division) area 5282.92 sq km, located in between 21°54' and 22°59' north latitudes and in between 91°17' and 92°13' east longitudes. It is bounded by khagrachhari and rangamati districts and tripura state of India on the north, cox's bazar district on the south, bandarban, Rangamati and Khagrachhari districts on the east and noakhali district and the bay of bengal on the west. Chittagong District is quite different from other districts for its unique natural beauty characterised by hills, rivers, sea, forests and valleys.
Population Total 7616352; male 3838854, female 3777498; Muslim 6618657, Hindu 861494, Buddhist 121169, Christian 7484 and others 7548.
Water bodies Main rivers: karnafuli, halda and sangu; Murari canal, Chandahkhali canal, Jalkandar canal and Dhalai beel are notable. Annual average temperature: maximum 33.8'C, minimum 14.5'C, total annual rainfall: 3194 mm.
Chittagong Town Chittagong Town, the main seaport of Bangladesh, is located at the estuary of the river Karnafuli. The Town is also called the commercial capital of Bangladesh. The first Export Processing Zone (EPZ) of Bangladesh, established in 1983, is situated here. Chittagong Municipality was formed in 22 June 1863. It was turned into Chittagong City Corporation on 31 July 1990.
Administration Chittagong district was established in 1666 including three hill districts. In 1860, the district of Chittagong Hill Tracts was formed out of it. Chittagong district was further divided into Chittagong and Cox's Bazar districts.
District Area (sq km) Upazila Municipality Union Mouza Village Population Density (per sq km) Literacy rate (%) Urban Rural 5282.92 14 10 194 890 1288 3152629 4463723 1442 58.9
City Corporation (Census 2001) City Corporation Metropolitan Thana Ward and Union Mahalla and Mouza 1 12 41 207
Chittagong Metropolitan Thana (Census 2001) Name of metropolitan thana and GO code Area (sq km) Ward and Union Mahalla and Mouza Population Density (per sq km) Literacy rate (%) Karnafuli 39 136.59 7+1 (Part) 27 179148 1312 45.70 Kotwali 41 7.68 9+1 (Part) 23 282975 36846 79.60 Khulshi 43 13.12 3+1 (Part) 45 243351 18548 60.30 Chandgaon 19 25.32 3 11 178390 7045 62.70 Double Mooring 28 8.12 5+1 (Part) 41 259181 31919 63.10 Panchlaish 57 8.30 1+1 (Part) 12 148120 17846 69.20 Pahartali 55 13.31 3 14 127243 9560 67.30 Bandar 20 20.04 4 11 213598 10659 72.60 Bakalia 10 12.33 3+1 (Part) 9 196877 15967 50.5 Bayejid Bustami 16 17.58 3 12 168051 9559 59.50 Halishahar 35 9.64 2+1 (Part) 26 125255 12993 62.40
Others Information of District Name of upazila Area (sq km) Municipality Union Mouza Village Population Density (per sq km) Literacy rate (%) Anowara 04 164.10 - 11 80 81 259022 1578 51.9 Chandanaish 18 201.99 1 9 39 46 233017 1154 53.6 Patiya 61 211.85 1 22 120 124 528120 2493 54.9 Fatikchhari 33 773.54 - 21 102 206 526003 680 51.4 Banshkhali 08 376.90 1 14 70 81 431162 1144 37.4 Boalkhali 12 126.46 - 10 34 35 223125 1764 58.9 Mirsharai 53 482.88 2 16 109 208 398716 826 55.1 Raozan 74 246.59 1 14 56 66 322840 1309 62.3 Rangunia 70 361.53 1 15 74 138 339004 938 48.9 Lohagara 47 258.87 - 9 40 43 279913 1081 49.2 Sandwip 78 762.42 1 15 34 34 278605 365 51.5 Satkania 82 280.97 1 17 73 84 384806 1370 52.7 Sitakunda 86 483.96 1 9 60 88 387832 801 59.2 Hathazari 37 246.32 - 15 48 55 431748 1753 63.5
Source Bangladesh Population Census 2001 and 2011, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
Historical events Chittagong had been an international sea port since the ancient time. The Arab traders had business transactions with this port since 9th century AD. Chittagong region was under the kingdom of arakan during sixth and seventh centuries. Before the Muslim rule Chittagong had been either under the control of the Arakans or under the kings of Burma. Sultan Fakruddin Mubarak Shah (1338-1349) of Sonargaon conquered Chittagong in 1340. After the defeat of Sultan Giasuddin Mahmud Shah in the hands of Sher Shah in1538, the Arakanise again captured Chittagong. From this time onward until its conquest by the Mughals this region was under the control of the Portuguese and the Magh pirates. The Mughal Commandar Bujurg Umed Khan expelled the Portuguese from the area in 1666 and established Mughal rule there. The Mughals renamed Chittagong as Islamabad. On 18th April 1930, the revolutionaries looted the Chittagong armoury under the leadership of Mastarda surya sen. During this time the leaders of the women revolutionaries were pritilata waddedar, Bina Das, Lila Ray, Kalpana Dutta etc. Revolutionary Swadesh Roy was shot dead by the British soldiers in the Kalar Pole encounter. Besides, wounded Debu Prashad, Rajat Sen and Manaranjan Sen committed suicide to avoid arrests. In 1933 many revolutionaries including Masterda Surya Sen, Kalpana Datta hide out in the house of Kherada Prava Biswas of village Garla. During this time Surya Sen and Brajendra Sen were arrested by the British soldiers.
War of Liberation On behalf of Bangabandhu sheikh mujibur rahman the Declaration of the Independence of Bangladesh was announced by Shahid ziaur rahman on 27 March 1971 from the swadhin bangla betar kendra located at Kalurghat. A fierce battle was fought between the freedom fighters, under Captain Oli Ahmed, and the Pak army at a place near the Fenakuni Bridge on the south of Mirsharai Sadar on 20 April 1971 in which about 100 Pak soldiers were killed. On 13 April the Pak army killed 48 innocent persons at Unasattarpara and 35 persons at Jagatmallahpara of Pahartali Union. About 56 freedom fighters were killed and many Pak soldiers were killed or wounded in encounters between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at kafco, Kaliganj and Paraikura of Anowara Upazila. The Pak army brutally killed 15 innocent villagers at Banikpara of Amirabad. The freedom fighters killed 17 rajakars at Jotpukuria. A number of civilians were killed or wounded while the Pak army bombarded from two aeroplanes at Patiya Sardar. On 3 May the Pak army conducted genocide indiscriminately and set many houses on fire at village Muzzafarabad of this upazila. The Pak army brutally killed 75 persons on 19 May 1971 in Banshkhali. They also killed 89 freedom fighters at village Napora in October. Two freedom fighters were killed in an encounter with the Pak army near the Barabkundu Chemicals Bridge. The Pak army conducted genocide on 13 October in the Durgabari premises of Kadhurkhil; they also brutally killed 11 freedom fighters at Najirhat Bus Stand area. In 1971, the freedom fighters (naval commandos) conducted a number of successful operations from Bandar and damaged a number of enemy ships by bomb explosions. The Pakistan army, on the verge of their defeat, planted mines in order to deadlock the port. After 16 December 1971, the then Soviet Naval Force sent experts who conducted mine swiping operation for about three months. Several Soviet mariners were killed in this operation. During the war of liberation the Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra was transferred to Dohazari from the Chittagong Town. Mass graves have been discovered at 9 places (P.T.I yard, Nazirhat, Karer Hat, Lelung Tea Garden, Darbar Sharif, Baganbari, Dandmara Ultobit, Banshkhali, Jotpukuria) and mass killing sites at 13 places of the district; 9 memeorial monuments have been built.
Literacy rate and educational institutions Average literacy 58.9%; male 61.1%, female 56.7%. Noted educational institutions: Chittagong University (1966), Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (1968), Sir Ashutush Degree College (1939), Satkania College (1949), Fouzdarhat Cadet College (1958), Chittagong City College, Chittagong College, Mohsin College, Chittagong Commerce College, Ispahani School and College, Patiya Ideal High School (1845), Banigram Primary School (1881), Ramgati Ramdhan Abdul Bari Chowdhury High School (1898), Ideal Pilot High School (1902), Abdus Sobhan Rahat Ali High School (1914), Rangunia Ideal Multilateral Pilot High School (1915), Uttar Amirabad High School (1932), Dr. Khastagir Government Girls' School, Chittagong Collegiate School, Satkania Garangia Islamia Kamil Madrasa (1920), Shah Chand Awlia Alia Madrasa (1928).
Main sources of income Agriculture 33.53%, non-agricultural labourer 4.30%, commerce 16.22%, industry 0.99%, service 17.61%, transport & communication 3.43%, construction 1.32%, religious service 0.44%, rent & remittance 8.48% and others 13.68%.
Newspapers and periodicals Present: Daily Azadi, Daily Purbakon, Daily Life, Daily Karnafuli, Weekly Chattala, Monthly Suprobath Raozan, Monthly Banshkhali Barta, Chandanaish Darpan, Monthly Patiya, Fortnightly Alokito Boalkhali, Weekly Chaloman Sitakunda, Monthly Rangunia Kantha, Monthly Hathazari Kantha, Monthly Mirsharai; defunct: Monthly Sanshodhani, Purobi, Mukulika, Simanto, Weekly Jyoti, Weekly Sultan, Daily Jyoti, Daily Rashtrobarta, Daily East Pakistan, Daily Azan.
Folk culture Various special types of folk culture and festivals such as Mejbani of the Muslim community, Mahadeshwari Puja of the Hindu community, Baisabi festival, buddha purnima, Prabarana Purnima, Kathin Chibar Dan, Shibli Puja, Aushta Upakaran Dan of the indigenous communities and the durga puja are performed in the district. Besides, many folk festivities are performed on the occasion of Chaitra Samkranti, New Years's Day, Halkhata, Punnah, Nabanna, Poush Parvana, Anna Prashana etc. The indigenous communities of the district perform various kinds of folk dances including Mayur (peacock) dance, Jele (fishermen) dance, Sapure (snake charmer) dance, Bhaiya dance, Bottle dance, Plate dance, and Bansh (bamboo) dance, etc.
Tourist spots and important installations World Peace Pagoda (Hathazari), Karaldanga Hill (Boalkhali), Haludia Prantik Lake (Satkania), Batali Hill, War Cemetery, Parki Sea Beach (Anowara), Patenga Sea Beach, Marine Academy, Eco-park and Botanical Garden, Chandranath Hill, Mahamoni Mandir (Raozan), Chakma Rajbari, Buddha statue of the Pala period at Betagi (Rangunia), Bronze Statue (Anowara), Musa Khan Mosque (1658), Kadam Mubarak Mosque (1719), Andar Killah Mosque, Wali Khan Mosque (1790), Badar Awliya Dargah, Bakhshi Hamid Mosque (Banshkhali, 1568), Chittagong University (1893), Ethnological Museum (1974), Foy's Lake (Pahartali), Chhuti Khan Mosque, Mazar of Hazrat Shah Amanat (R), Mazar of Baro Awliya (Sitakunda), Sitakunda Shankar Math, Dharmo Chakro Buddho Vihara, Koriya Nagar and Sonakania Buddha Viharas. [Jasim Uddin Harun]'
See also The upazilas under this district.
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economic situation in Dhaka and Chittagong [Chattogram], including rates of criminal violence and political violence; access to housing, including the tenant registration system, employment, education
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Query response on Bangladesh: Socio-economic situation in Dhaka and Chittagong (2019 - December 2021) (criminal and political violence; housing; tenant registration system; employment and income; education; health care; freedom of movement and internal relocation)
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1. Socio-Economic Situation
Based on 2021 estimates, the population of Bangladesh is approximately 164 or 166 million (US 14 Dec. 2021; UN [2021]). World Bank data indicates that in 2020, 50.6 percent of the population was male (World Bank n.d.a) and 49.4 percent was female (World Bank n.d.b).
Sources indicate that approximately 98 percent of the population is Bengali (US 14 Dec. 2021; Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 3.1; MRG June 2019). According to a 2011 estimate by the US CIA World Factbook, 1.1 percent of the population is comprised of "other [I]ndigenous ethnic groups"; 27 Indigenous ethnic groups are recognized by Bangladesh's government and that "other sources estimate there are about 75 ethnic groups" (US 14 Dec. 2021). A country information report from Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) states that the non-Bengali population are "mostly small [I]ndigenous groups," of which Bangladesh has "about 50 distinct ethno-linguistic" groups (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 3.1, 3.2). Minority Rights Group International (MRG) notes that the government "recognizes 50 ethnic groups but does not recognize the concept of [I]ndigenous peoples" (MRG June 2019). The same source notes that according to the 2011 census, "approximately" 1.8 percent of the population are Indigenous Adivasis, "amounting to around 1.6 million – though some community representatives claim the actual figure is considerably higher"; the "majority" of the Indigenous Adivasis "live in the plains of the north and southeast, as well as the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), where they are also referred to as Jumma" (MRG June 2019). The DFAT report notes that while "around a third" of the Indigenous population live in the CHT, "[I]ndigenous people also live across the country" (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 3.2).
A 2018 estimate by the World Factbook indicates that 88.4 percent of the population is Muslim and 11.6 percent are defined as "other" (US 14 Dec. 2021). MRG notes that "while the majority of Muslims are Sunni, a small proportion are Shi'a" and there are "approximately" 100,000 Ahmadis (MRG June 2019). The same source estimates that 8.5 percent of the population is Hindu, 0.6 percent is Buddhist, and 0.3 percent is Christian (MRG June 2019).
The World Factbook data from 2021 states that 38.9 percent of the population lives in urban areas (US 14 Dec. 2021).
According to a 2019 figure provided by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), 20.5 percent of the population was "[l]iving below the National Poverty Line" (ADB Apr. 2021, 1). A World Bank report assessing poverty in Bangladesh states that "[s]ince 2000, the country has reduced poverty by half" (World Bank 7 Oct. 2019, v). However, the same source notes that 1 in 4 people in Bangladesh continue to live in poverty and "almost half" of the population living in poverty "live in extreme poverty and are unable to afford a basic food consumption basket" (World Bank 7 Oct. 2019, 11). The same source notes that rural and urban areas did not undergo the same level of poverty reduction and while rural areas have accounted for 90 percent of poverty reduction since 2010, "in urban areas, progress has been slower and extreme poverty has not decreased" (World Bank 7 Oct. 2019, v).
According to an April 2021 World Bank report on the economic situation and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh, COVID-19 has "severely affected" Bangladesh with a national shutdown from March to May 2020 resulting "in severe supply-side disruptions in all sectors of the economy" (World Bank Apr. 2021, ii). The same source notes that COVID-19 "has reversed the country's steady trend of poverty reduction over the past two decades, at least temporarily" (World Bank Apr. 2021, ii). However, the World Bank report further states that a series of phone surveys [1] found the labour market has made a "gradual" recovery by February 2021 and the survey results from September/October 2020 found that "[h]ouseholds in poor and slum areas" in Dhaka and Chittagong "self-reported that their food security has improved substantially," and their "ability to pay rent and expectations to be able to obtain cash to fund an emergency" showed "improvements" when compared to results from June/July 2020 (World Bank Apr. 2021, 6).
According to a report on district level data from a 2019 survey on the situation of women and children based on a representative sample of 64,400 households, conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) in collaboration with UNICEF, 10.5 percent of women aged 15 to 49 reported "having personally felt discriminated against or harassed within the previous 12 months" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 15, 61).
For information on the situation and treatment of single women and women who head their own households in Dhaka and Chittagong, including availability of support services and ability to access housing and employment, see Response to Information Request BGD200087 of February 2020.
1.1 Socio-Economic Situation in Dhaka
According to 2021 World Factbook data, the population of Dhaka was 21.741 million (US 14 Dec. 2021).
MRG states that "[a]pproximately" 300,000 Biharis, an ethnic minority group, live "in and around" Dhaka (MRG June 2019).
Data compiled from a 2018 World Bank survey [2] indicates that 13.9 percent of respondents were "born in this community," 26.5 percent "migrated from [elsewhere in] Dhaka," 13.1 percent moved to Dhaka "for family," 13 percent moved to Dhaka for marriage," and 59.5 percent moved to Dhaka for work (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The same data indicates that 87.1 percent of responding Dhaka households were "male headed households" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
According to the 2019 BBS and UNICEF data, 97 percent of Dhaka respondents reported using "improved sanitation facilities," 57.7 percent reported using "basic sanitation services," and 55.9 percent reported having "[b]asic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene service[s]" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 58).
The BBS and UNICEF data indicates that 6.5 percent of women in Dhaka aged 15 to 49 reported "having personally felt discriminated against or harassed within the previous 12 months" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 61).
The DFAT report provides the following information regarding the treatment of Indigenous people in Bangladesh and their ability to relocate to urban centres including Dhaka:
Indigenous people who move to large cities such as Dhaka in order to find work may experience discrimination and vilification, such as being subjected to abuse in the street, or having people refuse to share food or drinks with them. Women wearing traditional dress are particularly likely to be targeted. Children in mainstream schools may be targeted for bullying. Many children are unable to access education in their [I]ndigenous languages. Indigenous people report, however, that they do not generally experience discrimination in access to goods and services, at police checkpoints, or in accessing healthcare or housing. (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 3.3)
1.2 Socio-Economic Situation in Chittagong
According to 2021 World Factbook data, the population of Chittagong was 5.133 million (US 14 Dec. 2021).
Data compiled from a 2019 survey [3] conducted by the World Bank indicates that 48 percent of respondents were "born in this community," 8.2 percent "migrated from [elsewhere in] Chittagong," 11.4 percent moved to Chittagong "for family," 20.4 percent moved to Chittagong for marriage, and 55.9 percent moved to Chittagong for work (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The same data indicates that 84.2 percent of responding Chittagong households were "male headed households" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
According to the BBS and UNICEF data, 88.1 percent of Chittagong respondents reported using "improved sanitation facilities," 69.7 percent reported using "basic sanitation facilities," and 48.9 percent reported having "[b]asic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene service[s]" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 57).
The BBS and UNICEF data indicates that 5 percent of women aged 15 to 49 reported "having personally felt discriminated against or harassed within the previous 12 months" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 61, 71).
2. Rates of Criminal and Political Violence
According to 2020 crime statistics provided by the BBS and attributed to the Bangladesh Police, there were 187,926 total reported crime cases, including 3,539 murders and 486 kidnappings (Bangladesh 2020, 146–147).
According to a report by the US Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC), "[m]ugging, burglary, financial scams, and petty drug crimes comprise most [of the] criminal activity" in Dhaka and other major cities in Bangladesh (US 27 Oct. 2021, 1). The same source adds that "[h]omicides, sexual assaults, robberies, and residential break-ins" occur but do not surpass average rates in "major U.S. cities" (US 27 Oct. 2021, 1). According to the same source, "most perpetrators" of "[v]iolent crime" have "some level" of familiarity with the victims and "[v]iolent crime tends to be situational" (US 27 Oct. 2021, 1). The same source adds that, owing to "occasional communal violence, terrorism, kidnapping, crime and other security concerns" in the CHT, Bangladesh's government has restrictions in place for "all" foreigners who travel to the region (US 27 Oct. 2021).
Sources report that following a 2016 terrorist attack at the Holey Artisan Bakery, Bangladeshi authorities increased counterterrorism efforts (Freedom House 3 Mar. 2021, Sec. F3; Jane's Country Risk Daily Report 7 May 2019; Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 2.35), and since then terrorist attacks have been "low" (Freedom House 3 Mar. 2021, Sec. F3) or "have decreased markedly" (Jane's Country Risk Daily Report 7 May 2019).
According to statistics provided by the South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), a website tracking terrorism and "low intensity warfare" in South Asia of the non-profit Institute for Conflict Management (SATP n.d.), as of 20 December 2021, there were 73 "terrorism related incidents" in Bangladesh in 2021, 88 in 2020, and 99 in 2019 (SATP 20 Dec. 2021a).
According to the OSAC report, "criminal or terrorist individuals or groups have threatened to and/or have seized or detained and threatened to kill, injure, or continue to detain individuals in order to compel a third party (including a governmental organization) to do or abstain from doing something as a condition of release" (US 27 Oct. 2021, 2). According to the same source, "[t]errorist elements retain a presence" in the country, and in 2019 the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) [Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham, Islamic State (IS), Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), Daesh] claimed responsibility for six attacks involving improvised explosive devices (IEDs), which "targeted" the Bangladesh Police and a [Bangladesh] Awami League (AL) office (US 27 Oct. 2021, 2–3).
2.1 Dhaka
According to the 2020 statistics produced by BBS, and attributed to the Bangladesh Police, in 2020 Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) recorded 22,673 total crime cases, including 219 murders and 44 kidnappings (Bangladesh 2020, 146–147).
The BBS and UNICEF data indicates that 90.8 percent of Dhaka women aged 15 to 49 reported that they "feel safe walking alone in their neighbourhood after dark" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 54). According to an April 2020 article in the Dhaka Tribune, an English-language Bangladesh-based newspaper, data provided by the DMP indicated that cases of "violence against women" in Dhaka was "higher" in March 2020 compared to February and January 2020 with 56 cases of rape and 132 cases of "other forms of violence against women" reported (Dhaka Tribune 24 Apr. 2020). The same source states that according to a human rights activist, the national COVID-19 lockdown introduced in March 2020 "led to a rise in domestic tension and violence" (Dhaka Tribune 24 Apr. 2020). A September 2020 article by the same source cites DMP statistics as indicating that 184 "rape cases have been recorded" over the preceding five months in Dhaka, with 12 cases reported in April, 15 in May, 46 in June, 53 in July, and 58 in August (Dhaka Tribune 29 Sept. 2020). The same source reports that according to statistics compiled from media reports by Ain o Salish Kendra (ASK), a Bangladeshi legal aid and human rights organization (ASK n.d.), there were 632 "rape incidents" from April to August 2020 (Dhaka Tribune 29 Sept. 2020).
According to statistics provided by the SATP, as of 20 December 2021, there were 39 "terrorism related incidents" in Dhaka in 2021, 36 in 2020, and 39 in 2019 (SATP 20 Dec. 2021b).
Freedom House reports that "the [ISIS] militant group claimed credit for several nonlethal bomb attacks on police officers in Dhaka in 2019 and 2020" (Freedom House 3 Mar. 2021, Sec. F3).
Sources report that in February 2019 Bangladeshi commandoes shot dead a man attempting to use either a gun (Dhaka Tribune 24 Feb. 2019) or a toy gun (CNN 25 Feb. 2019) to hijack a Biman Bangladesh Airlines flight from Dhaka to Dubai (Dhaka Tribune 24 Feb. 2019; CNN 25 Feb. 2019). According to the US Department of State's Country Reports on Terrorism 2019, "[t]he international community remains concerned about security procedures at Dhaka's Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport" noting the February 2019 incident and "several subsequent incidents in which passengers defeated screening protocols" there (US 24 June 2020, 154).
Sources report that on 29 April 2019, three police officers were wounded by an explosion in Dhaka's Gulistan road (Bangla Tribune 25 July 2019a; Jane's Country Risk Daily Report 7 May 2019). According to Jane's Country Risk Daily Report, a day earlier (on 28 April 2019), "security forces raided a shanty town shack in Dhaka's Bosila area" suspected of harboring Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen [Jama'atul Mujahideen] Bangladesh (JMB) militants, "a domestic Islamist group that the government has connected with previous Islamic State attacks," resulting in "a brief siege, two militants detonat[ing] explosives, killing themselves" (Jane's Country Risk Daily Report 7 May 2019).
Sources cite the Search for International Terrorist Entities (SITE) Intelligence Group [4] as indicating that on 26 May 2019, a police vehicle was attacked by an explosion which injured three people, including one police officer and for which the ISIS claimed responsibility (Bangla Tribune 27 May 2019; Dhaka Tribune 27 May 2019; PTI 27 May 2019).
According to a July 2019 Dhaka Tribune article, police found and deactivated two "'bomb-like objects'" at Paltan intersection and Khamarbari [road] in Dhaka (Dhaka Tribune 24 July 2019). The Bangla Tribune, a Bengali language news website in Bangladesh, reports that the two IEDs in Paltana and Khamarbari were found "near police boxes" and that "[i]n the last few years, a tendency has risen among militants to attack members of the police force" (Bangla Tribune 25 July 2019a). A separate July 2019 Bangla Tribune article, citing reports by SITE Intelligence Group, indicates that ISIS "claimed responsibility" for "planting" the two bombs (Bangla Tribune 25 July 2019b). Bangla Tribune notes that according to officials with the DMP's Counterterrorism and Transnational Crime (CTTC) unit, the Neo-Jamaat ul-Mujahideen [Neo-Jama'atul Mujahideen] Bangladesh (Neo-JMB) [a JMB splinter group (International Crisis Group 28 Feb. 2018, 4)] and Ansar al-Islam [a "terrorist" group (US 27 Oct. 2021)] have been carrying out "operation[s]" "for the last few years," and it is "believed that a group of Neo JMB is still active under Abu Mohamamd Al Bangali," and Syed Ziaul Huq, "a leading figure of Ansar Al Islam" remains "a fugitive" (Bangla Tribune 25 July 2019a).
2.2 Chittagong
According to the 2020 statistics produced by the BBS, and attributed to the Bangladesh Police, in 2020 Chattogram Metropolitan Police (CMP) recorded 6,288 total crime cases, including 77 murders and 13 kidnappings (Bangladesh 2020, 146–147).
According to the BBS and UNICEF data, 75.5 percent of Chittagong women aged 15 to 49 reported that they "feel safe walking alone in their neighbourhood after dark" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 53).
According to a May 2019 Dhaka Tribune article, crimes "committed by gangs of teenagers" are "rising" in Chittagong (Dhaka Tribune 18 May 2019). A September 2020 Dhaka Tribune article notes Chittagong's "rising" "number of juvenile delinquents," which is "usually defined as" "minors … between the ages of 10 and 18, who have committed some acts that violate the law" (Dhaka Tribune 12 Sept. 2020).
According to statistics provided by the SATP, as of 20 December 2021, there were two "terrorism related incidents" in Chittagong in 2021, four in 2020, and five in 2019 (SATP 20 Dec. 2021c).
A Dhaka Tribune article states that on 28 February 2020 two police officers and a child were "injured in an explosion near a traffic police box" in the Sholoshahar Gate No. 2 section of Chittagong (Dhaka Tribune 28 Feb. 2020). An October 2020 article by the same source reports that the "bomb blast" injured 5 people including two police officers, occurred "inside" a traffic police box, and was followed by the arrest of nine suspects since May 2020 (Dhaka Tribune 14 Oct. 2020). The same article adds that all 9 "arrested" individuals were "suspected operatives" of the New JMB, "an offshoot of [the] banned militant outfit [JMB]," and the arrests were made by the CTTC unit of the CMP (Dhaka Tribune 14 Oct. 2020).
According to a 12 June 2021 Dhaka Tribune article, the CTTC unit of the CMP "arrested an active member of [the] banned militant outfit Ansar Al Islam" (Dhaka Tribune 12 June 2021). The same article notes that the individual "recently came back from Syria," where "he had joined [ISIS]," had "received training on operating heavy weapons," and, according to the CMP, had taken "part in battles for ISIS" (Dhaka Tribune 12 June 2021). According to the same article, "[a]fter completing his mission in Syria," the man "returned" to Bangladesh on 22 March 2021 "to continue 'jihadi' activities, according to [the] CTTC" (Dhaka Tribune 12 June 2021).
3. Access to Housing
3.1 Dhaka
According to the 2018 World Bank survey data, 10.9 percent of responding Dhaka dwellings were "owned," 2.8 percent were "rent free," and 86.2 percent were "rented" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The data also indicates that the "[m]ean cost of rent (including electricity, water [and] gas)" was 3,346 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) [$C50], and that 98 percent of renters were "under an oral contract" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The same data indicates that 95.4 percent of Dhaka households get "water from an improved source" and 99.7 percent had "electricity" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The data also states that 89.4 percent of households were "sharing [a] kitchen" and 77.2 percent had "a separate kitchen," while 87.4 percent of households had "access to improved toilets" and 90.3 percent "share[d a] toilet with other households" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). According to the data, 71.6 percent of Dhaka households had tin roofs and 26 percent had "[b]rick/cement" roofs (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
According to an April 2019 article on the website of the University of Toronto's Asian Studies journal, Synergy, by Renee Xu, a contributor for the journal's East Asia Section, urbanization in Dhaka has "largely been sustained by large-scale migration that has produced explosive rates of population growth" (Xu 15 Apr. 2019). The same source notes that a "massive inflow" of "many" "low- and middle-class workers" in Dhaka has contributed to a situation in which "the urban poor" have an "inability to obtain sufficient and affordable housing" in the city (Xu 15 Apr. 2019). Xu adds that Dhaka's "infrastructure has been struggling to keep pace with this continual influx of people," creating a "multitude of challenges" including the "provision of housing" for "disadvantaged" residents (Xu 15 Apr. 2019). The same article indicates that housing "contractors in the formal sector tend to exclusively serve upper and middle-income populations," leaving "many" Dhaka residents unable to access affordable housing (Xu 15 Apr. 2019). The article indicates that "while many Dhaka residents have been able to find adequate living situations for themselves," "more often than not, many find themselves residing in unsafe, uninhabitable settlements over which they have no legal title and constantly face the threat of ecological disaster, legal action or both" (Xu 15 Apr. 2019).
3.2 Chittagong
According to the 2019 World Bank survey data, 35.4 percent of responding Chittagong dwellings were "owned," 2.3 percent were "rent free," and 62.3 percent were "rented" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The data also indicates that the "[m]ean cost of rent (including electricity, water [and] gas)" was 2,847 BDT [$C43], and that 91 percent of renters were "under an oral contract" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The same data indicates that 97.1 percent of Chittagong households get "water from an improved source" and 98.9 percent had "electricity" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). According to the data, 40 percent of households were "sharing [a] kitchen" and 76.6 percent had "a separate kitchen," while 84.1 percent of households had "access to improved toilets" and 45.2 percent "share[d a] toilet with other households" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The data indicates that 73 percent of Chittagong households had tin roofs and 27 percent had "brick/cement" roofs (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
3.3 Tenant Registration System
For information on the tenant registration (or tenant verification) system, including implementation and information sharing by authorities, see Response to Information Request BGD200088 of February 2020.
3.3.1 Citizen Information Management System (CIMS)
According to a January 2019 article in the Dhaka Tribune, the DMP "initiated collecting information on landlords and tenants in late 2015 … to help police track down suspected criminals who may be hiding in the city" (Dhaka Tribune 30 Jan. 2019). The same article indicates that the DMP use a form which "asks landlords to provide details of tenant or the flat/house owner's name, photo, permanent address, workplace address, religion, mobile phone number, national ID number, email address, passport number, and the names, ages, occupations and mobile phone numbers of the family members" (Dhaka Tribune 30 Jan. 2019). The same article states that the DMP now "has key information on eight million residents" of the city, "[a]ll" of which according to the DMP Commissioner is "stored in the DMP's [CIMS] database" (Dhaka Tribune 30 Jan. 2019).
According to the description available on the official Google Play webpage for the CIMS DMP mobile application, the app "helps citizen to submit information digitally" that would otherwise be submitted using "hard copy forms" (Dhaka n.d.). The same source adds that the user "can update family member information and [h]ome employee information" (Dhaka n.d.). Sources report that from 15 to 21 June 2019, the DMP initiated "Citizen Information Collection Week (CICW) (Dhaka Tribune 24 June 2019; BSS 15 June 2019). The Dhaka Tribune stated that the DMP used the drive to "[gather] landlord-tenant information" to "update information in its [CIMS]" (Dhaka Tribune 24 June 2019).
Sources report that in 2019 the DMP launched a mobile application for CIMS data collection (Dhaka Tribune 9 Sept. 2019; Asjad 12 Feb. 2021). According to a September 2019 article in the Dhaka Tribune, "[p]olice will directly use the CIMS app to avail information about tenants"; the DMP Commissioner stated that DMP has "'collected the information of over 7.2 million citizens in CIMS'" and "'[i]ndividuals can no longer rent out or rent a house without a lease information form'" (Dhaka Tribune 9 Sept. 2019). A February 2021 opinion article published by the Financial Express, a daily English-language newspaper in Bangladesh, and written by columnist Tanim Asjad, reports that the DMP has "again" started "collecting the information of house owners and tenants living in Dhaka" for storage in its CIMS (Asjad 12 Feb. 2021). To date, the same source states, "around" 8 million people have been "recorded in the system," and the "ongoing campaign" is designed to "update the database by including those who somehow were earlier excluded" (Asjad 12 Feb. 2021). The same article reports that the CIMS information collection "is still manual as the [mobile] app is not properly functional," and "citizens are forced to visit police stations to present the form or paper physically" (Asjad 12 Feb. 2021).
Information on CIMS data collection in Chittagong was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
According to an October 2017 article by the Daily Star, an English-language newspaper in Bangladesh, in July 2016 CMP "took the initiative" to "complete the citizens' information database," including by "entering [citizen] information into the [CIMS] online database" (The Daily Star 29 Oct. 2017). The same article reports that CMP "have been provided with 30 computers, scanners, and dedicated internet connections" to complete the entry of the information (The Daily Star 29 Oct. 2017).
4. Access to Employment and Income
The World Bank, citing data from the International Labour Organization (ILO), reports that Bangladesh's overall unemployment rate for 2020 was 5.3 percent (World Bank 15 June 2021). The ADB indicates that in 2019 the unemployment rate for women was 6.6 percent while the rate for men was 3.2 percent (ADB Apr. 2021, 3). The BBS reports that in 2016–2017, Bangladesh's unemployment rate was 4.2 percent, with the total unemployed population at 2.7 million people and the total employed population (age 15 and above) at 60.8 million people (Bangladesh 2020, 39–40). The same source indicates that the rural unemployment rate was 4 percent, and the urban unemployment rate was 4.9 percent in 2016-2017 (Bangladesh 2020, 40). The BBS also states that the unemployment rate in 2016–2017 was 3.1 percent for men and 6.7 percent for women (Bangladesh 2020, 40). The DFAT report notes that the "overall participation rate of women in employment remains low and has not increased appreciably in the previous decade" (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 2.11).
According to the DFAT report, "[m]ajor cities, such as Dhaka and Chittagong, offer greater opportunities for employment" than other parts of the country (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 5.22). The same source also provides the following information regarding employment in Bangladesh:
The majority of labour force participants are engaged in informal and low-income work across various sectors, especially in the agriculture sector. While estimates of the size of the informal sector vary, it is likely to comprise between 80 and 90 per cent of the labour force. (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 2.10)
According to the DFAT report, "[r]egardless of their arrival date in Bangladesh, Rohingya are not eligible for Bangladesh citizenship (including through marriage) and are not legally entitled to work" (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 3.22). The same source notes that "[m]any Rohingya who arrived before 25 August 2017 have been able to work informally in Bangladesh using fraudulent identity documents, including National Identity Cards (NICs)" (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 3.22). The same source provides the following information regarding Rohingya people relocating to cities including Dhaka in search of employment:
Their ability to relocate and find employment depends on individual networks. Rohingya may be motivated to assimilate into communities quickly in order to participate in informal employment undetected by authorities. Rohingya may also use fraudulently obtained documents in order to obtain work in the formal sector. (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 3.21)
According to a 2020 analysis published by the World Bank on the impact of COVID-19 on the labour market in "poor areas" of Dhaka, Chittagong, and Cox's Bazar, based on "representative phone surveys in poor and slum areas" of these cities, 76 percent of Dhaka respondents and 59 percent of Chittagong respondents "seem to have experienced a job loss … as they report exiting the job force or currently searching for jobs" since 25 March 2020 (Genoni, et al. 2020, 3, 9–10). The same study found that "given the low rates of female labor force participation, women appear to be disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 crisis," having "experienced relatively higher job losses" which "have translated into women leaving the labor force" in Dhaka and Chittagong specifically (Genoni, et al. 2020, 3).
According to the April 2021 World Bank report, "[r]ecent survey data from poor areas in Dhaka and Chittagong suggest" a "gradual recovery of livelihoods in those areas," after the COVID-19 pandemic initially saw "[w]idepread losses in employment and labor earnings" and a "significant increase in poverty" in the country (World Bank Apr. 2021, ii). The same report states that surveys "pointed to a gradual labor market recovery in major urbans centers by February 2021," including the percentage of adults who were "working the week preceding the interview" reaching 62 percent in Chittagong (which is "on par with pre-COVID levels") and 69 percent in Dhaka (which is "still below" the pre-COVID level of 74 percent) (World Bank Apr. 2021, 6).
Article 15 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, adopted in 1972 and amended in 2018, provides the following:
…
(d) the right to social security, that is to say, to public assistance in cases of undeserved want arising from unemployment, illness or disablement, or suffered by widows or orphans or in old age, or in other such cases. (Bangladesh 1972)
4.1 Dhaka
The Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry (DCCI), citing BBS statistics and discussing the economic impact of COVID-19, indicates that the city's unemployment rate rose to 23 percent in July of 2020, before dropping to 4 percent in September "with [the] reopening [of] the economy" (DCCI 2020, 23).
According to the 2018 World Bank survey data, 20.3 percent of Dhaka respondents were "employed in services," 20 percent were "employed in a business," 9.9 percent were "employed as porter/day laborers," 12.1 percent were "employed as maid[s]/servant[s]," 10.9 percent were "employed as rickshaw/van drivers," and 11.3 percent were "employed in other sector[s]/activit[ies]" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The same data reports that 76.9 percent of individuals were "in the labor force," 74.9 percent were "wage-employed individuals," and 18.5 percent were "self-employed" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). Regarding terms of employment, the same data set reports that 10 percent of Dhaka respondents were "casual/daily workers," 35.8 percent were "permanent employees," 19.8 percent were "self-employed", 29.9 percent were "temporary employees," and 4.5 percent had an "other" term of employment (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
The 2018 World Bank data reported that the "[m]ean monthly wages" of Dhaka respondents was 9,142 BDT [C$133] and their "[m]ean total monthly income" was 10,425 BDT [C$157] (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The same data indicates that responding households had an average of 53 percent "incoming-earning members" in their home (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). According to the same data, 5 percent of responding households "received local remittances" and 2 percent "received international remittances" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
According to data produced by the Price and Wage division of the National Accounting Wing of the BBS, the average daily wage rate for Dhaka's "skilled" "industrial workers" in October 2020 was 465 BDT [C$6.96], and 387 BDT [C$5.80] for its "unskilled" "industrial workers" (Bangladesh Nov. 2021, 5). According to data produced by the Agriculture Wing of the BBS, in June 2020 the "daily average wage rate [for] agricultural labour" "without food" in Dhaka was 525 BDT [C$7.87] for men and 465 BDT [C$6.96] for women, or 456 BDT [C$6.84] for men and 438 BDT [C$6.57] for women if three meals are provided (Bangladesh Nov. 2021, 9).
The 2018 World Bank data reports that 10.6 percent of respondent households had "at least one member [who] asked for microfinance in the last twelve months," and 1.4 percent of households had "received money from [the] social-safety net" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
The 2019 BBS and UNICEF data indicates that 56.5 percent of the population was "covered by social transfers" [5], and 70.9 percent of households with children received some type of social transfer (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 61).
According to the DFAT report, "Indigenous people and people living in remote areas are very likely to work in the informal sector," and they "often move to large cities, especially Dhaka, in search of employment" (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 2.10).
4.2 Chittagong
According to the 2019 World Bank survey data, 24.8 percent of Chittagong respondents were "employed in services," 14.3 percent were "employed in a business," 10.3 percent were "employed as porter/day laborers," 5.2 percent were "employed as maid[s]/servant[s]," 5.9 percent were "employed as rickshaw/van drivers," and 17.9 percent were "employed in other sector[s]/activit[ies]" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The same data indicates that 64.5 percent of individuals were "in the labor force," 72.8 percent were "wage-employed individuals," and 11.7 were "self-employed" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
The 2019 World Bank data indicated that the "[m]ean monthly wages" of Chittagong respondents was 14,470 BDT [C$218] and their "[m]ean total monthly income" was 14,102 BDT [C$212] (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The same data states that responding households had an average of 39 percent "incoming-earning members" in their home (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). According to the same data, 5 percent of responding households "received local remittances" and 4 percent "received international remittances" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
According to the BBS's Price and Wage data, the average daily wage rate for Chittagong's "skilled" "industrial workers" in October 2020 was 449 BDT [C$6.57], and 374 BDT [C$5.61] for "unskilled" "industrial workers" (Bangladesh Nov. 2021, 5). According to data produced by the Agriculture Wing of the BBS, in June 2020 the "daily average wage rate for agricultural labour" "without food" in Chittagong was 560 BDT [C$8.40] for men and 380 BDT [C$5.70] for women, or 440 BDT [C$6.59] for men and 300 BDT [C$4.50] for women if three meals are provided (Bangladesh Nov. 2021, 9).
Regarding terms of employment, the same data set reports that 13 percent of Chittagong respondents were "casual/daily workers," 31 percent were "permanent employees," 13.6 percent were "self-employed," 35.7 percent were "temporary employees," and 4.6 percent had an "other" term of employment (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
The 2019 BBS and UNICEF data indicates that 58.1 percent of the population was "covered by social transfers," and 67.5 percent of households with children received some type of social transfer (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 61).
The 2019 World Bank data reports that 25.3 percent of respondent households had "at least one member [who] asked for microfinance in the last twelve months," and 1.5 percent of households had "received money from [the] social-safety net" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
5. Access to Education
BBS statistics for 2020 indicate that the country's literacy rate was 75.2 percent for all people aged 7 and older, including 77.4 percent for men and 72.9 percent for women (Bangladesh Nov. 2021, x). According to the same BBS data, the "adult literacy rate" for all people aged 15 and older was 75.6 percent, including 78.2 percent for men and 73 percent for women (Bangladesh Nov. 2021, x). BBS, citing data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Education Information and Statistics (BANBEIS), also notes that in 2020 national enrollment in "secondary" and "primary" school totalled 10,252,126, including 459,537 in "junior secondary school," 8,557,236 in "secondary school," 1,132,918 in "school and college (school section)," and 102,435 in government "primary school" (Bangladesh Nov. 2021, x). According to the 2019 BBS and UNICEF data, the national completion rate of "primary school" was 82.6 percent, with 64.7 percent for "lower secondary" and 29.4 percent for "upper secondary" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 43). The same data indicates that 48.8 percent of Bangladeshi children aged 7 to 14 had "foundational reading skills," and 27.9 percent had "foundational number skills" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 49). The data also indicates that 64.2 percent of "children and young people" aged 5 to 24 received "[s]chool-related support" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 61). Another report by BBS and UNICEF on the 2019 survey indicates that "school-related support" is defined as "[s]chool tuition or other school related support" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 384–385).
According to a 2020 report on education using the 2019 MICS survey data by UNICEF Bangladesh in collaboration with BBS, "[o]ut-of-school rates in the divisions of Dhaka and Chattogram" "meet or exceed the national average at each level of education" (UN 2020, 27).
5.1 Dhaka
According to the 2018 World Bank survey data, 17.9 percent of Dhaka "household heads" cannot "read or write," 35.7 percent of respondents had "no schooling," 33.6 percent were members of "households where at least one member attended private school in the last twelve months," and 19.9 percent were members of "households were at least one member attended public school in the last twelve months" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The same data indicates an average of 3.55 "[y]ears of complete education" for "individuals 4+ years old" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
According to the 2019 BBS and UNICEF data, the "[p]rimary school completion rate" in Dhaka was 84.5 percent, its "[l]ower secondary completion rate" was 61.4 percent, and its "[u]pper secondary completion rate" was 30.2 percent (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 44). The same data indicates that 60.6 percent of children in Dhaka aged 7 to 14 had "foundational reading skills," and 38.2 percent had "foundational number skills" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 50). The data also indicates that 74 percent of "children and young people" aged 5 to 24 received "[s]chool-related support" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 61).
5.2 Chittagong
According to the 2019 World Bank survey data, 18.7 percent of Chittagong "household heads" cannot "read or write," 31 percent of respondents had "no schooling," 37.9 percent were members of "households where at least one member attended private school in the last twelve months," and 33.9 percent were members of "households where at least one member attended public school in the last twelve months" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021). The same data indicates an average of 4.96 "[y]ears of complete education" for "individuals 4+ years old" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
According to the 2019 BBS and UNICEF data, the "[p]rimary school completion rate" in Chittagong was 86 percent, its "[l]ower secondary completion rate" was 67.5 percent, and its "[u]pper secondary completion rate" was 23.4 percent (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 43). The same data indicates that 43.9 percent of children in Chittagong aged 7 to 14 had "foundational reading skills," and 21.5 percent had "foundational number skills" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 49). The data also indicates that 62.2 percent of "children and young people" aged 5 to 24 received "[s]chool-related support" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 61).
6. Access to Health Care
The 2019 DFAT report provides the following information regarding health care in Bangladesh:
The Constitution stipulates that the provision of health care is a government responsibility. In practice, however, the private sector and [NGOs] provide a significant portion of health services. Health care facilities in Bangladesh are generally poor in quality. While there are some private clinics that offer better quality, these tend to be beyond the means of ordinary Bangladeshis. Local clinics exist at the community or village levels, and support larger district or central hospitals. Although some government health services are supposed to be free, patients report that they are generally required to pay money to access services. Consultation fees are often exorbitant and out of reach of the poor. Doctors also reportedly tend to "over-service" clients, ordering unnecessary tests to increase their incomes. (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 2.15)
6.1 Dhaka
According to the 2018 World Bank survey data, 57.8 percent of Dhaka households had "at least one member [who] used [a] private health facility in the last twelve months" and 24.8 percent had "at least one member [who] used [a] public health facility in the last twelve months" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
According to data made available by the BBS and attributed to the Directorate General of the Health Services (DGHS) of Bangladesh's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in 2018 there were 150 "[c]ommunity [c]linics" in Dhaka (Bangladesh 2020, 133).
Data available on the website of the DGHS indicates that the national bed occupancy rate for upazila [sub-district (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, 6)] health complex/offices in 2020 was 68.6 percent (Bangladesh [2020]). The same 2020 data gives the following bed occupancy rates for Dhaka's five reporting upazila health complexes:
Dhamrai Upazila Health Complex: 64.61 percent
Dohar Upazila Health Complex: 74.95 percent
Keraniganj Upazila Health Complex: 81.60 percent
Nawabganj Upazila Health Complex: 88.49 percent
Savar Upazila Health Complex: 100.03 percent (Bangladesh [2020]).
The same 2020 data gives the bed occupancy rates for medical college hospitals nationally as 128.5 percent, and the following rates for Dhaka's four reporting medical college hospitals:
Dhaka Medical College Hospital: 82.38 percent
Sir Salimullah Medical College Hospital: 100.85 percent
Mugda Medical College Hospital, Dhaka: 107.78 percent
Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital: 128.62 percent (Bangladesh [2020]).
According to the same 2020 data, the national average for Dhaka's specialty postgraduate institutes and hospitals' bed occupancy rate is 80.3, with ten specialty postgraduate institutes and hospitals reporting the following rates:
Institute of Child and Mother Health, Matuail: 55.19 percent
National Institute of ENT: 61.47 percent
National Institute of Diseases of the Chest & Hospital (NIDCH): 66.87 percent
National Institute of Ophthalmology (NIO): 67.13 percent
National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation (NITOR): 74.74 percent
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH): 82.37 percent
National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital (NICR&H): 91.32 percent
National Institute of Kidney Disease and Urology (NIKDU) and National Institute of Neuro Sciences & Hospital (NINS & H): 100 percent
National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD): 124.15 percent (Bangladesh [2020]).
According to a June 2019 Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) blogpost written by Sylvana Q. Sinha, the founder and CEO of Praava Health, a Bangladesh health care company "that combines telemedicine with physical clinics" (TechCrunch 7 Mar. 2021), the private health care system in Dhaka and other "growing urban areas" is "particularly" "expensive and highly fragmented," while Bangladesh's public health system is "understaffed and overstretched," leaving private facilities to "fill the gap" (Sinha 17 June 2019).
The DFAT report states that "[d]espite considerable need," support services treating mental health disorders are "few" and there is "no specific mental health authority," and private mental health facilities are "primarily located in Dhaka" (in addition to one "large mental hospital in Pabna") (Australia 22 Aug. 2019, para. 2.16).
According to a 2020 Human Rights Watch (HRW) report on violence against women and girls in Bangladesh, including victims of acid attacks, based on 50 interviews including 29 interviews with women from six of Bangladesh's eight divisions who are survivors of gender-based violence, as well as interviews with women's rights activists, lawyers, and academics, "[e]xisting government facilities for burn treatment are overburdened and primarily centered in Dhaka" (HRW Oct. 2020, 2, 7). The same report notes that "oral morphine is only available in Dhaka" (HRW Oct. 2020, 7). The report also describes the situation of a woman who moved to Dhaka in 2016 to "protect herself and her children" from her abusive husband, who ultimately "found her, threw acid in her face, and stabbed her in the head with a knife" (HRW Oct. 2020, 25).
According to the HRW report, as part of the "Multi-Sectoral Programme on Violence Against Women (MSPVAW)" "jointly operated by the governments of Bangladesh and Denmark," there are "One-Stop Crisis Centers in major hospitals," including in both Dhaka and Chittagong (HRW Oct. 2020, 25). However, according to the director of a women's right organization quoted in the HRW report, these crisis centres are "'not following up on protocol'," and the space where the crisis centre was "originally set up" in Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) was ultimately repurposed when "'they gave that space to a blood bank'" (HRW Oct. 2020, 33–34).
6.2 Chittagong
According to the 2019 World Bank survey data, 73.5 percent of Chittagong households had "at least one member [who] used [a] private health facility in the last twelve months" and 12.7 percent had "at least one member [who] used [a] public health facility in the last twelve months" (World Bank 15 Sept. 2021).
According to the DGHS data made available by the BBS, in 2018 there were 507 "[c]ommunity [c]linics" in Chittagong (Bangladesh 2020, 133).
Data available on the website of the DGHS indicates that the national bed occupancy rate for upazila health complex/offices in 2020 was 68.6 percent (Bangladesh [2020]). The same 2020 data gives the following bed occupancy rates for Chittagong's 14 reporting upazila health complexes:
Sitakunda Upazila Health Complex: 42.41 percent
Raozan Upazila Health Complex: 43.07 percent
Hathazari Upazila Health Complex: 48 percent
Satkania Upazila Health Complex: 49.95 percent
Mirsharai Upazila Health Complex: 50.46 percent
Lohagara Upazila Health Complex: 50.54 percent
Rangunia Upazila Health Complex: 60.37 percent
Sandwip Upazila Health Complex: 67.94 percent
Chandanaish Upazila Health Complex: 74.92 percent
Boalkhali Upazila Health Complex: 77 percent
Anwara Upazila Health Complex: 78.95 percent
Banshkhali Upazila Health Complex: 83.19 percent
Patiya Upazila Health Complex: 98.22 percent
Fatikchari Upazila Health Complex: 119.75 percent (Bangladesh [2020]).
The same 2020 data indicates that Chittagong's one reporting district hospital (Chittagong 250 Bed General Hospital) had a bed occupancy rate of 60.9 percent, compared with 119.9 percent at district hospitals nationally (Bangladesh [2020]). According to the same 2020 data, Chittagong's one reporting medical college hospital (Chittagong Medical College Hospital) had a bed occupancy rate of 159.28 percent, compared with 128.5 percent at medical college hospitals nationally (Bangladesh [2020]).
7. Freedom of Movement and Internal Relocation
Bangladesh's Constitution provides the following regarding freedom of movement:
36. Subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the public interest, every citizen shall have the right to move freely throughout Bangladesh, to reside and settle in any place therein and to leave and re-enter Bangladesh. (Bangladesh 1972)
According to the US Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2020, the country's law provides for "freedom of internal movement" and the government "generally respected these rights" with the exception of the CHT and the Rohingya camps in Cox's Bazar (US 30 Mar. 2021, 18).
According to an article in the Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science by Md. Zia Uddin and Takeshi Mizunoya, both of the School of Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Tsukuba in Japan, the Dhaka-Chittagong National Highway (NH1 [N1]) is a "major road corridor" and "one of the most important economic corridors in terms of passenger and freight movement" (Uddin and Mizunoya 2020, 286). A June 2020 report by the ADB indicates that the N1 is the "only major road that connects Dhaka to Chattogram," and is a 250 km highway "long … hampered by a lack of capacity" (ADB June 2020, 1). The same source adds that the "journey between Chattogram and Dhaka can take up to 10 hours because of road congestion" (ADB June 2020, 1). According to sources, a once-planned "expressway" road designed to improve traffic between Dhaka and Chittagong has now been "abandoned" (The Financial Express 25 Oct. 2021; The Daily Star 18 Oct. 2021).
Sources report that a "high-speed" railway linking Dhaka and Chittagong has been proposed and "approved" by Bangladesh's Prime Minister (The Financial Express 25 Oct. 2021; The Daily Star 1 Jan. 2020). According to sources, the proposed "high-speed" trains would result in Dhaka-Chittagong travel times of 55 to 73 minutes (The Daily Star 1 Jan. 2020) or 1 hour (The Financial Express 25 Oct. 2021), compared with current train travel durations of "around" 6 hours (The Daily Star 1 Jan. 2020) or 6 to 7 hours (The Financial Express 25 Oct. 2021). Information on the implementation of this proposed railway could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.
Notes
[1] The World Bank conducted three rounds of phone surveys from June 2020 to February 2021 using a "representative sample of households living in poor and slum areas of Dhaka and Chittagong" (World Bank Apr. 2021, 6).
[2] According to the World Bank, the "2018 Dhaka Low Income Area Gender, Inclusion, and Poverty (DIGNITY) survey" "was designed to shed light on poverty, economic empowerment, and livelihood in urban areas of Bangladesh" (World Bank 9 Mar. 2020, 2). The same source notes that the DIGNITY survey collected information from "1,300 urban households living in poor areas of Dhaka" (World Bank 9 Mar. 2020, 2).
[3] According to the World Bank, the 2019 "Chattogram for Low Income Area Gender, Inclusion, and Poverty (CITY)" survey "was designed to shed light on poverty, economic empowerment, and livelihood in urban areas of Bangladesh" and to collect information on residents of "slum and non-slum poor neighborhoods in Chattogram" (World Bank 21 May 2020, 2). The same source states that information was collected from "805 households (1289 individuals - 580 in slum and 709 in non-slum areas)" in Chittagong (World Bank 21 May 2020).
[4] The Search for International Terrorist Entities (SITE) Intelligence Group is a US-based "non-governmental counterterrorism organization specializing in tracking and analyzing online activity of the global violent extremist community" (SITE Intelligence Group n.d.).
[5] According to the 2019 BBS and UNICEF report, "social transfers" include "[m]aternity allowance, [e]mployment generation, [f]ood support, [r]etirement pension for [g]overnment employees and families, [a]llowances (old age /disabled/widow/freedom fighters/shaheed families), school tuition or school related … support for any household member age 5–24 years, and any other external assistance program" (Bangladesh and UN May 2021, 63).
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Additional Sources Consulted
Oral sources: Ain o Salish Kendra; Bangladesh – Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Chattogram Metropolitan Police, Dhaka Metropolitan Police, National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh; Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict; UN – UNICEF; World Bank.
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https://www.academia.edu/93375195/Prevalence_of_Breast_Cancer_at_Divisional_Level_in_Bangladesh
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en
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Prevalence of Breast Cancer at Divisional Level in Bangladesh
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2022-12-20T00:00:00
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Background : Breast cancer remains a leading dreadful cancer of women in Bangladesh. Lack of screening program is the reason behind this high morbidity and mortality. The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has taken initiative to develop a breast cancer
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https://www.academia.edu/93375195/Prevalence_of_Breast_Cancer_at_Divisional_Level_in_Bangladesh
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Background: The occurrence of breast Cancer is a rising concern in Bangladesh. A hospital based case control study was conducted. Methodology: A nationwide representative sample of 100 out of 115 cancer patients aged 20 or older was interviewed at NICRH to provide information on awareness of the risk factors of breast cancer causes in Bangladeshi population. Results and discussion: Highest number of patients was from 40-49 (39%) and 30-39 (27%) year-age group. About 15% patients had direct family history, 21% had early periods. About 14% have got late menopause. If women begin menopause after age 55, the risk increases. 15% women have had not had children, and 10% had their first child after age 30. Study found women using birth control pills (47%), have slightly greater risk. 9% women’s breast feeding lasts below 1 year. And about 7% patient never breast fed their child. About 40% female patients do not walk as exercise. Conclusion: Results suggested a mixture of different factors with Aging and direct family history poses higher risk for breast cancer.
Breast cancer (BC) is considered as one of the most prevalent cancers among women in Bangladesh. The aim of the present study was to investigate the knowledge about BC, risk factor prevalence and breast selfexamination (BSE) practices among female populations of Bangladesh. After taking verbal consent, 1051 females of age ≥20 years from different districts of Bangladesh were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire in 2015. Among the respondents, three-forth (77.74%) knew (heard or read) about BC and their main source of information was electronic media (74.54%). Most of them could identify at least one sign and symptom (73.93%) and one risk factor of BC (71.55%). But only 34.16% and 52.14% correctly identified at least one option for early detection and treatment, respectively. Although early screening of BC was very important according to 58.90% respondents and BSE procedure was known to 21.69%, only 13.13% actually performed BSE. Major risk factors prevailing among the respon...
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women both in the developed and the developing world and leading cause of cancer death in women. A hospital based case control study was carried out among 70 women with breast cancer and 70 women without breast cancer to analyze the risk factors associated with development of breast cancer in selected hospitals of Dhaka city. A semi-structured questionnaire comprise socio-demographic and socioeconomic related information, reproductive and obstetric related factor, hormonal Contraceptive and Hormone Replacement Therapy use, life style related factor (personal habit, dietary habit, physical activity etc). In adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for significant risk factors were obtained from logistic regression analysis. Significant risk was found among nonworking women (OR 2.7, 1.03-7.1), positive family history of cancer (OR 2.3, 1.02-5.2) and early menarche (OR 3.4, 1.5-7.9). Family history of cancer, early menarche may play significant role in developing breast cancer in Bangladeshi women.
Background Breast cancer (BCa) is a leading cause of mortality among women in Bangladesh. Many young women in Bangladesh have poor knowledge about breast cancer screening, including risk factors, warning signs/symptoms, diagnosis and early detection. We investigated awareness about breast cancer risk factors as a screening tool among women at the Sheikh Hasina Medical College (SHMC) of Tangail district in Bangladesh. Methods A cross sectional survey was conducted to collect data via a structured questionnaire from SHMC during the period of February to December 2019. A total of 1,007 participants (aged 33.47 (±12.37 years)) was considered for data analysis. Results Of the 1,007 women, about 50% were knowledgeable about the risk factors. Pain in the breast was identified as the most commonly warning sign/symptom of breast cancer. Only 32.2% of respondents knew at least one breast cancer screening method. The mean knowledge was scored 3.43 ± 2.25 out of a total possible score of 8. Awa...
Breast cancer is a disease, which if detected early can be cured; this is now a scientific truth. Because of fear and lack of awareness and knowledge, cancer is mostly not detected at the early stages. General Objective: " To assess the level of awareness on " Prevention and Control of Breast Cancer among the 15-50 age group women " Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study was utilized during data collection. The study areas was selected purposively from selected hospitals in Dhaka city such as, with structured and unstructured questionnaire. Study population was 15-50 age group women. who attended the out Patient Department for their treatment. Total sample size was 330. Among 330 women, 200 women from DMCH, 70 from SSMCH, and 60 from NICRH were included. The mean age of the respondents was 31.03 (± SD 9.50) years. Most (60%) of the respondents were residing in urban areas, 25.26 completed primary school. More than fifty percent (55.20) heard about breast cancer. 73.33% of the respondents had no knowledge about the risk factors of breast cancer. Only 26.67% had the knowledge of the risk factors. The study result showed that all respondents gave multiple answer regarding the knowledge about the best way to prevent and control of breast cancer. It is found from the result that the majority 76.06% women were not aware on prevention and control of breast cancer only 23.94% was aware. 100% were agreed that they need nursing support. Though the sample size was is not large enough but still this finding is important. Further qualitative and quantitative research in this area needs to be directed towards studying the female population in Bangladesh by using unstructured interview methods that may provide more and different information about awareness on breast cancer and its prevention and control, and how much they feel it important in attending the OPDs for their breast checkup.
Objective: Breast cancer (BC) is the leading and most prevalent form of cancer among women in Bangladesh and worldwide. The objectives of this study were to assess the existing knowledge on breast cancer and the practices of breast self-examination among female Bangladeshi university students. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out among the 276 female university students. Data were collected by face-to-face interview by using a pre-tested questionnaire.Results: The study results indicate that most of the participants were well informed about breast cancer. Predominantly mentioned signs of breast cancer was a lump in the breast followed by pain in the breast or nipple. The correct responses of breast cancer risk factors were exposure to radiation (58.20%), positive family history (47.6%), obesity (46.9%), lack of physical exercise (43.6%) and smoking (43.2%). The students were well informed about breast self-examination for early diagnosis, but they were not properly inform...
Background: Carcinoma of the breast is the most common malignancy in females. At present carcinoma breast is the leading cancer in Bangladesh and is competing cancer cervix in incidence. Epidemiological studies at regional and global levels suggest the occurrence of carcinoma breast at a younger, premenopausal age in Indian and Asian women as compared with western women. Knowledge of this factor emphasizes the need to modify the timing of modalities of detection of early carcinoma and its management. According to literature, majority of carcinoma breast cases in the western countries present in Stages I and II of the disease whereas in Bangladesh majority cases present in Stage III of the disease. The objective of this study is to observe age of occurrence of breast cancer and stage of cancer in SSMC and MH.Methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted in 34 patients of histopathologically confirmed breast cancer.Results: Mean age of subjects was 46.24±7.4 years. Age ...
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Scientific Research Publishing is an academic publisher with more than 200 open access journal in the areas of science, technology and medicine. It also publishes academic books and conference proceedings.
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India Data Commons
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Chittagong
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Chittagong W ith an area of 5282.98 sq km, is Bounded By Feni District and Tripura (Indian State) on The North, Cox’s Bazar District on The South, Bandarban , Rangamati & Khagrachhari Districts on...
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THE CHITTAGONG INFORMATION PORTAL
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Chittagong District
Chittagong With an area of 5282.98 sq km, is Bounded By Feni District and Tripura (Indian State) on The North, Cox’s Bazar District on The South, Bandarban, Rangamati & Khagrachhari Districts on the East and Noakhali District and the Bay of Bengal on the West. Chittagong District is Quite Different From other Districts for its Unique Natural Beauty Characterized By Hills, Rivers, Sea, Forests & Valleys. Annual Average Temperature Maximum 32.5°C, Minimum 13.5°C, Total Annual Rainfall 2687 mm. Main Rivers are Karnaphuli, Halda and Sangu.
Chittagong (Town) Consists of Six Thanas, 68 Wards & 236 Mahallas. It has an Area of 209.66 sq km. The Town has a Population 3202710; Male 54.36% and Female 45.64%; Population Density per sq km 15276. The Main Seaport of Bangladesh is Located at the Estuary of the Karnaphuli River. Chittagong is also Called the Commercial Capital of Bangladesh. Interesting Places of the City Include Batali Hill (87.5 m in height), War Cemetery, Patenga Sea Beach, Foy's Lake, etc. The First Export Processing Zone (1983) EPZ of Bangladesh is Situated here. Chittagong Municipal Committee was Established in 1860. At Present, It Has Been Turned Into Chittagong City Corporation.
Administration Chittagong District was Established in 1666 Including 3 Hill Districts. The District of Chittagong Hill Tracts was Established in 1860 with the Hill Region of the District. Later, Chittagong District was Further Divided into Chittagong & Cox's Bazar Districts. The District Consists of one City Corporation, Seven Municipalities, Six Thanas, 20 Upazilas, 197 Union Parishads and 1,319 Villages. The Upazilas are Anwara, Banshkhali, Boalkhali, Chandanaish, Fatikchhari, Hathazari, Lohagara, Mirsharai, Patiya, Rangunia, Raozan, Sandwip, Satkania and Sitakunda. The Thanas are Chandgaon, Bandar thana (Chittagong Port) , Double Mooring, Kotwali, Pahartali, Panchlaish and Hathazari.
Archaeological Heritage and Relics Bronze Statues (8th and 9th Centuries, in Anwara Upazila), Fakira Mosque (Hathazari), Musa Khan Mosque (1658), Kura Katni Mosque (1806), Kala Mosque (16th century), Chhuti Khan Mosque (Mirsharai), Kadam Mobarak Mosque (1719), Andre Kiblah Mosque, Wali Khan Mosque (1790), Badar Awlia Dargah, Bakshi Hamid Mosque of Banshkhali (1568), Chittagong Court Building (1893), Collegiate School, Ethnological Museum (1974).
Historical Events Historians are of Different Opinions as Regards the Nomenclature of Chittagong This Area Once in The Past Had Been Earmarked for Fighting Spot. They Say a Muslim Sultan Sometimes During 8th Century Had Founded an Independent State. In 953 The King of Arakan, While Passing Beside the Area, was Compelled to Sign a Treaty of Peace With The Sultan. Present Patenga Had Been Familiar as “Fategaon” in Other Words. “Place of Victory” In Olden Days."Chit-ta-gong”, an Arakan Word, Meaning “Fighting is Unjustified” was Written in the Local Memory Column. It is Thought that the Word “Chittagong” is the Changed Form of the Word "Chit-ta-gong”.
On The Other Hand, The Buddhists Opine That Chittagong Originated From the Residential Spot of "Chita Keyang" in Their Glory Column, as Per Opinion of Sir William Goans Chittagong Has Been Named After The Tiny Bird “Chatga”. The History of Chittagong Dates Back to Ancient Times of Pre-Historic era. Although the Political Status of Chittagong in Pre-Historic Time is Rather Sketchy But the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea Documents a Vivid Picture of this City.
The Yemeni and The Arab Traders Used to Trade With Chittagong. Tolemi, the Famous Historian, Described Chittagong as the Finest Port in the Near and the Far East While the Great Malayan History Claims Chittagong’s Link with Malay in the 4th Century B.C. Fahien, Hieu-en Tsan, lbn Batuta, all Portrayed Chittagong as Mingled with the Ancient Civilization of the World Chinese, Turkish, Arab and European Traders Used to Trade with this Part of the World Through Chittagong.
Chittagong Derived its Name from the Arabic Word Shetgang Delta of the Ganges, Whilst Muslim Traders During the 9th Century, Using Chittagong as their Base Port, Named it as ‘Samunda’. In 1528 A.D. Portuguese Sailors Rightly Pointed out the Port City as ‘Porte Grande’. From the Above Delineation, it is Crystal Clear that From the Very Ancient Period Chittagong Has Been Regarded as one of the Most Lucrative Places to the World Business Community for its Abundance in Natural Resources and Strategically Advantageous Geographical Location. It is Worth Mentioning that in 1818 Wooden Warship was Built and Exported From Chittagong to German Naval Fleet.
Marks of the War of Liberation Mass Graves and Mass Killing Sites: Foy's Lake, Lalkhan Bazar, Hills Area Adjacent to Firoz Shah Colony, Kattoli Beach, CRB Area, Hills on the East of Sher Shah Colony, Patenga Air Port, Hills Around Nasirabad Residential Area and Many other Places.
Religious Institutions Mosque 7140, Tomb 220, Temple 1,206, Church 8 and Sacred Place 1 the Most Noted of Which are Chuti Khan Mosque, Daulat Bibir Mosque, Mahadia Mosque, Noi Duari Mosque, Hamidullah Khan Mosque, Tomb of Shah Jadeh (R), Three Domed Khan Mosque (Dohazari and Baghica Hat), Tombs of Hazrat Shah Amanat (R), Hazrat Bayazid Bostami (R), Mohsen Awlia, Goribullah Shah (R), Hajrat Shah Pir Awlia, Baro Awlia (Sitakunda), Miskin (R), Akbaria Jami Mosque, Nasrat Shah Jami Mosque, Jagannath Mandir (Abu Torab Bazar), World Peace Pagoda (Hathazari), Sitakunda Shankar Math, Dharmo Chakro Buddho Vihara, Koriya Nagar & Sonakania Buddho Viharas, Chandranath Temple Hill, etc.
Population 6545078; Male 52.16%, Female 47.84%; Muslim 83.92%, Hindu 13.76%; Buddhist 2.01%, Christian 0.11% and others 0.2%.
Literacy and Educational Institutions Average Literacy 43.2%; Male 50.3%, Female 35%. Educational Institutions: University 3, Private University 13, Medical College 1, Private Medical College 5, Science & Technology University 1, College of Physical Education 3, Teachers Training College 6, Regional Public Administration Institute 2, Polytechnic Institute 2, Private Polytechnic Institute 12, Homeopathy College 2, Nursing Institute 1, Forest Research Institute 1, Veterinary University 1, Government College 13, Non-government College 136, Gov. Woman College 3, Bangladesh Military Academy 1, Vocational Institute 1, Law College 2, Art College 1, Marine Academy 1, Marine Fisheries Academy 1, Cadet College 1, Theatre Institute 1, Madrasa 275, High School 764, Junior School 36 and Primary School 3,245. Noted Educational Institutions: Chittagong University (1961), Dr. Khastagir Government Girls' School, Ispahani School and College, Nasirabad Government High School, Chittagong City College, Chittagong College, Chittagong Commerce College, Mohsin College, Chittagong Collegiate School, North Amirabad High School (1932), Patiya Ideal High School (1845), Abdus Sobhan Rahat Ali High School (1914), Shah Chand Awlia Alia Madrassa (1928), Fouzdarhat Cadet College (1958), Rangunia Ideal Multipurpose Pilot High School (1915), Satkania Ideal Pilot High School (1902), Garangia Islamia Kamil Madrassa (1920), Ramgati Ramdhan Abdul Bari Chowdhury High School (1898), Banigram Primary School (1881).
Locally Published Newspapers & Periodicals Present Daily Azadi, Daily Purbokon, Daily Life, Daily Karnafuli, Daily People's View, Weekly Chattala; Extinct: Monthly Sanshodhani, Purobi, Mukulika, Simanto; Weekly Jyoti, Weekly Sultan, Daily Jyoti, Daily Rashtrobarta, Daily East Pakistan and Daily Azan.
Cultural Organisations Club 489, Public Library 16, Cinema Hall 29, Womem's Organisation 185, Community Centre 36, Shilpakala Academy 1, Theatre Institute 1, Shishu Academy 7, Museum 4, Theatre Stage 5, Theatre Group 18,Opera Party (Extinct) 29, Circus Party 6, Puppet-Show Party 16, Literary Society 36, Cooperative Society 932,Playground 45, Park 15, Youth Organisation 45, Music School 35,
Main Occupations Agriculture 18.71%, Fishing 1.16%, agricultural labourer 12.13%, wage labourer 3.54%, Industry 1.72% Commerce 16.58%, Transport 4.52%, Construction 1.43%, Service 24.09% and others 16.12%.
Land Use Total Cultivable Land 223782.40 Hectares; Fallow Land (Wetland) 115901.25 hectares; Forest 162082.56 hectares; Hilly area 172759.21 hectares; Single Crop 29%, Double Crop 54% and Treble Crop 17%; Cultivable Land under Irrigation 34.18%.
Land Control Among the Peasants 25% are Landless, 27% Small, 15% Intermediate, 3% Rich and 30% Marginal; Cultivable Land Per Head 0.04 hectare.
Value of Land The Market Value of the Land of the First grade is Approximately Tk. 17000 per 0.01 hactare.
Main Crops Paddy, Betelleaf, Potato, Cone, Turmeric, Tea, Peanut, Mustard, Patol (Heap), Brinjal, Ginger, Cucumber and Vegetables.
Extinct or Nearly Extinct CropsLocal Varieties of Rice.
Main Fruits Mango, Jackfruit, Guava, Coconut, Betelnut, Palm, Litchi, Banana, Papaya, Watermelon and Lemon.
Fisheries, Dairies, Poultries Dairy 1637, Poultry 3257, Hatchery (fishery) 7; Dry Fish Work in the Coastal Areas of Anwara, Patiya, Cornel Hut and Banshkhali.
Communication Facilities Roads: Pucca 985.32 km, Semi Pucca 912.87 km, Mud Road 6534 km; Railways 146 km; Waterways 67 Nautical mile; Airport 1.
Traditional Transport Palanquin, Horse Carriage and Bullock Cart. These Means of Transport are Either Extinct or Nearly Extinct.
Manufactories Major Manufactories include Eastern Refinery, Pahartali Railway Workshops, Fouzi Flour mill, Jamuna Oil Company, Glaxo Welcome, Unilever Bangladesh, TK Group, BSRM, Young One and etc.
Cottage Industries Brass Work 36, Garments Industry 300, Conch Industry 40, Welding 375, Fish Preservation Centre 55, Bamboo & Cane Work 1253, Goldsmith 356, Blacksmith 432, Potteries 601, Wood Work 612, Tailoring 1966.
Mineral Resources Natural Gas, Zircon, Ilmenite, Rutile, Magnetite, Monazite, Coralline limestone.
Hats, Bazars and Fairs Total Number of Hats and Bazars are 427; Fairs 16
Main Exports Tea, Leather, Dried Fish, Readymade Garments, Betel Leaf, Betel nut, Jackfruit, Banana, Papaya, Pineapple, Timber, Shrimp, Dry fish, Salt, Tobacco, Ground nut, Fish, Coconut, Shrimp fry, Rubber.
NGO Activities Operationally Important NGOs are Caritas, YMCA, Brac, FPAB, NGO Forum for DWSS, Ucep, Grameen Bank, Proshika, Asa, Nijera Kari, CODEC, Mamta, Love the Children Foundation, Sheba Shango, IMAGE, Chittagong Anti-Drug Abuse Society, CWFP, Bita, Prottashi, Palli Progati, Sangstha, Grammen Projukti (Technical) Kendra, Bangladesh Samaj Unnayan Sangstha, SDI, Bangladesh Nari Pragati Sangha, Gana Unnayan Prachesta, World Vision, CARE, Save the Children, Save Our Life, RSS, ICPA, PBM, HWA,
Health Centres Medical College Hospital 1, General Hospital 1, Upazila health complex 25, Family Welfare Centre 132, TB Hospital 1, Infectious Disease Hospital 1, Diabetic Hospital 1, Mother and Children Hospital 8, Police Hospital 1, Jail Hospital 1 and Bandar Port Hospital 1. Private 22+-
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Chattogram District
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district in its namesake division in Bangladesh
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district in its namesake division in Bangladesh
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Chittagong District
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Chittagong District, renamed the Chattogram District, is a district located in south-eastern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. The port city of Chittagong, which is the second largest city in Bangladesh, is located within this district.
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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Chittagong_District
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District of Bangladesh in Chittagong Division / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions:
Can you list the top facts and stats about Chattogram District?
Summarize this article for a 10 year old
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City in Barisal Division, Bangladesh
This article is about the city. For the upazila, see Barisal Sadar Upazila. For the district, see Barisal District. For the division, see Barisal Division.
Metropolis in Barisal Division, Bangladesh
Barisal ( or ; Bengali: বরিশাল, pronounced [boɾiʃal]),[a] officially known as Barishal,[4] is a major city that lies on the banks of the Kirtankhola river in south-central Bangladesh. It is the largest city and the administrative headquarter of both Barisal District[b] and Barisal Division. It is one of the oldest municipalities and river ports of the country. The city was once called the Venice of the East or the Venice of Bengal.[6]
Barisal municipality was established in 1876 during the British rule in India and upgraded to City Corporation on 25 July 2002.[7] Barisal is Bangladesh's third largest financial hub after Dhaka and Chittagong.[8][9] The city consists of 30 wards and 50 mahallas with a population of 533,000, according to the 2023 national census and with the voter of about 250,000 according to the 2018 voter list of city election.[10] The area of the city is 58 km2.[11]
History
[edit]
Barisal was part of the ancient kingdoms of Vanga, Gangaridai and Samatata. The region was ruled by Khadga, Pala, Chandra, Sena and Deva dynasty in the mediaeval period. It was conquered by Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji and was later a significant territory of the Delhi Sultanate and Bengal Sultanate. After the decline of the Suri Empire, the territory became a semi-independent area in the Mughal period because of heavy fighting between the Muslims and Hindu chiefs, although most parts of the city were totally under the control of the governors of the proto-industrialised Bengal Subah. In course of time, it fell under the Bengal Nawabs. Raja Ramranjan Chakravarty was put as a de jure king during the Bengal Presidency of the British, later passed to East Pakistan at independence and finally Bangladesh.[12]
In ancient times, it was called Chandradwip (চন্দ্রদ্বীপ), while during the Medieval Islamic times it was also known as Ismailpur & Bacola (বাকলা) in Europe. Ralph Fitch, the first ever Englishman, a leather merchant, known to have visited Bengal in the mid-1580s, described Barisal in his journal as, "From Chatigan in Bengal, I came to Bacola; the king whereof is a Gentile, a man very well disposed and delighted much to shoot in a gun. His country is very great and fruitful, and hath store of rice, much cotton cloth, and cloth of silk. The houses are very fair and high built, the streets large, and people naked, except a little cloth about their waist. The women wear a great store of silver hoops about their necks and arms, and their legs are ringed with silver and copper, and rings made from elephants' teeth."[13]
The central city of this region is the city of Barisal. It is one of the biggest river ports in Bangladesh. It is a city with nearly 0.38 million people and a divisional headquarters, medical college, cadet college, some pharmaceutical industries, textile industries and the Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority's head office. Barisal is fast growing city of the country stands on the Kirtankhola River. the country's first short landing and take off airport has been completed in Barisal and a private Airlines named Air Bengal has begun its regular air flight between Dhaka's Hazrat Shahjalal Airport and Barisal.[citation needed]
"Barisal guns" is a natural phenomenon named after Barisal; it is kind of a booming sound heard near lakes and rivers which is due to seismic activity under water, first heard in this region by the British in the 19th century.[citation needed]
Population
[edit]
Demographics
[edit]
According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, the population of Barisal (areas under the jurisdiction of the Barisal city corporation) stands at 328,278.[3] By gender, the population was 51.63% male and 48.37% female.[11]
The literacy rate among the urban people of Barisal is 75.3%,[14] which is significantly higher than the national average of 56.5%.[citation needed]
Most people in Barisal are Bengalis. The long-standing inhabitants of the city are known as Barisaliya and the most spoken Bengali dialect of this region is known as Eastern Bengali. Apart from them, the city population is composed of people from neighboring upazilas and districts (Patuakhali, Bhola, Pirojpur, Jhalakati, Barguna).[citation needed]
Religion
[edit]
The majority of Barisal's people are Muslims (89.30%), mainly Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school. Other religious groups include Hindus (9.7%), and very few numbers of other religions, mainly Christians (0.98%) and Buddhists (0.01%).[15]
Since 2015, the Catholic minority has its own Roman Catholic Diocese of Barisal.
Geography
[edit]
Barisal city occupies an area of 58 km2.
Barisal District, with an area of 2790.51 km2, is bounded by Madaripur, Shariatpur, Chandpur and Lakshmipur districts on the north, Patuakhali, Barguna and Jhalokati District on the south, Bhola and Lakshmipur districts on the east, Jhalokati, Pirojpur and Gopalganj districts on the west. Several rivers flow across Barisal including the Kirtankhola, Arial Khan, Khoyrabad, Kalijira and Sandha.
Climate
[edit]
Barisal has a climate on the border between a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and a tropical savanna climate (Aw).
Points of interest
[edit]
Durga Sagar in Madhabpasha
Shohel Chattar, Bibir Pukur Par
Padma Pukur, Barisal
Bell's Park aka Bangabandhu Udyan
30 Godown Freedom Fighters Monument
Barisal collectorete building
Barisal city at night
Collectorate pond
Durga Sagar: with an area of about 2,500 hectare, is the largest pond or dighi of southern Bangladesh. It is located at Madhabpasa village of babuganj upazila, about 11 km away from Barisal town. Locally it is known as Madhabpasha Dighi. According to a desire of Rani Durgavati, mother of Raja Joynarayan, the dighi was dug in 1780 (1187 BS). There are coconut trees around the dighi which together with the dighi are bounded by brick-walls. In the middle of the dighi, there is an island with bushes. Migratory birds usually come here during winter. The surrounding areas of the dighi has now been turned into a picnic spot. Madhabpasha was a capital of the kingdom of Chandradvipa.[citation needed]
Lakhutia: located approximately 8 km from Barisal's central business district, the Roy family estate is known as 'Lakhutia' (note: there are several variations of the spelling of this word, including 'Lakutia' and 'Lakhotia'). The Lakhutia zamindar estate was founded by Roop Chandra Roy in the late 17th century. Apart from the main mansion itself, the estate has several Shiva temples and large ponds on the vast property. The Lakhutia mansion – including the Roy family's personal property, was effectively destroyed during the extraordinary violence of the 1950 East Pakistan Riots, and then again later during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. While most of Lakhutia was destroyed during the 1950 and 1971 riots and genocide, the historical site and sparse remains of the mansion remain one of Barisal's main tourist attractions.
Architecture
[edit]
Barisal's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, and have been built over a long period of time.
Some well known heritage buildings are:
Sports
[edit]
Cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Barisal while tennis and kabaddi are also popular. There is a national stadium in the city known as Barisal Divisional Stadium (also known as Abdur Rab Serniabad Stadium). It is a multi-purpose stadium and has a capacity of 15,000 spectators. It is currently used mostly for cricket matches. It is also used for football and other sports. Besides, different organization share to stage a show there occasionally. Notable players from Barisal who have played for the national team include Shahriar Nafees, Sohag Gazi, Kamrul Islam Rabbi and Fazle Mahmud.[citation needed]
There is a regional sports training centre under Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan (BKSP) situated at Rahamatpur in Barisal[20] Barisal is also home to the Bangladesh Premier League franchise Fortune Barishal.
Transport
[edit]
Air
[edit]
Barisal Airport is a domestic airport. Biman Bangladesh Airlines, Novoair and US-Bangla Airlines use this port. Active air-route is Barisal-Dhaka-Barisal.
River port
[edit]
Barisal River Port is the second largest river port of Bangladesh. It is the most popular way of communication for the people of Barisal to Dhaka, the capital city. It is also a popular transport system with other districts like Bhola, Barguna, Lakshmipur.
Road
[edit]
Barisal is connected to most other regions of the country via the N8 national highway. There are two bus terminals in Barisal, Nathullabad Central Bus terminal and Rupatali Bus Terminal, which connect Barisal to other districts.
Education
[edit]
Barisal is home to many educational institutions. Govt. Brojomohan College is the oldest institution of higher education in the city, founded in 1889. There is a public university University of Barisal and two private universities, a government medical college Sher-e-Bangla Medical College (SBMC), a textile engineering college Shaheed Abdur Rab Serniabat Textile Engineering College and an engineering college Barisal Engineering College. There are also educational institutions like Barisal Zilla School, Barisal Cadet College, Govt. Syed Hatem Ali College, Government Women's College, Govt. Barisal College, Amrita Lal Dey College, Barisal Govt. Girls High School, Barisal Model School and College and Barisal Asmat Ali Khan Institution (A.K. School). Besides these there are three teacher training colleges, a Government Polytechnic institute, two technical institutes, a homeopathic college and a social welfare training centre.[citation needed]
Major institutions include:
Amrita Lal Dey College
Barishal Cadet College
Barishal Engineering College
Barisal Government Women's College
Barisal Govt. Polytechnic Institute
Barishal Zilla School
Brojomohun College
Government Syed Hatem Ali College
Shahid Abdur Rab Serniabat Textile Engineering College
Sher-e-Bangla Medical College
University of Barishal
Oxford Mission High School
Baptist Mission High School
Media
[edit]
Barisal is a center for the newspaper, periodical and book publishers. Some locally published newspapers and periodicals are:
Newspapers
[edit]
Daily Ajker Barisal
Daily Ajker Barta
Daily Ajker Poribartan
Daily Banglar Bone
Daily Barisal Barta
Daily Barisal Bhorer Alo
Daily Barisal Pratidin
Daily Bhorer Angikar
Daily Biplobi Bangladesh
Daily Dakkhinanchal
Daily Motobad
Daily Satya Songbad
Daily Shahnama
Source:[21]
Periodicals
[edit]
Bakerganj Parikrama
Chirantan Bangla
Upakul
Gournadi Parikrama
Khadem
Jago Nare
Notable people
[edit]
Notes
[edit]
References
[edit]
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https://www.mbmj.org/index.php/ijms/article/view/612
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Frequency of Metabolic Syndrome in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh
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"b Atiquzzaman",
"Mohammad Afjal Hossain",
"Maheen Kabir",
"Tanvir Adnan",
"Marufa Yasmin",
"MSI Tipu Chowdhury"
] |
2022-03-01T00:00:00
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Background: Metabolic syndrome has long been recognized as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. However, the relationship between metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus and the independent contribution of metabolic syndrome remain unclear. This study was planned to evaluate the status of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic population and the ability to predict type 2 diabetes mellitus in parallel with conventional stroke risk factors. Methods: A hospital-based descriptive observational study was conducted on 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were selected using consecutive random sampling techniques. Patients were diagnosed through proper history taking, clinical examination, and necessary investigations. The outcome values were measured in anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and blood glucose. Results: Among 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 64% were females who were housewives (41%) with a significant difference (p < 0.001), and mean ± SD was 58 ± 12.24 yrs ranging 32–85 years. About 30% had a positive family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 28% tobacco abuse. Of the total, 31% of the patients had high blood pressure, and 28% had low HDL with a significant difference (p < 0.001), but 46% had high triglyceride levels, which was not significant. More than half (53.12%) of females showed central obesity, while only 16.67% had central obesity among males, with a significant difference (p = 0.04) in both sexes. There was a high frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (68%) with a significant difference; 48% were female and 20 % were male. In patients with metabolic syndrome, central obesity was found in 36 (52.94%) patients where females were predominantly affected (32, 88.89%); hypertension found in 28 (4118%) patients where males were the predominantly affected (16, 57.14%) patients’ hypertriglyceridemia found in 44 (64.70%) patients, where females were the predominantly affected (26, 59.09%) patients; low HDL was found in 22 (32.35%) patients where females were the predominantly affected patients (16, 72.73%). Conclusion: The frequency of metabolic syndrome was more than double in women (48%). Central obesity and low HDL were significantly more prevalent in women than men, whereas hypertension was significant in men. Thus, it would be reasonable to conclude that women are more likely to suffer from metabolic syndrome from cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences
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https://www.mbmj.org/index.php/ijms/article/view/612
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Stern MP, Williams K, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Hunt KJ, Haffner SM. Does the metabolic syndrome improve identification of individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease? Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(11):2676-81. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.11.2676
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Conus F, Allison DB, Rabasa-Lhoret R, St-Onge M, St-Pierre DH, Tremblay-Lebeau A, et al. Metabolic and behavioral characteristics of metabolically obese but normal-weight women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89(10):5013–20. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0265
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Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Cheun JF, Pittman JG, Elkind MS, at al. Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke: The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 2003; 34(7):1586-92. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000075294.98582.2f
Ginsberg HN. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest. 2000; 106(4):453-8. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci10762
Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Cheun JF, Pittman JG, Elkind MS, at al. Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke: The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 2003; 34(7):1587-92. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000075294.98582.2f
Rexrode KM, Carey VJ, Hennekens CH, Walters EE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. Abdominal adiposity and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA. 1998; 280(21):1843-48. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.21.1843
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Tanweer S, Illahi Y, Amatya B, Naeem A, Zia Tareen F. Frequency of the Metabolic Syndrome In Type 2 Diabetic Subjects Attending The Diabetes Clinic Of Nishtar Medical College And Hospital. Ann Punjab Med college. 2011; 5(1): 53-58. https://doi.org/10.29054/apmc/2011.533
Imam SK, Shahid SK, Hassan A, Alvi Z. Frequency of the metabolic syndrome in type2 diabetic subjects attending the diabetes clinic of tertiary care hospital. J Pak Med Assoc. 2007;57(5):239-42. [Accessed 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.506.4277&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Khan UK, Dipta TF, Faruque MO, Sarder K, Sultana S, Nahar Q. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Diabetic Patient. J Banglad College Physic Surg. 2012; 30(2)-85-90. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v30i2.11409
Barbaro G, Barbarini G. Highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Chemotherapy. 2006; 52(4):161-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000093034
Agrawal V, Bansal M, Mehrotra R, Hansa G, Kasliwal RR. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and its Individual Components in an Asymptomatic Urban North Indian Population. Indian Heart J. 2003; 5.
Chuang SY, Chen CH, Tsai ST, Chou P. Clinical identification of the metabolic syndrome in Kinmen. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2002; 18:16-23.
Mohsin A, Zafar J, Nisar Y, Imran SM, Zaheer K, Khizar B, et al. Frequency of the metabolic syndrome in adult type2 diabetics presenting to Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. J pak Med Assoc. 2007: 57(5):235-9. [Accessed 2022 Feb 23]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20170809030224id_/http://jpma.org.pk/PdfDownload/1089.pdf
Grundy SM, Brewer Jr HB, Cleeman JI, Smith Jr SC, Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109(3):433-8. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000111245.75752.c6
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Boalkhali is an upazila of Chattogram District in Chattogram Division, Bangladesh.
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Wikiwand
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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Boalkhali_Upazila
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Upazila in Chattogram Division, Bangladesh / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions:
Can you list the top facts and stats about Boalkhali Upazila?
Summarize this article for a 10 year old
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1814
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https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/districts/master-plan-futuristic-chattogram-city-making-580334
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en
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Master plan for futuristic Chattogram city in the making
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[
"Master plan for futuristic Chattogram city",
"Chattogram metropolitan master plan 2020-41",
"makeover of Chattogram city",
"Chattogram Development Authority",
"Preparation of Chattogram Metropolitan Master Plan",
"Chattogram city",
"Chattogram metropolis",
"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Tunnel",
"Chattogram Development Authority",
"CDA project",
"Chattogram Metropolitan Master Plan",
"Chattogram metropolis master plan",
"Chattogram Master plan objectives"
] | null |
[
"Abu Azad"
] |
2023-02-05T14:30:00+06:00
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According to the draft plan of the CDA, the new Chattogram metropolis will be almost five times larger than its current size
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en
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https://www.tbsnews.net/sites/all/themes/sloth/favicon.ico
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The Business Standard
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https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/districts/master-plan-futuristic-chattogram-city-making-580334
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One City, Two Towns – an aspirational idea for a makeover of Chattogram city – has been buzzing around since the construction of the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Tunnel under the Karnaphuli River began some five years ago.
To turn the idea into a reality, the Chattogram Development Authority (CDA) is formulating a 20-year master plan, expected to be completed in June next year.
The Karnaphuli River splits Chattogram city into two parts just as the Huangpu River splits China's biggest city Shanghai, or the Bosphorus Strait splits Turkey's Istanbul.
Inspired by the Shanghai or Istanbul models, the port city will be developed in two parts, connected by the Bangabandhu Tunnel, through the river in the middle.
The CDA is implementing the project, "Preparation of Chattogram Metropolitan Master Plan (2020-2041)", at a cost of Tk33.32 crore. Data collection for the plan began in June last year.
In the master plan, the development agency plans to build at least 11 satellite towns and six industrial zones with an up-to-date water supply system, flood control, river management, drainage system, and a well-planned traffic management system.
Zahirul Alam Dubash, chairman of the CDA, told The Business Standard (TBS), "The work of the Bangabandhu Tunnel is almost at its final stage. When its work started, the government floated the idea of developing the port city like the 'One City, Two Towns' model of Shanghai. The CDA will execute it in the new master plan. Besides, the municipalities and upazilas around the city will be developed into satellite towns."
Chittagong city is currently home to around seven million people and the population of the country's second-largest city, spanning an area of 160 square kilometres, is gradually increasing due to the arrival of climate refugees and fresh employment seekers.
To cope with the pressure, the port city needs a future plan, said CDA acting Chief Town Planner Kazi Hasan Bin Shams.
The previous 20-year master plan (1995-2015) for Chattogram was approved in 1999.
Hasan Bin Shams told TBS, "We want to expand and develop the city on both banks of the Karnaphuli River like Shanghai or Istanbul and we are formulating a time-befitting grand plan for that."
"We will decentralise the city by transforming the upazilas and municipalities around Chattogram into small satellite towns, which will reduce the pressure on the main city. The satellite towns will have all the features of the rural areas and the facilities of the city," he said.
Eleven satellite towns and six industrial zones
According to the draft plan of the CDA, the new Chattogram metropolis will be almost five times larger than its current size.
The boundaries of the revamped city will be marked by the Sangu River in the south, Pomra in Rangunia upazila in the east, Ichhamati River estuary and Chittagong Hill Tracts, Banshbaria in Sitakunda in the north, Sarkarhat in Hathazari upazila and Raozan upazila and Bay of Bengal in the west.
The Karnaphuli River will be at the centre of this master plan. Altogether 11 satellite towns and six industrial zones will be built on both banks of this river.
The satellite towns are Hathajari, Madunaghat, Kumira, Rauzan, Gahira, Pahartali, Boalkhali, Patia, Anwara, Rangadia and Shikalbaha.
Besides, industrial zones will be developed in Sitakunda, Anwara, Karnaphuli, Boalkhali, Raozan and Rangunia upazilas.
Project Director Engineer Md Abu Isa Ansari told TBS, "In the previous master plans, the residential and industrial areas were not determined through environmental and geological surveys. That is why the industrial zones within the city are now almost dead."
"This time we will check the soil, air, environment and surroundings to determine suitable areas for industry and housing," he added.
A plan formulated by agencies' coordinated efforts
Kazi Hasan Bin Shams, who is also the chief engineer of the CDA, said, "One organisation blames another for numerous problems plaguing the city, including the nagging issue of water-logging. So this time we have brought 45 organisations to one table at the beginning of planning."
Project Director Engineer Abu Isa Ansari said, "To increase public involvement, we are making a ward-based master plan for the City Corporation area. There will also be separate plans for municipalities and upazilas so that organisations can implement their own plans from within the master plan."
In addition, small action plans like Metrorail, Elevated Expressway, Bangabandhu Tunnel, and Karnaphuli River protection will be brought under the master plan, Abu Ansari said.
When asked about the plans, Chattogram City Mayor Rezaul Karim Chowdhury said, "The councilors and I held several meetings about the master plan. We have conveyed our views to the CDA. I hope there will be something new this time."
Calls to protect hills and water bodies
According to urban planners and environmentalists, Chattogram city is slowly turning into a concrete city. Therefore, in the master plan, priority should be given to the environment, including the protection of the city's open spaces, hills and water reservoirs.
Environmentalist Idris Ali said the ponds and reservoirs of the city must be protected. At the same time, the hills should be kept untouched.
The CDA claimed that climate change and mountain management have been given utmost importance in this master plan.
Dr Md Zillur Rahman, who is leading the survey teams for mapping hazardous hills and earthquake-prone areas, said, "The mountains and land structure of Chattogram are different. The hills here are made of soft rock soil and sedimentary rocks. A complete picture of the soil condition of Chattogram city and the surrounding hills will be revealed through these surveys. Besides, earthquake-prone areas will be marked."
Project Director Abu Isa Ansari said, "We are collecting satellite images of the last three decades of Chattogram. Through this, if any canal or pond has been occupied, it will be known and rescue measures will be taken based on that. Apart from this, the CDA is also taking the RS land survey seriously, in addition to the BS survey, to protect the water bodies of the city.
Master plan objectives
The CDA is working on the formulation of the master plan in seven steps – structure plan, drainage and transportation plan, minimise inequalities, detailed guidelines and policies, tourist-friendly region, sustainable and eco-friendly environment, and priority identification.
Data Experts Private Ltd, Tiller and EGS are jointly working as consultants for the CDA. Already, the institutions have almost completed some survey works including a socio-economic survey, physical feature survey and transportation survey.
With the help of these surveys, plans will be formulated for up-to-date water supply systems, flood control, river management, drainage system and canal conservation till 2041. Besides, a regional action plan will be formulated in the Chattogram metropolitan area.
Besides, a well-planned traffic system will be ensured for sustainable vehicular movements. At the same time, the CDA will assist the government in formulating policies related to reviving economically vibrant and tourism-friendly areas and reducing disparities caused by unplanned urban development.
Chattogram Port Authority Chairman Rear Admiral Mohammad Shahjahan said, "A smart city requires a smart master plan. But at the same time, it must be implemented."
Architect Zerina Hossain said, "It is not only necessary to prepare the master plan, but skilled manpower is also required to take on the project and make decisions in the light of the master plan. But unfortunately, government institutions do not have such a manpower structure."
Project Director Abu Isa Ansari said, "The new plan is being formulated based on a review of the detailed regional plan prepared in 1995. Besides, a letter is being given to the ministry concerned seeking new manpower for the implementation of the plan formulation project."
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en
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Sample of Academic Work
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research proposal topic good governance in health service delivery at upazila health complex under health, population and nutrition development program (hpnsdp
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en
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Studocu
|
https://www.studocu.com/row/document/university-of-dhaka/social-science/sample-of-academic-work/35344266
|
Research Proposal Topic
Good Governance in Health Service Delivery at Upazila Health Complex under Health, Population and Nutrition Development Program (HPNSDP) : A study on Boalkhali Upazila Health Complex.
Submitted To
####### AKA FIROWZ AHMAD
Professor Department of Public Administration University of Dhaka.
Submitted By
Anjuman Ashad Class Roll: SN 13 8 th semester, 4th batch. Department of Public Administration. University of Dhaka.
Date of Submission
10.
1.
2. Background of the study
Bangladesh is a mostly rural, developing country of South Asia, located on the northern shore of the Bay of Bengal, covering 147,570 square km. People of this country are known as hardworking, with proven capability to preserve mental strength in the event of unexpected extensive loss due to natural calamities, such as floods, cyclones, epidemics, etc. But their basic needs have remained unfulfilled.
Health is a basic requirement to improve the quality of life. National economic and social development depends on the status of a country9s health facilities. A health care system reflects the socio-economic and technological development of a country and is also a measure of the responsibilities a community or government assumes for its people9s health care. The effectiveness of a health system depends on the availability and accessibility of services in a form which the people are able to understand, accept and utilize. The Government of Bangladesh is constitutionally committed to <the supply of basic medical requirements to all levels of the people in the society= and the <improvement of nutrition status of the people and public health status= (Bangladesh Constitution, Article- 18). The health service functions were initially restricted to curative services. With the development of modern science and technology, health services emphasize promotive and preventive rather than curative health care. Yet, a large number of people of Bangladesh, particularly in rural areas, remain with no or little access to health care facilities. It would be critical for making progress in Bangladesh9s health services to improve the people9s participation in the health sector. The Government therefore seeks to create conditions whereby the people of Bangladesh have the opportunity to reach and maintain the highest attainable level of health. Bangladesh has a good infrastructure for delivering primary health care, but the full potential of this infrastructure has due to lack of adequate logistics never been utilized.
health, nutrition and reproductive health, including family planning status of the people, particularly of vulnerable groups, including women, children, the elderly, and the poor with the ultimate aim of their economic emancipation and physical, social, mental and spiritual well being. Three sub-sectoral policies, i., National Health Policy, National Food and Nutrition Policy, and National Population Policy duly approved by the government from time to time are under implementation by the MOHFW.
Government leaders frequently speak of ensuring better health services for the people, but in practice very little is done in this regard. It goes without saying that food, Clothing, Shelter, Education and Medical care are the five basic needs of life. Without these none can lead a normal life. But in Bangladesh not a single of these is easily available for all. Specially, proper medical care and treatment of various diseases are, in fact, beyond the reach of the common people due to different reasons. The most important reason is that the health sector itself is suffering from a number of acute diseases and so unable to provide necessary services for the people.
The infrastructure of the health sector is not strong enough to face the challenge of time and meet the growing needs of the huge population. The situation is aggravated further by widespread corruption and misuse of the limited funds made available for this sector.
The health care Bangladesh people get from the government is quite unsatisfactory. Not to speak of the developed countries, even India and Pakistan spend more and provide more facilities for the medical care of their people compared to Bangladesh. Moreover, the cost of medical check-up, test and treatment is much higher in Bangladesh than that in any other country of the region. True, a number of new medical colleges and hospitals have been established in the country in the recent past. But this too has not yet been able to contribute substantially to bring about a qualitative improvement in the country's medical care system.
The miserable condition of the country's health sector is perhaps due to the fact that medical care is considered here as a commercially sellable commodity instead of a noble service to suffering humanity. The people spend a good amount of money for every medical student till he
becomes a doctor and the entire health sector is run with the help of public money. But the people do not get the much-needed medical care from the State and enough sympathy of the doctors. It is perhaps an irony of their fate.
The State is apparently incapable of coping with the peoples' growing need of medical care. Because, our health sector is running short of Personnel. Press reports suggest that Posts of thousands of officers and workers including doctors and nurses are lying vacant in the government hospitals of the country. And as a result, the normal functioning of the hospitals is being affected seriously. The health sector is largely crippled by inertia, inefficiency, negligence, wrong treatment, ill-treatment, mismanagement, irregularities, opportunism and corruption. Scores of instances in this regard can be sighted from reports published in Newspapers. These reports indicate that in many cases the doctors and nurses working in government hospitals behave in an unfriendly manner with the people and remain busy in serving themselves instead of the patients while the specialists spare more time and energy for the patients at their personal chambers or Private clinics than for those languishing in the hospital beds. Reports also suggest that many of the government hospitals are centers of theft and misappropriation of public money almost freely. For example, it is alleged that in order to make money concerned people in some government hospitals purchase outdated and sub-standard medicines and supply those to the patients. And it is now an open secret that the markets are over-flooded with outdated, adulterated, sub-standard, spurious and contraband medicines and those are being sold and used freely causing much harm to the patients.
Irregularities and mismanagement are found almost everywhere in the country. But these are most acute in the field of medical treatment of the people. Indifference to the patients and negligence of their treatment are very common in the government hospitals where the atmosphere is usually nasty and unhealthy. Against this backdrop, it has become essential to arrange urgent 8treatment9 for the ailing health sector itself.
With a view to make health service accessible and participatory to the people of all strata of the society The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has been implementing sector wide approach (SWAp) since July 1998 focusing on pro-poor essential service packages, which have resulted in reducing gap between the rich and the poor. However, demand and supply gaps
upazila are the lowest level of administrative tier. The main target of the present government9s national health policy is th provide the rural masses with primary health care services through upazila Health complex.
There are many research conducted on the effective and efficient functioning of Public health sector. Some important literature that I review are following:
Zulfiqar Ali (Divergent Maternal & Child Health outcomes in Bangladesh: A tale of Two Upazilas) highlights on health performance in respect of maternal and child care. He tried to draw the attention on maternal and child mortality and morbidity through conducting research on 2 upazila.
A study of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) namely <A tale of two wings= (Health and Family Planning Program in an upazila in Northern Bangladesh) looked at the existing domiciliary health and family planning services in the rural areas and attempted to identify areas where BRAC could facilitate for improvement.
Ferdous Arefina Osman, Professor of Dhaka University, Department of PUBLIC Administration in the article < Public- Private Partnership: Lessons from Bangladesh= outlined that partnership can be a straightforward solution to address the growing public health problems in Bangladesh. She is of opinion that partnership is required to exploit the strengths of all the sectors toward fulfilling the basic health needs of the people, which is always challenging.
A.K. Eamin Ali Aknada and Dr. Kazi Mostak Gausul Hoq in <Public Health Information Service in the northern region of Bangladesh: an Exploratory study= focuses on the crucial role of information services in upgrading health status of the population of any country by providing valuable information like health, sanitation, nutrition, family planning etc.
A study by Bangladesh Development Research Center (BDRC) <People9s Participation in Health services: A study of Bangladesh Rural Health complex= aims to explore the sequence of the development and people9s participation in Bangladesh9s health services.
My proposed research is a little bit different from the literatures discussed above. As we group members are going to work on 11 different Upazila Health Complex in assessing Good
Governance in health service delivery our research report will be very unique as there was no research conducted in the past covering all components of Public Management with all indicators of Good Governance.
5. Theoretical Framework
Public management is a term that considers that government and non-profit administration resembles private-sector management in some important ways. As such, there are management tools appropriate in public and in private domains, tools that maximize efficiency and effectiveness.
Features of public management:
➢ Emphasizes on the achievement of results and personnel responsibility of manager. ➢ Making organizations, personnel and employment terms and conditions more flexible. ➢ Organizational and personal objectives are to be set clearly with performance indicators and evaluation mechanism for ensuring 3Es economy, efficiency and effectiveness. ➢ Politically committed senior officials for a hindrance free management of policy cycles. ➢ Governments are to more likely to be market oriented. ➢ Downsizing of government through privatization.
Components of public management
➢ Strategy ➢ Management of internal components Organization & Human Resource Management Finance & Financial Management ➢ Managing external constituencies Political Force, Pressure Group, Press & Media. External Unit.
Good Governance
Governance has by now become a familiar term in academic arena and the international donor circles. The familiarity has, among other things, resulted in numerous efforts to define governance in recent years. But these efforts have not resulted in any universal consensus as to the precise meaning of governance. Governance has been viewed from different angles focusing on various dimensions of it. In general, sense governance means exercising political power to manage a nation9s affair. Today governance is seen as a reflection of the role of the state in giving direction to the development, a country and political regime.
7. Enforcement of Rule of law and judicial system: Independence of the judiciary; removal of judges for cause; adequate remuneration; promotion of judges; independent prosecutors; improved access to justice
8. Privatization: Monopolies as a vehicle for corrupt practices; privatization procedures; transparency in government procurement.
9. Participation: Participation of citizens in decision making and implementation;
10. Enforcement mechanisms: Independent anti-corruption agencies; prosecutorial powers; civil and criminal penalties.
Characteristics of good governance:.
Much has been written about the characteristics of efficient government, successful businesses and effective civil society organizations, but the characteristics of good governance defined in societal terms remain elusive. The characteristics are: 1. Participation – People should have a say in decision-making, either directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that affects their life and represent their interests. Such broad participation is built on freedom of association and speech, as well as capacities to participate constructively. 2. Rule of law – Legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly the laws on human rights. Rule of law is ensured in every sphere. People9s human rights and fundamental freedom are respected, allowing them to live with dignity. 3. Transparency – Transparency is built on the free flow of information. Processes, institutions and information are directly accessible to those concerned with them, and enough information is provided to understand and monitor them. 4. Responsiveness – Institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders. 5. Consensus orientation – Good governance mediates differing interests to reach a broad consensus on what is in the best interests of the group and, where possible, on policies and procedures. 6. Equity – People are free from discrimination based on race, ethnicity, class, gender or any other attribute. All men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. Women are equal partners with men in private and public spheres of life and decision-making. 7. Effectiveness and efficiency – Processes and institutions produce results that meet needs while making the best use of resources. 8. Accountability – Decision-makers in government, the private sector and civil society organizations are accountable to the public, as well as to institutional stakeholders. This accountability differs depending on the organization and whether the decision is internal or external to an organization.
Strategic vision – Leaders and the public have a broad and long-term perspective on good governance and human development, along with a sense of what is needed for such development. There is also an understanding of the historical, cultural and social complexities in which that perspective is grounded and the needs of future generations are reflected in current policies.
Public Management & Good Governance
Good Governance is the result of operational success of public management practice. Through proper management of the components of public management it is possible to bring a sustainable check and balance in the public service in developing countries like Bangladesh. With a view to measure the state of Public Management in Bangladesh, it is therefore mandatory to assess the indicators of good governance in aspect to Bangladesh.
In health care delivery the term good governance focuses on the relationship between the government health service provider and the beneficiary.
Governance in Health is increasing regarded as a salient theme on the development of agenda. The increased interest in governance has been driven by the need for greater accountability, arising from increased funding and a growing demand to demonstrate results. An intrinsic aspect of governance, therefore, is accountability. Here Public Management concerns the relationships between various stakeholders in health including individuals, households, communities, firms, governments, non-governmental organizations, private firms, and other entities which have the responsibility to finance, monitor, deliver, and use health services.
In Public Management of Health Service Delivery, accountability involves:
a) Delegation or an understanding (either implicit or explicit) of how services will be supplied; b) F inancing to ensure that adequate resources are available to deliver services; c) P erformance around the actual supply of services; d) Receipt of relevant information to evaluate or monitor performance; and, e) E nforcement which concerns the imposition of sanctions or the provision of rewards for performance.
Figure: Analytical Framework
7. Scope & Limitation of the study
The area of my intended study is Boalkhali Upazila of Chittagong district Bangladesh. The reason behind considering Boalkhali Upazila as an opportunity for conducting study is Acces and convenience to the area as it is my own area from my maternal side. The people of the locality are likely to help me listening that I am their own representative. The people will be likely to provide me with more information as I am familiar with them.
The study also have some limitations. The limitations that I think in conducting my intended study are following:
❖ Covers small sample. ❖ Lack of unwillingness of people in providing information. ❖ People’s unconsciousness. ❖ Time and Time Constraint. ❖ Reliability of information obtained. ❖ Insufficient source of secondary data. ❖ Lack of access to the research area as there exist a large bureaucracy and the service provider might unwillingly to talk about the study.
8. Research Objectives
The objectives of this study are following:
To see what sorts of health care facilities are available at the particular Upazila Health Complex.
To see to what extent people are satisfied with the services provided by UHC. To scrutinize why UHC is not being able to achieve people9s satisfaction.
To find out what are the barriers of UHC and how these can be abolished.
9. Research Questions
Is UHC is being able to deliver people with primary health care services? Is good governance is being achieved? Is there exist irregularity, nepotism and corruption present in the health officials at UHC?
10. Research Hypotheses
<Upazila Health Complex is being able to provide with primary health care facilities to some extent but is failed to achieve peoples trust and satisfaction due to irregularity, nepotism, corruption exist there in=.
11. Methodology
10. Study Area
Boalkhali is a famous & development Upazila in the Chittagong District. It is 15 km away from Chittagong town. It has 10 Unions with 43053 households. The population is around 2,49,341. Agriculture and manufacturing are the two major economic sectors in Boalkhali. The Upazila Health complex is located in the center of the Upazila Sadar. Boalkhali Upazila has 50 bedded Upazila health complex. This has also equipped for EmOC Service. There are 6 Sub center run by Doctors And medical Assistant. Out of 27 Community Clinic 24 are Functional.
10. Sample Size
As my research is confined only within Boalkhali Upazila, this homogeneinity ensures that a sample size of 50 is sufficient to successfully represent the whole upazila.
My sample also include the health officials, UNO and the Upazila Chairman.
10.3 Type
As my research is confined within the service delivery aspect of Boalkhali Upazila Health Complex first of all I have to categorize my sample in 2 categories which are following:
able to acquire primary qualitative data, but also quantitative data which will help me to
compare mathematically and analyze statistically.
Focus Group Discussion:
Due to high level of access and convenience to reach my target population, I can easily
arrange a session of focus group discussion. At least 6 people will be randomly chosen
from the population. I will act as moderator of the discussion. Open ended questions will
be thrown to the participants, one at a time, providing an open, fairly unrestricted manner
to bring out heterogeneous opinions.
I think Focus Group Discussion will provide me with useful insights about true
impressions of the local people on health care services available at Upazila Health
Complex.
Interview:
As I have proper access to the research area, I will take interview of respondents whom I
consider crucial. This method is very important because questionnaire or other method of
data collection usually do not cover detail information on a matter.
Case Study:
The last method of my data collection from the respondents is case study method. Using
this method, I will be able to know heterogeneous opinion and incidents from the
respondent and this will help me to determine whether they are satisfied with the Upazila
Health Services or not. If not, what are the causes behind not being satisfied.
References
Constitution of Peoples republic of Bangladesh.
National Health Policy 2011. Health and Population Sector Program Third Service Delivery Survey, 2000, Project Report of CIET.
Policy Brief on <Health & Population Sector Policy=, August 2001, Task Force report by Center for policy dialogue.
Osman, Ferdous A. (2004) Policy Making in Bangladesh: A Study of the Health Policy Process, AH Development Publication House, Dhaka. Osman, Ferdous A. (2004) Public-Private Partnership in Health Service Delivery: Lessons from Bangladesh.
Perry, H. (2005) Health for All in Bangladesh: Lessons in Primary Health Care for the Twenty First Century, UPL, Dhaka.
OED, World Bank (2005), Maintaining Momentum to 2015? An Impact Evaluation of Interventions to Improve Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Bangladesh, Operations Evaluation Department (OED), The World Bank, Washington, D.
BDHS (Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey) 2007, Preliminary Report, National Institute of Population Research and Training Dhaka, Bangladesh, Mitra Associates Dhaka, Bangladesh, MEASERES DHS, Macro International Calverton, Maryland, USA. Government of People9s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Management Information System (MIS), Directorate General of Health Services, Health Bulletin 2009. Field Visit Notes and Future Thoughts by DFID, CLP, and Engender Health on October 14, 2009 (meeting at Jamuna Resort and NDP Office at Belkuchi).
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Boalkhali Municipality
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/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boalkhali_Municipality
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Municipality in Bangladesh
Boalkhali Municipality is a self-governed entity that governs the town of Boalkhali in Chittagong District, Bangladesh. It is a part of Chittagong Division.
It was formed by former East Gomdandi Headquarter Union and one to six units of West Gomdandi union and one to three units of Kadhurkil Union Parishad.
The area includes nine election units or wards. Every unit's voters elect one councillor and one female councillor by three units/wards.
Boalkhali Municipality is located about 14 km east of Chittagong District and is west of Boalkhali Upazila. Khadurkhil Union is to the northeast of Khadurkhil and Popadia and the Saroathali Union of Boalkhali Municipality. To its south is Shakpura and to its west is Gomdandi union. Kharnafully river is situated in Boalkhali Municipality.
The name comes from religious scholar and Islamic spiritual Hazarat Bu-ali kandahar Shah (RW). The upazila municipality name is also Boalkhali.
Boalkhali Municipality is formed by the East Gomdandi Union, 1 to 6 NO union word of West Gomdandi and 1 to 3 union word of Khadurkhil Union in October 2012.
Wordwise area of Boalkhali Municipality:
Word NO Boundary/Area Locality/Area Name 01 NO East- Kazi Road ও DC Road
West- Karnafully River
North- Chowdhury Hat DC Road
South- Koibortto Para RupMazi Road
02 No East- Noor Mazi Canal, Chandaria Canal
West- Khalurghat Vandarjuri Road
North- Koibortto Para Road
South- Corakhali Canal
03 No East- Kashem Miah Cow Bazar Road
West- Katakhali ও Chandiara Canal North- Chandiara Canal
South- Katakhali and Munshi Para Road
04 No East- Howla Road and Chandiara Canal
West- Fateh Ali Bari Road
North- Munshi Para Road and Ali Ahmed Commissioner Road
South- Beyccakhai Canal
05 NO East- East Gomdandi Janata Circular Road & East Gomdandi Chowdhury Para Road
West- Jalil Vander Road
North- Chandiara Canal
South- Raikhali Canal & East Gomdandi Chowdhury Para Road
East Gomdandi Chowdhury Para
Daraf Para
Mufthi Para
06 NO East - Jalil Vander Road
West- Yousup Talukder Para Road and Nayeb Ali Road
North- Yousup Talukder Para Road
South- Raikhali Canal
07 No East- Nayeb Ali Road
West- Mohan Bashi Road
North- Howla DC Road
South- Raikhali Canal
08 No East- BecaGazi Road
West- Mohan Bashi Road
North- Howla DC Road
South- Raikhali Canal
09 No East- Yousup Talukder Para Road
West- Karnafully River
North- Chandiara Canal and Bori Mar Canal
South- Mordoan Canal
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https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/4928894/411-dpz-11-boalkhali-patiya-chittagong-development-authority
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4.11 dpz-11: boalkhali- patiya - Chittagong Development Authority
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4.11 dpz-11: boalkhali- patiya - Chittagong Development Authority
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https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/4928894/411-dpz-11-boalkhali-patiya-chittagong-development-authority
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https://dailyasianage.com/news/243718/sengupta-joshi-waddedar--i
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Sengupta... Joshi... Waddedar- I
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"Pradip Kumar Dutta"
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2020-10-08T00:12:00+06:00
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Today we will deal with the life sketch and revolutionary activities of one of the lesser known and talked about lady who was contemporary of and similarly active
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The Asian Age
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http://dailyasianage.com/news/243718/?regenerate
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BIRDS OF THE SAME FEATHER
Published: 12:12 AM, 08 October 2020 Last Update: 12:14 AM, 08 October 2020
Sengupta... Joshi... Waddedar- I
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massacre
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[] |
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"Jana Samhati Samiti"
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[] | null | null |
Panchari-Dighinala Massacre 5 December 1971
During the 1971 war for the independence of Bangladesh, thousands of indigenous people fought for independence against the Pakistan army in the hope that their condition would improve in independent Bangladesh.
On 5 December 1971, when the Pakistan army withdrew from Panchari, the Mukti Bahini (Freedom Fighters of Bangladesh) entered Panchari from Tripura state of India. The Mukti Bahini killed 18 indigenous men in Panchari who came out to receive them, plundered the area.
The Mukti Bahini killed another 16 indigenous men in Dighinala on the same day.
Kukichara Massacre 14 December 1971
On 14 December 1971, the Mukti Bahini (Bangladeshi freedom fighters) killed 22 indigenous people at Kukichara and burned 200 houses.
Merung-Hazachara-Boalkhali Massacre 1972
Soon after independence, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, unleashed a reign of terror in the CHT. In a military campaign to search for 'Rajakars and Albadars' (supporters of Pakistan) several hundred indigenous people were killed, hundreds of houses were looted and burned, many women were raped, and thousands of indigenous people were indiscriminately arrested and tortured. In 1972, the Bangladeshi armed forces massacred the people of the villages- Merung, Hazachara and Boalkhali.
Thanchi Massacre Nov 1976 - Jan 1977
Bangladeshi armed forces launched military campaigns in the upper reaches of the Sengu river from November 1976 to January 1977 and destroyed many villages in the areas of Madhu and Thanchi. Over 1,000 indigenous people were killed, hundreds of women were raped, and their villages and farmlands were distributed to the Muslim settlers.
About 15,000 indigenous people took refuge in Burma and in the neighbouring forests.
Matiranga-Guimara-Manikchari Massacre early 1977
In the early months of 1977, the Government sent troops to massacre the inhabitants of Matiranga, Guimara, Manikchari, Lakshmichari etc. (near Ramgarh). 50 tribal people were shot dead, 23 tribal women were tortured to death, 54 men died in pits, many women were raped, the villagers were robbed of their properties, and hundreds of houses including Buddhist temples were set on fire. 5,000 tribal people sought refuge in the Tripura State, India.
Dumdumya-Maidong-Panchari Massacre Dec 1978 - Jan 1979
In December 1978 and January 1979, the Bangladeshi troops invaded a big area comprising Dumdumya Mouza (No. 150 Mouza; "Mouza" is an administrative unit which includes several villages), Maidong Mouza (No. 138) and Panchari Mouza (No. 137). The total area is about 175 sq. miles. It includes 50 villages with a population of about 75,000. Almost all houses including the Buddhist temples were burnt to ashes, many tribal people were murdered, many women were raped, and thousands of villagers fled to the nearby forests where many people particularly children died of starvation.
Mubachari Massacre 15 October 1979
On 15 October 1979, the Bangladesh army attacked the Mubhachari area (near Mohalchari), burned all villages within an area of 16 square miles, murdered several thousand men, women and children, and took away thousands of indigenous men and women. Many indigenous men died during torture in military camps and many women were raped and forcibly converted to Islam.
Kaukhali Massacre 25 March 1980
There have been numerous attacks on the indigenous people by the Muslim settlers and Bangladesh Army. But the massacre of Kaukhali Bazaar of Kalampati on 25th March 1980 stands out, because it was the first massacre in which indigenous people were killed in their hundreds. About 300 indigenous people were killed in this massacre and many more were injured.
On that they the Bangladesh army had asked the indigenous people to gather in the bazaar on the pretext holding a meeting for the reconstruction of a Buddhist Temple. Following the gathering the Bangladesh army suddenly encircled the area and opened fired on the unarmed indigenous people. The innocent indigenous people were completely caught by surprise. Bangladesh army beforehand had informed and armed the Muslim settlers for the massacres. Muslim settlers assisted Bangladesh army by axing the injured men, women, and children, whom the army had hidden in the background for the massacre. Bangladesh Army and Muslim settlers destroyed Buddhist temples and religious images.
Thousands of indigenous people took refuge in the Indian state of Tripura. Later on they were repatriated on an agreement between the Tripura government and Bangladesh Army, and on the promise that things like that would not happen again. A parliamentary investigation team was formed by then Ziaur Rahman Government, but the report never saw the daylight. The officers who engineered the killings not only were never punished, they were promoted in the ranks of the Bangladesh Army.
Harina Massacre 10-22 December 1980
On 10 December 1980, the Bangladesh Army and the Bangladesh Rifles completely burnt down 7 villages - Shuknachari, Mohalchari, Nayadam, Chibarega, Toimidong, Tagalakchara, and Rangapanichara- in the Harina valley.
On 10, 19, 21 and 22 December 1980, similar military operations were carried out in the Bara Harina valley. The military campaigns in the two valleys resulted in the massacre of thousands of innocent indigenous men, women and children.
Ramgarh Massacre 26 June 1981
Bangladesh army backed Muslim settlers invaded the indigenous area in the vicinity of Banraibari, Beltali and Belchari, murdered 500 indigenous men, women and children, and occupied their villages and farmlands. Thousands of indigenous people fled to the nearby forests and 5,000 of them managed to seek refuge in the Tripura State of India
Matiranga Massacre 19 September 1981
Bangladesh army and the Muslim settlers made coordinated attacks on 35 indigenous Jumma villages including Telafang, Ashalong, Gurangapara, Tabalchari, Barnala etc. in the Feni valley of the CHT, plundered and burned the villages, and killed many thousand men, women and children. Thousands of indigenous indigenous people died as a direct and indirect result of these attacks.
The surviving villagers fled to the Indian State of Tripura and to the adjacent forests. Although the Bangladeshi regime had denied that these refugees were from the CHT, it was forced by the international community to repatriate them. These indigenous people were met at the border by hostile Bangladeshi officials and were given the equivalent of $18 and were left to their fate. Return to their native villages was impossible because their homes and possessions had been appropriated by the Muslim settlers. Many of them died of starvation and of diseases.
Golakpatimachara-Machyachara-Tarabanchari Massacre June-August 1983
On 26 June, 11,26,27 July and 9,10,11 August 1983, the Bangladesh armed forces and the Muslim settlers massacred the indigenous people of the villages of Golakpatimachara, Machyachara, Tarabanchari, Logang, Tarabanya, Maramachyachara, Jedamachyachara etc. Hundreds of houses were looted and burned, and 800 people were murdered. Most of the victims were old men, women and children. After clearing the area of the indigenous people, the government settled Muslim settlers there.
Bhusanchara Massacre 31 May 1984
In the early morning of 31 May 1984, the Shanti Bahini guerillas attacked the Muslim settlements at Gorosthan, Bhusanchara and Chota Harina of Barkal Upazilla (Sub District). About 100 Muslim settlers were reportedly killed, their homes burned down in the attack. Three BDR (Bangladesh Rifles) camps in the locality were also simultaneously attacked so that the BDR personnel could not intervene. Bhusanchara was the village most severely affected. The attack was given extensive coverage in the Bangladesh news media and President Ershad visited the affected area on 5 June 1984. No publicity was given, however, to the reprisals taken against the indigenous Jumma population by the Bangladeshi security personnel immediately after the assaults on the Muslim settlements.
Some indigenous people, apparently anticipating retaliatory raids, left their homes at once and sought to hide in the surrounding forests. Others remained in their villages. Later on 31 May and the following day, the Bangladesh Army personnel, from the 305th brigade of the 26th Bengal Regiment, and members of the 17th battalion of the Bangladesh Rifles, accompanied by Muslim settlers, attacked the indigenous Jumma villages in the area, principally Het Baria, Suguri Para, Gorosthan, Tarengya Ghat, Bhusanchara and Bhusan Bagh. A total of 400 indigenous people including children and women were killed. Many women were gang raped and later shot dead. About 7,000 indigenous people crossed the border into the Indian state of Mizoram.
An indigenous villager from Het Baria gave the following account of his experience to the Amnesty International:
"My village falls in the Barkal rehabilitation zone where large number of Muslims have settled over the years. There is thus continuous tension between the two communities. In the summer of 1984 there were frequent clashes and the Muslims often used to threaten us saying that the army will come and teach us a lesson. The army came on May 31, accompanied by a large group of Muslims some of whom were armed. They destroyed our village, raped women and killed people. I saw two women getting raped and then killed by bayonets. One Aroti, who is my distant cousin, was also raped by several soldiers and her body was disfigured with bayonets. Several people, including children, were thrown into burning huts. I was among the people singled out for torture in public. Five or six of us were hung upside down on a tree and beaten. Perhaps I was given up for dead and thus survived. The memories of that day are still a nightmare for me. Even now I sometimes wake up in a cold sweat remembering the sight of the soldiers thrusting bayonets into private parts of our women. They were all screaming 'No Chakmas will be born in Bangladesh".
Zurochari massacre 20 September 1984
On 20 September 1984, Bangladesh army of 305th Brigade, Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), Armed Police of Bangladesh (APB), the Ansars (Islamic Guards) and Muslim settlers attacked several indigenous Buddhist villages in Zurochari, Rangamati district. The Bangladeshi armed forces and Muslim settlers launched the attack to seize indigenous land for the Muslim settlers.
During the attack the Muslim settlers and soldier raped and murdered 8 indigenous Buddhist women. The Muslim settlers and soldiers robbed and burnt down the indigenous Buddhist villages, evicted the indigenous people, destroyed crops and live stocks.
Panchari Massacre 1 May 1986
On April 29th, 1986, the Shanti Bahini (resistance of the Jummas) simultaneously attacked the BDR border outposts at Assalong, Chota Assalong and Taidong of Khagrachari District and followed it up with swoops on new Muslim settlements. Reprisals by the Bangladesh army, BDR, Ansars (Islamic Guard) and Muslim settlers, began immediately after 29 April.
On 1 May and the following days, law enforcement personnel, together with Muslim settlers, entered a number of indigenous Jumma villages in the Panchari-Khagrachari area and arbitrarily killed the indigenous inhabitants. The villages included Golakpratimachara, Kalanal, Soto Karmapara, Shantipur, Mirjibil, Hetarachara (also known as Khedarachara Mukhpara), Pujgang, Laogang, Hathimuktipara, Sarveswarpara, Napidapara and Dewan Bazar. After entering the indigenous Jumma villages, The Bangladeshi security personnel ordered the inhabitants to assemble on open ground, men separate from women, away from the villagers' huts. While the villagers were held in this way their settlements were set on fire by the Muslim settlers. The Bangladeshi security personnel then opened fire randomly on the groups of villagers who were assembled, killing hundreds of indigenous Jumma men, women and children
Part of this process was described to the Amnesty International by a woman from Mirjibil, about a mile from Panchari, who was witness to the killing of another woman, aged in her 70s:
"As soon as the raid on my village began, people (other villagers) began to shout asking everybody to leave the village. But before most people could gather their senses the soldiers and the Ansars had come. They were followed by several hundred Muslim settlers. They immediately began to ransack the village." "The soldiers asked the men and the women to stand separately. One old woman, Phoidebi, had trouble getting up and joining the group outside. A soldier shot her at close range."
Matiranga Massacre 1-2 May 1986
Following the Bangladesh military atrocities described above many people from the affected areas sought refuge in the forests away from their homes. A few hundred people from several different villages gathered during the first week of May between the villages of Sarveswarpara and Manudaspara, in the Matiranga area. One night, probably that of 1/2 May although the precise date is not known, while they were trying to reach the Indian border, they were ambushed by a detachment of Bangladesh army. The soldiers opened fire without warning and shot at them randomly, without provocation. Over 70 indigenous indigenous people were killed.
Matiranga Massacre 18-19 May 1986
After the Matiranga massacre a large group of indigenous people fleeing from their homes, numbering over 200, most of whom were of the Tripura nationality, were moving towards the Indian border at Silachari in southern Tripura in mid May. Their presence in the area appears, to had been known for some time to the Bangladeshi security personnel. They were eventually discovered by the troops of the 31st battalion of the Banglaesh Rifles (BDR), who surrounded them and made them walk into a narrow valley between the villages of Comillatilla and Taidong. In the restricted space of this valley, the soldiers fired indiscriminately at the group, killing most of the people. Once the firing had ceased, a number of Muslim settlers further attacked the group with machete to kill the injured men, women and children.
The massacre was described to the Amnesty International by a survivor and refugee in India:
"I am chief of a large colony of Tripuri tribals and we used to live a little outside Matiranga. Around the end of April and early May, when the Shanti Bahini began raids on the BDR, army and Muslims, the soldiers began to come and bother us. We told them we were not even Chakmas and had thus nothing to do with the Shanti Bahini. But they harassed us." "Later, on 8 May, they came in strength and began to burn our village. The officer-in-charge said you Hindus have no place in Bangladesh and asked us to run away. We decided to flee along with some Chakma families in our neighborhood. But the soldiers did not even let us run away in peace. They chased us and we hid in the jungles in the day, making some progress by night." "Last Sunday (18 May) we were approaching the border when a large group of soldiers caught us. The officer said that we would be treated nicely and settled back. He asked us to walk back. The soldiers were around us." "They took us to a narrow valley between Taidong and Comillatilla and there suddenly we heard thousands of bullets and shrieks and screams of our people. At least 200 of our people, mainly Tripuris, died. I do not even have any trace of my family. I do not know whether my family members are still in hiding somewhere or if they got killed." "As bullets rained from all sides the Muslims too descended on the valley, raping women and killing people with swords, spears and knives; we all ran for our lives in (the) direction of India."
Pablakhali-Kawbakhali-Bara Merung Massacre 13-15 June 1986
On 13-15 June 1986, the Bangladesh security forces, and the Muslim settlers raided Pablakhali, Kawbakhali, Bara Merung and Bhoiraba areas in the Dighinala Upazila. As a result, houses were looted and set ablaze, stocks were stolen, women were raped, 29 villages were destroyed, 43,000 tribal people became homeless and landless and about 200 Jummas were killed. 15 Buddhist and Hindu temples were plundered, desecrated and damaged and four of them were burnt to ashes. The monks were tortured, wounded and 20 monks fled to Tripura.
An orphanage, Parbattya Chattagram Anatha Ashrama, run by the monks, had 300 orphans. Only 106 of them managed to escape to Tripura. It is very likely that the girl orphans were abducted, raped and converted to Islam and that the boy orphans were put to death. A number of Jummas were also forcibly converted to Islam.
Manikchari Massacre 1-5 July 1986
From 1 to 5 July 1986, the Muslim settlers with the support of the Bangladesh army posted at Hatimara camp jointly attacked the indigenous Marma villages in Manikchari carrying out killing, looting and arson. Muslimm settlers murdered 12 indigenous Marma Buddhists and burnt down 71 houses.
Longudu Massacre 12 July 1986
On July 12, 1986, Muslim settlers murdered 5 indigenous Chakma people of Rangei Para and Guichari Mukh in Longudu. The victims were returning home from Boradam, P.S. Longudu, with paddies which they borrowed from their relations. On the way, they were rounded up at a place between Boiragi Bazaar and Gulsakhali by a gang of Muslim settlers who after robbing, murdered these innocent indigenous people.
Panchari Massacre 21 July 1986
On July 21 1986, 6 indigenous Chakma people of Jibanaswa Para, P.S. Panchari, were secretly murdered by the Muslim settlers of Shontilla, P.S. Panchari. The ill-fated victims were returning home from the market. It was 12:00 hours (BST) when they arrived at Shontilla where they were rounded up and murdered by the Muslim settlers.
There was also a young Chakma girl with those victims whom the infiltrators gang raped, and she was about to be killed when one of the infiltrators wanted to convert her to Islam and marry her by force. The Muslim infiltrator who already has a wife, took the Chakma girl to his house. But the wife of the infiltrator helped this Chakma girl to escape.
Merung Massacre 19 December 1986
On 19 December 1986, Bangladesh army of 41 EBR from the army camp at Chongrachari, Merung led by Capt. Shaheed and the Muslim settlers jointly attacked the indigenous Buddhist village Ranjan Moni Karbari Para in Dighinala, Khagrachari district at 02:00 hours.
When the innocent unarmed inhabitants of the village were in deep sleep, Bangladesh army and Muslim settlers encircled the whole village. Bangladesh army and Muslim settlers massacred 20 indigenous Buddhist men, women and children and raped many indigenous Buddhist women. 16 indigenous people were seriously injured in the incident.
Longudu Massacre 30 July 1988
Another gruesome massacre was carried out by the Muslim settlers. The incident occurred when Mr. Rajani Kanta Chakma (a former member of Union Parishad) and 8 other indigenous men, women and children were returning home from Mainee Mukh Bazaar, P.S. Longudu. The skipper of the boat was a settler named- Mohammad Khalil.
The Muslim settler, instead of taking them to their destination, took the passengers to the Muslim settlement called- Bat Tala, situated on the west bank of Mainee river. As the boat reached the riverbank, the indigenous passengers were attacked by the Muslim settelers. 9 indigenous people were killed in the massacre
Baghaichari Massacre 3-10 August 1988
From 3 August to 10 August 1988, Bangladesh army and Muslim settlers launched a retaliatory attack against the indigenous people in Baghaichari, Rangamati district. Bangladesh army and Muslim settlers killed about 500 indigenous people including women and children in the retaliatory attack. Bangladesh army and Muslim settlers abducted 25 young indigenous girls and took them to their camps. Their whereabouts are still unknown.
The attack was in retaliation to Shanti Bahini attack on Bangladesh army on 1 August 1988. The Shanti Bahini attacked a contingent of the Bangladesh army while on patrol duty at Durchari in Baghaichari and killed 7 Bangladesh army personnel in the attack.
The affected villages are Durchari, Khedarmara, Battuli, Sarwatuli, Bagaichari etc. Now there is not a single indigenous person in those villages as all of them fled to deep jungle. The dead were given mass burial by the army as there were no indigenous people to cremate them.
Longadu Massacre 4 May 1989
Abdur Rashid, a Muslim community leader was gunned down by an un-identified gunman. The Bangladesh authority and Muslim settlers suspect that he was gunned down by the Shanti Bahini, due to his involvement in the racially motivated crimes against the indigenous indigenous people, though Shanti Bahini denies the claims. In reprisal to Abdur Rashid's killing the Bangladesh Army, the Village Defense Party (armed group formed by the Muslim settlers) and the Muslim settlers carried out this gruesome massacre. 50 indigenous people were killed, there dead bodies never returned to the relatives. Their houses were burnt down and Buddhist temples in the area were destroyed. Among the fallen victims were the wife, children and grand-children of the former chairman of the local council Mr. Anil Bikash Chakma. The Bangladesh Army had grabbed his land and settled Muslim settlers around his homestead. Mr. A.B. Chakma's friends and relatives had warned him of the potential danger of living so close to the Muslim settlers. But he had no where else to go. On that day he was not in home, and that saved his life. Later on even after repeated appeal to the Bangladesh military authority, the dead bodies were never returned for Buddhist religious rites and cremation.
Malya Massacre 2 Feb 1992
On 2 February 1992 two bombs exploded on a passenger boat at Malya. The boat was on its way from Marishya to Rangamati. Malya is now inhabited by the Muslim settlers from the plain. The explosion killed one passenger and seriously injured the driver of the boat. The survivors swam ashore, but the armed Muslim settlers were waiting for them. The settlers attacked the Jumma passengers- men, women and children. About 30 of them were killed. Fourteen bodies were recovered, the others were lost in the water. Some representatives of the indigenous indigenous people were supposed to board the boat on their way to Rangamati and Dhaka to protest against recent army atrocities in the area: Captain Masiur Rahman of Bangladesh army had tortured a student Mr. Biswamuni Chakma and a Buddhist monk (the Rev. Bodhimitra Bhikkhu) and had treated some female students indecently. Moreover three Buddhist Viharas (monasteries) had been desecrated by the army. According to an eye-witness account, two members of the security forces boarded the boat at Dulachari carrying two kerosene tins. They disembarked at the next stop, leaving the tins. These exploded shortly afterwards. The Bangladesh media reported that the explosion was caused by the Shanti Bahini.
Logang Massacre 10 April 1992
On 10 April 1992 the biggest massacre in a single day, at single place, in the history of the CHT took place at Logang cluster village in Khagrachari District, perpetrated by the Bangladeshi security forces and the Muslim settlers.
Bangladesh armed forces forcibly relocated some fifteen hundred indigenous Jumma families from the surrounding Jumma villages to the Logang cluster village, which is nothing but a concentration camp, and distributed their ancestral villages and farmlands to the Muslim settlers free of cost. Then they hatched a plot to find an excuse to get rid of those indigenous prisoners. On 10 April, 1992, Bangladesh army sent 2 Muslim settlers, armed with machete, to rape some indigenous women who were grazing their cattle at their Logang cluster village. The indigenous women tried to defend themselves and at the same time they cried for help. An indigenous man came to their rescue and asked Muslim settler to leave the indigenous women alone. Instead of going away, Muslim settlers attacked the indigenous man and hacked him to death. During the attack, one of the Muslim settlers was also injured. After killing the indigenous man, Muslim settlers went straight to the camp of the Bangla Desh Rifles (BDR). The military authorities found the excuse they were looking for and used the injured Muslim settler as a victim of the Shanti Bahini (SB) attack. On the pretext of searching out the SB, Bangladesh armed forces and Muslim settlers attacked the Logang cluster village. They hacked many indigenous Jummas to death and shot dead those who tried to flee. Then the invaders forced the old people, women and children into their homes and burnt them alive by setting their homes on fire.
The exact number of the indigenous indigenous people killed at Logang will never be known, as many of the dead bodies had been removed by Bangladesh army immediately after the massacre. According to several eye-witness reports the number must be well over 400. Some 800 houses were burnt down and more than 2000 people fled across the border to Tripura of India after the massacre.
Naniachar Massacre 17 Nov 1993
On 17 November 1993 at least 66 indigenous people were killed and more than 500 hundred wounded when Muslim settlers, supported by the Bangladesh Army, attacked a peaceful rally of indigenous people in Naniarchar Bazzar. The rally was organized by the Greater Chittagong Hill Tracts Hill Students' Council, with the advance permission from the local authorities, and was part of a campaign against the use of the only waiting shed for ferry passengers as an army check post. The reports about the massacre which the CHT Commission has received from various Bangladeshi and Jumma peoples' organizations and individuals all draw roughly the same picture of the cause of events. Naniarchar is surrounded on three sides by the Kaptai Lake, so people travel mostly by boat. People arriving and departing from Naniarchar are regularly questioned and harassed by the army personnel from the checkpoint. There was widespread resentment among the local residents against the army checkpost. On 17 November, soon after the students had held their meeting and rally, Muslim settlers led by Union Council member Ahmed Miah held a counter demonstration, for which they had obtained permission on the same day. There were joined by a few hundred settlers from adjacent villages, led by Md. Ayub Hossain, president of Parbatya Gana Parishad (Hill Tracts Peoples' Council, an organization of the Muslim settlers, not to be confused with the Hill Peoples' Council of the indigenous people), and Abdul Latif, chairman of Burighat Union Council. They arrived on boats, armed with iron rods, sticks and machete. Surprisingly, the settlers were not disarmed by the army personnel at the check post. Tension rose and at one point the settlers started attacking the indigenous people. Even the indigenous people who tried to escape by jumping into the lake were hacked to death. It was reported that the law enforcing agencies did not try very hard to stop the attack and observed impassively. Students defended themselves with firewood and sticks which they collected from tea shops. Then the settlers were already retreating, there was a whistle from the army camp and the army opened fire on the students.
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https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/130094
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Mirza Fakhrul confuses people over dialogue issue: Hasan
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DHAKA, June 9, 2023 (BSS) - Information and Broadcasting Minister and Awami League (AL) Joint General Secretary Dr Hasan Mahmud
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https://www.bssnews.net/favicon.ico?v=5
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https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/130094
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DHAKA, June 9, 2023 (BSS) - Information and Broadcasting Minister and Awami League (AL) Joint General Secretary Dr Hasan Mahmud today said BNP Secretary General Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir is confusing the people over the issue of dialogue.
Referring to Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir's remark - 'the government is talking about dialogue to divert attention from the movement', he said: "There is no benefit in holding a dialogue with those who want to rig and resist the election. The election in Bangladesh will be held as per the constitution. But Mirza Fakhrul wants to mislead the people by saying all these things."
The minister said these while responding to a query of the journalists after attending the annual mejban programme and prize distribution ceremony of meritorious students of Boalkhali Samity, Chattogram's Boalkhali upazila-based organization in Dhaka, at Sadek Hossain Khoka Community Center in city's Motijheel area as the chief guest.
"We have not spoken of any dialogue. I don't think there is any need for dialogue with BNP," Dr Hasan said, adding that what AL leader Amir Hossain Amu said about dialogue, he (Amu) explained it the very next day and what he said first was his own opinion.
"Our party Awami League, the government or the 14 party-alliance did not have any opinion over it," the minister added.
The Chattogram-7 Constituency lawmaker recalled the role of people living in Boalkhali upazila in the anti-British movement and the struggle of the country's independence.
He said that many comrades of the revolutionary leader Master Da Surya Sen had houses and shelters in Boalkhali.
Being the closest to the city, the people of Boalkhali were already more educated and cultural minded than other those in upazilas, he said, adding that even in this modern and 'mobile culture' era, their 'Boli Khela' is still popular.
"The mejban culture of Chattogram also became very popular in the last decade across the country," said the information minister.
Regarding the demands of the Samity, the minister firmly said that there will definitely be a new Karnaphuli bridge at Kalurghat in Chattogram.
Like the Padma Bridge, it will have both rail and road connectivity, he said, adding that moreover, renovation of the existing traditional Kalurghat Bridge has also been undertaken to keep traffic and the movement of goods smooth till the construction of this bridge is completed.
Besides, work is going on to upgrade Chattogram to Cox's Bazar road from two lanes to four lanes, he said, adding that as a result, industrialization will increase in Boalkhali.
Giving an example of the country's development in the last 14 years, he said after 14 years, the people of Boalkhali do not recognize their own area after returning from abroad.
Earlier, day laborers and rickshaw pullers used to raise movement for wages equal to three and a half kilogram (kg) of rice a day, he said, adding that now they earn sufficient money to buy 10 kg of rice a day where one kg equals to Tk 50.
"Earlier, used clothes of foreigners were washed, ironed and sold in the market but now foreigners wear our exported clothes. The difference between village and city has disappeared. Even boys living at village now wear three-quarter pants," he continued.
President of Boalkhali Samity in Dhaka Liaquat Ali, its General Secretary Mahmudul Hasan Ansari and Conference Preparation Committee Convener Abdus Sobhan Siddiqui also spoke on the occasion.
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https://propertyguide.com.bd/en/area-guide/boalkhali
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Boalkhali Area Guide: Discover Insights & Price Trends
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Dive into the Boalkhali area guide for in-depth insights and the price trends. Make informed decisions with our comprehensive review of the Boalkhali real estate market.
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PropertyGuide Bangladesh
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https://propertyguide.com.bd/en/area-guide/boalkhali
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The Boalkhali Upazila is one of the areas in the Chattogram District, which is located near the Karnaphuli River. To be precise, the upazila is located about 12 kilometers from the Chattogram Sadar and southeast of the Karnaphuli River. It is a developing and growing location right next to the Chattogram City Corporation localities, making it ideal for anyone looking into the Boalkhali area guide.
The land area of the upazila is 137.27 square kilometers, and it has a population of around 2,35,483, with over 42,500 families living there. That makes Boalkhali an averagely populated area. On top of that, since it is one of the areas connected to the Chattogram ports, Boalkhali is an important location for trade and business. That is also why it has several growing industrial zones and farms.
The old Kalurghat Bridge, which goes through Arkan Road and over the Karnaphuli River, is one of the main means of communication in the area. People can also travel to Boalkhali using the Shah Amanat Bridge and Chattogram-Cox’s Bazar Highway through Patiya. There are also several train stations in Boalkhali, one of which runs on the Kalurghat Bridge. Unfortunately, the bridge has been deemed old and risky, and it will be reconstructed soon to ensure safe transportation and communication facilities.
Boalkhali is a progressive area where you will likely come across many concrete and tin-shaded houses as well as a few straw houses. One government data shows that there are no landless or homeless people in the area. Many reputed public figures, including actress Kobori Sarwar, singer Shefali Ghosh, litterateur Atul Chandra Datta, and Liberation War Birangana writer Rama Chowdhury, are from Boalkhali.
Other than the Karnaphuli River or Boalkhali Canal, this upazila has several tourist attractions. Some of the oldest architects and locations in the Upazila are the Sreepur Shahi Bura Masjid, Sri Sri Kalachand Thakurbari Temple, Medosh Munir Ashram/Hermitage, Lalar Dighi, etc. Anyone who wants to enjoy its natural landscape should visit the Karnaphuli Riverview spot and the Sreepur Bangabandhu Riverview, Rangunia Bat Cave, Koroldenga Hill, etc.
The Boalkhali upazila is also religiously and culturally diverse, with Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, and Christians living harmoniously. The government has taken various initiatives to improve and develop the lifestyle and communications in the area and add more amenities.
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https://www.youtube.com/user/Prottyashi/videos
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Bevor Sie zu YouTube weitergehen
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https://consent.youtube.com/m
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dbpedia
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https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation%3Fpaperid%3D52774
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en
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Scientific Research Publishing
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Scientific Research Publishing is an academic publisher with more than 200 open access journal in the areas of science, technology and medicine. It also publishes academic books and conference proceedings.
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Scientific Research Publishing Inc
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https://propertyguide.com.bd/en/area-guide/karnafuly
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en
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Karnafuly Area Guide: Discover Insights & Price Trends
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Dive into the Karnafuly area guide for in-depth insights and the price trends. Make informed decisions with our comprehensive review of the Karnafuly real estate market.
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/favicon.ico
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PropertyGuide Bangladesh
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https://propertyguide.com.bd/en/area-guide/karnafuly
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Karnafuly, a place of around 55.36 sq km, is situated by the south bank of the Karnafuly River under the Chattogram City Corporation. The Karnafuly Area Guide shows the distance between the Chattogram district and the upazila is almost 10 kilometers. Around Karnafuly are Chandgaon Thana and Boalkhali Upazila in the south and Anwara Upazila in the north. In the east, Patiya Upazila is present, whereas Patenga Thana and Bandar Thana are in the west.
The area was formed with the 5 unions of the Patiya Upazila in 2016. Before this development, it used to be a thana under Patiya. So, currently, Karnafuly consists of these 5 unions: 1 no. Char Lakhya, 1 no. (Ka) Juldha, 1 no. (Kha) Char Patharghata, 2 no. Bara Uthan, and 3 no. Shikalbaha. According to the 2011 census, it is the residence of more than 160,000 people.
Karnafuly is a beautiful suburban area that is always refreshing because of its river. The locals often spend quality time in the Karnafuly breeze, soaking in its calm and therapeutic breeze during the evening.
If you ever decide to roam around the city, make sure to schedule a visit to the bridge in your travel plan! Other than the river and its bridge, Karnafuly has more places one would like to see, i.e., Shah Amanat Bridge, Bara Uthan Jamidar Bari, Kalarpool Bridge, etc.
Karnafuly is not just a scenic area but also a key player in the country’s economic development. Its Karnafuly Export Processing Zone (KEPZ) is a significant contributor to the national economy. The area’s growing economy is evident with the presence of numerous banks. The upcoming Karnafuly tunnel is set to further enhance the area's connectivity, making it an attractive hub for trade and commerce.
As a suburban area, Karnafuly is quite developed and has immense potential for further development. At present, it has many primary schools and several high schools, colleges, and madrasas. The Karnafuly CDA residential area provides standard housing for its community. Overall, life in Karnafuly is affordable and peaceful with its available amenities of living.
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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Boalkhali_Upazila
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en
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Boalkhali Upazila
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Boalkhali is an upazila of Chattogram District in Chattogram Division, Bangladesh.
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en
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Wikiwand
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https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Boalkhali_Upazila
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Upazila in Chattogram Division, Bangladesh / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions:
Can you list the top facts and stats about Boalkhali Upazila?
Summarize this article for a 10 year old
SHOW ALL QUESTIONS
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dbpedia
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https://dev.library.kiwix.org/content/wikipedia_en_top1m_2023-02/A/Rajasthali_Upazila
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en
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Rajasthali Upazila
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthali_Upazila
|
Demographics
As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Rajasthali has a population of 17198. Males constitute 53.84% of the population, and females 46.16%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 9278. Rajasthali has an average literacy rate of 25.7% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate.[2]
Administration
Rajasthali Upazila is divided into three union parishads: Bangalhalia, Gaindya, and Ghilachari. The union parishads are subdivided into 9 mauzas and 106 villages.[3]
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https://www.instagram.com/emranrakiv/
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https://www.scribd.com/document/261609424/DM-Plan-Chittagong-District-English-Version-2014
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en
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DM Plan Chittagong District - English Version-2014
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https://imgv2-2-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/261609424/original/25f52d54e5/1723390125?v=1
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[
"CDMP Bangladesh"
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DM Plan Chittagong District_English Version-2014 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Bangladesh is a disaster prone country in the world. Due to Geographical disadvantage, the environment, losing balance of power, are facing various catastrophe like inundation, Tornados, drought, Erosion of river, earthquake, various cyclone, fogginess, white squall and so on. Bangladesh is river mothered country. The erosion of river for over flow of water, destroy the location of river side and all the inhabitants lose their all sort of livelihood and livestock and took shelter being pauper in the hovel on the high land or roads. Not only that, but also, men and industries’ created catastrophe become the bane for calamity and people use to live in alarming plight. And also, by the horrific effect, all sort of assets, lives, livelihood, livestock and other resources of the locality may fall in danger. It does not destroy only the located people, also create obstacle for National and economical resources of the country. Though it is a disaster prone country but long term’ Disaster Management plan’ has not been prepared for saving the human being, their all sort of resources, livelihood, animals and other asset, rather have been given importance to rehabilitation and on relief. Recently Government of Bangladesh has taken an initiative on the subject ‘Disaster Management Planning’ through CDMP 2. To implement the plan in action, primarily has taken an initiative for indication ‘Disaster Risk’ through conversation with all sorts of local people, Union and Upazila Management Committee. For Preparedness and reducing risk ‘Disaster Management Plan’ has provided to Badalgachhi Upazilla by indicating ‘local disaster risks’ through ‘Disaster Management Plan’ which will be efficacy for the forthcoming days.
At the time to providing the Plan all classes of people like male, female, cultivator, landless people, aged person, local elite persons, Union and Upazila Disaster Management Committee Members (UzDMC) were congregated. Locally this conspicuous doings have been done by the hard toiling of Shushilan Staffs and related analysis individuals. Disaster Management Committee of Badalgachhi Upazilla under Naogaon District have provided this plan by efficacy toiling and restless endeavor. All kinds of important heart rending calamities as, awareness creation among family members and locality, to take preparation for facing risk would have to use local recourses, replacement of living assets and people to a safety place, rescue impediment people, necessary goods indication, and relief distribution have been included in the Upazila ‘Disaster Management Plan’. If that plan come into being all kinds of calamities would be reduce and all sorts of materials of the people would be safe. Not only that, but also have included preparation before and after disaster, mitigation disaster by using Local resources, social assets, safety places, indication the causes of disaster, disaster warning sign, mostly disaster prone location, climate changes and its horrific effect, development sectors and name of the local volunteers as well as organization.
I am giving thanks from my core of heart to those very persons who have taken part and have given advice, like all Government and Non-Government Organizations and local persons to perform the conspicuous act in good manner. I am confident; this Disaster Management Plan which has prepared by the coherent cooperation of local people, Local Governances and other local organizations should help to Disaster Management Committee and other sectors (Government, International and National NGO, as well as Donor) to perform all acts as a overall plan.
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Research Article
Research Article
Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 2 (6): 316 – 320
Seroepidemiology of Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) in the Commercial Layer Farms of Chittagong District, Bangladesh
Mohammad Inkeyas Uddin1*, Ashim Baran Sen2, Muhammad Shafiqul Islam3, Shubhagata Das3, Nasima Sultana4, Ripatun Nahar Ripa5, Abul Kashem5, Kazi Mohammad Kamaruddin1
Poultry Research and Training Center, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong–4202, Bangladesh
Department of Livestock Services, Begumganj, Noakhali, Bangladesh
Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong–4202. Bangladesh
Scientific officer(ex), CP. Bangladesh
Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong–4202. Bangladesh
*Corresponding author: sarwarprtc@gmail.com
ARTICLE CITATION: Uddin MI, Sen AB, Islam MS, Das S, Sultana N, Ripa RN, Kashem A, Kamaruddin KM (2014). Seroepidemiology of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in the commercial layer farms of Chittagong district, Bangladesh. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2 (6): 316 – 320.
Received: 2014–04–13, Revised: 2014–05–14, Accepted: 2014–05–15
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at ( http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.6.316.320 ) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) in commercial layer farms of Chittagong district, Bangladesh. Antigen coated indirect ELISA was performed to determine the antibody titre against ILTV. The overall seroprevalence of ILTV was 17.33% in commercial layer farms in 5 selected Upazilas of Chittagong district. The highest seroprevalence was found in Anowara upazila (26.67%) followed by Rangunia (18.46%), Raozan (16.67%), Boalkhali (13.33%) with the lowest prevalence in Patia (10.90%). The seroprevalence of ILTV was found higher in winter (24%) season compared to rainy (16%) and summer (12%). Significantly higher seroprevalence of ILTV was observed in the birds of 10–35 weeks of age (23.24%) than the birds of 36–70 weeks of age (7.83%). Prevalence of ILT was found significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the farms maintaining lower biosecurity (biosecurity category 2) (22.78%) than in the farms maintaining higher biosecurity (biosecurity category 1) (9.17%) and the ILT was more predominant in the birds rearing in deep liter (23.48%) than in the cages (13.14%) which is statistically significant (P < 0.05) with χ2– value of 4.9144. These results denoted that wide seroprevalence of ILTV in commercial layer farms of Chittagong district of Bangladesh.
INTRODUCTION
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by avian herpesviridae Alphaherpesvirinae gallid Herpes virus 1 that infects the upper respiratory tract and ocular organ of poultry (Garba et al., 2012) and characterized by respiratory depression, gasping, and expectoration of bloody exudates (Yukihiro et al., 1988) with high rates of morbidity and mortality up to 70% in acute form of the infection and the mild form includes depression, reduced egg production up to 30 percent and weight gain, conjunctivitis, swelling of the infraorbital sinuses (almond shaped eyes), and nasal discharge (Shan–Chia and Joseph, 2012). All ages of chickens are affected, but chickens older than 3 weeks are most susceptible to ILTV. It also affects pheasants, partridges and peafowl (OIE, 2008). ILT can infect turkeys at about 100 days of age where dyspnea and depression is the observed clinical sign in infected turkeys (Portz et al., 2008). Other avian species are resistant to ILTV infection (Hayles et al., 1976). Usually the Infection is acquired via the upper respiratory tract and transmission occurs most readily from clinically infected birds, latent infected carriers, contaminated dust, litter, beetles, drinking water and fomites (Hughes et al., 1987). Other possible sources of transmission includ dog, crows, and cats (Kingsbury and Jungherr, 1958) whereas wind–borne transmission of the ILTV spread between farms is critical (Johnson et al., 2005). ILT virus can survive outside the host for several weeks and persist longer in cold environment (Jordan and Pattison, 1996) and annually causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide each year (Garba et al., 2012). In Bangladesh, Poultry industry is a growing industry and total population of poultry is around 228.47 million (DLS, 2009). It is suspected that Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) which is a contagious respiratory disease is playing a vital role to decrease the egg production in layer birds causing severe economic losses of the farmers in our country Many techniques have been described for the detection of ILTV (Bauer et al., 1999). ELISA has been reported to have better sensitivity than Serum Neutralization (SN), Fluorescent Antibody (FA) and Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) for detection ILTV antibody in chicken sera (Adair et al., 1985). But, there is a limited study on ILTV infection in the local poultry in Bangladesh. Islam et al. (2012) conducted a research on the characterization of the field viruses by physico–chemical properties against pH, heat, ether and chloroform, serological test such as virus neutralization test (VNT) and passive haemagglutination (PHA) test in Gajipur district. To the best of our knowledge no study has been conducted yet on the seroepidemiology of ILTV in chickens in Chittagong district, Bangladesh. The present study was conducted for the investigation of seroprevalance of ILTV in layer chickens manifested the clinical signs characteristics of ILT in the commercial layer farms of Chittagong district with the identification of different risk factors responsible for the seroprevalence of ILT in Chittagong region. Considering the prevalence of the disease and losses to the commercial poultry farmers it is felt that there is a national need to control and to protect the chicken population against the disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area and Study Period
The study was carried out in Chittagong district which is situated geographically in the south–eastern part of Bangladesh during the period of October’ 2011 to September’ 2012 to determine the seroepidemiology of Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) from the five upazilas (Anowara, Rangunia , Raozan , Boalkhali and Patia).
Sampling Category
The samples were categorized on the basis of 4 criteria i.e. season of the year: Winter (mid October to February), summer (March to May) and Rainy (June to September); age group: (10–35 weeks and 36– 70 weeks); biosecurity category: (category1 i.e. farms with foot bath, spray, disinfection of utensils, restricted entrance, regular medication, proper disposal of carcass and category 2 i.e. farm with spray, open entrance, irregular medication and disinfection); and rearing system (Cage and deep liter system).
Sample Collection and Serum Preparation
A total of 300 blood samples were collected randomly and aseptically according to Islam et al. (2010). In brief, about 1 ml of blood was collected from a wing vein of each chicken using sterile 2–ml disposable plastic syringe without anticoagulant and were kept in ice box and transported to the molecular biology laboratory of the poultry research and training centre (PRTC) in Chittagong veterinary and animal sciences university (CVASU) where the serological test (ELISA) was performed. The blood was then centrifuged at 1,000 g for 10 minutes so as to clearly separate the serum from the blood. The sera was then collected in a sterile eppendorf tube and stored at –20°C until further study
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
The collected serum samples were subjected to indirect ELISA by using commercial ILTV Antibody Test Kit (CK124, Biochek, Holland). Following manufacturer’s instructions each test sample was diluted at 1:500 with sample diluents supplied in the kit.100 μl of negative control was added to wells A1 & B1 and 100 μl of positive control was added to wells C1 & D1.Then 100 μl of diluted samples were added into the appropriate wells (antigen coated) and incubated at room temperature (22˚–27˚C) for 60 minutes by covering the plate with lid. After incubation, the content of the wells were aspirated and washed with approximately 200 μl of phosphate buffered wash solution for 4 times using an automated ELISA washer (Microplate Washer, 2600–C, J. P. SELECTA, Spain). Plate drying was avoided between plate washings and prior to the addition of conjugate. Then 100 μl of conjugate reagent (Chicken Anti Alkaline Phosphate) was added into each wells and incubated at room temperature (22˚–27˚C) for 60 minutes.
Table 1: Overall prevalence of ILTV
Following washing for 5 times with wash buffer, 100 μl of substrate reagent was added into appropriate each wells and incubated at room temperature (22–27˚C) for 30 minutes. Finally, 100 μl of stop solution was added to the each well to stop the reaction. Then the microtitre ELISA plate was placed in the ELISA reader (Microplate Reader, 2100–C, J.P. SELECTA, Spain) and the intensity of the colour produced from the ELISA test was measured photometrically at 405nm wavelength.
OD Value Measurement
The presence or absence of antibody to ILTV is determined by calculating the S/P ratio according to the methods provided by the manufacturer of the test kit. Samples with an S/P (Sample to Positive) of 0.50 or greater contain anti–ILT antibodies and are considered positive. If the S/P ratio is less than 0.50, the sample is classified as negative for ILT antibodies.
Data Analysis
Descriptive statistical analyses of various risk factor and dependent variables were done using Intercooled STATA 9.2 (Stata Corporation 2008). Chi–square was used for statistical analysis of the prevalence of antibodies in different categories of this study. Overall seroprevalence was expressed as percentage with 95% confidence interval and significance was determined at P < 0.05.
RESULTS
Overall prevalence of Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
In this study, a total of 300 samples from 20 commercial layer farms (Hisex Brown strain) were tested for antibodies against ILTV using ELISA technique. Fifty two out of 300 serum samples were found positive represents 17.33%. Where the highest prevalence was found in Anowara (26.67%) followed by Rangunia (18.46%), Raozan (16.67%), Boalkhali (13.33%) and lowest prevalence in Patia (10.90%) (Table 1).
Seasonal Prevalence of ILT
The 300 samples were collected covering 3 main seasons of the year (winter, summer and rainy) taking 100 samples for each. The highest prevalence of Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) was found during winter (12%), followed by rainy (16%) and summer (24%). The difference of seasonal prevalence was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05) (Table 2).
Table 2: Seasonal and age specific prevalence of ILTV
Table 3: Prevalance of ILTV on the basis of rearing system and biosecurity
Age Specific Prevalence of ILT
In this investigation, the prevalence of ILT was significantly higher (P=0.001) in the birds of 10–35 weeks of age (23.20%) than in the birds of 35–70 weeks of age (8.4%). The χ2– value was 11.7637(Table 2)
Prevalence of ILT on the Basis of Biosecurity
In the present study, the prevalence of ILT was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the farms maintaining biosecurity category 2 (22.78%) than in the farms maintaining biosecurity category 1 (9.17%) (Table 3).
Prevalence of ILT on the Basis of Rearing System
In this study, it was observed that ILTV was more prevalent (23.48%) in the farms where birds were reared in deep liter system than those farms where birds were reared in cage system (13.14%). This difference was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) with χ2– value of 4.9144. (Table 3)
DISCUSSIONS
Seroprevalence of ILTV was undertaken with the commercial layer farms of Chittagong district where there was no record of conducting vaccination programme against ILT. In order to detect the ILTV antibodies ELISA test was chosen because ELISA was reported to have better sensitivity than Serum Neutralization (SN), Fluorescent Antibody (FA) and Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) (Adair et al., 1985). The overall seroprevalence of ILTV in the Chittagong district in the present study was 17.33% which was in consistent with the study of Verma et al. (1980) who conducted a serological study of 1230 serum samples of chicken at Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Madras in India and found Prevalence as 19.6%, 15.8% and 21.3% respectively. This study also revealed that among the 5 Upazilas of Chittagong district the prevalence of ILT was found highest in Anowara Upazilla (26.67%) compared to Rangunia (18.46%), Raozan (16.67%), Boalkhali (13.33%) and Patia (10.90%). The causes for this variation might be due to location of the farms. In Anowara most of the studied farms were situated in the settlement areas with backyard poultry farming. It was observed that prevalence of Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in winter season (24%) than rainy (16%) and summer (12%) season. It might be due to in winter when it is cooler and the virus lasts longer and rapidly transmits (Robertson and Egerton, 1981).The present study was partially consistent with the investigation of Bagust and Johnson (1995) and Pattison and Jordan (1996) who found that the prevalence of ILT was 26% and 29.4% respectively in winter or cold season and 14.3% and 15% in summer season respectively. Fulton et al. (2000) found higher seroprevalence rate that was 48.5%, 27% and 20% in winter, rainy and summer season respectively in the Silva state of Panama. This variation may be due to the differences in the status of maternal antibody, efficacy of the vaccination, biosecurity, mechanical carriers, host factor etc (Key et al., 1994). In this investigation, the samples were categorized into two age groups (10–35 weeks of age and 36–70 weeks of age). In this study, the prevalence of ILT was found to be 23.24% in the birds of 10–35 weeks of age which was partially consistent with the observation of Bauer et al. (1999) who found a seroprevalence rate of 25% in the birds of 20–30 weeks of age but it was lower than the findings of Fahey et al. (1990) who recorded a prevalence of ILT antibody to be 31% in the birds of 10–30 weeks of age and 37.1% in the birds of 15–35 weeks of age respectively. ILT antibody was found to be 7.83% in 36–70 weeks of age which was similar to the report of Davidson et al. (1988). However, for the same age group of birds, Fahey et al. (1990) recorded a 16% seroprevalence rate.
The prevalence of ILT was 22.78% in the farms maintaining lower level of biosecurity (biosecurity category 2) and 9.17% in the farms maintaining higher level of biosecurity (biosecurity category 1). The difference was in consistence with the survey of Sander et al. (1997) who found in Bastos region of Brazil a higher rate (25.14%) of infection of ILT and other infectious diseases in those farms that maintained lower level of biosecurity and less evidence of ILT (11%) and other diseases in the farms those followed strong biosecurity. Sellers et al. (2004) also found nearly similar result with lower and higher level of biosecurity who recorded 29% and 12% prevalence of ILT respectively in southeast Australia. This study was also supported by the Andreasen et al. (1990) who stated that biosecurity plays an important role in the spread and severity of ILT. If bio–security of the farm is not maintained properly or there is lower level of bio–security in the farms, the prevalence of different disease in the flocks is increased. The prevalence of ILT in cage rearing system was found significantly lower (13.51%) than the deep liter system (23.48%) rearing which was consistent with the observation of Guy and Bagust (2003) who recorded 15.2% and 25.4% in cage and deep liter rearing system respectively in North Carolina State. The study of Bauer et al. (1999) also revealed more or less similar results with a prevalence rate of 14.3% and 26.1% respectively in a serological investigation of 120 commercial layer farms of West Africa. Lohr and Saywell (1976) and Davidson et al. (1988) found 27.8% and 29% in New Zealand and in Pennsylvania respectively in cage rearing which were higher than the findings of present study. Although the same serological technique (ELISA) was used, this variation could be attributed to the different climatic conditions that exist in the different zones of respective research areas. The prevalence of ILT is therefore higher in the flocks rearing in the deep liter system than in the flocks rearing in the cage system (Robertson and Egerton, 1981) which goes with the findings of current study.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590944
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Second-largest city in Bangladesh
For other uses, see Chittagong (disambiguation).
Metropolis in Bangladesh
Chittagong ( CHIT-ə-gong),[7] officially Chattogram[8] (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম, romanized: Côṭṭôgrām [ˈtʃɔʈːoɡram], Chittagonian: চাটগাঁও/চিটাং romanized: Sāṭgão/Šitang), is the second-largest city in Bangladesh. Home to the Port of Chittagong, it is the busiest port in Bangladesh and the Bay of Bengal.[9] It is the administrative seat of an eponymous division and district. The city is located on the banks of the Karnaphuli River between the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Bay of Bengal. The Greater Chittagong Area had a population of more than 5.2 million in 2022.[10] In 2020, the city area had a population of more than 3.9 million.[11] The city is home to many large local businesses and plays an important role in the Bangladeshi economy.
One of the world's oldest ports with a functional natural harbor for centuries,[12] Chittagong appeared on ancient Greek and Roman maps, including on Ptolemy's world map. It was located on the southern branch of the Silk Road. In the 9th century, merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate established a trading post in Chittagong.[13][14] The port fell to the Muslim conquest of Bengal during the 14th century. It was the site of a royal mint under the Delhi Sultanate, Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Empire.[15] Between the 15th and 17th centuries, Chittagong was also a center of administrative, literary, commercial and maritime activities in Arakan, a narrow strip of land along the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal which was under strong Bengali influence for 350 years. During the 16th century, the port became a Portuguese trading post and João de Barros described it as "the most famous and wealthy city of the Kingdom of Bengal".[16] The Mughal Empire expelled the Portuguese and Arakanese in 1666.
The Nawab of Bengal ceded the port to the British East India Company in 1793. The Port of Chittagong was re-organized in 1887 and its busiest shipping links were with British Burma. In 1928, Chittagong was declared a "Major Port" of British India. During World War II, Chittagong was a base for Allied Forces engaged in the Burma Campaign. The port city began to expand and industrialize during the 1940s, particularly after the Partition of British India. The city was the historic terminus of the Assam Bengal Railway and Pakistan Eastern Railway. During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Chittagong was the site of the Bangladeshi declaration of independence. The port city has benefited from the growth of heavy industry, logistics, and manufacturing in Bangladesh. Trade unionism was strong during the 1990s.
Chittagong accounts for 12% of Bangladesh's GDP, including 40% of industrial output, 80% of international trade, and 50% of tax revenue. The port city is home to many of the oldest and largest companies in the country. The Port of Chittagong is one of the busiest ports in South Asia. The largest base of the Bangladesh Navy is located in Chittagong, along with an air base of the Bangladesh Air Force, garrisons of the Bangladesh Army and the main base of the Bangladesh Coast Guard. The eastern zone of the Bangladesh Railway is based in Chittagong. The Chittagong Stock Exchange is one of the twin stock markets of Bangladesh with over 700 listed companies. The Chittagong Tea Auction is a commodity exchange dealing with Bangladeshi tea. The CEPZ and KEPZ are key industrial zones with foreign direct investments. The city is served by Shah Amanat International Airport for domestic and external flights. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Tunnel, the first and only underwater road tunnel of South Asia, is located in Chittagong. The city is the hometown of prominent economists, a Nobel laureate, scientists, freedom fighters and entrepreneurs. Chittagong has a high degree of religious and ethnic diversity among Bangladeshi cities, despite having a great Muslim majority. Minorities include Hindus, Christians, Buddhists, Chakmas, Marmas, Tripuris, Garos and others. The people of Chittagong are generally considered a different ethnic group in contrast to Bengalis.
Etymology
[edit]
Main article: Names of Chittagong
The etymology of Chittagong is uncertain.[17] The port city has been known by various names in history, including Chatigaon, Chatigam, Chattagrama, Islamabad, Chattala, Chaityabhumi and Porto Grande De Bengala.[18]
The Bengali word for Chittagong, Chattogram (চট্টগ্রাম), has the suffix "-gram" (গ্রাম) meaning village in Standard Bengali. The earliest records, before Islam reached the region, state that it was a place of chaitya or Buddhist monasteries. The city had a very large Buddhist population before Islam. The city was renamed Islamabad (City of Islam) during the Mughal era. The name continues to be used in the old city. In April 2018, the Cabinet Division of the Government of Bangladesh decided to change the city's name to Chattogram,[8][19] based on its Bengali spelling and pronunciation; the move was criticized in the Bangladeshi media.[20]
One explanation credits the first Arab traders for shatt ghangh (Arabic: شط غنغ) where shatt means "delta" and ghangh stood for the Ganges.[17][21][22] The Arakanese chronicle that a king named Tsu-la-taing Tsandaya (Sula Taing Chandra), after conquering Bengal, set up a stone pillar as a trophy/memorial at the place since called Tst-ta-gaung as the limit of conquest.[23]
History
[edit]
Main article: History of Chittagong
Stone Age fossils and tools unearthed in the region indicate that Chittagong has been inhabited since Neolithic times.[24] It is an ancient port city, with a recorded history dating back to the 4th century BC.[25] Its harbour was mentioned in Ptolemy's world map in the 2nd century as one of the most impressive ports in the East.[12] The region was part of the ancient Bengali Samatata and Harikela kingdoms. The Chandra dynasty once dominated the area and was followed by the Varman dynasty and Deva dynasty.
Chinese traveller Xuanzang described the area as "a sleeping beauty rising from mist and water" in the 7th century.[26]
Arab Muslim traders frequented Chittagong from the 9th century. In 1154, Al-Idrisi wrote of a busy shipping route between Basra and Chittagong, connecting it with the Abbasid capital of Baghdad.[21]
Many Sufi missionaries settled in Chittagong and played an instrumental role in the spread of Islam.[27]
Sultan Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah of Sonargaon conquered Chittagong in 1340,[28] making it a part of Sultanate of Bengal. It was the principal maritime gateway to the kingdom, which was reputed as one of the wealthiest states in the Indian subcontinent. Medieval Chittagong was a hub for maritime trade with China, Sumatra, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, the Middle East, and East Africa. It was notable for its medieval trades in pearls,[29] silk, muslin, rice, bullion, horses, and gunpowder. The port was also a major shipbuilding hub.
Ibn Battuta visited the port city in 1345.[30] Niccolò de' Conti, from Venice, also visited around the same time as Battuta.[31] Chinese admiral Zheng He's treasure fleet anchored in Chittagong during imperial missions to the Sultanate of Bengal.[32][33]
Dhaniya Manikya conquered Chittagong in 1513. Hossain Shah sent his noble commander Gorai Mallik to attack Tripura. Gorai Mallik recaptured the territories lost. But the following year Dhaniya Manikya again conquered Chittagong.[34]
Chittagong featured prominently in the military history of the Bengal Sultanate, including during the Reconquest of Arakan and the Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516.
During the 13th and 16th centuries, Arabs and Persians heavily colonized the port city of Chittagong, initially arriving for trade and to spread Islam. Most Arab settlers arrived from the trade route between Iraq and Chittagong and were perhaps the prime reason for the spread of Islam to Bangladesh.[13] The first Persian settlers also arrived for trade and religious purposes, with the possible goal of Persianisation as well. Persians and other Iranic peoples have deeply affected the history of the Bengal Sultanate, with Persian being one of the main languages of the Muslim state, as well as also influencing the Chittagonian language and writing scripts.[35][36] It has been affirmed that much of the Muslim population in Chittagong are descendants of the Arab and Persian settlers.[37]
Two decades after Vasco Da Gama's landing in Calicut, the Bengal Sultanate permitted the Portuguese settlement in Chittagong to be established in 1528. It became the first European colonial enclave in Bengal. The Bengal Sultanate lost control of Chittagong in 1531 after Arakan declared independence and the established Kingdom of Mrauk U. This altered geopolitical landscape allowed the Portuguese unhindered control of Chittagong for over a century.[38]
Portuguese ships from Goa and Malacca began frequenting the port city in the 16th century. The cartaz system was introduced and required all ships in the area to purchase naval trading licenses from the Portuguese settlement.[39] Slave trade and piracy flourished. The nearby island of Sandwip was conquered in 1602. In 1615, the Portuguese Navy defeated a joint Dutch East India Company and Arakanese fleet near the coast of Chittagong.
In 1666, the Mughal government of Bengal led by viceroy Shaista Khan moved to retake Chittagong from Portuguese and Arakanese control by launching the Mughal conquest of Chittagong. The Mughals attacked the Arakanese from the jungle with a 6,500-strong army, which was further supported by 288 Mughal naval ships blockading the Chittagong harbor.[27] After three days of battle, the Arakanese surrendered. The Mughals expelled the Portuguese from Chittagong. Mughal rule ushered a new era in the history of Chittagong territory to the southern bank of Kashyapnadi (Kaladan River). The port city was renamed Islamabad. The Grand Trunk Road connected it with North India and Central Asia. Economic growth increased due to an efficient system of land grants for clearing hinterlands for cultivation. The Mughals also contributed to the architecture of the area, including the building of Fort Ander and many mosques. Chittagong was integrated into the prosperous Bengali economy, which also included Orissa and Bihar.[33][40] Shipbuilding increased dramatically under the Mughal rule, and the Ottoman Sultans had many Ottoman warships built in Chittagong during this period.[41]
In 1685, the British East India Company sent out an expedition under Admiral Nicholson with the instructions to seize and fortify Chittagong on behalf of the English; however, the expedition proved abortive. Two years later, the company's Court of Directors decided to make Chittagong the headquarters of their Bengal trade and sent out a fleet of ten or eleven ships to seize it under Captain Heath. However, after reaching Chittagong in early 1689, the fleet found the city too strongly held and abandoned their attempt at capturing it. The city was possessed by the Nawab of Bengal until 1793 when East India Company took complete control of the former Mughal province of Bengal.[42][43]
The First Anglo-Burmese War in 1823 threatened the British hold on Chittagong. There were several rebellions against British rule, notably during the Indian rebellion of 1857, when the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th companies of the 34th Bengal Infantry Regiment revolted and released all prisoners from the city's jail. In a backlash, the rebels were suppressed by the Sylhet Light Infantry.[21]
Arakan was annexed in 1829 and incorporated into the Bengal Presidency. Agriculturalists from Chittagong played a key role in the development of the rice economy in Arakan.[44] The economy of northern Arakan was integrated with the Chittagong economy. During this period, Arakan Division became one of the top rice exporters in the world.[45][46] Bengalis from Chittagong were vital to the success of Arakan's rice industry.
Railways were introduced in 1865, beginning with the Eastern Bengal Railway connecting Chittagong to Dacca and Calcutta. Chittagong became the main gateway to Eastern Bengal and Assam.[47] In the 1890s, Chittagong became the terminus of Assam Bengal Railway. The hinterland of Chittagong Port covered the tea and jute producing regions of Assam and Bengal, as well as Assam's oil industry. Chittagong was also linked to the crucial oil and gas industry in Burma. Chittagong was a major center of trade with British Burma. It hosted many prominent companies of the British Empire.
The Chittagong armoury raid by Bengali revolutionaries in 1930 was a major event in British India's anti-colonial history.
World War II
[edit]
During World War II, Chittagong became a frontline city in the Southeast Asian Theater. It was a critical air, naval and military base for Allied Forces during the Burma Campaign against Japan. The Imperial Japanese Army Air Force carried out air raids on Chittagong in April and May 1942, in the run-up to the aborted Japanese invasion of Bengal.[48][49]
After the Battle of Imphal, the tide turned in favor of the Allied Forces. Units of the United States Army Air Forces' 4th Combat Cargo Group were stationed in Chittagong Airfield in 1945.[50] Commonwealth forces included troops from Britain, India, Australia, and New Zealand. The war had major negative impacts on the city, including the growth of refugees and the Great Famine of 1943.[21] Many wealthy Chittagonians profited from wartime commerce.
715 soldiers are buried at the Chittagong War Cemetery, which is maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Allied soldiers constitute the bulk of burials in the cemetery. A few Japanese soldiers are also buried. Remembrance Day services are held each year at the cemetery, with diplomats from Commonwealth countries like the UK, Bangladesh, Australia, India and Pakistan, as well as the United States and Japan, usually in attendance.[51]
Modern
[edit]
The Partition of British India in 1947 made Chittagong the chief port of East Pakistan. By March 1948, the Chittagong harbour became a bustling port for international shipping.[52] The Chittagong Tea Auction was set up in 1949. The port city had branches of the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, Burmah Oil (known locally as Burmah Eastern), and the James Finlay shipping business. Wealthy Muslim families from British India and British Burma shifted their corporate headquarters to Chittagong. The Ispahani family shifted the head office of M. M. Ispahani Limited from Calcutta to Chittagong.[53] The Ispahanis also relocated the Eastern Federal Insurance Company from Calcutta to Chittagong.[53] The Ispahanis set up the Victory Jute Mills, the Chittagong Jute Manufacturing Company, and the Pahartali Textile Mills.[53] The Africawala brothers set up the first steel re-rolling mills in Chittagong in 1952, which eventually became BSRM.[54][55] Banks, shipping companies and insurance firms proliferated the city. Many British-owned businesses in East Pakistan were based in Chittagong. Britain's former flag carrier BOAC operated flights to the city. The Agrabad area emerged as the central business district in the 1950s and 1960s, with many corporate offices. The Ispahani Building and Jamuna Bhaban are some of the corporate buildings from this period. The Karnaphuli Paper Mills were built in 1959. The project to build the Eastern Refinery was started in 1963;[56] and was partly funded by the last Shah of Iran. The Agrabad Chamber of Commerce was formed in 1963. It later became the Foreign Investors' Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Bangladesh.[57] The Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) was created by the government to promote urban planning; while wealthy families like the Ispahanis contributed to social welfare by setting up schools and hospitals.[21]
The lawyer and industrialist A K Khan, who set up A K Khan & Company in the aftermath of World War II, represented Chittagong in the federal cabinet of East and West Pakistan. However, East Pakistanis complained of a lack of investment in Chittagong in comparison to Karachi in West Pakistan, even though East Pakistan generated more exports and had a larger population. The Awami League demanded that the country's naval headquarters be shifted from Karachi to Chittagong.[58]
During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, which was waged under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Chittagong witnessed heavy fighting between rebel Bengali military regiments and the Pakistan Army. It covered Sector 1 in the Mukti Bahini chain of command. Major Ziaur Rahman was the sector commander. The Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence was broadcast from Kalurghat Radio Station and transmitted internationally through foreign ships in Chittagong Port.[59] Ziaur Rahman and M A Hannan announced the independence declaration from Chittagong. A K Khan drafted the English version of Zia's broadcast.[60] These radio broadcasts began the journey of Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra, which contributed heavily towards the Liberation. The Pakistani military, and supporting Razakar militias, carried out widespread atrocities against civilians in the city. Mukti Bahini naval commandos drowned several Pakistani warships during Operation Jackpot in August 1971.[61] In December 1971, the Bangladesh Air Force and the Indian Air Force carried out the heavy bombing of facilities occupied by the Pakistani military. A naval blockade was also enforced.[62]
After the war, the Soviet Union offer to clear mines in Chittagong Port at free of cost, while Sweden offered to clear mines in Mongla port.[63] 22 vessels of the Soviet Pacific Fleet sailed from Vladivostok to Chittagong in May 1972.[64] The process of clearing mines in the dense water harbor took nearly a year and claimed the life of Soviet marine Yuri V Redkin.[65][66] Chittagong soon regained its status as a major port, with cargo tonnage surpassing pre-war levels in 1973. In the immediate aftermath of 1971, many industries were nationalized. But in Chittagong, factories and business properties were given back to their private owners. The Ispahani family had to write only one letter in order to get back all their properties from the Awami League government of Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[53]
In free market reforms launched by President Ziaur Rahman in the late 1970s, the city became home to the first export processing zones in Bangladesh. Zia was assassinated during an attempted military coup in Chittagong in 1981. The 1991 Bangladesh cyclone inflicted heavy damage on the city. The Japanese government financed the construction of several heavy industries and an international airport in the 1980s and 1990s. Bangladeshi private sector investments increased since 1991, especially with the formation of the Chittagong Stock Exchange in 1995. A new airport opened in 2000. The port city has been the pivot of Bangladesh's emerging economy in recent years, with the country's rising GDP growth rate. Chittagong has seen several infrastructure projects taken up by the government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, including the Chittagong Elevated Expressway, the first underwater tunnel in South Asia, the expansion of its port, and new parks, power plants and flyovers.[67][68] Hasina's government has planned several new economic zones around the city, including the flagship Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Industrial City of the Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority.[69]
Geography
[edit]
Topography
[edit]
Chittagong lies at . It straddles the coastal foothills of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in southeastern Bangladesh. The Karnaphuli River runs along the southern banks of the city, including its central business district. The river enters the Bay of Bengal in an estuary located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of downtown Chittagong. Mount Sitakunda is the highest peak in Chittagong District, with an elevation of 351 metres (1,152 ft).[70] Within the city itself, the highest peak is Batali Hill at 85.3 metres (280 ft). Chittagong has many lakes that were created under the Mughal rule. In 1924, an engineering team of the Assam Bengal Railway established the Foy's Lake.[70]
Major sediment outflows from the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers form tidal flats around the city.[71]
Ecological hinterland
[edit]
The Chittagong Division is known for its rich biodiversity. Over 2000 of Bangladesh's 6000 flowering plants grow in the region.[72] Its hills and jungles are laden with waterfalls, fast flowing river streams and elephant reserves. St. Martin's Island, within the Chittagong Division, is the only coral island in the country. The fishing port of Cox's Bazar is home to one of the world's longest natural beaches. In the east, there are the three hill districts of Bandarban, Rangamati, and Khagrachari, home to the highest mountains in Bangladesh. The region has numerous protected areas, including the Teknaf Game Reserve and the Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco Park.[73]
Patenga beach in the main seafront of Chittagong, located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) west of the city.
Climate
[edit]
Under the Köppen climate classification, Chittagong has a tropical monsoon climate (Am).[74]
Chittagong is vulnerable to North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones. The deadliest tropical cyclone to strike Chittagong was the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone, which killed 138,000 people and left as many as 10 million homeless.[75]
Government
[edit]
The Chittagong City Corporation (CCC) is responsible for governing municipal areas in the Chittagong Metropolitan Area. It is headed by the mayor of Chittagong. The mayor and ward councillors are elected every five years. The mayor is Rezaul Karim Chowdhury, as of August 2023.[79] The city corporation's mandate is limited to basic civic services, however, the CCC is credited for keeping Chittagong one of the cleaner and most eco-friendly cities in Bangladesh.[80][81] Its principal sources of revenue are municipal taxes and conservancy charges.[21] The Chittagong Development Authority is responsible for implementing the city's urban planning.
The deputy commissioner and district magistrate are the chiefs of local administration as part of the Government of Bangladesh. Law enforcement is provided by the Chittagong Metropolitan Police and the Rapid Action Battalion-7. The district and sessions judges are the heads of the local judiciary on behalf of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.[21] The Divisional Special Judge's Court is located in the colonial-era Chittagong Court Building.
Military
[edit]
Chittagong is a strategically important military port on the Bay of Bengal. The Chittagong Naval Area is the principal base of the Bangladesh Navy and the home port of most Bangladeshi warships.[82] The Bangladesh Naval Academy and the navy's elite special force- Special Warfare Diving and Salvage (SWADS) are also based in the city.[83] The Bangladesh Army's 24th Infantry Division is based in Chittagong Cantonment, and the Bangladesh Air Force maintains the BAF Zahurul Haq Air Base in Chittagong.[84] The city is also home to the Bangladesh Military Academy, the premier training institute for the country's armed forces.
Diplomatic representation
[edit]
In the 1860s, the American consulate-general in the Bengal Presidency included a consular agency in Chittagong.[85] Today, Chittagong hosts an assistant high commission of India and a consulate general of Russia. The city also has honorary consulates of Turkey, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Malaysia, Italy, and the Philippines.[86][87][88][89][90][91][92]
Economy
[edit]
Main article: Economy of Chittagong
Top publicly traded
companies in Chittagong,
in 2014[93] Jamuna Oil Company BSRM Padma Oil Company PHP Meghna Petroleum GPH Ispat Aramit Cement Western Marine Shipyard RSRM Hakkani Pulp & Paper Source:
Chittagong Stock Exchange
A substantial share of Bangladesh's national GDP is attributed to Chittagong. The port city contributes 12%[5] of the nation's economy. Chittagong generates for 40% of Bangladesh's industrial output, 80% of its international trade and 50% of its governmental revenue.[94][95] The Chittagong Stock Exchange has more than 700 listed companies, with a market capitalisation of US$32 billion in June 2015.[93] The city is home to many of the country's oldest and largest corporations. The Port of Chittagong handled US$60 billion in annual trade in 2011, ranking 3rd in South Asia after the Port of Mumbai and the Port of Colombo.[9][95] The port is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean and on to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.[96][97][98]
The Agrabad area is the main central business district of the city. Major Bangladeshi conglomerates headquartered in Chittagong include M. M. Ispahani Limited, BSRM, A K Khan & Company, PHP Group, James Finlay Bangladesh, the Habib Group, the S. Alam Group of Industries, Seamark Group, KDS Group and the T. K. Group of Industries. Major state-owned firms headquartered there include Pragati Industries, the Jamuna Oil Company, the Bangladesh Shipping Corporation, and the Padma Oil Company. The Chittagong Export Processing Zone was ranked by the UK-based magazine, Foreign Direct Investment, as one of the leading special economic zones in the world, in 2010.[99] Other SEZs include the Karnaphuli Export Processing Zone and Korean EPZ. The city's key industrial sectors include petroleum, steel, shipbuilding, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textiles, jute, leather goods, vegetable oil refineries, glass manufacturing, electronics and motor vehicles. The Chittagong Tea Auction sets the price of Bangladesh Tea. The Eastern Refinery is Bangladesh's largest oil refinery. GlaxoSmithKline has had operations in Chittagong since 1967.[100] Western Marine Shipyard is a leading Bangladeshi shipbuilder and exporter of medium-sized ocean-going vessels. In 2011–12, Chittagong exported approximately US$4.5 billion in ready-made garments.[101] The Karnaphuli Paper Mills were established in 1953.
International banks operating in Chittagong include HSBC, Standard Chartered and Citibank NA. Chittagong is often called Bangladesh's commercial capital due to its diversified industrial base and seaport. The port city has ambitions to develop as a global financial center and regional transshipment hub, given its proximity to North East India, Burma, Nepal, Bhutan and Southwest China.[102][103]
By 2024, the Chittagong-based S Alam Group emerged as one of Bangladesh's most powerful conglomerates, with interests in energy, commodities, infrastructure, economic zones, healthcare, textiles and fintech.[104] S Alam's projects include a $640 million steel plant, a $2.6 billion power plant and a $3 billion renewable energy plant.[104] It is investing 580 billion BDT in two industrial zones in Chittagong.[105] S Alam also has substantial offshore assets, including a billion dollars worth of real estate in Singapore.[106] Its portfolio in Singapore includes the city-state's Hilton Garden Inn Serangoon hotel.[107] The S Alam Group enjoys close ties with the ruling Awami League party in Bangladesh. The group has been subjected to intense media scrutiny.
Financial and commodity markets
[edit]
Chittagong Stock Exchange
Chittagong Tea Auction
Trade associations
[edit]
Chittagong Chamber of Commerce & Industry
Industrial areas
[edit]
Chittagong Export Processing Zone
Karnaphuli Export Processing Zone
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Shilpa Nagar, Mirsarai
Korean Export Processing Zone, Anwara
Chinese Economic and Industrial Zone, Anwara
Maheshkhali Economic Zone, Matarbari
Kalurghat Heavy Industrial Area
Architecture
[edit]
The Anderkilla Shahi Jame Mosque is a well-known Mughal property in Chittagong. Anderkilla means "inner fort".[108] The mosque was built in 1667 by Umed Khan, the son of Shaista Khan, after the Mughal conquest of Chittagong. The mosque is the only surviving part of a hilltop Mughal fort. A surviving remnant of the 17th century Portuguese presence is Darul Adalat in the premises of Government Hazi Mohammad Mohsin College, Chittagong. The Kadam Mubarak Mosque in Jamal Khan was built in 1723 by a faujdar during the reign of the Nawabs of Bengal.[109] During British rule, colonial officials lived in hilltop bungalows, which would feature a spacious balcony or verandah, chimneys, fireplaces and big gardens. The Firingi Bazaar has many colonial houses which belonged to rich local residents. The well-known buildings from the British colonial period include the Battali Railway Station, Central Railway Building, Chittagong Circuit House and Chittagong Court Building.
The old Circuit House was originally built in the style of Tudor revival architecture. The Chittagong Court Building exhibits influence of neoclassical architecture from the late 19th century. JM Sen Hall was a town hall built in 1920.[110] One of the grand old mansions of Chittagong is the PK Sen Bhaban.[111][112] The First Karnaphuli Bridge, which was a steel bridge, was built in 1930.[113] The Kalurghat Bridge was completed in 1931.[114] Stripped Classicism and elements of art deco can be seen in Agrabad. M. M. Ispahani Limited relocated its head office to Chittagong from Calcutta after the partition of India;[115] the Ispahani building in Agrabad was influenced by the art deco style. Another building with 1930s classical and art deco elements is the headquarters of the Jamuna Oil Company. The building has a dome and modernist columns inspired by the style of the 1930s and 1940s.
Culture
[edit]
Further information: Culture of Bangladesh
An inhabitant of Chittagong is called Chittagonian in English.[116] For centuries, the port city has been a melting pot for people from all over the world. Its historic trade networks have left a lasting impact on its language, culture, and cuisine. The Chittagonian language, although identified as a nonstandard dialect of Bengali, is considered to be a separate language by many linguists. The Chittagonian language has many Arabic, Persian, English and Portuguese loanwords.[21] The popular traditional feast of Mezban features the serving of hot beef dish with white rice.[116] Another dish named kala-bhuna of Chittagong, made with traditional spices, mustard oil, and beef through a special cooking style, is also renowned all over Bangladesh. The cultivation of pink pearls is a historic activity in Chittagong. Its Mughal-era name, Islamabad (City of Islam), continues to be used in the old city. The name was given due to the port city's history as a gateway for early Islamic missionaries in Bengal. Notable Islamic architecture in Chittagong can be seen in the historic Bengal Sultanate-era Hammadyar Mosque and the Mughal Fort of Anderkilla. Chittagong is known as the Land of the Twelve Saints[117] due to the prevalence of major Sufi Muslim shrines in the district. Historically, Sufism played an important role in the spread of Islam in the region. Prominent dargahs include the mausoleums of Shah Amanat, Badr Auliya, Miskin Shah, Garibullah Shah and the shrine of Bayazid Bastami among many others. The Bastami shrine hosts a pond of black softshell turtles, a critically endangered species of freshwater turtle.
During the medieval period, many poets thrived in the region when it was part of the Bengal Sultanate and the Kingdom of Mrauk U. Under the patronage of Sultan Alauddin Husain Shah's governor in Chittagong, Kabindra Parameshvar wrote his Pandabbijay, a Bengali adaptation of the Mahabharata.[118] Daulat Qazi lived in the region during the 17th-century reign of the Kingdom of Mrauk U. Chittagong is home to several important Hindu temples, including the Chandranath Temple on the outskirts of the city, which is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Sita.[119] The city also hosts the country's largest Buddhist monastery and council of monks. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Chittagong is the oldest catholic mission in Bengal.[120]
Major cultural organizations in the city include the Theatre Institute Chittagong and the Chittagong Performing Arts Academy. The city has a vibrant contemporary art scene.
Being home to the pioneering rock bands in the country like Souls[121] and LRB,[122] Chittagong is regarded as the "birthplace of Bangladeshi rock music".[123][124][125]
Demographics
[edit]
Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1931 53,156 — 1941 92,301 +73.6% 1991 1,392,958 +1409.1% 2001 2,023,489 +45.3% 2011 2,582,401 +27.6% 2022 3,227,246 +25.0% sources:citypopulation.de
At the 2011 Census, Chittagong had a population of more than 2.5 million,[126] and its Metropolitan Area had a population of 4,009,423.[127] By gender, the population was 54.36% male and 45.64% female, and the literacy rate in the city was approximately 72 percent, in 2020.
Muslims, numbering approximately 3.44 million, form the overwhelming majority of the city's population, with the rest being predominantly Hindus, numbering approximately 480,000, and the remaining 2% belonging to other religions, such as Buddhism and Christianity.[21]
Chittagong was a melting pot of ethnicities during the Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal periods. Muslim immigration started as early as the seventh century, and significant Muslim settlements occurred during the medieval period. Muslim traders, rulers, and preachers from Persia and Arabia were the early Muslim settlers, and their descendants are the majority of the current Muslim population of the city. The city has a relatively wealthy and economically influential Shia Muslim community, including Ismailis and Twelver Shias. The city also has many ethnic minorities, especially members of indigenous groups from the frontier hills of Chittagong Division, including Chakmas, Rakhines and Tripuris; as well as Rohingya refugees. The Bengali-speaking Theravada Buddhists of the area, known as Baruas, are one of the oldest communities in Chittagong and one of the last remnants of Buddhism in Bangladesh.[130][131][132] Descendants of Portuguese settlers, often known as Firingis, also live in Chittagong, as well as Catholics, who largely live in the old Portuguese enclave of Paterghatta.[21] There is also a small Urdu-speaking Bihari community living in the ethnic enclave known as Bihari Colony.[133][134] Like other major urban centres in South Asia, Chittagong has experienced steady growth in its informal settlements as a result of the increasing economic activities in the city and emigration from rural areas. According to a poverty reduction publication of the International Monetary Fund, there were 1,814 slums within the city corporation area, inhabited by about 1.8 million slum dwellers, the second highest in the country after the capital, Dhaka.[135] The slum dwellers often face eviction by the local authorities, charging them with illegal abode on government lands.[136][137] In the early 1990s, Chittagong had a population of just over 1.5 million, of which there were an estimated 66,676 squatters living in 69 areas.[138]
Media and communications
[edit]
Further information: Media of Bangladesh
Various newspapers, including daily, opposition, and business newspapers, are based in Chittagong. Daily newspapers include Dainik Azadi,[139] Peoples View,[140] The Daily Suprobhat Bangladesh, Daily Purbokone, Life, Karnafuli, Jyoti, Rashtrobarta and Azan. Furthermore, there are several weekly and monthly newspapers. These include weeklies such as Chattala, Jyoti, Sultan, Chattagram Darpan, and the monthlies such as Sanshodhani, Purobi, Mukulika, and Simanto. The only press council in Chittagong is the Chittagong Press Club. Government-owned Bangladesh Television, with its Chittagong station, and Bangladesh Betar have transmission centres in the city. A local online news & media Channel based on the Chittagonian language was launched in 2016 called CplusTv,[141] gained vast popularity. The channel is YouTube- and social network-based, and it reached the 1 million followers milestone on Facebook.[citation needed]
Chittagong has been featured in all aspects of Bangladeshi popular culture, including television, movies, journals, music, and books. Nearly all televisions and radios in Bangladesh have coverage in Chittagong. Renowned Bollywood film director Ashutosh Gowariker directed a movie based on the 1930s Chittagong Uprising, Movie's name is Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey[142] in which Abhishek Bachchan played the lead role.[143][144]
Utilities
[edit]
The southern zone of the Bangladesh Power Development Board is responsible for supplying electricity to city dwellers.[145][146] The fire services are provided by the Bangladesh Fire Service & Civil Defence department, under the Ministry of Home Affairs.[147] Total Electricity Consumption is approximately 1000 megawatts in the city proper. But in the whole Chittagong urban and city proper, it will be 1300 megawatts plus-minus. Ss power plant will be in production next year and its production power is 1320 megawatts And it creates Chittagong City as the energy production hub of Bangladesh
The water supply and sewage systems are managed by the Chittagong Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (Chittagong WASA).[148][149] Water is primarily drawn from Karnaphuli River and then purified in the Mohra Purification Plant.[150]
Chittagong has extensive GSM and CDMA coverage, served by all the major mobile operators of the country, including Grameenphone, Banglalink, Citycell, Robi, TeleTalk and Airtel Bangladesh. However, landline telephone services are provided through the state-owned Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB), as well as some private operators. BTTB also provides broadband Internet services, along with some private ISPs, including the 4G service providers Banglalion[151] and Qubee.[152]
Education and research
[edit]
The education system of Chittagong is similar to that of rest of Bangladesh, with four main forms of schooling. The general education system, conveyed in both Bangla and English versions, follows the curriculum prepared by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board, part of the Ministry of Education.[153] Students are required to take two major board examinations:the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) and the Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) before moving onto higher education. The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Chittagong is responsible for administering SSC and HSC examinations within the city.[154][155] The Madrasah education system is primarily based on Islamic studies, though other subjects are also taught. Students are prepared according to the Dakhil and Alim examinations, which are controlled by the Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board and are equivalent to SSC and HSC examinations of the general education system respectively.[156] There are also several private schools in the city, usually referred to as English medium schools,[153] which follow the General Certificate of Education.
The British Council supervises the O Levels and A levels examinations, conducted twice a year, through the Cambridge International and Edexcel examination boards.[157][158] The Technical and Vocational education system is governed by the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE) and follow the curriculum prepared by Bangladesh Technical Education Board (BTEB).[159][160] Chittagong College, established in 1869, is the earliest modern institution for higher education in the city.[161] Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University is the only public university located in Chittagong city. Chittagong Medical College is the only government medical college in Chittagong.
University of Chittagong is located 22 kilometres (14 miles) north and Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology is located 25 kilometres (16 miles) north of the Chittagong city. The University of Chittagong, established in 1966 is one of the largest universities in Bangladesh. Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, established in 1968, is one of the five public engineering universities in Bangladesh and the only engineering university in the Chittagong Division.
The city also hosts several other private universities and medical colleges. The BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong Independent University (CIU), Asian University for Women, Port City International University, East Delta University, International Islamic University, Premier University, Southern University, University of Information Technology and Sciences and the University of Science & Technology Chittagong are among them. Chittagong has public, denominational, and independent schools. Public schools, including pre-schools, primary and secondary schools, and special schools are administered by the Ministry of Education and Chittagong Education Board. Chittagong has governmental and non-governmental primary and higher secondary schools, international schools, and English medium schools, such as CDA Public School and College.Southeast Public School & College Jamia Ahmadiyya Sunnia Kamil Madrasa is also a famous Islamic University which situated in Chittagong.
Research institutes
[edit]
Bangladesh Forest Research Institute
Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases
Bangladesh Tea Board
Health
[edit]
The Chittagong Medical College Hospital is the largest state-owned hospital in Chittagong. The Chittagong General Hospital, established in 1901, is the oldest hospital in the city.[162] The Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (BITID) is based the city. Other government-run medical centers in the city include the Family Welfare Centre, TB Hospital, Infectious Disease Hospital, Diabetic Hospital, Mother and Children Hospital, and the Police Hospital. Among the city's private hospitals are the Bangabandhu Memorial Hospital (BBMH), Chittagong Metropolitan Hospital, Chevron Clinic, Surgiscope Hospital, CSCR, Centre Point Hospital, Park View Hospital, Max Hospital & diagnosis, Imperial Hospital LTD., Evercare Hospital Ltd., National Hospital and Mount Hospital Ltd.[163][164][165]
Private Medical Colleges:
University of Science & Technology Chittagong
BGC TRUST Medical College Chittagong
Chittagong Ma o Shishu Hospital
Southern Medical College
Marine City Medical College
Army Medical College
Poly Clinic
CSCR Hospital
Transport
[edit]
See also: Transport in Bangladesh
Transport in Chittagong is similar to that of the capital, Dhaka. large avenues and roads are present throughout the metropolis. There are various bus systems and taxi services, as well as smaller 'baby' or 'CNG' taxis, which are tricycle-structured motor vehicles. Foreign and local ridesharing companies like Uber and Pathao are operating in the city.[166] There are also traditional manual rickshaws, which are very common.
Road
[edit]
As the population has risen extensively, the Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) has undertaken some transportation initiatives aimed at easing the traffic congestion in Chittagong. Under this plan, the CDA, along with the Chittagong City Corporation, has constructed some flyovers and expanded the existing roads within the city. There are also some other major expressways and flyovers under construction, most notably the Chittagong City Outer Ring Road, which runs along the coast of Chittagong City. This ring road includes a marine drive along with five feeder roads and is also meant to strengthen the embankment of the coast.[167][168][need quotation to verify][169][170][171] The authority has also began the construction of a 9.3 kilometres (5.8 mi) underwater expressway tunnel through the Karnaphuli river to ensure better connectivity between the northern and southern parts of Chittagong. This tunnel will be the first of its kind in South Asia.[172][173][174]
The N1 (Dhaka-Chittagong Highway), a major arterial national highway, is the only way to access the city by motor vehicle from most other parts of the country. It is considered a crowded and dangerous highway. This highway is also part of AH41 route of the Asian Highway Network. It has been upgraded to 4 lanes.[175] The N106 (Chittagong-Rangamati Highway) is another major national highway that connects the Chittagong Hill Tracts with the Oxygen Square.
Rail
[edit]
Chittagong can also be accessed by rail. It has a station on the metre gauge, the eastern section of the Bangladesh Railway, whose headquarters are also located within the city. There are two main railway stations, on Station Road and in the Pahartali Thana. Trains to Dhaka, Sylhet, Comilla, and Bhairab are available from Chittagong. The Chittagong Circular Railway was introduced in 2013 to ease traffic congestion and to ensure better public transport service for commuters within the city. The railway includes high-speed DEMU trains with a carrying capacity of 300 passengers. These DEMU trains also travel on the Chittagong-Laksham route which connects the city with Comilla.[176][177]
Air
[edit]
The Shah Amanat International Airport (IATA: CGP, ICAO: VGEG), located at South Patenga, serves as Chittagong's only airport. It is the second busiest airport in Bangladesh. The airport is capable of annually handling 1.5 million passengers and 6,000 tonnes of cargo.[178] Known as Chittagong Airfield during World War II, the airport was used as a supply point by the United States Army Air Forces' Tenth Air Force during the Burma Campaign 1944–45.[50] It officially became a Bangladeshi airport in 1972 after Bangladesh's liberation war.[179] International services fly to major cities of the Arabian Peninsula as well as to Indian city of Kolkata.[180] At present, Middle Eastern airlines like Air Arabia, Flydubai, Jazeera Airways, Oman Air and SalamAir operate flights from the city to these destinations along with airlines of Bangladesh.[180] All Bangladeshi airlines operate regular domestic flights to Dhaka. The airport was formerly known as MA Hannan International Airport but was renamed after a famous Sufi saint Shah Amanat on 2 April 2005 by the Government.[181]
Sports
[edit]
Chittagong has produced numerous cricketers, footballers, and athletes, who have performed at the national level. Tamim Iqbal, Akram Khan, Minhajul Abedin, Aftab Ahmed, Nafees Iqbal, Nazimuddin, Faisal Hossain, Tareq Aziz, Mominul Haque, Nayeem Hasan, Mamunul Islam, Ashish Bhadra, Shahidul Alam Sohel are some of the most prominent figures among them. Cricket is the most popular sport in Chittagong, while football, tennis and kabaddi are also popular. Several stadiums are located in Chittagong with the main one being the multipurpose MA Aziz Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 20,000 and hosts football matches in addition to cricket.[182] MA Aziz Stadium was the stadium where Bangladesh achieved its first-ever Test cricket victory, against Zimbabwe in 2005.[183] The stadium now focuses only on football, and is currently the main football venue of the city. Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, is currently the main cricket venue of the city, which was awarded Test status in 2006, hosting both domestic and international cricket matches. The city hosted two group matches of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup, both taking place in Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium.[184] It also co-hosted 2014 ICC World Twenty20 along with Dhaka and Sylhet, Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium hosted 15 group stage matches. Other stadiums in Chittagong include the Women's Complex Ground. Major sporting clubs such as, Mohammedan Sporting Club and Abahani Chittagong are also located in the city. Chittagong is also home to the Bangladesh Premier League franchise, the Chattogram Challengers.
Teams
[edit]
Chattogram Challengers – BPL (Cricket)
Chittagong Abahani Limited – BPL (Football)
Acme Chattogram – HCT (Field hockey)
Twin towns – sister cities
[edit]
Goiânia, Brazil[185]
Kunming, China[186]
See also
[edit]
Jamboree Park
Conquest of Chittagong
Notes
[edit]
Explanatory notes
[edit]
Citations
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Sieh dir auf Facebook Beiträge, Fotos und vieles mehr an.
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Bangladesh: Administrative Division (Districts and Subdistricts)
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Bangladesh: Administrative Division (Districts and Subdistricts) with population statistics, charts and maps.
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Contents: Districts and Subdistricts
The population of the districts (zilas), subdistricts (upazilas) and city districts (thanas) of Bangladesh by census years.
The icon links to further information about a selected division including its population structure (gender).
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Md. Shahadat Hossain on LinkedIn: #cda #chittagong #wb #ccc #ocl #swm #wfd #kecc
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"Md. Shahadat Hossain"
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2023-09-19T07:51:17.996000+00:00
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Project Name: Pre-Feasibility Study to Support the Establishment of Circular Economy through Integrated Solid Waste Management in the Coastal Region of…
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https://www.linkedin.com/posts/shahadat-buet_cda-chittagong-wb-activity-7109806141789929473-T2U4
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MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PNG: From one of my previous post I proposed for the re- design of municipal waste management system structure in PNG using this idea of RE- THINK, RE-DESIGN, RE-CYCLE. RE-THINK: Think of the future generation, Think back to as far as you can remember when you as an individual knew how to segregate and managed your wastes. Think of how the life cycle works and how much damage rubbish wastes is polluting the environment we depend on. Think of the best solution to solid waste management system in PNG... " Think globally, Act locally" RE-DESIGN: Current structure of PNG's process of Municipal Solid Waste Management need to be re-designed to suit re-cycling. This concept needs socio economic surveys and feasibility studies in a small town as a pilot project. For a start; businesses, schools & residential homes can practice segregation where dump trucks can collect rubbish at its second best use and bring to the recycling facility. RE-CYCLE: Once municipal wastes have under gone thorough segregation at the recycling facility where the rest which are beyond recycling or cannot be recycled will be transported/transffered to the incenration facility where all gets to be incenrated to dust so it can be used for another recycling purpose. SUMMARY: The whole idea proposed or solution is that nothing goes to waste. We save the waste at its second best use and we eventually do away with dumpsites and landfills by replacing it with recycling facilities...
Waste management. This is the elephant in construction. Recent survey in Kenya showing that about 35% waste is generated from construction. Construction waste end up in wrong landfills. This is because majority do not track their waste and get to know where the waste ends up to. A big number of business waste handlers have no care where to dump the waste once collected from sites. We need to be a little more aggressive in monitoring this. Probably ,ministry of environment and natural resources/ NEMA/ Kenya forest services/Kenya wildlife services/ water related agencies can be in front line to enforce waste dumping in the right allocated landfills. I can see someone thinking it's not a function of water agencies, my reasoning is synergizing need be the plan because it ends up being their issue when their scope is affected and being part of protectors cannot be inevitable. The beautiful thing is we have counties, I Environment and Natural resources is a devolved function but it can also not be distanced from National government. I am convinced both can work and give good results. Our rivers , lakes and the Indian Ocean are suffocated by waste dumped by ignorant people who are in business. This business need be done right. I would propose that those in waste handling business should also be promoting waste management. The one recycling should be the licenced to do the business. If we are looking at generating employment, why not involve groups that have started recycling waste to produce other goods. ( am not starting a battle here from those that are doing it from the point of connection or side hustle ) We have to start at the generation point , the first most crucial practice is segregating waste. We will get it right at that point. Once sorted, we have the right (competent - recycling in that case) handler awarded the business , the tracking is done by the contractors , the contractor should update different waste types generated. This can be done through an online account linked to one of the agencies. Thereafter the urgency should monitor recycling , update in the website different products we get from these efforts. Is this too much to ask? Can this work ? It is not , we can achieve this if we want to . Every construction site needs to comply. Simply create a job opportunity for an Environmentalist or HSE , empower the person to spearhead this is done right ( all professionals in this area can clap for me ). When we have the targets for the agencies officers to monitor the rate of complying this can work . Risks. I am aware of what is required. Getting all contractors who want to make profit employ is the last thing from their side . Getting agency officers to be so prudent to ensure compliance is another deal. However, I think this can work to save lives ,to save ourselves because without clean rivers , lakes and ocean we are vulnerable to health issues from water . comments ???
WE WANT YOU!!!! Head of Economic Development. Chief of Staff. Deputy Director. DEQ- Department of Environmental Quality. These high level people are needed to help assist us in permanent change to the Waste Management industry. Who are we? We are #Carbotura. Our services are designed to augment with the current waste management processes and are perfect for eliminating contaminated recycling, waste byproducts from incineration, landfill overfills, and landfill mining. With our technology which is considered a Waste to Manufacturing process ( WtM ) (Not a waste management process), there is no need for sorting, combustion of waste, or emissions from our processing. Our system can handle any type of waste, ( MSW) municipal solid waste, (MLW) municipal liquid waste, large package formats, bales, whole tires, sludge, and much more. One of the many key benefits of our services is that they are 100% #circular. We #divert 100% of the #waste from #landfills and #recycle 100% of the #materials. Our system is also 2-3x more efficient than any other method and requires no external power or water. This makes our services the lowest cost in dollars and to the #environment. Carbotura Zero-Fill integrates a comprehensive zero-cost business model that only requires a standing guarantee on garbage supply and recycling fee payment, that is rebated annually. This has extended cost savings in the ability to stop handling waste 3-4 times through the current logistics processes, reducing costs, emissions, and overall community carbon footprint. Carbotura Zero-Fill services can be rapidly deployed in a modular fashion, so that our clients can enjoy immediate and distributed 100% recycling, 100% diversion, Zero-Emissions, and zero-waste. This can all be started at 400 (TPD) ton per day, There is no #financing or #funding required from any City, County, or State if a long-term commitment is made to provide a continuous waste stream to the facility. Ideally, a 30- year partnership to modernize waste infrastructure is required dedicating the contracted waste-stream volumes to the Carbotura facility including all municipal solid waste, plastics, tires, and any other applicable waste material under Community management or direction with no sorting necessary. Under these guidelines, Carbotura would #fund the entire deployment of services. Our services can be standalone or co-located with waste handling facilities. We can also supply distributed customer premise equipment for shredding, baling, wrapping, loading, as well as flatpack containers for shipping to our nearest service center We are now accepting proposals for our investment RFP. We're looking to invest $200M to $2B in communities committed to economic growth, zero waste, 100% recycling, that want high-paying jobs, and want to increase property values. Thank you for you time, message me to schedule a meeting. Always leave it better than you found it. Brian Hall
Turning our waste into an energy carrier in microwave steam plasma Waste-to-energy plant a great alternative to reduce the area for waste treatment and disposal, in addition to generating energy for all small cities in the region. A good alternative is to create an intermunicipal cooperative between small cities to share costs, revenues, energy generated and technological knowledge. The conversion of plastic and tire waste into an energy carrier - heating oil, diesel, grill coke, syngas - has become relevant because the production of electricity from waste is slowly being replaced by solar and wind energy, because their operating costs are almost zero. It is a social advantage if small villages are supplied with locally produced energy, thus creating local jobs for the local energy-using population from waste collected locally, small equipment for micro power plants can also be manufactured locally Our innovation in environmental protection is the use of microwave technology The pyrolysis of waste in vapor microwave plasma. The main advantage of steam plasma reactors is that there is no nitrogen in the steam plasma, the plasma reactor, the gasifier and the plasma afterburner chamber, so there is no nitrogen oxides is 40 times more toxic CO, minimum carbon dioxid and odorless the flue gas. The hydrogen introduced into the reaction space with the steam plasma slows down the reactions of gaseous sulphur, phosphorus and free chlorine formation to remove in the gas purification unit. When reacting with chlorine-containing substances, water vapor plasma does not produce dioxin, which is one of the most toxic substances. technology: www.gumienergia.hu
Solid Waste Generation in India refers to the production of unwanted and discarded materials in solid form, including household waste, industrial waste, construction debris, and more. As of my last knowledge update in September 2021 Solid Waste Generation in India: India generated over 150,000 metric tonnes of solid waste per day in 2019. It was estimated that urban areas contributed to around 68% of this waste generation. The per capita waste generation rate in India varies significantly by region but generally ranges from 0.2 kg to 0.6 kg per person per day in urban areas. Solid Waste Management in India: Collection: Collection of solid waste is typically done by municipal authorities or private contractors. Informal waste pickers are also involved in waste collection in many cities. Transportation: Collected waste is transported to transfer stations or disposal sites using a variety of vehicles, including trucks and tricycles. Segregation: In many areas, waste segregation into biodegradable and non-biodegradable categories is promoted at the household level. Treatment and Disposal: Waste treatment and disposal methods include landfills, composting, waste-to-energy plants, and recycling facilities. However, not all waste is treated appropriately, leading to environmental challenges. Tools and Initiatives: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Campaign): Launched by the Government of India in 2014, this program focuses on sanitation and solid waste management. It has promoted the construction of household and community toilets and aimed to make India open defecation-free. Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management (IMSWM): An initiative to promote sustainable and comprehensive solid waste management, including segregation at source and recycling. National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM): Encourages the inclusion of waste pickers and informal waste workers into formal waste management systems. Smart Cities Mission: Some cities under this initiative have incorporated modern technologies and best practices in solid waste management. Toolkits and Technologies: India has been exploring technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for waste mapping, composting kits for organic waste recycling, waste-to-energy plants, and various mobile applications to improve waste management.
■ What is SWM cess and why is it levied on waste generators? ✅The Bengaluru Urban Body has proposed a Solid Waste Management (SWM) Cess of ₹100 per month for each household. ✅It is important to understand the rationale behind SWM cess, its intended use, and the broader context of solid waste management challenges faced by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India. ● Key highlights: ✅Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) levy user fees or SWM cess as per the provisions of Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016. ✅ULBs are now considering revising these rates and imposing higher charges on bulk waste generators to meet a portion of the costs incurred in providing SWM services. ● What are the costs? ✅ULBs typically deploy about 80% of their manpower and up to 50% of their annual budgets to provide SWM services to city residents. ✅Bangalore generates about 5,000 tonnes of solid waste per day. ✅Managing this volume of waste requires around 5,000 door-to-door waste collection vehicles, 600 compactors, and about 20,000 Sanitation Workers ✅SWM services comprise four components: collection, transportation, processing and disposal. ✅Collection and transportation are resource and labor-intensive and come up to 85-90% of the SWM budget, whereas only about 10-15% is spent on processing and disposal of waste. ● What are the challenges? ✅Solid waste generated in Indian cities consists of about 55-60% wet biodegradable material and 40-45% non-biodegradable material. ✅Although 55% of the wet waste can be converted into organic compost or biogas, the yield is as low as 10-12%, making both composting and biogas generation from solid waste financially unviable. ✅Apart from financial challenges, ULBs face other challenges associated with SWM services, such as extra work of clearing drains, preventing open littering, seasonal changes in waste generation, and sweeping operations. ✅Disposal of non-compostable and non-recyclable dry waste, such as single-use plastic, textile waste and inert materials, is expensive since the material needs to be shipped to cement factories or waste-to-energy projects located about 400-500 km from cities. ● What is the solution? ✅Although collection and transportation of waste generate no revenue, several strategies can reduce overall expenditure on SWM and lower user charges. ✅These are segregation of waste at source, ✅reducing single-use plastic, decentralised composting initiatives, ✅Information, Education and Awareness (IEC) to prevent open littering, and ✅asking bulk waste generators to process their own waste. ✅A balanced approach, combining marginal user charges with efficient operations, could help make our cities cleaner.
Exploring Investment Opportunities in India's Waste Management Sector India's rapid growth necessitates a shift from traditional industries to sustainable practices, particularly in waste management. With the country producing approximately 62 million tonnes of waste annually and projections indicating a rise to 165 million tonnes by 2030, the need for efficient waste management systems is pressing. This sector, growing at a CAGR of 7.5% between 2021 and 2026, presents lucrative opportunities for investors. Key Players in the Waste Management Market 1. Eco Recycling Ltd: Leading in e-waste management, Eco Recycling Ltd plans to invest up to Rs 1,000 million over the next three years to expand globally, enhancing its facilities and service scope. 2. Gravita India Ltd: This company recycles Lead, Aluminum, and Plastic and has expanded its operations to include waste rubber recycling in Ghana and a new pyrolysis unit in Tanzania. 3. Va Tech Wabag Ltd: Specializing in water treatment, Va Tech Wabag is innovating in the Bio-CNG space by establishing 100 plants that convert sewage treatment by-products into energy. 4. Felix Industries Ltd: A leader in wastewater treatment, Felix Industries is venturing into green hydrogen production and solar energy, aligning with global sustainability trends. 5. EMS Ltd: EMS Limited provides comprehensive turnkey services for water and domestic waste treatment, illustrating its pivotal role in infrastructure development. Why Invest in Waste Management? Investing in the waste management sector offers substantial returns and supports sustainable practices crucial for environmental health. Companies like Eco Recycling, Gravita India, Va Tech Wabag, Felix Industries, and EMS Ltd are not only advancing technological innovations but also driving regulatory changes towards sustainability. Anthony Waste Management and Ion Exchange Limited are also noteworthy players in this sector. Currently, their stocks are somewhat overextended, and valuations appear stretched. A general market correction could further aid in achieving better positioning for these stocks. For investors, this sector promises diversification and potential high returns, making it an attractive avenue in the Indian stock market. By investing in waste management, individuals contribute to a sustainable future and gain financially, highlighting the dual benefits of this growing sector. The waste management sector in India stands out as a prime investment opportunity, promising significant financial and environmental returns. As the country advances in sustainable practices, this sector is pivotal for investors ready to positively impact the future. #SustainableInvesting #WasteManagement #Recycling #GreenEnergy #StockMarket #InvestInIndia #EcoFriendly #Sustainability #GreenTech #EnvironmentalImpact #CircularEconomy #BioCNG #EcoRecycling #GravitaIndia #VaTechWabag #FelixIndustries #EMSIndia #Cleantech
Singapore has developed an advanced waste management system that effectively turns trash into usable energy. Here’s how the process works: Waste Collection and Sorting: Singapore has an efficient waste collection system where trash is collected from households and businesses. Waste is then transported to one of the four Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plants, which are located at Tuas, Senoko, Tuas South, and Keppel Seghers Tuas. Incineration: At the WTE plants, waste is incinerated at high temperatures. This process significantly reduces the volume of waste by about 90%. The heat generated during incineration is used to produce steam. Energy Generation: The steam produced from the incineration process drives turbines to generate electricity. This electricity is then fed into the national grid, contributing to the country's energy supply. Environmental Controls: The incineration process is equipped with advanced pollution control systems to minimize emissions. Flue gases are treated to remove harmful substances before being released into the atmosphere. Resource Recovery: After incineration, the remaining ash is processed to recover metals which can be recycled. The remaining ash, which is non-hazardous, is transported to the Semakau Landfill, an offshore landfill that has been engineered to be environmentally friendly. Semakau Landfill: The Semakau Landfill is an innovative solution to Singapore's waste management challenges. It is designed to handle incineration ash and non-incinerable waste, and it also incorporates measures to protect the marine ecosystem. Sustainability Initiatives: Singapore is continually improving its waste management strategies, including increasing recycling rates and developing new technologies for waste treatment. Public awareness campaigns are also conducted to encourage recycling and reduce waste generation. By converting waste into energy, Singapore not only reduces the amount of waste that goes into landfills but also contributes to its energy supply, demonstrating a commitment to sustainability and efficient resource management. #Singapore #WasteManagement #WasteToEnergy #Sustainability #CleanEnergy #RenewableEnergy #EcoFriendly #GreenTechnology #Recycling #EnvironmentalProtection #CircularEconomy #Innovation #ZeroWaste #ClimateAction
#Sustainable waste management: is now a necessity Public-private sector investment is desperately needed to ensure that Nigeria can modernise and acquire waste processing facilities to divert waste from landfill. Nigeria alone estimates its investment need in this critical infrastructure to be about $300 Million,in Nigeria “We are facing a crisis in waste management with fast diminishing landfill airspace, we all have a role to play in finding sustainable solutions that not only divert waste from l brings together with multiple stakeholders from the public and private sectors, we can collectively do to promote the circular economy of the country. We know that it cannot be business as usual.” Some key highlight worthy of instant recommendation Diversion from landfill is a key goal for the paper and paper packaging industry. Public and private sector partnership is critical to ensure that our collective vision of preserving the environment for current and future generations becomes a reality and that investment is made in the right programmes to facilitate education and awareness for all Nigerians. In addition, links between the industry and the academic institutions need to be strengthened so that research is focused on what the industry needs to design recyclable packaging. By the same token, there need to ensure that their integrated waste management plans enable separation at source which will promote the collection of recyclable materials. FCT Abuja and 36 States with their State capital need to ensure that consistent services are provided to all citizens in the collections value chain. Infrastructure is a key priority. public-private partnerships are possible, they have proved difficult to manage; alternatives models (such as build, operate and transfer) should be explored. The barriers to private investment need to be investigated thoroughly. Transition to a circular economy needs to include all members of the value chain. In particular, the informal waste pickers need to be integrated into the waste management system as it becomes more circular. Separation at source is critical. The cleaner the material, the more efficient the mills are in producing new products for the market. Given the various challenges at landfill sites, households have to be persuaded to separate their waste so that paper and packaging waste is not contaminated by food and other organic waste materials. Incentivisation is key. To drive the behaviour change required to promote separation at source, the industry needs to come up with ways to incentivise citizens to play their role particularly in underprivileged areas. Incentivisation will also make it more likely that waste pickers will collect more types of packaging waste, Government needs to ensure that compliance and enforcement is carried out to those organisations who choose to ignore their obligations as set out in the regulations. By-laws should also be used to promote separation at source.
♻️ Chennai's Resilience in Waste Management Post-Cyclone Michaung ♻️ In the aftermath of Cyclone Michaung, Chennai has displayed remarkable resilience in managing its waste effectively. The city's commitment to sustainable practices shines through even in the face of adversity. Managing 9000 tonnes of waste daily as compared to 6000 tonnes earlier would not have been easy. Indeed it was great effort by Chennai Municipal Board. 🌊 Post-Cyclone Cleanup Efforts: The recent cyclone brought about significant challenges, but Chennai's waste management teams have risen to the occasion. Swift cleanup initiatives have been undertaken, ensuring the prompt removal of debris and waste from affected areas. This not only aids in the restoration of normalcy but also minimizes the environmental impact. 🔄 Innovation in Waste Sorting: Chennai has been at the forefront of adopting innovative waste sorting technologies. Post-cyclone, these systems have proven invaluable in segregating different types of waste efficiently. This approach not only streamlines the waste management process but also enhances the city's ability to recycle and repurpose materials. 🚛 Collaboration with Communities: One of Chennai's strengths lies in its collaborative efforts with local communities. Post-cyclone, community engagement has been pivotal in waste management initiatives. Awareness campaigns, volunteer drives, and citizen involvement have played a crucial role in maintaining cleanliness and order. 🌱 Embracing Sustainability: Chennai continues to champion sustainability in waste management. The city's commitment to reducing single-use plastics and promoting eco-friendly alternatives remains unwavering. Initiatives to encourage composting, recycling, and waste reduction have gained momentum, contributing to a cleaner and greener Chennai. 🌍 Global Best Practices: Chennai's response to post-cyclone waste management is a testament to the city's dedication to global best practices. Learning from international experiences, the implementation of advanced waste management strategies positions Chennai as a role model for other cities facing similar challenges. 🤝 A Call for Continuous Improvement: While commendable progress has been made, there is always room for improvement. Continuous collaboration between governmental bodies, NGOs, businesses, and the public is essential for developing and implementing sustainable waste management practices. Let's build on our successes and strive for a cleaner, more resilient Chennai. Time to learn Karnataka....... 🌟 Kudos to Chennai for Leading the Way! 🌟 #Chennai #WasteManagement #Sustainability #Resilience #CycloneMichaung #CommunityEngagement #EnvironmentalImpact #InnovationInWasteManagement #GlobalBestPractices
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https://www.academia.edu/93375195/Prevalence_of_Breast_Cancer_at_Divisional_Level_in_Bangladesh
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Prevalence of Breast Cancer at Divisional Level in Bangladesh
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[
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[
"Dr Shakera Ahmed",
"independent.academia.edu"
] |
2022-12-20T00:00:00
|
Background : Breast cancer remains a leading dreadful cancer of women in Bangladesh. Lack of screening program is the reason behind this high morbidity and mortality. The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has taken initiative to develop a breast cancer
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https://www.academia.edu/93375195/Prevalence_of_Breast_Cancer_at_Divisional_Level_in_Bangladesh
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Background: The occurrence of breast Cancer is a rising concern in Bangladesh. A hospital based case control study was conducted. Methodology: A nationwide representative sample of 100 out of 115 cancer patients aged 20 or older was interviewed at NICRH to provide information on awareness of the risk factors of breast cancer causes in Bangladeshi population. Results and discussion: Highest number of patients was from 40-49 (39%) and 30-39 (27%) year-age group. About 15% patients had direct family history, 21% had early periods. About 14% have got late menopause. If women begin menopause after age 55, the risk increases. 15% women have had not had children, and 10% had their first child after age 30. Study found women using birth control pills (47%), have slightly greater risk. 9% women’s breast feeding lasts below 1 year. And about 7% patient never breast fed their child. About 40% female patients do not walk as exercise. Conclusion: Results suggested a mixture of different factors with Aging and direct family history poses higher risk for breast cancer.
Breast cancer (BC) is considered as one of the most prevalent cancers among women in Bangladesh. The aim of the present study was to investigate the knowledge about BC, risk factor prevalence and breast selfexamination (BSE) practices among female populations of Bangladesh. After taking verbal consent, 1051 females of age ≥20 years from different districts of Bangladesh were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire in 2015. Among the respondents, three-forth (77.74%) knew (heard or read) about BC and their main source of information was electronic media (74.54%). Most of them could identify at least one sign and symptom (73.93%) and one risk factor of BC (71.55%). But only 34.16% and 52.14% correctly identified at least one option for early detection and treatment, respectively. Although early screening of BC was very important according to 58.90% respondents and BSE procedure was known to 21.69%, only 13.13% actually performed BSE. Major risk factors prevailing among the respon...
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women both in the developed and the developing world and leading cause of cancer death in women. A hospital based case control study was carried out among 70 women with breast cancer and 70 women without breast cancer to analyze the risk factors associated with development of breast cancer in selected hospitals of Dhaka city. A semi-structured questionnaire comprise socio-demographic and socioeconomic related information, reproductive and obstetric related factor, hormonal Contraceptive and Hormone Replacement Therapy use, life style related factor (personal habit, dietary habit, physical activity etc). In adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for significant risk factors were obtained from logistic regression analysis. Significant risk was found among nonworking women (OR 2.7, 1.03-7.1), positive family history of cancer (OR 2.3, 1.02-5.2) and early menarche (OR 3.4, 1.5-7.9). Family history of cancer, early menarche may play significant role in developing breast cancer in Bangladeshi women.
Background Breast cancer (BCa) is a leading cause of mortality among women in Bangladesh. Many young women in Bangladesh have poor knowledge about breast cancer screening, including risk factors, warning signs/symptoms, diagnosis and early detection. We investigated awareness about breast cancer risk factors as a screening tool among women at the Sheikh Hasina Medical College (SHMC) of Tangail district in Bangladesh. Methods A cross sectional survey was conducted to collect data via a structured questionnaire from SHMC during the period of February to December 2019. A total of 1,007 participants (aged 33.47 (±12.37 years)) was considered for data analysis. Results Of the 1,007 women, about 50% were knowledgeable about the risk factors. Pain in the breast was identified as the most commonly warning sign/symptom of breast cancer. Only 32.2% of respondents knew at least one breast cancer screening method. The mean knowledge was scored 3.43 ± 2.25 out of a total possible score of 8. Awa...
Breast cancer is a disease, which if detected early can be cured; this is now a scientific truth. Because of fear and lack of awareness and knowledge, cancer is mostly not detected at the early stages. General Objective: " To assess the level of awareness on " Prevention and Control of Breast Cancer among the 15-50 age group women " Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study was utilized during data collection. The study areas was selected purposively from selected hospitals in Dhaka city such as, with structured and unstructured questionnaire. Study population was 15-50 age group women. who attended the out Patient Department for their treatment. Total sample size was 330. Among 330 women, 200 women from DMCH, 70 from SSMCH, and 60 from NICRH were included. The mean age of the respondents was 31.03 (± SD 9.50) years. Most (60%) of the respondents were residing in urban areas, 25.26 completed primary school. More than fifty percent (55.20) heard about breast cancer. 73.33% of the respondents had no knowledge about the risk factors of breast cancer. Only 26.67% had the knowledge of the risk factors. The study result showed that all respondents gave multiple answer regarding the knowledge about the best way to prevent and control of breast cancer. It is found from the result that the majority 76.06% women were not aware on prevention and control of breast cancer only 23.94% was aware. 100% were agreed that they need nursing support. Though the sample size was is not large enough but still this finding is important. Further qualitative and quantitative research in this area needs to be directed towards studying the female population in Bangladesh by using unstructured interview methods that may provide more and different information about awareness on breast cancer and its prevention and control, and how much they feel it important in attending the OPDs for their breast checkup.
Objective: Breast cancer (BC) is the leading and most prevalent form of cancer among women in Bangladesh and worldwide. The objectives of this study were to assess the existing knowledge on breast cancer and the practices of breast self-examination among female Bangladeshi university students. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out among the 276 female university students. Data were collected by face-to-face interview by using a pre-tested questionnaire.Results: The study results indicate that most of the participants were well informed about breast cancer. Predominantly mentioned signs of breast cancer was a lump in the breast followed by pain in the breast or nipple. The correct responses of breast cancer risk factors were exposure to radiation (58.20%), positive family history (47.6%), obesity (46.9%), lack of physical exercise (43.6%) and smoking (43.2%). The students were well informed about breast self-examination for early diagnosis, but they were not properly inform...
Background: Carcinoma of the breast is the most common malignancy in females. At present carcinoma breast is the leading cancer in Bangladesh and is competing cancer cervix in incidence. Epidemiological studies at regional and global levels suggest the occurrence of carcinoma breast at a younger, premenopausal age in Indian and Asian women as compared with western women. Knowledge of this factor emphasizes the need to modify the timing of modalities of detection of early carcinoma and its management. According to literature, majority of carcinoma breast cases in the western countries present in Stages I and II of the disease whereas in Bangladesh majority cases present in Stage III of the disease. The objective of this study is to observe age of occurrence of breast cancer and stage of cancer in SSMC and MH.Methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted in 34 patients of histopathologically confirmed breast cancer.Results: Mean age of subjects was 46.24±7.4 years. Age ...
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Boalkhali Upazila Explained
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What is Boalkhali Upazila? Explaining what we could find out about Boalkhali Upazila.
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Boalkhali (Bengali: বোয়ালখালী) is an upazila of Chattogram District in Chattogram Division, Bangladesh.[1]
Geography
Boalkhali is located at 22.3778°N 91.9208°W. It had 44108 households and its total area is 126.46 km2.[1]
According to the 2001 Bangladesh Census, there were 36,588 households.
Demographics
As of the 2011 Bangladesh census, Boalkhali upazila had 44,108 households and a population of 223,125. 46,730 (20.94%) were under 10 years of age. Boalkhali had an average literacy rate of 58.90%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1042 females per 1000 males. 31,206 (13.99%) of the population lived in urban areas.[2] [3]
As of the 2001 Bangladesh census, the population was 201,590, comprising 104,601 males and 96,989 females.Boalkhali had 9 Unions, 31 Mauza and 30 villages and the literacy rate was 71.8%.[4]
As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boalkhali has a population of 195607. Males constitute 51.75% of the population, and females 48.25%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 98116. Boalkhali has an average literacy rate of 48.5% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate.[5]
Economy
Agriculture and manufacturing are the two major economic sectors in Boalkhali. The main crops grown here are Paddy, Mustards, Onion, Garlic, Chili and other vegetables. The KorolDenga hills are very fertile for cultivating fruits. The main fruits cultivated here are Jackfruit, Mango, Olive, Papaya, Guava, Kamranga, Banana, KoshshoGula, FyinnaGula, Boththa, Aamra, Pineapple, Lemon and Jambura. The main trees planted in the Koroldenga hills are Agar, Rubber and Teak. The bank of Karnafuli River is also very fertile for cultivation. There are so many fisheries, dairies and poultries in Boalkhali Upazila.
There are a lot of Hats and Bazars in Boalkhali. Hazir Hat, Chowdhury Hat, Munsi Hut, Jomadar Hat etc. are famous Bazar.
The transportation of Boalkhali Upazila is very developed compare to other parts of the country. People can navigate through Karnafuli River, Rail, Bus, Tempoo, CNG (Local Taxi). For Rail there are two stations one in Gomdandi and another one in Bengura.
Administration
Boalkhali Upazila is divided into Boalkhali Municipality and nine union parishads: Ahla Karaldenga, Amuchia, Charandwip, Kandhurkhil, Paschim Gamdandi, Popadia, Sakpura, Saroatali, and Sreepur Kharandwip. The union parishads are subdivided into 31 mauzas and 33 villages.[6]
Boalkhali Municipality was formed by nine wards in 2012 and is located by the whole Former East Gondandi Union, West Gomdandi unit 1 to 6 and Khadurkhil unit 1 to 3 from Union Parishod.
Mayor
Haji Abul Kalam (Abu) Bangladesh National Party
Upazila Chairman:
Mohammad Nurul Amin, Bangladesh Awami League
Vice Chairman:
Mohammad Selim, Bangladesh Awami League
Woman Vice Chairman:
Shamim Ara Begum, Bangladesh Awami League
Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO):
Mohammad Mamun[7]
Notable residents
Abdul Wahid Bengali (1850-1905), theologian, teacher and social reformer
Binod Bihari Chowdhury, revolutionary, was born at Uttar Bhurshi village in 1911.[8]
Kalpana Datta, revolutionary, was born at Sreepur village in 1913.[9]
Shefali Ghosh, singer, was born at Kanungo Para village circa 1941.[10]
Rama Chowdhury-War heroine of Bangladesh Liberation war.
Chinmoy Kumar Ghosh - Philosopher, Peace Meditations at the United Nations 1931
See also
Upazilas of Bangladesh
Districts of Bangladesh
Divisions of Bangladesh
References
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Sample of Academic Work
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research proposal topic good governance in health service delivery at upazila health complex under health, population and nutrition development program (hpnsdp
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Studocu
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https://www.studocu.com/row/document/university-of-dhaka/social-science/sample-of-academic-work/35344266
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Research Proposal Topic
Good Governance in Health Service Delivery at Upazila Health Complex under Health, Population and Nutrition Development Program (HPNSDP) : A study on Boalkhali Upazila Health Complex.
Submitted To
####### AKA FIROWZ AHMAD
Professor Department of Public Administration University of Dhaka.
Submitted By
Anjuman Ashad Class Roll: SN 13 8 th semester, 4th batch. Department of Public Administration. University of Dhaka.
Date of Submission
10.
1.
2. Background of the study
Bangladesh is a mostly rural, developing country of South Asia, located on the northern shore of the Bay of Bengal, covering 147,570 square km. People of this country are known as hardworking, with proven capability to preserve mental strength in the event of unexpected extensive loss due to natural calamities, such as floods, cyclones, epidemics, etc. But their basic needs have remained unfulfilled.
Health is a basic requirement to improve the quality of life. National economic and social development depends on the status of a country9s health facilities. A health care system reflects the socio-economic and technological development of a country and is also a measure of the responsibilities a community or government assumes for its people9s health care. The effectiveness of a health system depends on the availability and accessibility of services in a form which the people are able to understand, accept and utilize. The Government of Bangladesh is constitutionally committed to <the supply of basic medical requirements to all levels of the people in the society= and the <improvement of nutrition status of the people and public health status= (Bangladesh Constitution, Article- 18). The health service functions were initially restricted to curative services. With the development of modern science and technology, health services emphasize promotive and preventive rather than curative health care. Yet, a large number of people of Bangladesh, particularly in rural areas, remain with no or little access to health care facilities. It would be critical for making progress in Bangladesh9s health services to improve the people9s participation in the health sector. The Government therefore seeks to create conditions whereby the people of Bangladesh have the opportunity to reach and maintain the highest attainable level of health. Bangladesh has a good infrastructure for delivering primary health care, but the full potential of this infrastructure has due to lack of adequate logistics never been utilized.
health, nutrition and reproductive health, including family planning status of the people, particularly of vulnerable groups, including women, children, the elderly, and the poor with the ultimate aim of their economic emancipation and physical, social, mental and spiritual well being. Three sub-sectoral policies, i., National Health Policy, National Food and Nutrition Policy, and National Population Policy duly approved by the government from time to time are under implementation by the MOHFW.
Government leaders frequently speak of ensuring better health services for the people, but in practice very little is done in this regard. It goes without saying that food, Clothing, Shelter, Education and Medical care are the five basic needs of life. Without these none can lead a normal life. But in Bangladesh not a single of these is easily available for all. Specially, proper medical care and treatment of various diseases are, in fact, beyond the reach of the common people due to different reasons. The most important reason is that the health sector itself is suffering from a number of acute diseases and so unable to provide necessary services for the people.
The infrastructure of the health sector is not strong enough to face the challenge of time and meet the growing needs of the huge population. The situation is aggravated further by widespread corruption and misuse of the limited funds made available for this sector.
The health care Bangladesh people get from the government is quite unsatisfactory. Not to speak of the developed countries, even India and Pakistan spend more and provide more facilities for the medical care of their people compared to Bangladesh. Moreover, the cost of medical check-up, test and treatment is much higher in Bangladesh than that in any other country of the region. True, a number of new medical colleges and hospitals have been established in the country in the recent past. But this too has not yet been able to contribute substantially to bring about a qualitative improvement in the country's medical care system.
The miserable condition of the country's health sector is perhaps due to the fact that medical care is considered here as a commercially sellable commodity instead of a noble service to suffering humanity. The people spend a good amount of money for every medical student till he
becomes a doctor and the entire health sector is run with the help of public money. But the people do not get the much-needed medical care from the State and enough sympathy of the doctors. It is perhaps an irony of their fate.
The State is apparently incapable of coping with the peoples' growing need of medical care. Because, our health sector is running short of Personnel. Press reports suggest that Posts of thousands of officers and workers including doctors and nurses are lying vacant in the government hospitals of the country. And as a result, the normal functioning of the hospitals is being affected seriously. The health sector is largely crippled by inertia, inefficiency, negligence, wrong treatment, ill-treatment, mismanagement, irregularities, opportunism and corruption. Scores of instances in this regard can be sighted from reports published in Newspapers. These reports indicate that in many cases the doctors and nurses working in government hospitals behave in an unfriendly manner with the people and remain busy in serving themselves instead of the patients while the specialists spare more time and energy for the patients at their personal chambers or Private clinics than for those languishing in the hospital beds. Reports also suggest that many of the government hospitals are centers of theft and misappropriation of public money almost freely. For example, it is alleged that in order to make money concerned people in some government hospitals purchase outdated and sub-standard medicines and supply those to the patients. And it is now an open secret that the markets are over-flooded with outdated, adulterated, sub-standard, spurious and contraband medicines and those are being sold and used freely causing much harm to the patients.
Irregularities and mismanagement are found almost everywhere in the country. But these are most acute in the field of medical treatment of the people. Indifference to the patients and negligence of their treatment are very common in the government hospitals where the atmosphere is usually nasty and unhealthy. Against this backdrop, it has become essential to arrange urgent 8treatment9 for the ailing health sector itself.
With a view to make health service accessible and participatory to the people of all strata of the society The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has been implementing sector wide approach (SWAp) since July 1998 focusing on pro-poor essential service packages, which have resulted in reducing gap between the rich and the poor. However, demand and supply gaps
upazila are the lowest level of administrative tier. The main target of the present government9s national health policy is th provide the rural masses with primary health care services through upazila Health complex.
There are many research conducted on the effective and efficient functioning of Public health sector. Some important literature that I review are following:
Zulfiqar Ali (Divergent Maternal & Child Health outcomes in Bangladesh: A tale of Two Upazilas) highlights on health performance in respect of maternal and child care. He tried to draw the attention on maternal and child mortality and morbidity through conducting research on 2 upazila.
A study of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) namely <A tale of two wings= (Health and Family Planning Program in an upazila in Northern Bangladesh) looked at the existing domiciliary health and family planning services in the rural areas and attempted to identify areas where BRAC could facilitate for improvement.
Ferdous Arefina Osman, Professor of Dhaka University, Department of PUBLIC Administration in the article < Public- Private Partnership: Lessons from Bangladesh= outlined that partnership can be a straightforward solution to address the growing public health problems in Bangladesh. She is of opinion that partnership is required to exploit the strengths of all the sectors toward fulfilling the basic health needs of the people, which is always challenging.
A.K. Eamin Ali Aknada and Dr. Kazi Mostak Gausul Hoq in <Public Health Information Service in the northern region of Bangladesh: an Exploratory study= focuses on the crucial role of information services in upgrading health status of the population of any country by providing valuable information like health, sanitation, nutrition, family planning etc.
A study by Bangladesh Development Research Center (BDRC) <People9s Participation in Health services: A study of Bangladesh Rural Health complex= aims to explore the sequence of the development and people9s participation in Bangladesh9s health services.
My proposed research is a little bit different from the literatures discussed above. As we group members are going to work on 11 different Upazila Health Complex in assessing Good
Governance in health service delivery our research report will be very unique as there was no research conducted in the past covering all components of Public Management with all indicators of Good Governance.
5. Theoretical Framework
Public management is a term that considers that government and non-profit administration resembles private-sector management in some important ways. As such, there are management tools appropriate in public and in private domains, tools that maximize efficiency and effectiveness.
Features of public management:
➢ Emphasizes on the achievement of results and personnel responsibility of manager. ➢ Making organizations, personnel and employment terms and conditions more flexible. ➢ Organizational and personal objectives are to be set clearly with performance indicators and evaluation mechanism for ensuring 3Es economy, efficiency and effectiveness. ➢ Politically committed senior officials for a hindrance free management of policy cycles. ➢ Governments are to more likely to be market oriented. ➢ Downsizing of government through privatization.
Components of public management
➢ Strategy ➢ Management of internal components Organization & Human Resource Management Finance & Financial Management ➢ Managing external constituencies Political Force, Pressure Group, Press & Media. External Unit.
Good Governance
Governance has by now become a familiar term in academic arena and the international donor circles. The familiarity has, among other things, resulted in numerous efforts to define governance in recent years. But these efforts have not resulted in any universal consensus as to the precise meaning of governance. Governance has been viewed from different angles focusing on various dimensions of it. In general, sense governance means exercising political power to manage a nation9s affair. Today governance is seen as a reflection of the role of the state in giving direction to the development, a country and political regime.
7. Enforcement of Rule of law and judicial system: Independence of the judiciary; removal of judges for cause; adequate remuneration; promotion of judges; independent prosecutors; improved access to justice
8. Privatization: Monopolies as a vehicle for corrupt practices; privatization procedures; transparency in government procurement.
9. Participation: Participation of citizens in decision making and implementation;
10. Enforcement mechanisms: Independent anti-corruption agencies; prosecutorial powers; civil and criminal penalties.
Characteristics of good governance:.
Much has been written about the characteristics of efficient government, successful businesses and effective civil society organizations, but the characteristics of good governance defined in societal terms remain elusive. The characteristics are: 1. Participation – People should have a say in decision-making, either directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that affects their life and represent their interests. Such broad participation is built on freedom of association and speech, as well as capacities to participate constructively. 2. Rule of law – Legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly the laws on human rights. Rule of law is ensured in every sphere. People9s human rights and fundamental freedom are respected, allowing them to live with dignity. 3. Transparency – Transparency is built on the free flow of information. Processes, institutions and information are directly accessible to those concerned with them, and enough information is provided to understand and monitor them. 4. Responsiveness – Institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders. 5. Consensus orientation – Good governance mediates differing interests to reach a broad consensus on what is in the best interests of the group and, where possible, on policies and procedures. 6. Equity – People are free from discrimination based on race, ethnicity, class, gender or any other attribute. All men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. Women are equal partners with men in private and public spheres of life and decision-making. 7. Effectiveness and efficiency – Processes and institutions produce results that meet needs while making the best use of resources. 8. Accountability – Decision-makers in government, the private sector and civil society organizations are accountable to the public, as well as to institutional stakeholders. This accountability differs depending on the organization and whether the decision is internal or external to an organization.
Strategic vision – Leaders and the public have a broad and long-term perspective on good governance and human development, along with a sense of what is needed for such development. There is also an understanding of the historical, cultural and social complexities in which that perspective is grounded and the needs of future generations are reflected in current policies.
Public Management & Good Governance
Good Governance is the result of operational success of public management practice. Through proper management of the components of public management it is possible to bring a sustainable check and balance in the public service in developing countries like Bangladesh. With a view to measure the state of Public Management in Bangladesh, it is therefore mandatory to assess the indicators of good governance in aspect to Bangladesh.
In health care delivery the term good governance focuses on the relationship between the government health service provider and the beneficiary.
Governance in Health is increasing regarded as a salient theme on the development of agenda. The increased interest in governance has been driven by the need for greater accountability, arising from increased funding and a growing demand to demonstrate results. An intrinsic aspect of governance, therefore, is accountability. Here Public Management concerns the relationships between various stakeholders in health including individuals, households, communities, firms, governments, non-governmental organizations, private firms, and other entities which have the responsibility to finance, monitor, deliver, and use health services.
In Public Management of Health Service Delivery, accountability involves:
a) Delegation or an understanding (either implicit or explicit) of how services will be supplied; b) F inancing to ensure that adequate resources are available to deliver services; c) P erformance around the actual supply of services; d) Receipt of relevant information to evaluate or monitor performance; and, e) E nforcement which concerns the imposition of sanctions or the provision of rewards for performance.
Figure: Analytical Framework
7. Scope & Limitation of the study
The area of my intended study is Boalkhali Upazila of Chittagong district Bangladesh. The reason behind considering Boalkhali Upazila as an opportunity for conducting study is Acces and convenience to the area as it is my own area from my maternal side. The people of the locality are likely to help me listening that I am their own representative. The people will be likely to provide me with more information as I am familiar with them.
The study also have some limitations. The limitations that I think in conducting my intended study are following:
❖ Covers small sample. ❖ Lack of unwillingness of people in providing information. ❖ People’s unconsciousness. ❖ Time and Time Constraint. ❖ Reliability of information obtained. ❖ Insufficient source of secondary data. ❖ Lack of access to the research area as there exist a large bureaucracy and the service provider might unwillingly to talk about the study.
8. Research Objectives
The objectives of this study are following:
To see what sorts of health care facilities are available at the particular Upazila Health Complex.
To see to what extent people are satisfied with the services provided by UHC. To scrutinize why UHC is not being able to achieve people9s satisfaction.
To find out what are the barriers of UHC and how these can be abolished.
9. Research Questions
Is UHC is being able to deliver people with primary health care services? Is good governance is being achieved? Is there exist irregularity, nepotism and corruption present in the health officials at UHC?
10. Research Hypotheses
<Upazila Health Complex is being able to provide with primary health care facilities to some extent but is failed to achieve peoples trust and satisfaction due to irregularity, nepotism, corruption exist there in=.
11. Methodology
10. Study Area
Boalkhali is a famous & development Upazila in the Chittagong District. It is 15 km away from Chittagong town. It has 10 Unions with 43053 households. The population is around 2,49,341. Agriculture and manufacturing are the two major economic sectors in Boalkhali. The Upazila Health complex is located in the center of the Upazila Sadar. Boalkhali Upazila has 50 bedded Upazila health complex. This has also equipped for EmOC Service. There are 6 Sub center run by Doctors And medical Assistant. Out of 27 Community Clinic 24 are Functional.
10. Sample Size
As my research is confined only within Boalkhali Upazila, this homogeneinity ensures that a sample size of 50 is sufficient to successfully represent the whole upazila.
My sample also include the health officials, UNO and the Upazila Chairman.
10.3 Type
As my research is confined within the service delivery aspect of Boalkhali Upazila Health Complex first of all I have to categorize my sample in 2 categories which are following:
able to acquire primary qualitative data, but also quantitative data which will help me to
compare mathematically and analyze statistically.
Focus Group Discussion:
Due to high level of access and convenience to reach my target population, I can easily
arrange a session of focus group discussion. At least 6 people will be randomly chosen
from the population. I will act as moderator of the discussion. Open ended questions will
be thrown to the participants, one at a time, providing an open, fairly unrestricted manner
to bring out heterogeneous opinions.
I think Focus Group Discussion will provide me with useful insights about true
impressions of the local people on health care services available at Upazila Health
Complex.
Interview:
As I have proper access to the research area, I will take interview of respondents whom I
consider crucial. This method is very important because questionnaire or other method of
data collection usually do not cover detail information on a matter.
Case Study:
The last method of my data collection from the respondents is case study method. Using
this method, I will be able to know heterogeneous opinion and incidents from the
respondent and this will help me to determine whether they are satisfied with the Upazila
Health Services or not. If not, what are the causes behind not being satisfied.
References
Constitution of Peoples republic of Bangladesh.
National Health Policy 2011. Health and Population Sector Program Third Service Delivery Survey, 2000, Project Report of CIET.
Policy Brief on <Health & Population Sector Policy=, August 2001, Task Force report by Center for policy dialogue.
Osman, Ferdous A. (2004) Policy Making in Bangladesh: A Study of the Health Policy Process, AH Development Publication House, Dhaka. Osman, Ferdous A. (2004) Public-Private Partnership in Health Service Delivery: Lessons from Bangladesh.
Perry, H. (2005) Health for All in Bangladesh: Lessons in Primary Health Care for the Twenty First Century, UPL, Dhaka.
OED, World Bank (2005), Maintaining Momentum to 2015? An Impact Evaluation of Interventions to Improve Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Bangladesh, Operations Evaluation Department (OED), The World Bank, Washington, D.
BDHS (Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey) 2007, Preliminary Report, National Institute of Population Research and Training Dhaka, Bangladesh, Mitra Associates Dhaka, Bangladesh, MEASERES DHS, Macro International Calverton, Maryland, USA. Government of People9s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Management Information System (MIS), Directorate General of Health Services, Health Bulletin 2009. Field Visit Notes and Future Thoughts by DFID, CLP, and Engender Health on October 14, 2009 (meeting at Jamuna Resort and NDP Office at Belkuchi).
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Mirza Fakhrul confuses people over dialogue issue: Hasan
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DHAKA, June 9, 2023 (BSS) - Information and Broadcasting Minister and Awami League (AL) Joint General Secretary Dr Hasan Mahmud
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DHAKA, June 9, 2023 (BSS) - Information and Broadcasting Minister and Awami League (AL) Joint General Secretary Dr Hasan Mahmud today said BNP Secretary General Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir is confusing the people over the issue of dialogue.
Referring to Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir's remark - 'the government is talking about dialogue to divert attention from the movement', he said: "There is no benefit in holding a dialogue with those who want to rig and resist the election. The election in Bangladesh will be held as per the constitution. But Mirza Fakhrul wants to mislead the people by saying all these things."
The minister said these while responding to a query of the journalists after attending the annual mejban programme and prize distribution ceremony of meritorious students of Boalkhali Samity, Chattogram's Boalkhali upazila-based organization in Dhaka, at Sadek Hossain Khoka Community Center in city's Motijheel area as the chief guest.
"We have not spoken of any dialogue. I don't think there is any need for dialogue with BNP," Dr Hasan said, adding that what AL leader Amir Hossain Amu said about dialogue, he (Amu) explained it the very next day and what he said first was his own opinion.
"Our party Awami League, the government or the 14 party-alliance did not have any opinion over it," the minister added.
The Chattogram-7 Constituency lawmaker recalled the role of people living in Boalkhali upazila in the anti-British movement and the struggle of the country's independence.
He said that many comrades of the revolutionary leader Master Da Surya Sen had houses and shelters in Boalkhali.
Being the closest to the city, the people of Boalkhali were already more educated and cultural minded than other those in upazilas, he said, adding that even in this modern and 'mobile culture' era, their 'Boli Khela' is still popular.
"The mejban culture of Chattogram also became very popular in the last decade across the country," said the information minister.
Regarding the demands of the Samity, the minister firmly said that there will definitely be a new Karnaphuli bridge at Kalurghat in Chattogram.
Like the Padma Bridge, it will have both rail and road connectivity, he said, adding that moreover, renovation of the existing traditional Kalurghat Bridge has also been undertaken to keep traffic and the movement of goods smooth till the construction of this bridge is completed.
Besides, work is going on to upgrade Chattogram to Cox's Bazar road from two lanes to four lanes, he said, adding that as a result, industrialization will increase in Boalkhali.
Giving an example of the country's development in the last 14 years, he said after 14 years, the people of Boalkhali do not recognize their own area after returning from abroad.
Earlier, day laborers and rickshaw pullers used to raise movement for wages equal to three and a half kilogram (kg) of rice a day, he said, adding that now they earn sufficient money to buy 10 kg of rice a day where one kg equals to Tk 50.
"Earlier, used clothes of foreigners were washed, ironed and sold in the market but now foreigners wear our exported clothes. The difference between village and city has disappeared. Even boys living at village now wear three-quarter pants," he continued.
President of Boalkhali Samity in Dhaka Liaquat Ali, its General Secretary Mahmudul Hasan Ansari and Conference Preparation Committee Convener Abdus Sobhan Siddiqui also spoke on the occasion.
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https://archive.org/stream/BangladeshPopulationAndHousingCensus-2011_NationalReportVolume-2/%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%2596%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8_djvu.txt
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en
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2) : Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
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https://archive.org/services/img/BangladeshPopulationAndHousingCensus-2011_NationalReportVolume-2
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Bangladesh Population & Housing Census-2011National Report Volume-2: Union Statistics
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Internet Archive
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https://archive.org/details/BangladeshPopulationAndHousingCensus-2011_NationalReportVolume-2
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https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/242047/Boalkhali
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Boalkhali
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http://wikimapia.org/9386641/Patiya-Upazila-%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE
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en
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Patiya Upazila (পটিয়া)
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Patiya Upazila (পটিয়া) Patiya Upazila (Chittagong district) with an area of 316.47 sq km, is bounded by Kotwali (Chittagong) and Chandgaon thanas and Boalkhali upazila on the north, Chandanaish and...
|
en
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http://wikimapia.org/9386641/Patiya-Upazila-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE
|
Bangladesh / Chattagam / Patiya /
World / Bangladesh / Chattagam / Patiya World / Bangladesh / Chittagong / Chittagong / Chittagong
subdistrict, fourth-level administrative division, local government
Patiya Upazila (Chittagong district) with an area of 316.47 sq km, is bounded by Kotwali (Chittagong) and Chandgaon thanas and Boalkhali upazila on the north, Chandanaish and Anwara upazilas on the south, Rangunia and Chandanaish upazilas on the east, Double Mooring and Bandar (Chittagong) thanas on the west. Main river is Karnafuli.
Patiya is located at 22.3000°N 91.9833°E. Patiya (Town) consists of 9 wards and 9 mahallas. It has an area of 9.96 sq km. The town has a population of 47625; male 55.83% and female 44.17%; population density per sq km 4782. Literacy rate among the town people is 62.8%.
Patiya thana was established in 1845 and was turned into an upazila in 1984. The upazila consists of one municipality, 9 wards, 25 union parishads, 120 mouzas and 124 villages.
Archaeological heritage and relics: Musa Khan Mosque (Hulaina,1658), Kura Katni Mosque (Harin Khain,1806), Kala Mosque (Kachuai, sixteenth century), Mazar of Syed Kutub (Barolia).
Religious institutions: Mosque 476, tomb 41, temple 37, pagoda 1, Buddhist monastery 21 and church 2.
As of the 1991 Bangladesh census: Population 398836; male 52.10%, female 47.90%; Muslim 69.9%, Hindu 26.3%, Buddhist 3.7% and others 0.1%.
Literacy and educational institutions: Average literacy 44.3%; male 51.5% and female 36.4%. Educational institutions: college 10, marine academy 1, marine fisheries academy 1, primary teacher training institute 1, madrasa 16, high school 43, government primary school 147, non-government primary school 16, satellite and community school 25, kindergarten 2. Noted educational institutions: Patiya Ideal High School (1845), Abdus Sobhan Rahat Ali High School (1914), Shashanko Mela Government Primary School (1935), Patiya Government Degree College (1962), Shah Chand Awolia Aliya Madrasa (1928), Al Jameatul Islamia Patiya (1937) and Abdur Rahman Government Girls' High School (1957).
Cultural organisations: Public library 2, club 350, theatre group 4, cinema hall 3, women's organisation 2, literary society 2, shishu-kishore organisation 5, other cultural organisation 8 and gymnasium 1.
Main occupations: Agriculture 17.48%, forestry 1.77%, fishing 2.17%, agricultural labourer 13.27%, wage labourer 5.13%, commerce 17.95%, services 17.42%, industrial labourer 1.03%, transport 4.24%, construction 1.51% and others 18.03%.
Land use: Total cultivable land 15428.75 hectares, fallow land 119.95 hectares; single crop 10.60%, double crop 70.33% and treble crop land 19.07%. Cultivable land under irrigation 61.93%.
Land control: Among the peasants 25.19% are landless, 40.27% marginal, 27.44% small, 6.40% intermediate and 0.70% rich.
Main crops: Paddy, potato, ginger, betel leaf and vegetables.
Fisheries, dairies, poultries Fishery 5, dairy 71, poultry 861 and nursery 122.
Communication facilities- Roads: pucca 26 km, semi pucca 42 km and mud road 283 km; railways 16 km; waterways 16 nautical mile.
Manufactories: Power station 2, dry-dock and fishing boat dockyard 2, steel mill 3, cement factory 2, textile mill 2, garments factory 1, poly-foam 1, plastic industries 2, ceiling fan industries 1, packing and board 2, food and spices 5, ice factory 18, match factory 1, salt refinery and crushing 30, rice and flour mills 11 and welding 41.
Cottage industries: Weaving 51, bamboo work 110, goldsmith 82, blacksmith 64, potteries 119, wood work 65, sewing 130 and mat weaving 75.
Hats, bazars and fairs Hats and bazars are 43, most noted of which are Thana Hat, Safar Ali Munsi Hat and Munshef Bazar; fair 18, most noted of which are Sri Mai Korachengi Mela, Thegorpuni Mela, Mahira Khetropal Mela.
NGO activities Operationally important NGOs are brac, asa, Bita, LCF, World Vision, FDSR, icddr,b, CARE, Nagorik and Udyog.
Health centres Upazila health complex 1, union family welfare centre 15, union health clinic 7 and NGO sponsored health clinic 1.
Nearby cities:
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http://chittagong.com/rangunia-upazila/
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Rangunia Upazila (রাঙ্গুনিয়া উপজেলা)
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[
"chittagong"
] |
2011-05-26T17:01:55+06:00
|
http://chittagong.com/wp-content/themes/chittagong/images/favicon.ico
|
http://chittagong.com/rangunia-upazila/
|
Welcome to Chittagong.com, a website representing 30 million people of Chittagong Division. Chittagong.com is one of the oldest home on internet in Bangladesh since 1997. We look forward for thousands of freelance writers (paid or free) who can contribute Chittagong Division related original articles to our site either in Bangla or in English.
We believe in incremental development each day. Therefore, if you have any unique idea regarding this website, please let us know through contact us page. Last but not least, please do not miss to Sign-Up to our feeds that will make sure you get notified by email upon release of every new article to this website.
|
||||||
1814
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 89
|
https://dailyasianage.com/news/243718/sengupta-joshi-waddedar--i
|
en
|
Sengupta... Joshi... Waddedar- I
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Pradip Kumar Dutta"
] |
2020-10-08T00:12:00+06:00
|
Today we will deal with the life sketch and revolutionary activities of one of the lesser known and talked about lady who was contemporary of and similarly active
|
en
|
The Asian Age
|
http://dailyasianage.com/news/243718/?regenerate
|
BIRDS OF THE SAME FEATHER
Published: 12:12 AM, 08 October 2020 Last Update: 12:14 AM, 08 October 2020
Sengupta... Joshi... Waddedar- I
|
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1814
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dbpedia
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3
| 5
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https://datacommons.iitm.ac.in/ranking/Count_Person/AdministrativeArea3/wikidataId/Q1074991%3Fh%3DwikidataId%252FQ1074991
|
en
|
India Data Commons
|
https://datacommons.iitm.ac.in/custom_dc/iitm/favicon.ico
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https://datacommons.iitm.ac.in/custom_dc/iitm/favicon.ico
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en
|
/custom_dc/iitm/favicon.ico
| null | |||||
1814
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dbpedia
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1
| 69
|
https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/191704
|
en
|
PM for speedily repairing damaged embankments due to 'Remal'
|
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[
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""
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[] | null |
DHAKA, May 28, 2024 (BSS) - Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina today asked the
authorities concerned to speedily repair the damaged embankments
|
https://www.bssnews.net/favicon.ico?v=5
|
BSS
|
https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/191704
|
DHAKA, May 28, 2024 (BSS) - Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina today asked the
authorities concerned to speedily repair the damaged embankments in the
coastal areas due to the recent tropical cyclone "Remal" that lashed the
country.
The Premier gave the directive while chairing the 10th meeting of the
Executive Committee of the National Economic Council (ECNEC) held today at
the NEC Conference Room in the city's Sher-e-Bangla Nagar area.
Briefing reporters after the meeting, Planning Minister Major General (Retd)
Abdus Salam said the Prime Minister in the meeting asked the authorities
concerned to speedily repair the damaged embankments in the coastal areas
owing to the impact of the cyclone "Remal".
State Minister for Planning Md Shahiduzzaman Sarker, Planning Division Senior
Secretary Satyajit Karmakar, Planning Commission members and secretaries
concerned were present at the briefing.
"The damaged embankments must be repaired speedily as monsoon is
approaching," Salam said quoting the Premier.
He informed that the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina also directed for ensuring
safe water in the affected areas so that water-borne diseases could not
spread.
Abdus Salam said the premier herself monitored the cyclone situation
throughout that night and gave necessary directives to the concerned agencies
for tackling the situation.
He said the state minister for Disaster Management and Relief informed the
ECNEC meeting that the loss of lives was less in the cyclone since all the
government agencies, district and upazila administrations were cautious
enough to face the situation.
Planning Division Senior Secretary Satyajit Karmakar said the day's ECNEC
meeting approved a total of 11 projects involving an overall estimated cost
of Taka 14,337.38 crore. "Of the total project cost, Taka 6,541.52 crore will
come from the government of Bangladesh portion, Taka 7,879.15 crore from the
development partners while Taka 83.29 crore from the concerned organisation's
own fund," he added.
Of the approved 11 projects, eight are new while three are revised projects.
Turning to the cyclone "Remal", Satyajit said Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina
monitored the cyclone situation intensively all throughout and thus gave
necessary directives to the field-level officials at district and upazila
level to deal with the situation in a coordinated manner.
The Prime Minister reminded of all the concerned officials and stakeholders
to keep operative the land phones alongside the mobile phone networks in such
calamities, he added.
Sheikh Hasina also directed the government officials irrespective of their
portfolios to stand beside the affected people of the tropical cyclole
"Remal".
The Premier also asked the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief to
assess the loss of lives and properties in the cyclone "Remal" (verifying
media reports if needed) and thus publish its brief by next Sunday.
Satyajit said the ECNEC meeting today approved two separate cluster projects
for the benefits of the forcibly displayed Rohingya people and the host
communities in the Chattogram Division.
These two projects are--Host and Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals
(FDMN)/Displaced Rohingya Population (DRP) Enhancement of Lives Through a
Multi-Sectoral Approach Project (HELP): Infrastructure Related Project with
Taka 4,081.84 crore where the World Bank would provide Taka 2,329.89 crore as
loan and Taka 1,485 crore as grant.
The another project is Inclusive Services and Opportunities (ISO) for Host
Communities and FDMN Populations Project with Taka 4,401.13 crore where the
World Bank will provide Taka 2,145.38 crore as loan and Taka 1,759.37 crore
as grant.
For the first time, these aforesaid two projects were approved by the Prime
Minister through Project Planning System (PPS) software which would
eventually infuse more dynamism into the operations of the Planning
Commission as well as make those time-bound, Satyajit continued.
He said the premier asked all concerned officials involved in the execution
of these two projects to think 'out of the box' and exercise their
innovations to successfully implement those through facing possible
challenges and obstacles.
The Planning Division Senior Secretary further said that the World Bank would
provide the grant amount for the Rohingya people while the loan amount would
be spent in the areas of health, education, roads, forestry, railways for the
benefits of the host community since they are also affected for the forcibly
displaced Rohingya people.
He said at the very beginning of the negotiations with the World Bank for
availing support, the lending agency only pressed for lending support to the
Rohingyas, not for the host community. But, due to the strong stance of the
government, the World Bank later agreed to support the host community also
alongside the Rohingyas.
Satyajit also informed that the World Bank loan would be very soft.
He informed that a central coordination unit would be there at the Economic
Relations Division (ERD) for these two projects for Rohingyas and the host
community while a committee headed by Prime Minister's Principal Secretary
would oversee the operations.
When asked whether the fresh Annual Development Programme (ADP) for the next
fiscal year (FY25) is loan-based, Satyajit said neither the country's
economy, nor the fresh ADP is loan-based.
He said despite various challenges and adversities, the budget deficit of the
country never crossed five percent of GDP.
Replying to another question, the Planning Minister said Bangladesh has been
witnessing balanced development during the rule of Awami League government.
Since the present government put much emphasis on implementation, he said a
record number of 356 projects are going to be completed within this fiscal
year ending in June.
|
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1814
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https://scialert.net/fulltext/%3Fdoi%3Dajava.2023.66.73
|
en
|
Science Alert: Research Papers, Journals, Authors, Publishers
|
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A leading scientific publisher dedicated to publish peer-reviewed significant research work, delivering quality content through innovative information products and services. Our business is to manage the knowledge and disseminate the new discoveries globally.
|
en
|
assets/img/favicon.svg
| null |
Currently hosting more than 50,000 fully open-access articles
Science Alert is an AI-supported leading journal-hosting platform designed to serve readers and publishers. Our publishing infrastructure is designed by experts after communicating with researchers of various disciplines and provides different options to read and share quality research work around the globe.
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For Authors
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|||||
1814
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 7
|
https://propertyguide.com.bd/en/area-guide/boalkhali
|
en
|
Boalkhali Area Guide: Discover Insights & Price Trends
|
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Dive into the Boalkhali area guide for in-depth insights and the price trends. Make informed decisions with our comprehensive review of the Boalkhali real estate market.
|
/favicon.ico
|
PropertyGuide Bangladesh
|
https://propertyguide.com.bd/en/area-guide/boalkhali
|
The Boalkhali Upazila is one of the areas in the Chattogram District, which is located near the Karnaphuli River. To be precise, the upazila is located about 12 kilometers from the Chattogram Sadar and southeast of the Karnaphuli River. It is a developing and growing location right next to the Chattogram City Corporation localities, making it ideal for anyone looking into the Boalkhali area guide.
The land area of the upazila is 137.27 square kilometers, and it has a population of around 2,35,483, with over 42,500 families living there. That makes Boalkhali an averagely populated area. On top of that, since it is one of the areas connected to the Chattogram ports, Boalkhali is an important location for trade and business. That is also why it has several growing industrial zones and farms.
The old Kalurghat Bridge, which goes through Arkan Road and over the Karnaphuli River, is one of the main means of communication in the area. People can also travel to Boalkhali using the Shah Amanat Bridge and Chattogram-Cox’s Bazar Highway through Patiya. There are also several train stations in Boalkhali, one of which runs on the Kalurghat Bridge. Unfortunately, the bridge has been deemed old and risky, and it will be reconstructed soon to ensure safe transportation and communication facilities.
Boalkhali is a progressive area where you will likely come across many concrete and tin-shaded houses as well as a few straw houses. One government data shows that there are no landless or homeless people in the area. Many reputed public figures, including actress Kobori Sarwar, singer Shefali Ghosh, litterateur Atul Chandra Datta, and Liberation War Birangana writer Rama Chowdhury, are from Boalkhali.
Other than the Karnaphuli River or Boalkhali Canal, this upazila has several tourist attractions. Some of the oldest architects and locations in the Upazila are the Sreepur Shahi Bura Masjid, Sri Sri Kalachand Thakurbari Temple, Medosh Munir Ashram/Hermitage, Lalar Dighi, etc. Anyone who wants to enjoy its natural landscape should visit the Karnaphuli Riverview spot and the Sreepur Bangabandhu Riverview, Rangunia Bat Cave, Koroldenga Hill, etc.
The Boalkhali upazila is also religiously and culturally diverse, with Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, and Christians living harmoniously. The government has taken various initiatives to improve and develop the lifestyle and communications in the area and add more amenities.
|
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dbpedia
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https://thedailymorningglory.com/2023/07/27/inauguration-of-the-three-day-agricultural-technology-fair-2023-in-boalkhali/
|
en
|
day Agricultural Technology Fair 2023 in Boalkhali
|
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2023-07-27T00:00:00
|
Sayed Md Nazrul Islam, Chattogram A three-day agricultural technology fair has been inaugurated and a rally has been taken out in Boalkhali. Chittagong 8 Constituency Member of Parliament Noman Al Mahmud inaugurated the fair organized at Upazila Parishad Square on Thursday (July 27) morning. Noman Al Mahmud MP said in the opening ceremony, food production […];
|
en
|
https://thedailymorningglory.com/2023/07/27/inauguration-of-the-three-day-agricultural-technology-fair-2023-in-boalkhali/
|
Sayed Md Nazrul Islam, Chattogram
A three-day agricultural technology fair has been inaugurated and a rally has been taken out in Boalkhali.
Chittagong 8 Constituency Member of Parliament Noman Al Mahmud inaugurated the fair organized at Upazila Parishad Square on Thursday (July 27) morning.
Noman Al Mahmud MP said in the opening ceremony, food production is also increasing in the country along with the population. This country is food self-sufficient today. Care should be taken to create a healthy nation only through the production of poison-free fruits and safe vegetables.
People did not die without food in Bangladesh today during this Awami League government.
Upazila Assistant Commissioner Bhumi Md Alauddin gave a welcome speech at the meeting held under the chairmanship of Upazila Agriculture Officer Agriculturist Md Atiq Ullah.
Upazila Parishad Chairman Rezaul Karim, Vice Chairman Bir Muktijoddha SM Salim, Female Vice Chairman Shamim Ara Begum, Mayor of Boalkhali Municipality Md Zahurul Islam Zahoor, Muktijoddha MA Bashar, Police Officer-in-Charge Achhab Uddin, Upazila Awami League former co. President Rezaul Karim Babul, Chairman SM Jasim Uddin, Organizer of Boalkhali Press Club Syed Md Nazrul Islam, Farmer Sekander etc.
MP Noman Al Mahmud and leaders distributed 1500 coconut saplings to farmers and educational institutions of Boalkhali upazila.
18 stalls of various unions of the upazila participated in the fair.
The fair will run from 9 am to 8 pm, from 27-29 July 2023.
|
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https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/infrastructure/legal-tangle-stuck-boring-machine-delay-south-ctgs-access-wasa-water
|
en
|
Legal tangle, stuck boring machine delay South Ctg’s access to Wasa water
|
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"Jobaer Chowdhury"
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2024-06-24T11:20:00+06:00
|
A tunnel boring machine used to lay pipelines along the Karnaphuli riverbed got stuck onshore in October 2023. The machine was lodged 78 feet deep near the shore after excavating 202 metres of the 262-metre river crossing
|
en
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https://www.tbsnews.net/sites/all/themes/sloth/favicon.ico
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The Business Standard
|
https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/infrastructure/legal-tangle-stuck-boring-machine-delay-south-ctgs-access-wasa-water
|
Residents and businesses in South Chattogram will have to wait at least six more months for access to Chattogram Wasa water due to a delay caused by a legal dispute and a mishap in the project undertaken to install the supply.
A tunnel boring machine used to lay pipelines along the Karnaphuli riverbed got stuck onshore in October 2023. The machine was lodged 78 feet deep near the shore after excavating 202 metres of the 262-metre river crossing.
The Bhandal-Juri Water Supply Project – aimed at bringing piped water to four upazilas outside the port city – was expected to be completed by June 2024. The upazilas are Anwara, Boalkhali, Patiya, and Karnaphuli.
The project, approved in 2015, experienced delays in its initial construction phase, starting in October 2020. Due to the extended timeline, the project's cost has also ballooned from its initial budget of Tk1,036.30 crore to Tk1,994.14 crore.
Of this, Tk1,224 crore has been financed by the Economic Development Cooperation Fund of the Korean Exim Bank, Tk750.14 crore by the Bangladesh government, and Tk20 crore by Chattogram Wasa.
Stuck machine and stalemate over a pond
The boring machine is currently stuck under the mosque of Ahediya Madrasa in Shikalbaha of Karnaphuli upazila. To remove the machine, the mosque was demolished with the promise of reconstruction. It all delayed the project by at least six months, according to officials involved with the work.
Additionally, a madrasa pond had to be filled to accommodate heavy machinery, with plans for re-excavation later.
While the permission to fill the pond was obtained from the Zilla Parishad, the madrasa authorities filed a case with a Chattogram court, claiming ownership of the pond, halting further progress on removing the boring machine.
Despite the setback, project officials are optimistic about resuming work.
Mohammad Mahabubul Alam, project director and supervising engineer of Chattogram Wasa, said, "Efforts are being made to continue the work by reaching an agreement between the two parties. The project deadline is being extended by one year, to June 2025."
As of March, the project was 90% physically complete and 81.54% financially. The project includes a water treatment plant, intake points, a network of pipelines, and reservoirs.
Increased water capacity and industrial benefits
Upon completion, the Bhandal-Juri project will significantly increase Chattogram Wasa's water production capacity by 12%, bringing it to 56 crore litres daily. Over 1.5 to 2 lakh people in the four upazilas will gain access to clean water through an estimated 15,000 new connections.
The project will also benefit industries in the Karnaphuli left bank, including the Korean Export Processing Zone, Chittagong Urea Fertiliser Limited, and Karnaphuli Fertiliser Company Limited, by providing a reliable source of water, particularly during the dry season when salinity levels in the Karnaphuli River rise.
Project Director Mohammad Mahabubul Alam said, "We hope to supply water by December of this year if the complications are resolved. We are currently accepting applications for consumer-level connections."
Chattogram Wasa Managing Director AKM Fazlullah told The Business Standard, "The project will reduce dependence on groundwater for people in the area. Various industrial establishments on the banks of the Karnaphuli will meet their necessary demand."
Chattogram Wasa currently has a total of 88,771 connections, with 82,642 residential and 6,129 commercial. Wasa water has yet to reach about 40% of the city's population.
|
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https://inaturalist.ca/places/wikipedia/Barisal
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en
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City in Barisal Division, Bangladesh
This article is about the city. For the upazila, see Barisal Sadar Upazila. For the district, see Barisal District. For the division, see Barisal Division.
Metropolis in Barisal Division, Bangladesh
Barisal ( or ; Bengali: বরিশাল, pronounced [boɾiʃal]),[a] officially known as Barishal,[4] is a major city that lies on the banks of the Kirtankhola river in south-central Bangladesh. It is the largest city and the administrative headquarter of both Barisal District[b] and Barisal Division. It is one of the oldest municipalities and river ports of the country. The city was once called the Venice of the East or the Venice of Bengal.[6]
Barisal municipality was established in 1876 during the British rule in India and upgraded to City Corporation on 25 July 2002.[7] Barisal is Bangladesh's third largest financial hub after Dhaka and Chittagong.[8][9] The city consists of 30 wards and 50 mahallas with a population of 533,000, according to the 2023 national census and with the voter of about 250,000 according to the 2018 voter list of city election.[10] The area of the city is 58 km2.[11]
History
[edit]
Barisal was part of the ancient kingdoms of Vanga, Gangaridai and Samatata. The region was ruled by Khadga, Pala, Chandra, Sena and Deva dynasty in the mediaeval period. It was conquered by Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji and was later a significant territory of the Delhi Sultanate and Bengal Sultanate. After the decline of the Suri Empire, the territory became a semi-independent area in the Mughal period because of heavy fighting between the Muslims and Hindu chiefs, although most parts of the city were totally under the control of the governors of the proto-industrialised Bengal Subah. In course of time, it fell under the Bengal Nawabs. Raja Ramranjan Chakravarty was put as a de jure king during the Bengal Presidency of the British, later passed to East Pakistan at independence and finally Bangladesh.[12]
In ancient times, it was called Chandradwip (চন্দ্রদ্বীপ), while during the Medieval Islamic times it was also known as Ismailpur & Bacola (বাকলা) in Europe. Ralph Fitch, the first ever Englishman, a leather merchant, known to have visited Bengal in the mid-1580s, described Barisal in his journal as, "From Chatigan in Bengal, I came to Bacola; the king whereof is a Gentile, a man very well disposed and delighted much to shoot in a gun. His country is very great and fruitful, and hath store of rice, much cotton cloth, and cloth of silk. The houses are very fair and high built, the streets large, and people naked, except a little cloth about their waist. The women wear a great store of silver hoops about their necks and arms, and their legs are ringed with silver and copper, and rings made from elephants' teeth."[13]
The central city of this region is the city of Barisal. It is one of the biggest river ports in Bangladesh. It is a city with nearly 0.38 million people and a divisional headquarters, medical college, cadet college, some pharmaceutical industries, textile industries and the Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority's head office. Barisal is fast growing city of the country stands on the Kirtankhola River. the country's first short landing and take off airport has been completed in Barisal and a private Airlines named Air Bengal has begun its regular air flight between Dhaka's Hazrat Shahjalal Airport and Barisal.[citation needed]
"Barisal guns" is a natural phenomenon named after Barisal; it is kind of a booming sound heard near lakes and rivers which is due to seismic activity under water, first heard in this region by the British in the 19th century.[citation needed]
Population
[edit]
Demographics
[edit]
According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, the population of Barisal (areas under the jurisdiction of the Barisal city corporation) stands at 328,278.[3] By gender, the population was 51.63% male and 48.37% female.[11]
The literacy rate among the urban people of Barisal is 75.3%,[14] which is significantly higher than the national average of 56.5%.[citation needed]
Most people in Barisal are Bengalis. The long-standing inhabitants of the city are known as Barisaliya and the most spoken Bengali dialect of this region is known as Barisali. Apart from them, the city population is composed of people from neighboring upazilas and districts (Patuakhali, Bhola, Pirojpur, Jhalakati, Barguna).[citation needed]
Religion
[edit]
The majority of Barisal's people are Muslims (89.30%), mainly Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school. Other religious groups include Hindus (9.7%), and very few numbers of other religions, mainly Christians (0.98%) and Buddhists (0.01%).[15]
Since 2015, the Catholic minority has its own Roman Catholic Diocese of Barisal.
Geography
[edit]
Barisal city occupies an area of 58 km2.
Barisal District, with an area of 2790.51 km2, is bounded by Madaripur, Shariatpur, Chandpur and Lakshmipur districts on the north, Patuakhali, Barguna and Jhalokati District on the south, Bhola and Lakshmipur districts on the east, Jhalokati, Pirojpur and Gopalganj districts on the west. Several rivers flow across Barisal including the Kirtankhola, Arial Khan, Khoyrabad, Kalijira and Sandha.
Climate
[edit]
Barisal has a climate on the border between a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and a tropical savanna climate (Aw).
Points of interest
[edit]
Durga Sagar in Madhabpasha
Shohel Chattar, Bibir Pukur Par
Padma Pukur, Barisal
Bell's Park aka Bangabandhu Udyan
30 Godown Freedom Fighters Monument
Barisal collectorete building
Barisal city at night
Collectorate pond
Durga Sagar: with an area of about 2,500 hectare, is the largest pond or dighi of southern Bangladesh. It is located at Madhabpasa village of babuganj upazila, about 11 km away from Barisal town. Locally it is known as Madhabpasha Dighi. According to a desire of Rani Durgavati, mother of Raja Joynarayan, the dighi was dug in 1780 (1187 BS). There are coconut trees around the dighi which together with the dighi are bounded by brick-walls. In the middle of the dighi, there is an island with bushes. Migratory birds usually come here during winter. The surrounding areas of the dighi has now been turned into a picnic spot. Madhabpasha was a capital of the kingdom of Chandradvipa.[citation needed]
Lakhutia: located approximately 8 km from Barisal's central business district, the Roy family estate is known as 'Lakhutia' (note: there are several variations of the spelling of this word, including 'Lakutia' and 'Lakhotia'). The Lakhutia zamindar estate was founded by Roop Chandra Roy in the late 17th century. Apart from the main mansion itself, the estate has several Shiva temples and large ponds on the vast property. The Lakhutia mansion – including the Roy family's personal property, was effectively destroyed during the extraordinary violence of the 1950 East Pakistan Riots, and then again later during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. While most of Lakhutia was destroyed during the 1950 and 1971 riots and genocide, the historical site and sparse remains of the mansion remain one of Barisal's main tourist attractions.
Architecture
[edit]
Barisal's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, and have been built over a long period of time.
Some well known heritage buildings are:
Sports
[edit]
Cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Barisal while tennis and kabaddi are also popular. There is a national stadium in the city known as Barisal Divisional Stadium (also known as Abdur Rab Serniabad Stadium). It is a multi-purpose stadium and has a capacity of 15,000 spectators. It is currently used mostly for cricket matches. It is also used for football and other sports. Besides, different organization share to stage a show there occasionally. Notable players from Barisal who have played for the national team include Shahriar Nafees, Sohag Gazi, Kamrul Islam Rabbi and Fazle Mahmud.[citation needed]
There is a regional sports training centre under Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan (BKSP) situated at Rahamatpur in Barisal[20] Barisal is also home to the Bangladesh Premier League franchise Fortune Barishal.
Transport
[edit]
Air
[edit]
Barisal Airport is a domestic airport. Biman Bangladesh Airlines, Novoair and US-Bangla Airlines use this port. Active air-route is Barisal-Dhaka-Barisal.
River port
[edit]
Barisal River Port is the second largest river port of Bangladesh. It is the most popular way of communication for the people of Barisal to Dhaka, the capital city. It is also a popular transport system with other districts like Bhola, Barguna, Lakshmipur.
Road
[edit]
Barisal is connected to most other regions of the country via the N8 national highway. There are two bus terminals in Barisal, Nathullabad Central Bus terminal and Rupatali Bus Terminal, which connect Barisal to other districts.
Education
[edit]
Barisal is home to many educational institutions. Govt. Brojomohan College is the oldest institution of higher education in the city, founded in 1889. There is a public university University of Barisal and two private universities, a government medical college Sher-e-Bangla Medical College (SBMC), a textile engineering college Shaheed Abdur Rab Serniabat Textile Engineering College and an engineering college Barisal Engineering College. There are also educational institutions like Barisal Zilla School, Barisal Cadet College, Govt. Syed Hatem Ali College, Government Women's College, Govt. Barisal College, Amrita Lal Dey College, Barisal Govt. Girls High School, Barisal Model School and College and Barisal Asmat Ali Khan Institution (A.K. School). Besides these there are three teacher training colleges, a Government Polytechnic institute, two technical institutes, a homeopathic college and a social welfare training centre.[citation needed]
Major institutions include:
Amrita Lal Dey College
Barishal Cadet College
Barishal Engineering College
Barisal Government Women's College
Barisal Govt. Polytechnic Institute
Barishal Zilla School
Brojomohun College
Government Syed Hatem Ali College
Shahid Abdur Rab Serniabat Textile Engineering College
Sher-e-Bangla Medical College
University of Barishal
Oxford Mission High School
Baptist Mission High School
Media
[edit]
Barisal is a center for the newspaper, periodical and book publishers. Some locally published newspapers and periodicals are:
Newspapers
[edit]
Daily Ajker Barisal
Daily Ajker Barta
Daily Ajker Poribartan
Daily Banglar Bone
Daily Barisal Barta
Daily Barisal Bhorer Alo
Daily Barisal Pratidin
Daily Bhorer Angikar
Daily Biplobi Bangladesh
Daily Dakkhinanchal
Daily Motobad
Daily Satya Songbad
Daily Shahnama
Source:[21]
Periodicals
[edit]
Bakerganj Parikrama
Chirantan Bangla
Upakul
Gournadi Parikrama
Khadem
Jago Nare
Notable people
[edit]
Notes
[edit]
References
[edit]
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https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/metro-news/ferry-service-in-limbo-for-delayed-renovation-work-1711816541
|
en
|
Ferry service in limbo for delayed renovation work
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NAZIMUDDIN SHYAMOLCHATTOGRAM Mar 30: Several lakh people of South Chattogram, particularly Boalkhali and Patiya upazilas, are undergoing immense suffering
|
en
|
The Financial Express
|
https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/metro-news/ferry-service-in-limbo-for-delayed-renovation-work-1711816541
|
NAZIMUDDIN SHYAMOL
CHATTOGRAM Mar 30: Several lakh people of South Chattogram, particularly Boalkhali and Patiya upazilas, are undergoing immense suffering due to the ferry service disruption caused by delay in renovation work of the old Kalurghat Bridge.
Though the three months' schedule for renovation work of the Kalurghat Bridge ended in November last year, the work is yet to be completed.
In the meantime, two of the three ferries launched as alternatives to the bridge became inoperative due to technical fault on Thursday last. Consequently, thousands of people of Boalkhali and Patiya upazilas are suffering a lot as the lone ferry has been in operation since Thursday. Sources said many people from Boalkhali, Patiya and other upazilas on the other side of the Karnaphuli River commute to the city every day for job or business purposes.
On the other hand, many people from the city go to Boalkhali, Patiya and other upazilas of South Chattogram for various reasons. The lone ferry is causing traffic jams on both banks of the river. As a result, people have to wait for a long time now to get on a ferry.
Sources said renovation work of Kalurghat Bridge started on August 1 last year for the railway. And since then vehicular movement has been kept halted on the bridge. It was scheduled to complete the work within three months and resume vehicular movement on October 31 last year. However, train service to Cox's Bazar on Kalurghat Bridge started on November 5 last. Even after eight months, renovation work of the bridge has not been completed yet. Moreover, two ferries have now become inoperative.
Executive Engineer of Chattogram Roads and Highway Department Pintu Chakma said, "One of the three ferries has already broken. Another ferry has been closed since Thursday as its engine circuit burnt out. We will bring a ferry from Chandraghona to Kalurghat temporarily to mitigate sufferings of the passengers. The ferry is expected to arrive soon. Two ferries will reduce sufferings to some extent."
Sources said after renovation of the Kalurghat Bridge train may run to Cox' Bazar either from Chattogram or Dhaka smoothly.
Without renovation work, movement of train over the existing railway bridge at Kalurghat for the newly constructed rail line to Cox's Bazar is now risky.
The 239-metre-long Kalurghat dual-purpose bridge has now become unfit for both train and road traffic.
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https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/5042049
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en
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Chandanaish Upazila
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Chandanaish চন্দনাঈশ   Upazila villages of chandanish north hashimpur,gasbaria joara,south hashimpur,harla, kanchannagar, boiltali etc, added by sharmin afroza sultana shepu.  
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https://en-academic.com/favicon.ico
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Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
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https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/5042049
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Chandanaish (Bengali: চন্দনাঈশ) is an Upazila of Chittagong District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Contents
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 Administrative
4 See also
5 References
Geography
Chandanaish is located at . It has 30189 units of house hold and total area 201.99 km².
Demographics
As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Chandanaish has a population of 172843. Males constitute are 51.27% of the population, and females 48.73%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 81653. Chandanaish has an average literacy rate of 33.9% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate.[1]
Administrative
Chandanaish has 10 Unions/Wards, 44 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 56 villages. Word N0-01- Word N0-02- Word N0-03- Word N0-04-(Harala) Word N0-05- Word N0-06- Word N0-07- Word N0-08-Hasimpur Word N0-09- Word No-10-
See also
Upazilas of Bangladesh
Districts of Bangladesh
Divisions of Bangladesh
gasbaria nittananda gourochandra High school- located in chaittagong district,upazila -chandanish,gasbaria, established in 1918
famous persons-Ahmad Chofa, prof. Nurul Islam,
References
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3346618
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Boalkhali Upazila
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upazila in Chittagong Division, Bangladesh
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3346618
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https://www.newagebd.net/article/197861/six-hurt-as-bcl-factions-clash-in-ctg-during-independence-day-programme
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Six hurt as BCL factions clash in Ctg during Independence Day programme
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https://outspoken.newagebd.com/files/img/https://www.newagebd.com/
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https://outspoken.newagebd.com/files/img/https://www.newagebd.com/
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"New Age",
"The New Age",
"Daily New Age",
"Bangladesh Newspaper",
"Most Popular Outspoken English Daily Newpaper in Bangladesh",
"Bangladeshi Newspapers",
"Bangladesh News",
"Latest Bangladesh News",
"Bangladesh Latest News",
"Bangla Online News"
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2024-08-27T00:00:00
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Six people were injured as two groups of the Bangladesh Chhatra League clashed during the Independence Day programme at Sir Ashutosh Govt College at Boalkhali in Chattogram
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https://www.newagebd.net/article/197861/six-hurt-as-bcl-factions-clash-in-ctg-during-independence-day-programme
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Six people were injured as two groups of the Bangladesh Chhatra League clashed during the Independence Day programme at Sir Ashutosh Govt College at Boalkhali in Chattogram on Sunday.
The two groups of the ruling Awami League-backed student body led by it college unit convener Arafat Hossain Tareq and joint-convener Morshedul Alam Irfan engaged in the clash on the college campus at about 12:30pm, said Boalkhali police officer-in-charge Abdur Razzak.
The injured are college unit BCL convener Arafat Hossain Tareq, joint-convener Mahim Uddin and activists Jahed Hossain, Md Mithu, Altaf Hossain Hridoy and Shuvo Das, according to Boalkhali Upazila Health Complex duty doctor Ohiuddin Sumon.
Altaf and Shuvo were referred to Chattogram Medical College Hospital while the rst four were released after providing primary treatment at the health complex, he said.
The clash ensued as both groups tried to deliver speeches at the discussion programme, organised by the college authority on the occasion of the Independence Day and the college authorities decided to allow none of the groups to address the programme, witnesses said.
Morshedul’s followers beat two followers of Arafat as the latter barred Morshedul from delivering speech at the discussion, they said.
Later, both groups clashed with sharp weapons, they said.
Arafat claimed that Morshedul tried to occupy the campus beating his followers.
Morshedul could not be reached for comments as his mobile phone was found switched off.
College principal Partha Pratim Dhar also could not be contacted despite several attempts.
Boalkhali police officer-in-charge Md Abdur Razzak said that none filed any complaint for the clash till 8:00pm on Sunday.
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