Split (1)

train · 2.09M rows

identifier stringlengths 1 43	dataset stringclasses 3 values	question stringclasses 4 values	rank int64 0 99	url stringlengths 14 1.88k	language stringclasses 1 value	title stringlengths 0 200	top_image stringlengths 0 125k	meta_img stringlengths 0 125k	images listlengths 0 18.2k	movies listlengths 0 484	keywords listlengths 0 0	meta_keywords listlengths 1 48.5k	tags null	authors listlengths 0 10	publish_date stringlengths 19 32 ⌀	meta_description stringlengths 0 258k	meta_lang stringclasses 68 values	meta_favicon stringlengths 0 20.2k	meta_site_name stringlengths 0 641	canonical_link stringlengths 9 1.88k ⌀	text stringlengths 0 100k
4591	dbpedia	2	16	https://royalsociety.org/news/2017/05/eminent-scientists-join-royal-society-fellowship/	en	Eminent scientists join Royal Society Fellowship	https://royalsociety.org…avicon-16x16.png	https://royalsociety.org…avicon-16x16.png	[ "https://royalsociety.org/assets/images/logo@2x.png", "https://royalsociety.org/news/2017/05/eminent-scientists-join-royal-society-fellowship/url(/-/media/navigation/footer/logoalt2x.png)" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	50 distinguished scientists have been elected as Fellows of the Royal Society and 10 as new Foreign Members for their outstanding contributions to science.	en	/assets/icons/favicon-16x16.png		https://royalsociety.org/news/2017/05/eminent-scientists-join-royal-society-fellowship/	50 distinguished scientists have today been elected as Fellows of the Royal Society and 10 as new Foreign Members for their outstanding contributions to science such as pioneering machine learning systems, revealing the chemical origins of life, and discovering how humans operate on a 24-hour cycle. Venki Ramakrishnan, President of the Royal Society, says: “Science is a great triumph of human achievement and has contributed hugely to the prosperity and health of our world. In the coming decades it will play an increasingly crucial role in tackling the great challenges of our time including food, energy, health and the environment. The new Fellows of the Royal Society have already contributed much to science and it gives me great pleasure to welcome them into our ranks.” Professor John Sutherland is distinguished for his pioneering studies in understanding the chemical origins of life. His proposed scenario is the first unifying theory which has been experimentally proven to demonstrate that all of the necessary subcellular precursors to life can be assembled simultaneously in a prebiotic world. Also based at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Dr Andrew McKenzie, has made breakthroughs in understanding the innate regulatory pathways that control asthma and allergy through the characterization of novel immune-regulatory type-2 innate lymphoid cells. Climate scientist Professor Gabriele Hegerl, University of Edinburgh, has made key advances in the critical observations of climate change. Her rigorous approach had helped scientists systematically distinguish between different possible explanations for the observed recent warming and thus to quantify the contribution to the warming from human-induced factors. She was also first to use multi-century climate reconstructions to estimate the sensitivity of climate to changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Professor Stafford Lightman, University of Bristol, has fundamentally changed our understanding of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which control our 24-hour body clocks. His work is making major impacts on the way we treat stress related disease including clinical depression and anxiety disorders, as well as life-debilitating illnesses like Cushing’s Disease. Professor Nicola Spaldin, based at ETH Zurich, is an international leader in the field of Materials Theory, best known for her contributions to the field of multiferroics, reviving the field by identifying the basic reasons behind the apparent incompatibility between magnetism and ferroelectricity, and proposing new routes to overcome it. Sir Nigel Shadbolt has been central to the development and practical implementation of Open Data policy, helping establish the UK as a world-leader in this field. Dr Marcia McNutt has been made a Foreign Member for her distinguished career in geophysics research, including her time at the US Geological Survey, where she was involved in the Deep Water Horizon oil spill, and developed new approaches to dealing with environmental disasters. In 2013 she became the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Science, and in 2016 became the first woman to be made President of the US National Academy of Sciences. Also joining the list of Foreign Members is American immunologist Dr Max Cooper, who identified T and B cells and their role in human disease. Professor Hideo Hosono is a distinguished Japanese scientist whose work on oxides is used now used as switches in most smartphone displays. Professor Whitfield Diffie is unique among cryptographic researchers in combining the methods of a mathematician, a historian, and an investigative reporter; he discovered the technologies we now call public-key cryptography and digital signatures, which have now become ubiquitous in the Internet infrastructure. Lord David Neuberger of Abbotsbury has been made an Honorary Fellow. He is currently President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Fellowship of the Royal Society is made up of the most eminent scientists, engineers and technologists from or living and working in the UK and the Commonwealth. Some statistics about this year’s intake are as follows: 13 (26%) of this year’s intake of Fellows are women and there are two new female Foreign Members New Fellows have been elected from across the UK and Ireland, including Bristol, Aberdeen, Lancaster, Reading and Swansea, along with those from international institutions in Japan and the USA. Seven of the new Fellows are from Cambridge University, seven from London institutions, six from Oxford University, and four from the University of Edinburgh.
4591	dbpedia	2	41	https://uk.news.yahoo.com/business-leaders-elected-royal-society-122550847.html	en	Business leaders elected to Royal Society of Edinburgh fellowship	https://media.zenfs.com/en/business_insider_uk_645/38215d3b722851c46f36a7f4f3b7ee32	https://media.zenfs.com/en/business_insider_uk_645/38215d3b722851c46f36a7f4f3b7ee32	[ "https://uk.news.yahoo.com/_td_api/beacon/info?beaconType=noJSenabled&bucket=news-GB-en-GB-def%2Cseamless&code=pageRender&device=desktop&lang=en-GB&pageName=deeplink&region=GB&rid=1tb9etdjcuhbf&site=news&t=1724859759525", "https://s.yimg.com/rz/p/yahoo_news_en-GB_h_p_newsv2.png", "https://s.yimg.com/rz/p/yahoo_news_en-GB_h_w_newsv2.png", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/wMpOhYCgdnr7uxY0kmFItQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTIyNjtoPTYw/https://s.yimg.com/os/creatr-uploaded-images/2024-03/26181140-ead1-11ee-b5f5-bec4e4b6245f", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/sZFh2Yc0UoHJPWET8._aog--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTEyNDI7aD04MjY-/https://media.zenfs.com/en/business_insider_uk_645/38215d3b722851c46f36a7f4f3b7ee32", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/vgprg72JUIx5Tih6hnHTZQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYzOQ--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/business_insider_uk_645/d77c07f53e4b806c66e62845a97e55df", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/vgprg72JUIx5Tih6hnHTZQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYzOQ--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/business_insider_uk_645/d77c07f53e4b806c66e62845a97e55df", "https://s.yimg.com/g/images/spaceball.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=7241469&c5=1197793442&c7=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.news.yahoo.com%2Fbusiness-leaders-elected-royal-society-122550847.html&c14=-1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Peter A Walker" ]	2024-04-08T12:25:50+00:00	Other new fellows include Armando Iannucci and Sally Magnusson	en	https://s.yimg.com/rz/l/favicon.ico	Yahoo News	https://www.insider.co.uk/news/business-leaders-elected-royal-society-32537564	A range of Scottish business figures have been elected as the latest fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Ana Stewart, a technology entrepreneur, board member of the Scottish Football Association and founder of Pathways Forward - an initiative that helps women forge their way in business - joins the RSE fellowship. She said: “Entrepreneurship is the lifeblood of our economy and we all have a part to play in shaping our society into one that welcomes all of our entrepreneurs through every stage of their journey, regardless of gender or background. “I look forward to working with other Fellows to help shape Scotland’s future in this endeavour.” Gillian Docherty OBE has also joined the fellowship of the RSE. She is recognised as a leader in the field of data technology, and has worked to champion innovation, digital skills and community engagement with technology. She is the chief commercial officer of the University of Strathclyde, the chair of CodeBase and is the president of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce. Professor William Buchanan OBE, of Edinburgh Napier University, is a cyber security expert and computer scientist. Among a range of achievements, he has been the inspiration behind at least four university spin-out companies: Zonefox, Cyacomb, Symphonic and Memcrypt. He commented: “It is such an honour to be acknowledged by an organisation which prides itself on recognising the finest scientific and technological minds in our country. “My love for innovation, research, and, especially, teaching will never leave me - I feel honoured to teach and research the topics that I care deeply about and to live and work in one of the most beautiful, cultured and educated cities on the planet. “Scotland is truly the best place in the world to build the future, and our four amazing cyber security spinouts are a testament to this.” Also elected was Mike Welch OBE, president and chief executive of Treadsy and founder and chair of The Welch Trust. “Becoming a fellow is an incredible honour, and means I am following in the footsteps of two iconic figures to me,“ he explained. “Robert William Thomson, the Scottish inventor who dreamt up and patented the pneumatic tyre in 1847, in the very same street that we have our home in Edinburgh. “And Sir Tom Farmer, one of the world's foremost retailers of tyres, who mentored me and brought me to the great city of Edinburgh at the advent of the internet to build Kwik-Fit online. “Through their example and the privilege of becoming a fellow, I feel humbled and motivated to continue my work as an entrepreneur and philanthropist.” Patrick Macdonald, chair of the Institute of Directors, also joins this year’s cohort. An entrepreneur with a career ranging from the Ministry of Defence to leadership of companies such as John Menzies and Moneypenny, he also founded the School for CEOs. President of the RSE, professor Sir John Ball, said: “It is an immense honour to extend a warm welcome to each of our distinguished new fellows. “Individually, they embody exceptional dedication and accomplishment spanning multiple sectors and disciplines, collectively they demonstrate a profound commitment and determination to make meaningful contributions through their endeavours. “As Scotland’s National Academy, we remain committed to mobilising a diverse array of expertise to confront society's most pressing challenges, and I am certain that our new fellows will prove invaluable assets to the RSE.” As well as achievements in business, new fellows are elected for their individual excellence in a wide range of fields such as physics, chemistry, informatics, literature, law and social sciences. They will be joining the 1,800 current fellows of the RSE. The complete list of new Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh is as follows: Honorary fellows Armando Iannucci Writer and political satirist Professor David Croisdale-Appleby Chair, Healthwatch England Corresponding fellows Professor Alan Reid Professor of mathematics, Rice University Professor Ann Rigney Professor in comparative literature, Utrecht University Professor De-Zhu Li Professor of botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Institute of Botany Professor Donald Dingwell Director, Department for Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Professor John Cioffi Professor emeritus of Engineering, Standford University Professor Miguel Ferrer Baena Research professor, Department of Ethology and Biodiversity Conservation, Spanish National Research Council Fellows Dr Sally Magnusson Founder, Playlist for Life, broadcaster and journalist Dr Michael Welch President of Tirebuyer.com Michael P Clancy Director of law reform, Law Society of Scotland Patrick Macdonald Chair, Institute of Directors Ana Stewart Chair, Pathway Forward Gillian Docherty Chief commercial officer, University of Strathclyde Laura Dunlop President, Mental Health Tribunal for Scotland Leonie Bell Director, V&A Dundee Chris Stark Chief executive, Climate Change Committee Professor Ailsa Hall Former director, Sea Mammal Research Unit Professor Apala Majumdar Professor of applied mathematics, University of Strathclyde Professor David Dockrell Chair of Infection Medicine, director of the Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Professor Donna Heddle Director, Institute for Northern Studies, University of the Highlands and Islands Professor Elham Kashefi Personal chair in Quantum Computing, University of Edinburgh Professor Emma Sutton Professor of English, University of St Andrews Professor Emma Thomson Professor in infectious diseases, University of Glasgow Professor Fiona Leverick Professor of criminal law and criminal justice, University of Glasgow Professor Gabriela Medero Associate principal for business and enterprise, professor in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, Heriot Watt University Professor George Batty Professor of epidemiology and public health, University College London Professor Hamish Simpson Professor of orthopaedics and trauma, consultant orthopaedic surgeon, University of Edinburgh Professor J Ross Fitzgerald Personal chair of molecular bacteriology, University of Edinburgh Professor Jason Gill Professor of cardiometabolic health, University of Glasgow Professor Jason König Professor of classics, University of St Andrews Professor Jonathan Fraser Director of research, mathematics, University of St Andrews Professor Judith Phillips Deputy principal (research), University of Stirling Professor Keith Mathieson Professor of neurophotonics, University of Strathclyde Professor Kirsteen McCue Professor of Scottish literature and song culture, University of Glasgow Professor Kirsty Gunn Professor of creative writing, University of Dundee Professor Lindsay Beevers Chair of environmental engineering and head of Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Professor Lorna Marson Professor of transplant surgery at the Transplant Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Professor Malcolm Macleod Professor of neurology and translational neurosciences, University of Edinburgh Professor Marc Dweck Professor of clinical cardiology, University of Edinburgh Professor Marc Vendrell Chair of translational chemistry and biomedical imaging, University of Edinburgh Professor Neil Carragher Professor of drug discovery, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh Professor Nicole Busby Professor of human rights, equality and justice, University of Glasgow Professor Patrick Meir Personal chair in ecosystem science, school of geosciences, University of Edinburgh Professor Paul Foster Professor in new testament language, literature and theology, University of Edinburgh Professor Paul Mealor Chair in composition, University of Aberdeen Professor Peter Hopkins Professor of social geography, Newcastle University Professor Ross Forgan Professor of supramolecular and materials chemistry, University of Glasgow Professor Sarah Coulthurst Professor of microbial interactions, University of Dundee Professor Sayantan Ghosal Adam Smith chair in political economy, University of Glasgow Professor Sinéad Collins Professor of microbial evolution, University of Edinburgh Professor Sonja Franke-Arnold Professor in atom and quantum optics, University of Glasgow Professor Stephen Brusatte Professor of palaeontology and evolution, University of Edinburgh Professor Tom Guzik Regius chair of physiology and cardiovascular pathobiology, University of Glasgow Professor Vernon Gayle Professor of sociology and social statistics, University of Edinburgh Professor Victoria Martin Professor of collider physics, University of Edinburgh Professor William Buchanan Professor of applied cryptography, Edinburgh Napier University
4591	dbpedia	2	57	https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/heritage/college-history/daniel-rutherford	en	Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh			[ "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/images/icon_facebook.png", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/images/icon_twitter.png", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/images/instagram.png", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/images/tiktok-logo.png", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/images/trip-advisor.png", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/logo_0.jpg", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/daniel_rutherford.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2017-02-09T12:11:00+00:00	BiographyDaniel Rutherford was born in Edinburgh on 3 November 1749 to Dr John Rutherford. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh under William Cullen and Joseph Black. Rutherford obtained his MD in 1772. His dissertation, titled “De aere fixo dicto aut mephitico,” established a distinction between carbonic acid gas and nitrogen. Rutherford is most famous for his	en	https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/glazed_STARTERKIT/favicon.ico		https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/heritage/college-history/daniel-rutherford	Biography Daniel Rutherford was born in Edinburgh on 3 November 1749 to Dr John Rutherford. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh under William Cullen and Joseph Black. Rutherford obtained his MD in 1772. His dissertation, titled “De aere fixo dicto aut mephitico,” established a distinction between carbonic acid gas and nitrogen. Rutherford is most famous for his discovery of the isolation of nitrogen and his inaugural dissertation. After the publication of his dissertation and completion of studies, Rutherford travelled to France in 1773 and Italy. Rutherford returned to Edinburgh in 1775 where he set up a private practice. Rutherford had considerable involvement in the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, becoming licentiate, fellow and president. (see below) He also acted as secretary of the College for eleven years and censor for six. In 1786, Rutherford was appointed Professor of Botany and keeper of the Royal Botanic Gardens. In 1791, Rutherford succeeded Henry Cullen as physician in ordinary to the Royal Infirmary where he delivered clinical lectures in tandem with Andrew Duncan and Francis Home. Furthermore, Rutherford was the first Professor of Practice of Physic at the University of Edinburgh and played a significant role in the development of clinical teaching at the university’s medical school. Rutherford was the uncle of novelist Sir Walter Scott. He was also a member of the Aesculapian, Harveian, and Gymnastics clubs. He died on 15 November 1819 in Edinburgh. Notable Achievements Rutherford was president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh from 1 December 1796 to 5 December 1798. On 1 December 1786 Rutherford succeeded John Hope as Professor of Botany in the university and keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh. In 1788, Rutherford was elected fellow of the Philosophical (afterwards the Royal) Society of Edinburgh. In 1796, Rutherford was elected fellow of the Linnean Society. Key Publications
4591	dbpedia	1	1	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711452	en	Arthur Schuster	https://upload.wikimedia…m_Orpen_1912.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…m_Orpen_1912.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arthur_Schuster_by_William_Orpen_1912.jpg/220px-Arthur_Schuster_by_William_Orpen_1912.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Schuster_Arthur_signature_2.png/220px-Schuster_Arthur_signature_2.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Anglo-German physicist (1851-1934)	en	/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png		https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711452	Anglo-German physicist (1851-1934) Franz Arthur Friedrich Schuster Sir Franz Arthur Friedrich Schuster edit Language Label Description Also known as English Arthur Schuster Anglo-German physicist (1851-1934) Franz Arthur Friedrich Schuster Sir Franz Arthur Friedrich Schuster Statements Identifiers
4591	dbpedia	0	19	https://search.proquest.com/openview/54115c7a10c21b33350a6cdeefd9b151/1.pdf%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D18750	en	“Nature” and the making of a scientific community, 1869–1939	https://search.proquest.…roQuest_logo.gif	https://search.proquest.…roQuest_logo.gif	[ "https://search.proquest.com/assets/ctx/51be0a5b/images/icons/blank.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.	en	/apple-icon-57x57.png		null	Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works. Your library or institution may also provide you access to related full text documents in ProQuest.
4591	dbpedia	0	81	https://hass.uq.edu.au/profile/392/peter-harrison	en	Emeritus Professor Peter Harrison	https://hass.uq.edu.au/f…108726/1269.jpeg	https://hass.uq.edu.au/f…108726/1269.jpeg	[ "https://static.uq.net.au/v11/logos/corporate/uq-logo--reversed.svg", "https://hass.uq.edu.au/sites/hass.uq.edu.au/files/styles/uq_core_small_portrait/public/ckfinder/images/staff_profile/1269.jpeg?itok=jeDRnu21", "https://static.uq.net.au/v14/images/rap/aboriginal.svg", "https://static.uq.net.au/v14/images/rap/torres-strait-islanders.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-08-14T08:27:17+10:00		en	https://hass.uq.edu.au/sites/all/themes/custom/uq_standard/favicon.ico		https://hass.uq.edu.au/profile/392/peter-harrison	Peter Harrison was educated at the University of Queensland and Yale University. In 2011 he moved to Queensland from the University of Oxford where he was the Idreos Professor of Science and Religion. At Oxford he was a member of the Faculties of Theology and History, a Fellow of Harris Manchester College, and Director of the Ian Ramsey Centre. He is a Professorial Research Fellow at the Universityof Notre Dame, Australia, and a Senior Research Fellow at Oxford's Ian Ramsey Centre. He has published extensively on the philosophical, scientific and religious thought of the early modern period, and is interested in secularization theory and historical and contemporary relations between science and religion. He has been a Visiting Fellow at Oxford, Yale, Princeton, and the University of Chicago, is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, a founding member of the International Society for Science and Religion, and a corresponding member of the International Academy for the History of Science. In 2003, he recieved a Centenary Medal for 'service to Australian Society and the Humanities in the Study of Philosophy and Religion’. In 2011 he delivered the Gifford Lectures at the University of Edinburgh. He was awarded a DLitt by the University of Oxford in 2013, and delivered the Bampton Lectures at Oxford in 2019. From 2015-20 has was an Australian Laureate Fellow. His twelve books include, most recently, Some New World: Myths of Supernatural Belief in a Secular Age (Cambridge, 2024), After Science and Religion (Cambridge, 2022), co-edited with John Milbank, and The Territories of Science and Religion (Chicago, 2015), winner of the Aldersgate Prize.
4591	dbpedia	2	98	https://warwick.ac.uk/insite/news/intnews2/royal_society_fellowships/	en	Royal Society Fellowships for two Warwick Professors	https://d36jn9qou1tztq.cloudfront.net/static_war/render/id7/images/favicon-32x32.png.165918197265	https://d36jn9qou1tztq.cloudfront.net/static_war/render/id7/images/favicon-32x32.png.165918197265	[ "https://d36jn9qou1tztq.cloudfront.net/static_war/render/id7/images/logo.svg.233060099087", "https://warwick.ac.uk/insite/news/intnews2/royal_society_fellowships/keith_ball100.jpg?maxWidth=165&maxHeight=131", "https://warwick.ac.uk/insite/news/intnews2/royal_society_fellowships/gareth_roberts_100.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://d36jn9qou1tztq.cloudfront.net/static_war/render/id7/images/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png.595542567195		https://warwick.ac.uk/insite/news/intnews2/royal_society_fellowships/	On 2 May 2013, two Warwick Professors were made Fellows of the Royal Society. Keith Ball from the Department of Mathematics and Gareth Roberts from the Department of Statistics were elected through a peer review process, selected from more than 700 candidates, on the basis of excellence in science. Fellows are invited to fulfil a range of responsibilities for the Society on a voluntary basis. Many are members of awards or grants committees, editorial boards, research panels or other bodies that oversee the work of the Royal Society. Professor Keith Ball FRS FRSE Keith is Professor of Mathematics at Warwick and Scientific Director of the International Centre for Mathematical Sciences (ICMS) in Edinburgh. He obtained his BA (1982) and PhD (1987) in Mathematics from Cambridge University and after working for several years at Texas A&M University became a lecturer at UCL in 1990. He was promoted to a professorship there in 1996 and to the Astor Professorship in 2007. He has held visiting positions at Microsoft Research, the Institut Henri Poincaré and the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor). He was awarded a Whitehead Prize by the London Mathematical Society in 1992 and held a Royal Society Leverhulme Senior Research Fellowship from 2003 to 2004. Professor Ball’s research is in the fields of high-dimensional geometry and probability/information theory. Among other things, he and his collaborators established an analogue of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for the Central Limit Theorem of probability, thereby solving a problem that had been open since the 1950s. He is also the author of 'Strange Curves, Counting Rabbits, & Other Mathematical Explorations', a popular mathematics book published by Princeton University Press. Read more about Keith's Fellowship of the Royal Society. Last month, Keith was also elected a Fellow of The Royal Society of Edinburgh. Fellows are elected following a rigorous examination of achievements in their relevant fields. Keith said: I am delighted to be honoured with fellowships of the Royal Societies and am very happy for Gareth." Professor Gareth Roberts FRS Gareth Roberts, Director of the Centre for Research in Statistical Methodology (CRiSM) at Warwick, is distinguished for his work spanning Applied Probability, Bayesian Statistics and Computational Statistics. He has made fundamental contributions to the theory, methodology and application of Markov Chain Monte Carlo and related methods in Statistics. Gareth developed crucial convergence and stability theory, constructed a theory of optimal scaling for Metropolis-Hastings algorithms, and introduced and explored the theory of adaptive MCMC algorithms. He has made pioneering contributions to infinite dimensional simulation problems and inference in stochastic processes. His work has already found practical application in the study of epidemics such as Avian Influenza and Foot and Mouth disease. Read more about Gareth's Fellowship. Gareth said: I am thrilled and honoured by award." About the Royal Society The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship of many of the world’s most distinguished scientists drawn from all areas of science, engineering, and medicine. The Society’s fundamental purpose is to recognise, promote, and support excellence in science and to encourage the development and use of science for the benefit of humanity. The Society has played a part in some of the most fundamental, significant, and life-changing discoveries in scientific history and Royal Society scientists continue to make outstanding contributions to science in many research areas. Find out more about the Royal Society. About the Royal Society of Edinbugh The RSE’s mission is the advancement of learning and useful knowledge and since its establishment in 1783 it has made a major contribution to Scottish Society through its Fellows. It is unique in Britain and distinctive internationally in the breadth of its Fellowship, which ranges across the sciences, medicine, engineering, the social sciences, arts, humanities, business and public service. Amongst its wide range of activities it provides: independent advice to Government and Parliament; research and enterprise Fellowships; education programmes for young people; and conferences and events aimed at both public engagement and specialists.
4591	dbpedia	1	22	https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/arthur-eddington	en	Arthur Eddington			[ "https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Get information", "facts", "and pictures", "about Arthur Eddington", "at Encyclopedia.com", "Make", "research", "projects", "and school reports", "about Arthur Eddington", "easy", "with credible", "articles", "from our FREE", "online encyclopedia and dictionary" ]	null	[]	null	Eddington, Arthur Stanley(b. Kendal, England, 28 December 1882; d.	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.ico		https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/arthur-eddington	Eddington, Arthur Stanley (b. Kendal, England, 28 December 1882; d. Cambridge, England, 22 November 1944) astronomy, relativity. Eddington was the son of a Somerset Quaker, Arthur Henry Eddington, headmaster of Stramongate School in Kendal from 1878 until his death in 1884, and of Sarah Ann Shout, whose forebears for seven generations had been north-country Quakers. Following the death of her husband, Mrs. Eddington took Arthur Stanley, not yet two, and her daughter Winifred, age six, back to Somerset, where they made their home at Weston-super-Mare. In the atmosphere of this quiet Quaker home, the boy grew up. He remained a Quaker throughout his life. Eddington’s schooling was fortunate. Brynmelyn School, to which he went as a day boy, had three exceptionally gifted teachers who imparted to him a keen interest in natural history, a love of good literature, and a splendid foundation in mathematics. Reserved and studious by nature, Eddington was also physically active, playing on the first eleven at both cricket and football and enjoying long bicycle rides through the Mendip Hills. Before he was sixteen, he won an entrance scholarship to Owen’s College (now the University of Manchester), where again he was fortunate in his teachers—Arthur Schuster in physics and Horace Lamb in mathematics. In the autumn of 1902, with an entrance scholarship, Eddington went into residence at Trinity College, Cambridge. After two years of intensive concentration on mathematics under the guidance of the distinguished coach R. A. Herman, who stressed both the logic and the elegance of mathematical reasoning, Eddington sat the fourteen papers of the tripos examinations in 1904. He won the coveted position of first wrangler, the first time that a second-year man had attained this distinction. In 1905 he gained his degree and proceeded to coach pupils in applied mathematics and to lecture in trigonometry during the following term. In February 1906 Eddington took an appointment as chief assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, where he remained until 1913. Here he obtained thorough training in practical astronomy and began the pioneer theoretical investigations that placed him in the forefront of astronomical research in a very few years. Besides his participation in the regular observing programs, Eddington had two special assignments: he went to Malta in 1909 to determine the longitude of the geodetic station there, and to Brazil in 1912 as leader of an eclipse expedition. Two further tests of his ability as a practical astronomer came after his return to Cambridge as Plumian professor of astronomy and director of the observatory. During the war years Eddington completed single-handed the transit observations for the zodiacal catalog. In 1919 he organized the two eclipse expeditions that provided the first confirmation of the Einstein relativity formula for the deflection of light in a gravitational field. During these years Eddington was elected to fellowships in the Royal Astronomical Society (1906) and the Royal Society (1914). He was knighted in 1930, and his greatest honor, the Order of Merit, was conferred on him eight years later. Eddington was president of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1921 to 1923 and of the Physical Society and the Mathematical Association from 1930 to 1932. In 1938 he became president of the International Astronomical Union. After his death an annual Eddington Memorial Lectureship was established and the Eddington Medal was struck for annual award, the first recipient being a former pupil of Eddington’s, Canon Georges Lemaître of Louvain. Eddington never married. After his appointment in 1913 to the Plumian professorship in Cambridge, he moved into Observatory House as director of the observatory and brought his mother and sister to live with him. Here he remained until the autumn of 1944, when he underwent a major operation from which he did not recover. Of Eddington’s scientific work, particularly in the field of stellar structure, E. A. Milne wrote in 1945 that he “brought it all to life, infusing it with his sense of real physics and endowing it with aspects of splendid beauty.... Eddington will always be our incomparable pioneer.” His intuitive insight into the profound problems of nature, coupled with his mastery of the mathematical tools, led him to illuminating results in a wide range of problems: the motions and distribution of the stars, the internal constitution of the stars, the role of radiation pressure, the nature of white dwarfs, the dynamics of pulsating stars and of globular clusters, the sources of stellar energy, and the physical state of interstellar matter. In addition, he was the first interpreter of Einstein’s relativity theory in English, and made his own contributions to its development; and he formulated relationships between all the principal constants of nature, attempting a vast synthesis in his provocative but uncompleted Fundamental Theory. It is important to remember how rudimentary was much of our knowledge of astrophysics and of stellar movements at the beginning of this century. Proper motion or transverse motion had been known since the time of Halley and radial velocity since Doppler, but the assumption of William Herschel of random motion of the stars relative to the sun had been abandoned of necessity by Kapteyn in 1904. Schwarzschild attempted to show that the radial velocity vectors could be represented as forming an ellipsoid. This problem of the systematic motions of the stars was the subject of Eddington’s first theoretical investigations. He chose to work with proper motions and isolated two star streams or drifts. In 1917 he compared the two theories thus: The apparent antagonism between the two-drift and the ellipsoidal hypotheses disappears if we remember that the purpose of both is descriptive. Whilst the twodrift theory has often been preferred in the ordinary proper motion investigations on account of an additional constant in the formulae which gives it a somewhat greater flexibility, the ellipsoidal theory has been found more suitable for discussions of radial velocities and the dynamical theory of the stellar system [Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 77 , 314]. Eddington’s remarkable statistical analyses of proper-motion data fully confirmed the existence of the two star streams, and he was able to determine their directions and relative numbers. He went on to other problems, such as the distribution of stars of different spectral classes, planetary nebulae, open clusters, gaseous nebulae, and the dynamics of globular clusters. In his first book, Stellar Movements and the Structure of the Universe (1914), Eddington brought together all the material of some fifteen papers, most of which had been published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society between 1906 and 1914. The cosmological knowledge of the period was summarized and the most challenging problems were delineated, and he clearly declared his preference for the speculation that the spiral nebulae were other galaxies beyond our Milky Way, which was itself a spiral galaxy. Eddington’s great pioneer work in astrophysics began in 1916. His first problem was radiation pressure, the importance of which had been pointed out a decade earlier by R. A. Sampson. A theory of the radiative equilibrium of the outer atmosphere of a star was subsequently developed by Schwarzschild in Germany. Eddington delved deeper, in fact to the very center of a star, showing that the equation of equilibrium must take account of three forces— gravitation, gas pressure, and radiation pressure. Replacing the assumption of convective equilibrium of Lane, Ritter, and Emden with radiative equilibrium, he developed the equation that is still in general use. At that time he felt justified in assuming that perfect gas conditions existed in a giant star, and he adopted Emden’s equation for a polytropic sphere with index n = 3. This is still referred to as Eddington’s model of a star. Not until 1924 did he realize that this assumption and, therefore, this model were also applicable to dwarf stars. That matter under stellar conditions would be highly ionized had been recognized by several astronomers, but it was Eddington who first incorporated this into the theory of stellar equilibrium by showing that high ionization of a gas reduced the average molecular weight almost to 2 for all elements except hydrogen. Finding that the force of radiation pressure rose with the mass of the star, and with startling rapidity as the mass exceeded that of our sun, Eddington concluded that relatively few stars would exceed ten times the sun’s mass and that a star of fifty times the solar mass would be exceedingly rare. To obtain a theoretical relation between mass and luminosity of a star, some assumption was necessary about internal opacity. At first he regarded opacity as mainly a photoelectric phenomenon, a view that drew strong criticism; but when Kramers’ theory of the absorption coefficient became available, Eddington adapted it to the stellar problem, introducing his “guillotine” factor, and obtained his important mass-luminosity relation, announced in March 1924. Since the observational data for dwarf stars, as well as for giant stars, closely fitted the theoretical curve, he announced that dwarfs also must be regarded as gaseous throughout, in spite of their densities exceeding unity. He realized that the effective volume of a highly or fully ionized atom is very small, and hence deviations from perfect gas behavior will occur only in stars of relatively high densities. The mass-luminosity relation has been widely used and is still of immense value, although its applicability has been somewhat limited in recent years by the more detailed classification of both giants and dwarfs and by the recognition of the distinctive characteristics, for example, of subdwarfs, which do not conform to the mass-luminosity relation. Eddington had calculated the diameters of several giant red stars as early as the summer of 1920. In December, G. E. Hale wrote him of the Pease and Anderson interferometer measurement of α Orionis on 13 December “in close agreement with your theoretical value and probably correct within about 10 per cent.” Later Eddington applied his calculations to the dwarf companion of Sirius, obtaining a diameter so small that the star’s density came out to 50,000 gm./cc., a deduction to which he said most people had mentally added “which is absurd!” However, in the light of his 1924 realization of the effects of high ionization, he claimed these great densities to be possible and probably actually to exist in the white dwarf stars. He therefore wrote W. S. Adams, asking him to measure the red shift in the Mount Wilson spectra of Sirius B, since, if a density of 50,000 or more did exist, then a measurable Einstein relativity shift to the red would result. Adams hastened to comply, and wrote Eddington that the measured shifts closely confirmed the calculated shift and, hence, confirmed both the third test of relativity theory and the immense densities that Eddington had calculated. (This exchange of historic letters in 1924 and 1925 is recorded in Arthur Stanley Eddington, pp. 75–77.) A direct consequence of this work was the challenge it presented to physicists, a challenge taken up in 1926 by R. H. Fowler, who achieved a brilliant investigation of the physics of super-dense gas, afterward called “degenerate” gas, by employing the newly developed wave mechanics of Schrödinger. A consequence of Eddington’s mass-luminosity relation was his realization that a time scale of several trillion (i.e., 1012) years was essential for the age of stars if the then current Russell-Hertzsprung sequence of stellar evolution was to be retained. Except in the rare case of a nova or supernova that hurls out much of its matter, the loss of mass by a star is due to radiation. For a massive O or B class star to radiate itself down to a white dwarf, at least a trillion years would be required. This brought into the limelight the theory of conversion of matter into radiation by annihilation of electrons and protons, a hypothesis that appears to have been first suggested by Eddington in 1917. For seven years, in spite of severe criticism in Great Britain, he defended the general idea that the chief source of stellar energy must be subatomic. After 1924 many astronomers and physicists turned their attention to this. In 1934, after the discovery of the positron, Eddington urged abandonment of the electron-proton annihilation theory, on the ground that electron-positron annihilation was not only a more logical supposition but also an observed fact. In 1938 came the famous carbon-nitrogen-oxygen-carbon cycle of Hans Bethe, elegantly solving some of the problems of stellar energy and invoking the electronpositron annihilation hypothesis. In 1926 Eddington published his great compendium, The Internal Constitution of the Stars (reprinted in 1930). In this book he drew attention to the unsolved problems partially treated in his investigations, among them the problem of opacity and the source or sources of stellar energy, which he called “two clouds obscuring the theory.” Another obstinate problem was the phase relation of the light curve and the velocity curve of a Cepheid variable. In 1918 and 1919 he had published papers on the mathematical theory of pulsating stars, explaining many observed features of Cepheid variables but not the phase relation. He returned to this problem in 1941, when more was known about the convective layer and he could apply the physics of ionization equilibrium within this layer with encouraging results. Other problems dealt with in these years were the central temperatures and densities of stars and the great cosmic abundance of hydrogen (recognized independently by Strömgren). Eddington developed a theory of the absorption lines in stellar atmospheres, extending earlier work of Schuster and Schwarzschild. This made possible the interpretation of many observed line intensities. When the “nebulium” lines were identified by Bowen in 1927 as the result of so-called forbidden transitions in ionized nitrogen and oxygen atoms, Eddington explained how and why these emission lines can be produced within the highly rarefied gases that constitute a nebula. Another line of adventurous thinking concerned the existence, composition, and absorptive and radiative properties of interstellar matter. He calculated the density and temperature and showed that calcium would be doubly ionized, with only about one atom in 800 being singly ionized. He discussed the rough measurement of the distance of a star by the intensity of its interstellar absorption lines, a relation soon confirmed by O. Struve and by J. S. Plaskett In the field of astrophysics Eddington undoubtedly made his greatest—but by no means his only—contributions to knowledge. Here he fashioned powerful mathematical tools and applied them with imagination and consummate skill. But during these same years his mind was active along other lines; thus we have his profound studies on relativity and cosmology, his herculean but unsuccessful efforts to formulate his Fundamental Theory, and his brilliant, provocative attempts to portray the meaning and significance of the latest physical and metaphysical thinking in science. Einstein’s famous 1915 paper on the general theory of relativity came to England in 1916, when deSitter, in Holland, sent a copy to Eddington, who was secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society. Immediately recognizing its importance and the revolutionary character of its implications, Eddington threw himself into a study of the new mathematics involved, the absolute differential calculus of Ricci and Levi-Civita. He was soon a master of the use of tensors and began developing his own contributions to relativity theory. At the request of the Physical Society of London, he prepared his Report on the Relativity Theory of Gravitation (1918), the first complete account of general relativity in English. He called it a revolution of thought, profoundly affecting astronomy, physics, and philosophy, setting them on a new path from which there could be no turning back. A second edition (1920) contained the results of the eclipse expeditions of 1919, which had appeared to confirm the bending of light in a gravitational field, as predicted by Einstein’s theory; it also contained a warning that the theory must meet the test of the reddening of light emitted from a star of sufficient density. This test was met when the measurements on Sirius B made by W. S. Adams at Eddington’s request were announced in 1924. Eddington published a less technical account of relativity theory, Space, Time and Gravitation, in 1920. This book brought to many readers at least some idea of what relativity theory was and where it was leading in cosmological speculation. It showed, too, how Eddington’s mind had already entered philosophical grooves in which it continued to run—his selective subjectivism, almost universally repudiated, and his logical theory of structure, “a guiding illumination,” in the words of Martin Johnson, who added, “As elucidator of the logical status of physics, Eddington led well his generation.” In 1923 came Eddington’s great book, Mathematical Theory of Relativity. Einstein said in 1954 that he considered this book the finest presentation of the subject in any language, and of its author he said, “He was one of the first to recognize that the displacement field was the most important concept of general relativity theory, for this concept allowed us to do without the inertial system.” In this book Eddington gave the substance of the original papers of Einstein, deSitter, and Weyl but departed from their presentations to give a “continuous chain of deduction,” including many contributions of his own, both in interpretation and in derivation of equations. With intuitive brilliance he modified Weyl’s affine geometry of world structure by means of a new mathematical procedure, parallel displacement, which in itself was a not unimportant contribution to geometry. This led to his explanation of the law of gravitation (Gμν = λgμν) as implying that our practical unit of length at any point and in any direction is a definite fraction of the radius of curvature for tha point and direction, so that the law of gravitation is simply the statement of the fact that the world radius of curvature everywhere supplies the standard with which our measure lengths are compared. This led subsequently to his theoretical determination of the cosmic constant λ. Assuming the principle that the wave equation determining the linear dimensions of an atomic system must give these dimensions in terms of the standard world radius, he obtained a value for λ in terms of the atomic constants that appear in the ordinary form of the wave equation. This fascination with the fundamental constants of nature—the gravitation constant, the velocity of light, the Planck and Rydberg constants, the mass and charge of the electron, for example—and the basic problem of atomicity had driven Eddington to seek this bridge between quantum theory and relativity. Having found it, he eventually established relationships between all these and many more constants, showing their values to be logically inevitable. From seven basic constants Eddington derived four pure numbers, including the famous 137 forever associated with his name. This is the fine structure constant. He evolved the equation 10m2 – 136m + 1 = 0, the coefficients of which are in accordance with the theory of the degrees of freedom associated with the displacement relation between two charges and the roots of which give the ratio of masses of proton and electron as 1847.60. He showed that the packing factor for helium should be 136/137. Later Eddington identified the total number of protons and electrons in the universe with the number of independent quadruple wave functions at a point; he evaluated this constant as 3/2 × 136 × 2256, which is a number of the order of 1079. In all, he evaluated some twenty-seven physical constants. As all this work proceeded, Eddington published a succession of books, both technical and nontechnical, dealing with the above problems and also with the new problems that were arising in cosmological theories. The spherical Einstein universe was found to be unstable, and in 1927 Georges Lemaître published in an obscure journal his cosmology of an expanding universe, the result of the catastrophic explosion of a primeval atom containing all the matter of the universe. He sent a reprint to Eddington only in 1930. Immediately his own modification of this became the basis of all of Eddington’s further work in this field. In 1928 Dirac published his new interpretation of the Heisenberg symbols q and p, an approach to a recondite subject that sent Eddington’s mind racing off in a new direction. He developed a theory of matrices providing “a simple derivation of the first order wave equation, equivalent to Dirac’s but expressed in symmetrical form” and also “a wave equation which we can identify as relating to a system containing electrons with opposite spin.” He then developed his E-number theory, which proved to be a powerful tool in much subsequent work. The Nature of the Physical World (1928) and The Expanding Universe (1933) deal with the above ideas and his, epistemological interpretation. New Pathways in Science (1935) and The Philosophy of Physical Science (1939) carried his ideas further. All these books are rich in literary excellence and in the sparkle of his imagination and humor, as well as being gateways to new ideas and adventures in thinking. His technical book The Relativity Theory of Protons and Electrons (1936), based almost wholly on the spin extension of relativity, spurred Eddington to evolve a statistical extension. Thus, during his last years he worked indomitably toward his dream—“Bottom’s dream,” he called it—his vision of a harmonization of quantum physics and relativity. The difficulties were immense and, as we now know, the greatest complexities of nuclear physics and subatomic particles were not yet discovered. But he took hurdle after hurdle as he saw them, with daring leaps, always landing, as he believed, surefootedly on the far side, even though he could not demonstrate his trajectories with mathematical rigor. The obscurities and gaps in logical deduction in Fundamental Theory have discouraged most scientists from taking it seriously, but a few able men— Whittaker, Lemaître, Bastin, Kilmister, Slater—have seen Eddington’s vision and have felt it worthwhile to explore further. Slater isolated an erroneous numerical factor in Eddington’s work, a factor of 9/4 which modified the calculated recessional constant that had agreed reasonably well with the Mount Wilson observed value. Thus, in 1944, although he did not realize it himself, Eddington’s theory had really demanded the change in the distance scale of the universe that Baade announced in 1952 from observational studies of the Cepheid variables in the Andromeda galaxy. Eddington’s biographer has referred to Fundamental Theory as an “unfinished symphony” standing as a challenge to “the musicians among natural philosophers of the future.” His mystical approach to all experience necessarily embraced the sensual, the mental, and the spiritual. He believed that truth in the spiritual realm must be directly apprehended, not deduced from scientific theories. His Swarthmore Lecture to the Society of Friends, published as Science and the Unseen World (1929), and his chapter entitled “The Domain of Physical Science” in Science, Religion and Reality (1925), as well as passages throughout his books, reveal a deeply sincere, mystical, yet essentially simple, approach to consideration of the things of the spirit. In the search for truth, whether it be measurable or immeasurable, “It is the search that matters,” he wrote. “You will understand the true spirit neither of science nor of religion unless seeking is placed in the forefront.” BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Original Works. Eddington’s books are Stellar Movements and the Structure of the Universe (London, 1914); Report on the Relativity Theory of Gravitation (London, 1918); Space, Time, and Gravitation (Cambridge, 1920); Mathematical Theory of Relativity (Cambridge, 1923); The Internal Constitution of the Stars (Cambridge, 1926); Stars and Atoms (Oxford, 1927), Eddington’s only popular account of astrophysical researches; The Nature of the Physical World (Cambridge, 1928); Science and the Unseen World (London, 1929); The Expanding Universe (Cambridge, 1933, 1940); New Pathways in Science (Cambridge, 1935); Relativity Theory of Protons and Electrons (Cambridge, 1936); The Philosophy of Physical Science (Cambridge, 1939); and Fundamental Theory, Edmund T. Whittaker, ed. (Cambridge, 1946), published posthumously. II. Secondary Literature. Writings on Eddington or his work include Herbert Dingle, The Sources of Eddington’s Philosophy (Cambridge, 1954), an Eddington Memorial Lecture; A. Vibert Douglas, Arthur Stanley Eddington (Edinburgh and New York, 1956), a biography that includes a comprehensive list of Eddington’s books and more than 150 scientific papers on pp. 193–198 and a genealogical table, pp. 200–201; Martin Johnson, Time and Universe for the Scientific Conscience (Cambridge, 1952), an Eddington, Memorial Lecture; C. W. Kilmister, Sir Arthur Eddington, in Selected Readings in Physics series (London, 1966); C. W. Kilmister and B. O. J. Topper, Eddington’s Statistical Theory (Oxford, 1962); S. R. Milner, Generalized Electrodynamics and the Structure of Matter (Sheffield, 1963); J. R. Newman, Science and Sensibility, I (London, 1961); A. D. Ritchie, Reflections on the Philosophy of Sir Arthur Eddington (Cambridge, 1947), an Eddington Memorial Lecture; Noel B. Slater, Eddington’s Fundamental Theory (Cambridge, 1957); Edmund Whittaker, From Euclid to Eddington (Cambridge, 1949), and Eddington’s Principle in the Philosophy of Science (Cambridge, 1951), an Eddington Memorial Lecture; and J. W. Yolton, The Philosophy of Science of A. S. Eddington (The Hague, 1960). A. Vibert Douglas
4591	dbpedia	2	20	https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/16853/	en	Aberdeen academics elected to Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://www.abdn.ac.uk/a…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.abdn.ac.uk/a…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/abdn-design-system/releases/1.6.4/dist/images/layout/UoA_Primary_Logo_RGB_2018.png?v=1685104829", "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/img/450x/news/images/RSE_members_copy.jpg", "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/global/images/layout/UoA_Primary_Logo_RGB_2018.png", "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/img/460x/news/images/RSE_members_copy.jpg", "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/img/460x/news/images/063RSE16x9.jpg", "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/img/150x/news/images/RSE_members_copy.jpg", "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/img/150x/news/images/063RSE16x9.jpg", "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/abdn-design-system/releases/1.6.4/dist/images/layout/UoA_Landscape_Logo_RGB_REVERSE_2018.png?v=1685104829" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "University of Aberdeen" ]	2023-03-21T00:00:00	Four academics from the University of Aberdeen elected to become Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE).	en	/abdn-design-system/releases/1.6.4/dist/images/icons/apple-touch-icon.png		https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/16853/	Four academics from the University of Aberdeen, including Principal and Vice-Chancellor Professor George Boyne, have been elected to become Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE).
4591	dbpedia	0	39	https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1951MNRAS.111R.160.	en	1951MNRAS.111R.160. Page 160			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
4591	dbpedia	3	83	https://academic.oup.com/library/article/25/1/41/7728999%3Frss%3D1	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
4591	dbpedia	1	75	https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-physicists-from-england/reference	en	Famous Physicists from England	https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/13066/1073066/original/famous-physicists-from-england-u2	https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/13066/1073066/original/famous-physicists-from-england-u2	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=10600724&cv=3.6&cj=1", "https://static.ranker.com/img/brand/ranker-logo.svg?v=1&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=2&w=104", "https://static.ranker.com/img/brand/wordmark.svg?v=1&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=2&w=210", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/menuSearch.svg?v=2&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=30&w=30", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/vote-on-pill.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=24&w=105", "https://imgix.ranker.com/user_img/1/1/original/reference?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=40&w=40", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/chevronExpand.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=13&w=71", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/app/noImage.svg?fit=crop&q=60&dpr=4&w=150&h=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/app/noImage.svg?fit=crop&q=60&dpr=4&w=150&h=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/app/noImage.svg?fit=crop&q=60&dpr=4&w=150&h=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/25/486196/original/archibald-hill-politicians-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/25/497017/original/arthur-schuster-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/27/535164/original/balfour-stewart-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://v3api.ranker.com/api/px?lid=1073066" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Reference" ]	2013-12-17T00:00:00	List of notable or famous physicists from England, with bios and photos, including the top physicists born in England and even some popular physicists who ...	en	/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png	Ranker	https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-physicists-from-england/reference	List of notable or famous physicists from England, with bios and photos, including the top physicists born in England and even some popular physicists who immigrated to England. If you're trying to find out the names of famous English physicists then this list is the perfect resource for you. These physicists are among the most prominent in their field, and information about each well-known physicist from England is included when available. Stephen Hawking and John Dalton are included on this list. Use this list of renowned English physicists to discover some new physicists that you aren't familiar with. Don't forget to share this list by clicking one of the social media icons at the top or bottom of the page. {#nodes}
4591	dbpedia	2	36	https://www.dundee.ac.uk/stories/dundee-academics-elected-fellows-rse-0	en	Dundee academics elected Fellows of the RSE	https://www.dundee.ac.uk…c1&itok=Vx8mVOXZ	https://www.dundee.ac.uk…c1&itok=Vx8mVOXZ	[ "https://cdn-acquia.dundee.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/featured_image_desktop_1440w/public/2024-04/Image%20%286%29%20%285%29.jpg?itok=N9vABWrg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Two University of Dundee academics are among the newest Fellows elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE)	en	/themes/custom/uod/assets/favicons/favicon.ico	University of Dundee	https://www.dundee.ac.uk/stories/dundee-academics-elected-fellows-rse-0	The RSE, Scotland’s National Academy, elects Fellows in recognition of their impact in improving the world around them. Nominated for their individual excellence in their respective fields of microbiology and literature, Professor Sarah Coulthurst and Professor Kirsty Gunn are among a cohort of 57 new Fellows of the RSE. Sarah Coulthurst is a Professor of Microbial Interactions and a Wellcome Senior Research Fellow within the School of Life Sciences. Her longstanding research area has involved studying how bacteria interact with each other, and how these interactions are important for bacteria to cause disease. Her contributions have been recognised by the Microbiology Society Fleming Prize and the Royal Society of Edinburgh Patrick Neill Medal. Professor Coulthurst said, “I am delighted and honoured to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The RSE has played an important role in my career since I moved to Scotland, particularly by awarding me a Personal Research Fellowship which allowed me to establish my own research group in 2009. “I was also one of the first members of the RSE Young Academy of Scotland. To then be elected as a Fellow of this historic and prestigious society some years later is a great feeling and reflects the contribution their support has made. “It is also very important that I thank all the people who have joined and helped me on my journey from establishing my group to the current day. None of our successes would have happened without all the wonderful people in my group, past and present, and all of the inspiring and supportive collaborators and mentors I have had the privilege to work with.” Kirsty Gunn is a Professor of Creative Writing within the School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law. She is the recipient of a number of awards and prizes, including the Scottish Arts Council Bursary for Literature, the New York Times Notable Book award, Sundial Scottish Arts Council Book of the Year, Guardian Book of the Year, and New Zealand Book of the Year. Her last collection of short stories, Infidelities, published in November 2014, was awarded the Edge Hill Short Story Prize 2015 and was also shortlisted for the Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award. Her work has been made into films, theatre and dance productions, and has been widely broadcast. Professor Gunn said, "I am absolutely delighted with this news. The Royal Society of Edinburgh comprises such an inspiring and exciting group of individuals and I am looking forward to working with them and planning all kinds of exciting events. "I would like thank those colleagues connected to Dundee over the years, Dame Professor Sue Black and Professor Chris Whatley, for their support and encouragement through the election process, as well as Jenny Brown and the literary world she encompasses who recommended me for this honour. I am thrilled!" President of the RSE, Professor Sir John Ball PRSE, added, “It is an immense honour to extend a warm welcome to each of our distinguished new Fellows. “Individually, they embody exceptional dedication and accomplishment spanning multiple sectors and disciplines. Collectively, they demonstrate a profound commitment and determination to make meaningful contributions through their endeavours. “From groundbreaking research that redefines our understanding to the creative pursuits that inspire and enrich our cultural landscape, the RSE proudly embraces the brightest minds, leveraging their unique expertise and perspectives for the betterment of society. “As Scotland’s National Academy, we remain committed to mobilising a diverse array of expertise to confront society's most pressing challenges, and I am certain that our new Fellows will prove invaluable assets to the RSE.”
4591	dbpedia	3	95	https://www.bma.org.uk/	en	British Medical Association	https://www.bma.org.uk/m…=1d9bfb89a1ba150	https://www.bma.org.uk/m…=1d9bfb89a1ba150	[ "https://www.bma.org.uk/dist/images/bma-logo.svg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/7472/fyqlfoexsaibvks.jpg?width=610&height=458&v=1d9bfb89a1ba150", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/sx5hwvqp/be-resilient.png?cc=0.07616432448291402,0.0000000000000004096350608997,0.17346578007419816,0&width=966&height=592&v=1dac31fafb18460", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/zvzjbhgf/20240522-the-doctor-magazine-issue-70-august-2024-home-hero-800x600-and-710-x2.jpg?width=710&height=412&v=1daf478afc929a0", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/xuuhfm4s/rob-tucker-msc-chair.jpeg?rxy=0.522754824240085,0.44256615310259945&width=710&height=412&v=1daf3b5fa5426a0", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/psqdnuui/latifa-patel-headshot-2023-serious-2.jpg?rxy=0.5086819082838445,0.3542598995960831&width=710&height=412&v=1daf227b53a63c0", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/7435/leeds-mark-harvey-200723_17.jpg?width=966&height=592&v=1d9bb2600ae8910", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/iimbfzqc/drs-v-pas-blured-lines-mps-must-vote.png?width=710&height=710&v=1da457a26db16b0", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/6529/disability-equality-screenshot.jpg?width=710&height=710&v=1d904b2f17c1130", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/6119/male_doctor_looking_scans_22782_8.jpg?width=710&height=710&v=1d8c45961a16450", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/6028/junior-doctors-protest-25072022-11.jpg?width=710&height=710&v=1d925c20fcf5770", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/2158/covid-19.svg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/1194/pay-2.svg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/1195/pension.svg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/1763/gp-practices.svg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/1230/studying-medicine-2.svg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/1196/fees-2.svg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/1231/wellbeing-01.svg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/2304/international-doctors-icon.svg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/1200/working-hours-2.svg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/1193/contracts.svg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/2536/article-icons-master-size_career-development.svg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/media/5506/41632_8.jpg", "https://www.bma.org.uk/dist/images/bma-logo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-08-22T00:00:00	The British Medical Association (BMA) is the trade union and professional body for doctors and medical students in the UK.	en	/apple-touch-icon.png	The British Medical Association is the trade union and professional body for doctors in the UK.	https://www.bma.org.uk	In order to properly represent the diversity within the medical workforce and student body, please update your equality data via your member profile when you join or log in. The information you provide is kept strictly confidential and handled in accordance with the GDPR.
4591	dbpedia	3	56	https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/13790/	en	New Royal Society of Edinburgh Fellows announced	https://www.abdn.ac.uk/a…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.abdn.ac.uk/a…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/abdn-design-system/releases/1.6.4/dist/images/layout/UoA_Primary_Logo_RGB_2018.png?v=1685104829", "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/img/450x/news/images/063RSE16x9.jpg", "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/global/images/layout/UoA_Primary_Logo_RGB_2018.png", "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/img/460x/news/images/063RSE16x9.jpg", "https://www.abdn.ac.uk/abdn-design-system/releases/1.6.4/dist/images/layout/UoA_Landscape_Logo_RGB_REVERSE_2018.png?v=1685104829" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "University of Aberdeen" ]	2020-03-03T00:00:00	Three academics from the University of Aberdeen among new Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE).	en	/abdn-design-system/releases/1.6.4/dist/images/icons/apple-touch-icon.png		https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/13790/	Three academics from the University of Aberdeen are among 64 individuals who have been elected to become Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE). Professors Robert Frost, Chris Soulsby and Pieter Van West have all been confirmed as new fellows of the society. Professor Frost’s research interests lie in the history of eastern Europe from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries; the history of Scandinavia, in particular the history of Sweden, and in the history of warfare. He has held the Burnett Fletcher Chair of History at Aberdeen since 2013. In 2009 he was awarded a three-year Research Chair by the British Academy and the Wolfson Foundation for his history of the Polish-Lithuanian union, volume one of which, The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569 was published by Oxford University Press in June 2015. In 2017 the book was awarded the Pro Historia Polonorum prize. Professor Frost was also awarded the Union of Lublin medal by the city of Lublin for ‘significant contributions to the preservation of the memory of the Union of Lublin.’ He received a three-year major Leverhulme Fellowship in 2016 to write volume two of his study. Professor Frost said: “As a Scot and a historian, having read the list of the original fellows, on some of whom I have lectured, it is a signal honour to be regarded as worthy of upholding the great tradition they established.” Professor Pieter van West is the Director of the International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development (ICARD) within the University and he holds a chair in mycology. His research is both fundamental and applied but with an overarching aim to make the aquaculture sector more sustainable and less reliable on using chemicals to control diseases. In particular, he investigates the biology of oomycetes, also often called “water moulds”. These are fungal-like organisms that cause economically and environmentally important diseases. Professor van West commented: “I am absolutely delighted to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.” Chris Soulsby is Professor of Hydrology at the Department of Geology and Geophysics in the School of Geosciences. His research focuses on understanding how different landscapes partition rainfall into “blue water” which sustains rivers and aquifers, and “green water” which is returned to the atmosphere as evaporation or transpiration from plants. A distinct feature of his work is the use of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in water molecules as “fingerprints” to tracer water movement in the environment. This involves intensive field monitoring of isotopes in natural waters and integration of this data in advanced mathematical models. He was elected a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2013. Professor Soulsby said: “As Scotland is my home country, it is of course both a thrill and a great honour to be elected a Fellow of its National Academy. This recognition is particularly satisfying in that, after almost 27 years at the University of Aberdeen, some of my most innovative research has focused on the hydrology of the Scottish Highlands. It also makes me extremely grateful that I have had the good fortune to work with so many gifted colleagues, post-docs and PhD students in this research at Aberdeen.” The new intake of 64 fellows join the current roll of around 1,600, representing the full range of physical and life sciences, arts, humanities, social sciences, education, professions, industry, business and public life. Those who are nominated, and then invited to join, have undergone rigorous assessment of their achievements, professional standing and societal contribution. Fellows, who give of their time freely, play a fundamental role in enabling the RSE to deliver its mission ‘Knowledge Made Useful’, contributing to the cultural, economic and social well-being of Scotland and the wider world.
4591	dbpedia	1	18	https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Whittaker_autobiography/	en	Edmund Whittaker autobiography	https://mathshistory.st-…/img/favicon.gif	https://mathshistory.st-…/img/favicon.gif	[ "https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/static/img/logo.png", "https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/static/img/st-andrews-logo.png?h=e46f195e" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Edmund Whittaker autobiography	en	../../static/img/favicon.gif	Maths History	https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Whittaker_autobiography/	We give a version of the autobiography of Edmund Taylor Whittaker which appears in James R Newman (ed.), What is Science? (Simon and Schuster, 1955), 20-23. About Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker I was born at Southport, England, on October 24, 1873, the son of John Whittaker and Selina, daughter of Edmund Taylor, M.D. At the age of eleven I was sent away from home to the Manchester Grammar School. I was on the classical side, which meant that three-fifths of my time was devoted to Latin and Greek. In the lower forms, where the study was purely linguistic, I did well, but my lack of interest in poetry and drama caused a falling-off when I was promoted to the upper school, and I was glad to escape by electing to specialise in mathematics. Only after I had left school did I discover the field of Latin and Greek learning that really appealed to me - ancient and medieval theology, philosophy and science. I gained an entrance scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1891, and was elected a Fellow of Trinity in 1896 and put on the lecturing staff. Among my pupils at Trinity in 1896-1906 were the well-known mathematicians G H Hardy, Sir James Jeans, Harry Bateman, Sir Arthur Eddington, J E Littlewood, G N Watson, H W Turnbull, and Sir Geoffrey Taylor. The professor of pure mathematics at this time was A R Forsyth, a sociable and hospitable man who liked entertaining mathematicians from the continent of Europe. I lived in the next rooms to him in college and was always invited to meet them: and in this way I came to know Felix Klein, who was a frequent visitor and for whom I had a great admiration and affection, and also Henri PoincarÃ© and G Mittag-Leffler. In 1898, 1899 and 1900 I acted as one of the secretaries of the mathematical and physical section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. This was a valuable experience for such a young man, for I was brought into close contact with the great mathematical and experimental physicists of the older generation - Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh, Sir George Stokes and G F FitzGerald; and those of the generation still in its prime - Sir J J Thomson, Sir Joseph Larmor, Sir Arthur Schuster and Sir Oliver Lodge; and my own contemporaries, such as Lord Rutherford. I became a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1898 and was appointed one of its secretaries in 1901. Here again I was brought into contact with many senior men of great distinction, particularly Sir William Huggins, who first applied spectroscopy to the stars, and Sir Norman Lockyer, and with others who though not famous astronomers were celebrated in other ways - notably Admiral Sir Erasmus Ommaney, who was a very old man when I knew him but attended the meetings regularly; he had fought (I presume as a midshipman) at the battle of Navarino in 1827, when the Turkish fleet was destroyed by an allied fleet under Codrington, and Greece was liberated. I left Trinity in 1906 on being appointed Royal Astronomer of Ireland - the office held in 1827-1865 by Sir William Rowan Hamilton, the discoverer of quaternions and of Hamiltonian methods in optics and dynamics. My most distinguished pupil in Dublin was Eamon de Valera, who has never ceased to follow mathematics as a recreation from his political activities. About the end of my time in Ireland he was a candidate for a vacant chair of mathematics in Galway: I was asked my opinion and said that he was a man who would go far - a prediction fulfilled in a way I did not at the time anticipate. In 1912 I was elected to the historic chair of mathematics in the University of Edinburgh, which had been occupied in 1674-1675 by Gregory and in 1725-1746 by Maclaurin. The epitaph composed for Maclaurin by Johnson when he and Boswell visited Scotland is still to be read in Greyfriars Kirkyard, and tells how Maclaurin was elected to the chair "electus ipso Newtono suadente." In Edinburgh from 1912 to 1946 I had many undergraduate and postgraduate pupils who afterwards rose to distinction; two boys who came up from school together one year, and later became Fellows of the Royal Society, were W V D Hodge, who now holds the Lowndean chair of Geometry at Cambridge, and my son J M Whittaker, now vice-chancellor of the University of Sheffield. I gave many lectures or courses of lectures at other universities which were afterwards printed: The Rouse Ball and Tarner lectures at Cambridge, the Herbert Spencer lectureship at Oxford, the Donnellan lectureship in Dublin, the Riddell lectureship at Durham (Newcastle), the Selby lectureship at Cardiff, the Hitchcock professorship at the University of California, the Bruce-Preller lectureship at the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Larmor lectureship at the Royal Irish Academy, and the Guthrie lectureship of the Physical Society. In connection with the Edinburgh chair, I may mention the institution in 1914 of what was, so far as I know, the first university mathematical laboratory, which incorporated in mathematical teaching the theory of computation as known to professional astronomers. From other universities I received the honorary degrees of LL. D. (St Andrews and California) and Sc. D. (Dublin, National University of Ireland, Manchester, Birmingham and London). I was elected F.R.S. in 1905, served on the Council and was awarded the Sylvester and Copley medals. With the Royal Society of Edinburgh I had continuous contact, being president in 1939-1944. At the end of my tenure of the presidency, a bronze portrait head, executed by Mr Benno Schotz, R.S.A., was subscribed for by the Fellows and placed in the Society's house. I was president of the Mathematical Association in 1920-21, of the Mathematical and Physical Section of the British Association in 1927, and of the London Mathematical Society in 1928-1929, being awarded its De Morgan Medal in 1935. I am an Honorary Fellow or Foreign Member of many national academies or mathematical societies and of my old college, Trinity, and H H Pope Pius XI appointed me a member of the pontifical Academy of Sciences and conferred on me the Cross "pro Ecclesia et Pontifice."
4591	dbpedia	0	42	https://academic.oup.com/plcell/pages/editorial-board-biographies	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
4591	dbpedia	3	17	https://www.stir.ac.uk/news/2023/march-2023-news/new-fellows-elected-to-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh/	en	New fellows elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://www.stir.ac.uk/m…och-1200x630.jpg	https://www.stir.ac.uk/m…och-1200x630.jpg	[ "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/dist/css/images/logos/logo.svg", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/stirling/events/calendar-of-events/images/generic/university-campus-wallace-monument-1920x689.jpg", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/stirling/news/news-centre/2023/march/Professor-Leigh-Sparks.jpg", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/stirling/news/news-centre/2023/march/Professor-Rachel-Norman.jpg", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/stirling/news/news-centre/2023/march/Ms-Cathy-Gallagher.jpg", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/stirling/news/news-centre/2023/march/Dr-Alan-Simpson.JPG", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/dist/css/images/maps/footer-map-scotland.svg", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/dist/images/accreditations/accreditations-cluster.png", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/dist/images/btd-strap-energy.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Dr Alan Simpson" ]	2023-03-21T00:00:00	New fellows elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Find out more.	en	/favicon.ico	University of Stirling	https://www.stir.ac.uk/news/news-archive/../2023/march-2023-news/new-fellows-elected-to-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh/	Three senior staff at the University of Stirling and a former Chair of University Court have been elected to the prestigious Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE), it has been announced. Professor Leigh Sparks, Deputy Principal (Education and Students); Professor Rachel Norman, Dean for Research Engagement and Performance; and Ms Cathy Gallagher, Executive Director of Sport, have been made Fellows of Scotland’s National Academy. They are joined by Dr Alan Simpson OBE, the Lord Lieutenant for Stirling and Falkirk, who served as the University’s Chair of Court – the governing body of the University – for eight years and is also an honorary graduate of Stirling. Professor Sir Gerry McCormac, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Stirling, said: “On behalf of the university community, I send our warmest congratulations to Lord Lieutenant Alan Simpson, Professor Leigh Sparks, Professor Rachel Norman, and Ms Cathy Gallagher on being elected Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh. “This is prestigious recognition from an internationally-renowned organisation, which celebrates excellence across Scottish society; we are incredibly proud of Alan, Leigh, Rachel and Cathy's achievements.” Outstanding Professor Sir John Ball, President of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, said: “It is a great privilege to welcome our new Fellows – they represent outstanding commitment and achievement at the highest level across a diverse range of sectors. From scientific advancement that changes lives to leading business innovation recognised across the world, the RSE welcomes the best minds to harness their unique insight and make knowledge useful for the greater good.” The RSE – Scotland’s National Academy – was established in 1783 for “the advancement of learning and useful knowledge”, and its mission remains to deploy knowledge for the public good. It has around 1,800 Fellows, who provide independent expert advice to policymakers and inspire the next generation of innovative thinkers. The Fellows’ knowledge contributes to the social and economic wellbeing of Scotland, its people and the nation’s wider contribution to the global community. Professor Leigh Sparks In addition to his Deputy Principal role, Professor Sparks is a Professor in Retail Studies at the University. He is an internationally leading researcher in aspects of spatial-structural change in retailing. Among his many external roles, Professor Sparks has served as Board Chair of Scotland’s Towns Partnership since 2013 and as Chair of the Review of the Town Centre Action Plan for the Scottish Government. He was workstream leader on the Government’s Retail Strategy, and is currently on the Expert Advisory Group examining the economic effects of minimum unit pricing of alcohol, and the Board for the ‘Go Local’ project, a collaboration between the Scottish Grocers Federation, Scotland Food and Drink and the Scottish Government. Professor Sparks said: “I am obviously personally delighted by the honour of election to Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. “The role of place, towns, retailing and communities has been a focus of much of my work at the University of Stirling and through being Chair of Scotland’s Towns Partnership. I hope that my work has made and will continue to make a difference to improving Scotland’s places and communities.” Professor Rachel Norman Professor Norman joined the University of Stirling in 1996 and, as a Professor of Food Security and Sustainability, she uses mathematics to solve real-world problems. In her institutional role, Professor Norman is pivotal in the development, promotion, and enhancement of research culture across the University, and is actively involved in public engagement around research. Professor Norman, who is also President of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, said: “It is a real honour to have been elected as a fellow and I am looking forward to contributing to the work of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. “I was nominated thanks to the championing of an external colleague which was unexpected and has demonstrated to me the importance and value of mentoring and championing others. I plan to pay that forward.” Ms Cathy Gallagher Ms Gallagher has led sport at the University for the past seven years. She has overseen the delivery of the University’s redeveloped £20 million Sports Centre, which supports the health and wellbeing of students, staff and the wider community, and the continuing success of its high-performance sports programmes, which have seen Stirling athletes showcase their talents and win a plethora of medals on the world stage, including at the Olympics and the Commonwealth Games. Ms Gallagher is a current Board Member of British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) and is Chair of the BUCS Senior Managers Network. She is also a member of the Scottish Student Sport Executive Committee and is Chair of the National Representatives Forum of the European Network of Academic Sport Services (ENAS). She said: “The role of sport and physical activity is of paramount importance in the health and wellbeing of all communities, populations and societies. I look forward to working collaboratively with Fellows from across the RSE to help unlock further benefit and I am privileged to be elected to such a prestigious body.”
4591	dbpedia	2	6	https://news.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/leading-st-andrews-academics-recognised-by-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh-2/	en	Leading St Andrews academics recognised by the Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://news.st-andrews.…avicon-32x32.png	https://news.st-andrews.…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://news.st-andrews.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fellows-RSE.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Jes Wiseman" ]	2024-04-09T09:18:12+01:00		en	https://news.st-andrews.…e-touch-icon.png		https://news.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/leading-st-andrews-academics-recognised-by-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh-2/	A mathematician, a sea mammal expert, a Professor of Greek, and a researcher in British culture – all from the University of St Andrews – are among 57 new Fellows from the worlds of business, science, creative arts, informatics, literature, law and social sciences elected to The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE), Scotland’s National Academy, today (Tuesday 9 April). The RSE is a leading educational charity which operates on an independent and non-party-political basis to provide public benefit throughout Scotland. President of the RSE, Professor Sir John Ball PRSE, said: “It is an immense honour to extend a warm welcome to each of our distinguished new Fellows. “Individually, they embody exceptional dedication and accomplishment spanning multiple sectors and disciplines. Collectively, they demonstrate a profound commitment and determination to make meaningful contributions through their endeavours. “From groundbreaking research that redefines our understanding to the creative pursuits that inspire and enrich our cultural landscape, the RSE proudly embraces the brightest minds, leveraging their unique expertise and perspectives for the betterment of society. He added: “As Scotland’s National Academy, we remain committed to mobilising a diverse array of expertise to confront society’s most pressing challenges, and I am certain that our new Fellows will prove invaluable assets to the RSE.” Professor Emeritus Ailsa Hall, Professor of Mathematics and Statistics Jonathan Fraser, Professor of Greek and co-director of the Centre for Ancient Environmental Studies Jason König, and Professor of English and Associate of the Centre for Pacific Studies, Emma Sutton join an existing group of more than 1800 individuals who give their time and expertise for free to support the RSE in delivering its mission of ‘knowledge made useful’. Fellows help the RSE to continue to provide independent and expert advice to policymakers, support aspiring entrepreneurs, develop research capacity and leadership, inspire, and facilitate learning, and engage with the general public through inspiring events. Professor Emeritus Ailsa Hall, formerly Director of the Scottish Sea Mammal Research Unit, focuses her research on marine mammal physiology, health and survival. She has collaborated with colleagues, studying the effects of pollutants, pathogens and toxins in a variety of different species, all over the world. Her expertise and interests have seen her participating in fieldwork from Antarctica to the Galapagos islands. Speaking about her Fellowship, she said: “I am thrilled and honoured to have been elected to the RSE. I would like to thank all my colleagues and students for their support, passion and dedication to marine mammal science and I look forward to working with the Society in future.” Professor of English and Associate of the Centre for Pacific Studies, Emma Sutton focuses her research on musical-literary relations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, exploring the ways that music shapes writers’ formal experiments and their politics. Her recent research examines music’s role in the colonial history of Oceania; she has collaborated with Indigenous Pacific scholars, musicians and creative writers for a decade developing public resources and creative works on this subject. Commenting on her appointment, she said: “I am honoured and delighted to be elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. It is a privilege to be given this opportunity to contribute to the RSE’s valuable work, and I hope particularly to support that which fosters inclusivity and intercultural relations.” Professor of Mathematics and Statistics Jonathan Fraser is a pure mathematician centring his research on fractal geometry, that is, the study of abstract geometrical and analytical properties of objects which exhibit complexity across a large range of length scales. Jonathan, who has written more than 75 research papers as well as a research monograph (CUP, 2020), said he was delighted to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He said: “I have long admired the work of the RSE and the position it holds in the academic landscape in Scotland and beyond. I am honoured to be joining an impressive list of Fellows and am very pleased to be chalking another one up for St Andrews!” Professor of Greek and co-director of the Centre for Ancient Environmental Studies Jason König works broadly on the Greek literature and culture of the Roman empire (from the late Hellenistic period to late antiquity, approx. 200 BCE – 500 CE), and on the history and representation of human-environment relations in classical antiquity. His books include The Folds of Olympus: Mountains in Ancient Greek and Roman Culture. Commenting on becoming one of the newest RSE Fellows, he said: “It is exciting to be part of an organisation that brings so many different areas of expertise into dialogue with each other. One of the things that is special about the RSE is the way it takes seriously the challenge of making that dialogue useful for the challenges of the present and the future. I feel very fortunate to have the opportunity to take my own research in new directions through the possibilities for exchange that RSE membership brings with it.” The new Fellows will be inducted in May 2024. More information on the current membership and the work of the RSE can be found online. Issued by the University of St Andrews Communications Office. Category University news
4591	dbpedia	2	50	https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/exceptional-scientists-elected-as-fellows-of-the-royal-society/	en	Exceptional scientists elected as Fellows of the Royal Society	https://content.presspag…ty-new.jpg?10000	https://content.presspag…ty-new.jpg?10000	[ "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/corporate/images/design/icon-menu.gif", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/corporate/images/design/logo-university-of-manchester.png", "https://assets.mahttps://www.manchester.ac.uknchester.ac.uk/corporate/images/design/icon-menu.gif", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/corporate/images/design/icon-search-mobile.png", "https://content.presspage.com/assets/c53377d3b5e99511e3fc4c548532c212647a6085/images/x-post-flat.png", "https://content.presspage.com/uploads/1369/8f8fc8f0-86be-442e-b3cb-6117c12cad5b/1920_royal-society-new.jpg?10000", "https://manager.presspage.com/images/x-post-flat.png", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/phase1/templates/images/icon-facebook-50.png", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/phase1/templates/images/icon-x-twitter.svg", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/phase1/templates/images/icon-youtube-50.png", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/phase1/templates/images/icon-instagram-50.svg", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/phase1/templates/images/icon-tiktok.svg", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/phase1/templates/images/icon-linkedin-R-54.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "headlines", "sciences", "health", "science", "University-news", "awards-and-honours", "science-and-engineering", "University of Manchester" ]	null	[ "University of Manchester" ]	2023-05-12T12:46:09+02:00	Three outstanding University of Manchester academics have been honoured among eighty researchers, innovators and communicators from around the world who have been elected as the newest Fellows of the Royal Society, the UK’s national academy of sciences and the oldest science academy in continuous existence.They have been selected for their sub...	en	https://content.presspage.com/favicon/1369.ico?1280473073	Exceptional scientists elected as Fellows of the Royal Society	https://www.manchester.ac.uk/about/news/exceptional-scientists-elected-as-fellows-of-the-royal-society/	Three outstanding University of Manchester academics have been honoured among eighty researchers, innovators and communicators from around the world who have been elected as the newest Fellows of the Royal Society, the UK’s national academy of sciences and the oldest science academy in continuous existence. They have been selected for their substantial contribution to the advancement of science, from the use of forensic techniques to identify victims of war crimes, to investigating processes in the Earth’s core, and mapping the world’s largest peatlands in the Congo basin. Sir Adrian Smith, President of the Royal Society said: “I am delighted to welcome our newest cohort of Fellows. These individuals have pushed forward the boundaries of their respective fields and had a beneficial influence on the world beyond. “Among this year’s intake are individuals who were at the forefront of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and those working on global challenges, from TB to climate change. They are pioneering scientists and innovators from around the world who have confounded expectations and transformed our thinking. “This year’s intake have already achieved incredible things, and I have no doubt that they will continue to do so. I look forward to meeting them and following their contributions in future.” This year sees 59 Fellows, 19 Foreign Members and two Honorary Fellows elected, reflecting changes introduced in 2023 which increased the maximum number who can be elected. This will help create a broader and more engaged Fellowship and support the Society’s mission of championing excellence in research and science for the benefit of humanity. The Fellows and Foreign Members join the ranks of Stephen Hawking, Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, Lise Meitner, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Dorothy Hodgkin. New University of Manchester Fellows: Professor Judith Allen FMedSci FRS Professor of Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester Professor Mark Lancaster FRS Professor of Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester Professor Allan Matthews FREng FRS Professor of Surface Engineering and Tribology, The Henry Royce Institute, Department of Materials, University of Manchester Statistics about this year’s intake of Fellows: 30% of this year’s intake of Fellows, Foreign Members and Honorary Fellows are women. New Fellows have been elected from 20 UK institutions, including Manchester, Sussex, Exeter and Edinburgh. They have been elected from countries including Japan, Finland, China and South Africa. The full list of the newly elected Fellows and Foreign Members can be found on the Royal Society website.
4591	dbpedia	1	13	https://commons.wikimedi…m_Orpen_1912.jpg	en	File:Arthur Schuster by William Orpen 1912.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…m_Orpen_1912.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…m_Orpen_1912.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arthur_Schuster_by_William_Orpen_1912.jpg/516px-Arthur_Schuster_by_William_Orpen_1912.jpg?20140512015604", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/George_Charles_Beresford_-_William_Orpen_%281903%29.jpg/120px-George_Charles_Beresford_-_William_Orpen_%281903%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/64px-PD-icon.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arthur_Schuster_by_William_Orpen_1912.jpg/103px-Arthur_Schuster_by_William_Orpen_1912.jpg?20140512015604", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/archive/9/9d/20140512015603%21Arthur_Schuster_by_William_Orpen_1912.jpg/107px-Arthur_Schuster_by_William_Orpen_1912.jpg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	1912-08-14T00:00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/commons.png		https://commons.wikimedi…m_Orpen_1912.jpg	The Public Catalogue Foundation is committed to respecting the intellectual property rights of others. The copyright in paintings and images reproduced by the Public Catalogue Foundation belong to a variety of organisations and individuals including the collections that own the paintings and third party rights holders. Permitted Use of This Image This image and data related to the image may be reproduced for non-commercial research and private study purposes. For ALL other uses other than those outlined above, including commercial uses, users should contact, in the first instance, the contributing collection using the contact information provided on the Your Paintings website. Where the underlying painting is in copyright, further permissions will also be needed. Protection of Image Copyright This image is protected with a secure invisible digital watermark that allows the Public Catalogue Foundation to identify unauthorized use of the image. Further Information Any queries should be addressed to copyrightofficer@thepcf.org.uk
4591	dbpedia	2	11	https://informatics.ed.ac.uk/news-events/news/latest-news/elham-kashefi-elected-royal-society-edinburgh	en	Elham Kashefi elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://informatics.ed.a…entred-black.png	https://informatics.ed.a…entred-black.png	[ "https://informatics.ed.ac.uk/themes/upstream/wpp_theme/images/logo.png", "https://informatics.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/banner_315x70/public/banner/banner-students-foruml_0.jpg?itok=1FHWV-Pb", "https://informatics.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/portrait_300x400/public/thumbnails/image/elham_kashefi4.jpeg?itok=C1w-iBn2", "https://informatics.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-03/as-silver-award-900x400.jpg", "https://informatics.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-03/logo-informatics-europe-member-80.png", "https://informatics.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-03/cyber_essentials_badge_high_res.png", "https://informatics.ed.ac.uk/themes/upstream/wpp_theme/images/footer-affiliations.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-04-10T14:46:10+01:00	[10/04/2022] Professor Elham Kashefi was appointed a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.	en	/themes/upstream/wpp_theme/images/favicon.ico	The University of Edinburgh	https://informatics.ed.ac.uk/news-events/news/latest-news/elham-kashefi-elected-royal-society-edinburgh	The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE), Scotland’s National Academy has announced its 2024 intake of 57 new Fellows from Scotland and beyond. They will be joining the RSE’s current Fellowship of around 1,800 Fellows, who are recognised as being some of the greatest thinkers, researchers and practitioners working in or with Scotland. Elham Kashefi is Professor of Quantum Computing at the School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Director of the Edinburgh Quantum Software Lab and Directeur de recherche au CNRS at LIP6 Sorbonne Université. She co-founded the fields of quantum cloud computing and quantum computing verification and has pioneered a transdisciplinary interaction of hybrid quantum-classical solutions from theoretical investigation to actual experimental and industrial commercialisation. She is a Chief Scientist at the National Quantum Computing Centre. Among a raft of achievements, she developed the world’s first method for secure cloud quantum computing. She called her election “a thrilling opportunity.” This year’s cohort of new Fellows is nominated for their excellence in a wide range of fields such as physics, chemistry, informatics, literature, law, social sciences, and business. They will be joining the 1,800 current Fellows of the RSE, Scotland’s National Academy. New Fellows have been elected from institutions from across the UK, including Dundee, Aberdeen, St Andrews, Stirling, Highlands and Islands, and from countries around the world including the Netherlands, Germany, USA, and China.
4591	dbpedia	0	73	https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/category/random-things-tours/page/2/	en	Random Things Tours – Page 2 – The Lotus Readers	https://lotuswritingther…163e8.jpeg?w=200	https://lotuswritingther…163e8.jpeg?w=200	[ "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/the-guests-final-aw-1.jpg?w=667", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/the-guests-blog-tour-banner-1-1.png?w=724", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/agnes-ravatn-1.jpg?w=788", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/halfwaygraphic1-1.jpg?w=742", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/halfway-house-blog-tour-banner-1.png?w=724", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/helen-fitzgerald-40lulubrown-1-1-1.jpg?w=682", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/img_8585-1.jpg?w=667", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/img_8586-1.jpg?w=1024", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/img_8588-1.jpg?w=707", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/img_8587-1.jpg?w=705", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/img_8615.jpg?w=768", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/mr-hammond-bt-poster-1.jpg?w=1024", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/mellany-portrait-cropped-1.jpg?w=683", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/the-murmurs-proof-cover.jpg?w=667", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/the-murmurs-blog-tour-banner.jpg?w=724", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/michaeljmalonebw-c.bobmcdevitt-1.jpg?w=731", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/the-opposite-of-lonely-final-cover.jpg?w=667", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/the-opposite-of-lonely-blog-tour-banner.jpg?w=724", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/img_8420.jpg?w=450", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/in-bloom-cover-image.jpg?w=668", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/in-bloom-bt-poster-1.jpg?w=1024", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/eva-verde.jpg?w=600", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/one-final-cover.jpg?w=667", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/one-blog-tour-banner.jpg?w=724", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/eve-smith.jpg?w=799", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/you-cant-see-me-final.jpg?w=667", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/eva-bjorg-aegisdottir-2.jpg?w=682", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/you-cant-see-me-blog-tour-banner.jpg?w=724", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/our-american-cover-.jpg?w=684", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/anna-author-pic.jpg?w=450", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/our-american-friend-bt-poster-.jpg?w=1024", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/cropped-50ef7b49-8773-4748-a3d5-a632a8c163e8.jpeg?w=50", "https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/cropped-50ef7b49-8773-4748-a3d5-a632a8c163e8.jpeg?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-01-29T00:59:00+00:00	Posts about Random Things Tours written by thelotusreaders	en	https://lotuswritingther…c163e8.jpeg?w=32	The Lotus Readers	https://lotuswritingtherapy.com/category/random-things-tours/	It started with a lie… Married couple Karin and Kai are looking for a pleasant escape from their busy lives, and reluctantly accept an offer to stay in a luxurious holiday home in the Norwegian fjords. Instead of finding a relaxing retreat, however, their trip becomes a reminder of everything lacking in their own lives, and in a less- than-friendly meeting with their new neighbours, Karin tells a little white lie… Against the backdrop of the glistening water and within the claustrophobic walls of the ultra-modern house, Karin’s insecurities blossom, and her lie grows ever bigger, entangling her and her husband in a nightmare spiral of deceits with absolutely no means of escape… This is a slow burn novel, with a cast of characters that I wasn’t even sure I liked, yet somehow it gets under your skin. It says a lot about the way we want others to perceive us and how appearances can be deceptive. Karin works in local government, in the planning office, and her husband Kai is a joiner by trade and has his own business. Iris, a woman Karin once knew and dislikes, has offered Kai the job of renewing some steps on the jetty of her family’s holiday home. It’s in a very exclusive area of the Norwegian Fjords that’s a playground for the upper middle classes. From the start Kai seems more comfortable about accepting the holiday for what it is – an experience they’d never afford themselves and they might as well enjoy it. Karin is more conflicted and not just because the owner is Iris. Iris found herself a very rich husband, who started out selling solar panels. Karin’s discomfort worsens when she finds out how Mikkel has made his fortune. He invented a search engine with an algorithm that sorts and compiles publicly available data into a report to inform the potential buyer of a new home. However, instead of the usual data we’re used to on RightMove or Zoopla, this provides information that seems a little more intrusive. With the touch of a button the potential buyer can find out: Salaries, professions, nationalities. Political leanings, religious affiliations, previous convictions, plus links to any social-media profiles they might have. The average grades and results of any national examinations in all schools within the catchment area. The ethnic composition of each individual class at each individual school and nursery in the area. A pie chart showing annual salaries within the neighbourhood, all handily compiled in one diagram. And all of this within a radius of your choosing! Karin is horrified by the implications of the search. It means people can avoid having neighbours of a different ethnic origin if that’s important to them. They can make sure their children are mixing with others of the ‘right’ class and educational attainment. It allows people’s prejudices to determine their postcode and creates upper class enclaves that exclude people like her and Kai. The children of the buyers would be brought up to look down on others and believe that any weakness in life warrants contempt. There’s a wonderful line where Karin comments on how incredible it is to start your working life selling solar panels and ending up pushing social segregation. While out walking along the water’s edge, Karin comes across some other cabins and a man fishing. As she nears him he tells her she’s on private property. Karin turns back, seething about his rudeness, but she has also recognised him as the author Per Sinding. She hasn’t read any of his novels but she has read and enjoyed those of his wife, Hilma Ekhult. Karin believes Ekhult is a wonderfully authentic author, the ‘real deal’. So when they bump into them later while out on the boat, Karin has a moment of madness and tells the couple that she and Kai own the house and claims to have invented the property search engine she despises. Now seen as the ‘right sort’ of people, they are invited for dinner and now the couple must keep up the pretence. The tension is incredible as these couples continue to meet. Even just Karin’s internal tension as she veers between thinking she’s getting one over on the famous couple but perhaps underneath she wants to be accepted by them. Kai is a more laid back character, going along with the ruse but really not bothered by what these people think of him. In fact he and Per get along rather well, but would they if they’d met in different circumstances? I was on tenterhooks waiting to see if Karin would break, but in her paranoia she starts to suspect everyone. She views their holiday home on GoogleEarth and sees Kai’s van there, but how could it be? The picture is months ago. Could he have known Iris before they ‘accidentally’ met? The twists are great and though I didn’t like the characters I was fascinated by the way they interact with each other and on what terms. This is beautifully written and very psychologically astute, and the author has her finger on the pulse of modern society’s preoccupations, goals and rules of engagement. If like me you enjoy people, society and how we fit together (or don’t) then this is a great read for you. Meet the Author Agnes Ravatn is a Norwegian author and columnist. She made her literary début with the novel Week 53 in 2007. Since then she has written a number of critically acclaimed and award-winning essay collections, including Standing, Popular Reading and Operation Self-discipline, in which she recounts her experience with social-media addiction. Her debut thriller, The Bird Tribunal, won the cultural radio P2’s listener’s prize in addition to The Youth’s Critic’s Prize, and was made into a successful play in Oslo in 2015. The English translation, published by Orenda Books in 2016, was a WHSmith Fresh Talent Pick, winner of a PEN Translation Award, a BBC Radio Four ‘Book at Bedtime’ and shortlisted for the Dublin Literary Award and the 2017 Petrona Award for Best Scandinavian Crime Novel of the Year. Critically acclaimed The Seven Doors was published in 2020. Agnes lives with her family in the Norwegian countryside. Way back in 1997, I started my first job in the mental health field as a support worker for social services. My role was spread between the day centre and the community, covering several of the halfway houses that supported people coming from a period in hospital and back into their lives. I remember being daunted when taken to one of these houses for the first time, not because I was scared of all people with mental health issues, but because there were five men living in the house and I was just a 24 year old little 5 feet 2 inch scrap who suddenly felt like they knew very little! So I felt a very personal sense of trepidation for Lou O’Dowd who travels across the world from Australia to Edinburgh for a job with the organisation SASOL. Her new life will mean living with her cousin and working shifts at a halfway house for high risk offenders including two killers, a celebrity paedophile, and a paranoid coke dealer. After orientation, Lou will be on shift alone dealing with these offenders with little more than her own instinct to guide her. What could possibly go wrong? I love that Helen Fitzgerald writes characters like Lou O’Dowd. She doesn’t worry about whether the reader will like her heroine or not – I did feel a strange affection for her if I’m honest. She is controversial in a lot of ways. In Australia she has been living on a sugar daddy’s generosity, depending on him for the roof over her head and a monthly allowance that’s enough for her not to work. She has never really known what she wants to do with her life so has jumped at the opportunity to be sheltered by someone else’s money. When this relationship comes to a disastrous end she has no choice but to find a job and with zero skills, Edinburgh seems like a great opportunity. She seems to veer between low confidence and an almost cocky attitude that’s veering on the reckless. Her inability to direct her own life suggests feelings of inadequacy, but when she takes on her job in Edinburgh she really doesn’t seem to comprehend the potential risks of her role. On her first day in Edinburgh she goes out to see her cousin’s play at the matinee and meets a charming man who’s intelligent and personable. He also shares Lou’s attitude to risk, suggesting sex in alleys or doorways rather than either of their homes. It’s as though Lou has met the male version of herself: charming, unpredictable and addicted to taking risks. When she finds out he’s one of the heirs to a Scottish estate she starts to wonder whether they could be more than a quick fling? As the book builds towards Lou’s solo shifts at the halfway house, I felt so nervous for her. It also felt like the employer didn’t prepare new staff anyone near enough, just one shadow shift then in at the deep end. I didn’t do night shifts, but the thought of staying up all night as the only person in a house of murderers and sex offenders made me jumpy. To the extent that I dreamt people had broken into my own house one night over Christmas. I loved the way Helen mixed the mundane domesticity of working in a place like this, with the fear and all out horror that could potentially take over. On her first shift Lou takes it upon herself to clean the kitchen and throw out the broken crockery. This might seem like a sensible and industrious job to start with, but it takes a senior worker to point out that this isn’t Lou’s home, it’s the resident’s home and their belongings that she’s thrown out. It’s a line a lot of people would have crossed, but takes away the resident’s agency. It would have been better to try and include them. There’s the evening ritual of cocoa for each resident, but it has to be to perfectly timed in order to interrupt one resident’s suicide ritual. These are the extremes a job like this entails, but it’s only the beginning. There’s still humour to be found though, laced with a few moments of disgust as Lou realises why one of the residents is happy to be roomed in the basement and another’s seemingly excited leg movements, turn out to be the wrong kind of excited. However, with one resident owing money to the type of people who won’t mind being repaid one body part at a time, another just waiting for Lou to drop her guard and close her eyes and one she thought she could trust, displaying his dangerous side and the depths he’s willing to plumb to scratch a powerful itch! By the final showdown my heart was racing, I was holding my breath and had to go make myself a cup of tea at 4am because I needed to finish, but I also needed a comforting brew. This was another great thriller from Helen and Orenda Books and I heartily recommend it for those who like their heroines less than squeaky clean and their danger very real. Available now from Orenda Books Meet The Author Helen FitzGerald is the bestselling author of thirteen adult and young-adult thrillers, including The Donor (2011) and The Cry (2013), which was longlisted for the Theakstons Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year and adapted for a major BBC drama. Her 2019 dark- comedy thriller Worst Case Scenario was a Book of the Year in the Literary Review, Herald Scotland, Guardian, Sunday Times, The Week and Daily Telegraph, shortlisted for the Theakston’s Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year, and won the CrimeFest Last Laugh Award. The critically acclaimed Ash Mountain (2020) and Keep Her Sweet (2022) soon followed. Helen worked as a criminal-justice social worker for over fifteen years. She grew up in Victoria, Australia, and now lives in Glasgow with her husband. “The entrance to Hotel Beresford is art deco. Strict lines, geometry and arches showing cubist influence. The monochrome carpet screams elegance as it leads towards the desk that stretches the length of one wall, marble with chrome embellishments. Or, at least, it once looked that way. Back when writers and poets and dignitaries roamed the hallways and foyer. It still feels lavish. Glamorous, even. But faded. And a little old-fashioned.” Ever since I read The Beresford I’ve been wondering what was going on through the other entrance. The entrance merely hinted at in one of it’s scenes. If what was going on up there was more weird or dangerous than the apartments at the front, I dreaded to think! In my review for the first book I wrote about the Dakota Building in New York City, because my mind kept drifting towards it while reading. It has just the atmosphere for this particular den of iniquity, it has a brooding sense of menace or presence of evil. Yet inside it reminds me of the Chelsea Hotel, a NYC landmark where in the mid Twentieth Century writers, musicals and artists lived. Arthur Miller, Bob Dylan, Arthur C. Clarke, Andy Warhol and Edie Sedgwick all inhabited the hotel in the 1960’s. “Each floor looks the same yet somehow has its own unique landscape; it’s known for something particular. A celebrity affair. A mysterious death. A legendary party. Rumours that a serial killer crashed there between sprees. Rock stars smashing up rooms. Writers creating their masterpieces. Some is legend, much is true. All is talked about. With fondness, fascination and morbid curiosity.” The author tells his story through a series of fascinating characters who live or work in the building. A young boy called Otis who lives on the seventh floor with his parents, who are constantly at war. Sam is an angry man who lets everyone feel his displeasure, often taking out his anger on wife Diane and son, Otis. Diane is turning tricks while Sam is at work in order to have an escape fund, often leaving Otis hanging round the building trying to avoid what’s going on. His favourite place to hang out is at their neighbours, but knows his mum would go crazy if she found out. Neighbour Danielle is a jazz singer with a voice so smokey it immediately conjures up exactly the kind of bar that would employ her. She likes to sit on her couch, under the window with one leg dangling out into the street. Along the corridor are the Zhaos, a sweet Chinese couple who also like to dangle out of their window, smoking something a little stronger than Danielle. Then, living in the penthouse on the top floor, is Mr Balliol. He owns the building and has the disconcerting ability to know everything that’s going on in the rooms he rents out and often sidles up to guests and his staff with no warning or sound. His unique staff are working on a business conference which will keep the hotel busy for a couple of days, but today is going to be an unusual day. Many different rumours swirl around the Beresford Hotel, some more fantastical and darker than others. It’s had more than it’s fair share of deaths, some accidental and some less so. Today is going to test the people who dismissed those darker rumours as impossible. Anything is possible at The Beresford Hotel. “Peeling paint and faded hopes. Much like Carol. Carol seems to age with the building. For every strip of wallpaper that gets ripped or falls away, Carol gets another wrinkle. When the front facade gets uplifted with a new paint job or some detail on the masonry, Carol turns up with a Botoxed forehead or facelift. But not from a reputable surgeon. From somebody she saw advertising in the back of a magazine.” Of all the characters I was absolutely transfixed by hotel manager Carol who seems like part of the building. She is that wonderful mix of unobtrusive, but yet ever present when needed, that all the best hotel employees have. No one notices the person who quietly sits in her office or on reception, but Carol has an uncanny way of knowing most things that go on in the hotel. She can probably guess at the rest, but doesn’t share Mr Balliol’s seemingly supernatural abilities. She has the world weariness of having seen it all before; most guest’s behaviour is not as unique as they would like to think. So she’s adept at covering up minor indiscretions all the way up to the accidentally dead: the husband who’s beaten his wife for years and finally gets his comeuppance, a solo sex game gone wrong or prostitutes- who end up accidentally dead more than most. Nothing much surprises Carol, even if a business conference does turn into a wild party or bacchanalian orgy. Yet behind the secret door to her inner office we see a softer Carol, perhaps the real woman beneath he hard nosed employee. It’s clear she’s suffered a loss. One guest who has spied Carol’s profile on a website has noticed this crack under the surface: “He remembers Carol’s profile among the twenty that he settled on. He could see her former beauty, but this isn’t about going deeper than the surface, it isn’t some outreach programme. It isn’t benevolence or sensing someone’s spirit. Danny can see that Carol is broken. And he likes that. She had loved somebody so completely and then they died, and she has never recovered.” Her soulmate and husband Jake is almost fatally injured in an accident and hasn’t come out of a coma since and as the weeks go on she begins to realise that the Jake she knew and loved was gone. His body was here, but not his mind, and the more time that passes the more it dawns on her that he is going to need help with his most basic human functions – he will have to be fed and piss into a bag for the rest of his life, if it can be called that. In desperation she calls on God, she will do anything if it will save the man she loves. God doesn’t answer. Yet bargaining is her only hope and if God won’t answer …… Will Carver is one of the most unique writers I’ve ever read and this latest novel is no exception. He understands human nature. Not that all of us are checking into hotels and choking the life out of prostitutes, but he gets the smallest most innocuous and innocent thoughts as well as the darker side of our nature. His narrative voice is conspiratorial, it lets us into every corner of the hotel and also gives us curious little asides about the world we live in. Many of the speeches are recognisable as things we’ve thought and said about the absurdities and horrors of our world. I loved his insight into writing through the character of I.P. Wyatt who also lives on the seventh floor and is struggling with that difficult second novel after a very successful first. His words are probably self-reflexive – where an author writes their own experience of writing the novel into their novel – although I do hope Carver isn’t applying Wyatt’s method. “Some days he writes without breathing for hours, others he spits four perfectly formed words onto the page. And each evening, he deletes everything. He can’t stay in love with his words. He had it so perfect. Anything less than that and he will be chewed up by the press and readers and strangers online who just want to vomit vitriol with no personal consequence. Even if he can replicate the quality of that last book, it won’t be that book, that surprise success. And too much time has passed now. It will never live up to the hype. He should have just churned something out quickly. Something that could be torn apart that he wouldn’t care about.” Carver has taken the age old tale of the Faustian pact and brought it up to date, into the 21st Century where despite all the advances in science and technology there are still terrible events we can’t control. As we all know, especially if we’ve watched Peter Cook and Dudley Moore’s film Bedazzled, making that sort of bargain or deal rarely benefits the desperate petitioner. The brilliance of Carver is that when we think we’ve worked out what’s going on, just like the twelve elite businessmen at their conference find out, a whole new level opens up before us. This is a daring novel, with a deep vein of human emotion at the centre. Yet it’s also playful, thrilling and dangerously dark indeed. If you’re not convinced by me then I’ll let Carver persuade you in his own words. “When you watch a television soap opera, things are hyperreal. It’s unfathomable to have that many murderers and fraudsters and adulterers living on one street as part of one of three largely incestuous families. Life isn’t like that. Things don’t happen in that way. Hotel Beresford makes television soap operas look like a four-hour Scandinavian documentary about certified tax accountancy.” Published 9th November 2023 by Orenda Books Meet the Author Will Carver is the international bestselling author of the January David series and the critically acclaimed, mind-blowingly original Detective Pace series, which includes Good Samaritans (2018), Nothing Important Happened Today (2019) and Hinton Hollow Death Trip (2020), all of which were ebook bestsellers and selected as books of the year in the mainstream international press. Nothing Important Happened Today was longlisted for both the Goldsboro Books Glass Bell Award 2020 and the Theakston Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award. Hinton Hollow Death Trip was longlisted for Guardian’s Not the Booker Prize, and was followed by four standalone literary thrillers, The Beresford, Psychopaths Anonymous, The Daves Next Door and Suicide Thursday. Will spent his early years in Germany, but returned to the UK at age eleven, when his sporting career took off. He currently runs his own fitness and nutrition company, and lives in Reading with his children. THE BERESFORD is currently in development for TV. If you would like to get in contact, I can usually be found on TWITTER/X @will_carver but who knows how long that will last..? You could always check out my website where you can join the MAILING LIST to stay updated with deals and competitions and which EVENTS I will be attending throughout the year. (There are also many hidden easter eggs within the site, just as there are in my books. Feel free to click around and see what you find.) Recently, I have also become a podcaster and present the LET’S GET LIT podcast with fellow writer SJ Watson, where we discuss books and writing each week while sharing a drink. (Find us wherever you get your podcasts from.) Oh, and just in case TWITTER implodes, I can also be found here… FACEBOOK – @WillCarverAuthor INSTAGRAM/THREADS – @will_carver BLUE SKY – @willcarver I quickly became fascinated with this mix of historical fiction, psychological suspense and the paranormal. We meet Annie Jackson as she tentatively starts her new job in a nursing home in the West End of Glasgow, hoping to get her life back on track. Annie suffers with terrible nightmares where she’s stuck in a car underwater. She also has the sensation that someone is holding her head under water until her lungs feel ready to burst. She also has debilitating headaches and she can feel one threatening as her new manager introduces her to resident Steve. Then something very odd happens, as a blinding pain in Annie’s head is followed by Steve’s face starting to shake, then reform. A whispering sound begins in her head and she sees Steve as a skull, followed by a vision of him falling in his room and suffering a debilitating stroke. She desperately wants to tell him but how can she without seeming like a lunatic? He becomes agitated and upset, as Annie starts to describe the layout of Steve’s bathroom and he asks her to stop. As she’s sent home from another job she starts to think back to her childhood and the first manifestations of her debilitating problem. Annie survived the terrible car accident that wiped her childhood memories and killed her mother. This strange supernatural phenomenon is why Annie is alone and struggles to make friends. These are ‘the murmurs’. I felt so much compassion for Annie, as the story splits into two different timelines: we are part of Annie’s inner world as a child, but also 0in the present as fragments of memory slowly start to emerge. We also go back even further to the childhood of Annie’s mother Eleanor and her two sisters Bridget and Sheila. We experience their lives through other people’s stories and written correspondence, especially that of a nun who also works in a residential home. I enjoyed how this gave me lots of different perspectives and how the drip feed of information slowly made sense of what was happening in the present day. Different revelations have a huge effect on the adult Annie and because her memories have been buried for so long she experiences the shock and surprise at exactly the same time as we do. This brings an immediacy to the narrative and I felt like I was really there alongside her, in the moment. With my counselling brain I could see a psyche shattered by trauma, desperately looking for answers, she is piecing herself back together as she goes. Teenage Annie had a similar vision about a girl called Jenny Burn, who went missing never to return. The murmurs awakened when her mum’s sister Aunt Sheila came to visit them. She tried to openly discuss an Aunt Bridget who also had a ‘gift’ but has ended up in a home. Eleanor, Annie’s mother, asks Sheila to leave, but it’s too late because Annie has already seen that her aunt is dying of cancer. Annie evades her mum and makes her way to the hotel, the only place Sheila can be staying. Unfortunately, Jenny is working on reception. Annie can see her climbing into a red car and she desperately wants to warn her, but she knows she’ll come across as a crazy person. Eleanor is desperately looking for a way to deal with her daughter, she’s a person of importance in the church and she can’t be seen to have a daughter who has visions. Pastor Mosley has Eleanor exactly where he wants her. There’s a control and fanaticism in him that scared me much more than Annie’s murmurs. When Eleanor takes Annie to the pastor, he demonstrates his control by holding her head firmly under his head as he prays for her. When she almost faints, he’s convinced there’s a demon in her. Annie is scared of him, she gets a terrible feeling about him but doesn’t know why. Religion is portrayed as sinister and controlling, with fervent followers who never question, but live in the way they’ve been instructed is Christian? story takes an interesting turn when Annie’s brother Lewis, a financial advisor, becomes involved with the church once more and it’s new pastor Christopher Jenkins, the son of their childhood neighbour. He’s revolutionised the church and through the internet he’s turning it into a global concern. He’s not just interested in saving souls though, he’s also amassing money from his internet appeals. He also seems very interested in meeting Annie. As the book draws to a close the revelations come thick and fast as both past and future collide. The search for Aunts Bridget and Sheila seems to unearth more questions than answers. Annie finds out that Jenny wasn’t the only woman who went missing in Mossgaw all those years ago. As she starts to have suspicions about her childhood home, Chris seems very keen to draw her back there. Might he be planning a huge surprise? I was a bit confused at first with all these disparate elements, but as all the pieces started to slot together I was stunned by the truths that are unearthed. Then as Annie’s childhood memories were finally triggered I felt strangely terrified but also relieved for her all at once. I hoped that once she’d regained that past part of herself she would feel more confident and free, despite the strange gift she seemed to have inherited. Maybe by facing the past and leaning in to her relationship with her brother, she might feel more grounded and strong enough to cope with her ‘gift’. I thought the author brought that compassion he’s shown in previous novels but combined it with a spooky edge and some intriguing secrets. I really loved the way he showed mistakes of the past still bleeding into the present, as well as the elements of spiritual abuse that were most disturbing. This book lures you in and never lets go, so be prepared to be hooked. Michael Malone is a natural storyteller and the fact this is billed as Annie Jackson Number One makes me think there may be others. I certainly hope so, Out Now from Orenda Books. Meet the Author Michael Malone is a prize-winning poet and author who was born and brought up in the heart of Burns’ country. He has published over 200 poems in literary magazines throughout the UK, including New Writing Scotland, Poetry Scotland and Markings. Blood Tears, his bestselling debut novel won the Pitlochry Prize from the Scottish Association of Writers. Other published work includes: Carnegie’s Call; A Taste for Malice; The Guillotine Choice; Beyond the Rage; The Bad Samaritan; and Dog Fight. His psychological thriller, A Suitable Lie, was a number-one bestseller, and the critically acclaimed House of Spines and After He Died soon followed suit. Since then, he’s written two further thought-provoking, exquisitely written psychological thrillers In the Absence of Miracles and A Song of Isolation, cementing his position as a key proponent of Tartan Noir and an undeniable talent. A former Regional Sales Manager (Faber & Faber) he has also worked as an IFA and a bookseller. Michael lives in Ayr. As many of you know I am a super fan of Doug Johnstone and particularly his Skelf series of novels, based in Edinburgh and following a family of women, running both a funeral home and a private investigation business. I love the Skelf women because they’re feisty, original, intelligent and incredibly compassionate. This is his fifth in the series and I’m in constant fear of it ending, though if it did this wouldn’t be a terrible way to bow out. In fact this may be the best in the series so far. As usual there’s an eclectic mix of people and cases. Dorothy is investigating a suspicious fire at an illegal traveller’s campsite, but also takes a grieving homeless man under her wing. Jenny is tasked with finding her missing sister-in- law who fled with the body of Jenny’s violent ex-husband Craig. Meanwhile, Hannah meets a women astronaut and is asked to investigate potentially dangerous conspiracy theorists who think she has returned from space ‘changed’. Add to that the new idea of water cremations, funerals for the lonely, strange happenings in space, a body lost at sea and a sexually adventurous man in a rabbit mask and you have all the ingredients to keep a Skelfaholic like me very happy indeed. I love the Skelf’s outlook on life and other people, it chimes so well with my own family’s philosophy and is such a welcome change from the perspective of our current government. There’s an acceptance of others, whatever way they choose to live or love. They treat people with respect, in whatever circumstances they find themselves. There’s no judgement, something I especially love in Dorothy. She seems to have a knack for reading people and knowing when they’re trustworthy. She has a great track record too, having brought both Archie and Indy into the fold when both were in straitened circumstances. She has moments of exasperation when investigating, especially when she tries a pub local to the traveller camp where a fire happened. When gauging local feeling about the travellers she ends up in a long debate on their behaviour, most of which she dismisses as bigotry, but also their opinion of people ‘on benefits’, refugees, drug takers and women of easy virtue. They are the Daily Mail brought vividly to life and Dorothy notes how easy it can be for someone her age to accept the media narrative and become entrenched in their views. She doesn’t want to be like that and she’s certainly not going to be welcomed back to this pub. Jenny feels much the same. ‘everyone just trying to get to the end of the day and hoping tomorrow would be a little brighter. We didn’t need our homes torched, our dead ex-husbands disappearing, all the hate and bullshit in the world coming to kick us in the arse’. This outlook also feeds into the sense of place Johnstone creates, something that made me drive around Edinburgh while on holiday earlier in the year. I wanted to get an idea of where these characters lived and was ecstatic to be able to walk on The Links, where Dorothy used to walk their dog and once encountered an escaped jaguar! He describes the strange juxtapositions in Edinburgh, something that happens in all big cities placing very different people up against each other. I was horrified to read once that there’s a street in NYC separating Harlem from the Upper West Side where the life expectancy differs by thirty years when you cross the street. As Dorothy and Archie drive out to Muirhouse she notices the stately home hidden by a high hedge from a caravan park, a halfway house for prisoners next to a posh golf course. It’s not planned of course, but it’s how all big cities grow and develop over time. However, what seems universal is that ‘the poorest people got the shitty end of the stick’ especially in Muirhouse. Johnstone’s current affairs and issues are bang up to the minute, here police officers become implicated in one of their cases. As the women meet for breakfast and a catch up, Jenny observes that cops tend to ‘circle their wagons’ when they’re accused of wrongdoing, especially sexual assault. She references the hundreds of sexual assault cases against police officers and the force’s mishandling of them, or even covering them up. It’s wonderful to see Jenny in a calmer place, despite the ghost of her ex still hanging over her as she tries to find his sister. Her friendship with Archie, their mortuary assistant, has steadily become a regular part of her life. It feels like unofficial therapy, taking a long walk every couple of weeks and randomly choosing somewhere to eat. There’s something about Archie’s presence that seems soothing and she just enjoys sharing space with him. There’s nothing dramatic or addictive about it. Hannah has noticed them getting closer and observed that it seemed to have pulled her mother together somehow. ‘Maybe all you need is a friendly face once in a while, someone to listen to your bullshit and not judge. Hannah had read once about a man who succumbed to suicide on the Golden Gate Bridge. He left a note at home before walking there, which said that if one person smiled at him on the journey, he wouldn’t jump. Maybe all we need is a smile to stop us jumping’. Hannah and Indy are tested a little by their new connection to Kirsty, an inspirational woman astronaut she met after her talk at the National Museum of Scotland. Kirsty invites Hannah and Indy to dinner where they meet her partner Mina. Mina is concerned about men who troll Kirsty online and at events, fuelled by a conspiracy theory that something happened to her on the International Space Station. Whether they think she’s had the alien probe up the butt or just some kind of first contact, the phrase used is that she ‘came back wrong’. Mina tells them they’ve had people outside the house, going through their rubbish and they’ve been doxxed. When Mina gets Hannah alone she asks her to do a little digging and to keep an eye on Kirsty. She’s been different since she came back, Mina explains and she’s worried that Kirsty is in danger. This had a strange dynamic to it and I was concerned that Hannah and Indy might be in danger too. I loved the theme of loneliness and dislocation, particularly the idea for The Lonely Funeral, sparked by the story of a middle aged woman who had no family or friends to make arrangements. Dorothy’s thinking had been inspired by projects in the Netherlands and New Zealand where they research the deceased and get a poet to write about them for the funeral. Dorothy has negotiated with the council so that the Skelf’s can carry out the funerals for the basic budget set aside. Brodie, the homeless man Dorothy meets and decides to help, tells her a moving story that I think explains how we all feel at times. I’ve certainly felt it in the depths of grief. It’s about a whale oceanographers had detected with a call that registered 52hz, a pitch that’s higher than other whales. It had no idea that other whales couldn’t hear it and it had spent decades singing out to no one. This story brought a lump to my throat and I’m not surprised that it touches Dorothy too. She decides then and there that Brodie is going to fit in. It’s not everyday that the heroine of a book takes a walk into the woods to check out a mausoleum, taking the time to think about her father and how much she’s struggled since his death. Then in the next moment, stumbles upon a dogging scene, with one young woman and a quartet of men masked as a badger, deer, rabbit and fox. These juxtapositions keep the reader on their toes, we never really know what might come next or how it might make us feel. Johnstone can take us from tears to gallows humour in a couple of sentences. As he closes the book, with the first of the Skelf’s lonely funerals, Dorothy speaks on behalf of the man in the coffin who they hadn’t known anything about except his name and where he was born. She echoes Hannah’s astronaut friend, whose experience in a solar storm was both spiritual and grounding all at once. What she talks about is connection, in the E.M. Forster sense to ‘only connect’. To connect with others is the most vital thing we do in life. Connectedness is perhaps the best choice of word when trying to work out the opposite of loneliness. She talks about how we tend to close down as we age, to shut off from the world. I’ve observed this with people and noted recently the important of older people connecting with their younger family members using WhatsApp or Snapchat and how it brings daily joy to them, something those that who choose to dismiss new technology miss out on, to their detriment. We need to connect, both with the world we live in and with the people around us. We need to stay part of this great ‘human experiment’ in order to carry on living as fully as possible, for as long as we’re granted. ‘The idea of an impartial, unconnected observer watching the world was totally wrong. We’re all up to our necks in the universe, we can’t be separated from it’. Out 14th September 2023 from Orenda Books Doug Johnstone is the author of fifteen novels, most recently The Space Between Us (2023). Several of his books have been bestsellers, The Big Chill (2020) was longlisted for the Theakston Crime Novel of the Year, while A Dark Matter (2020), Breakers (2019) and The Jump (2015) were all shortlisted for the McIlvanney Prize for Scottish Crime Novel of the Year. He’s taught creative writing and been writer in residence at various institutions over the last two decades including festivals, libraries, universities, schools, prisons and a funeral directors. Doug is a Royal Literary Fund Consultant Fellow and works as a mentor and manuscript assessor for many organisations, including The Literary Consultancy, Scottish Book Trust and New Writing North. He’s been an arts journalist for over twenty years and has also written many short stories and screenplays. He is a songwriter and musician with six albums and three EPs released, and plays drums for the Fun Lovin’ Crime Writers, a band of crime writers. He’s also co-founder of the Scotland Writers Football Club. ‘This is my family story. From all I’ve sown together, through all I couldn’t ask. I want to be the bud who makes it.’ In Blooms tells of strength, survival, forgiveness, resilience and determination, and the fierce love and unbreakable bonds between mothers and daughters. Ever since Sol’s untimely death left her pregnant and alone at twenty-two, Delph’s kept herself small as a form of self-protection. Now, over a decade later, she lives with their daughter Roche and her new partner Itsy, a kind and protective cabbie, on the fourteenth floor of Esplanade Point on the Essex coast. But Delph’s protective bubble bursts when Roche moves in with her estranged nan, Moon. Feeling on the outside of the bond between her fierce-yet-flaky tarot-reading mother and volatile martial-arts-champion daughter, Delph begins questioning her own freedom. And when Roche’s snooping into her grandmother’s past unearths a familial line of downtrodden women; a worrying pattern emerges. Has keeping small and safe truly been Delph’s choice all these years…? I don’t believe in trigger warnings, despite their intended purpose to flag up material that may ‘trigger’ difficult emotions in the reader, I feel that they might stop someone experiencing a connection with a text. It might well be a trigger, but that doesn’t always have to mean it’s a negative one. It might be a trigger that starts a healing process. If anyone should have avoided this book it was me, because I was Delph. I lost the love of my life in my early thirties and then sleepwalked into a coercive and damaging relationship. Yes, it was a hard read at times, but it wasn’t remotely negative. Moon, Delph and Roche are three generations of a family. Each woman has her own issues, but they all stem from one place. Right back at the beginning. As the book opens Roche can no longer live with her mother and Itsy, the man she’s been living with for most of Roche’s life. So she decamps to her grandmother Moon’s house. Roche can’t stand Itsy, he dislikes her and wishes she wasn’t there. In fact what he wants is Delph all to himself, it’s easier to control someone who’s isolated. Delph has had a glazed over look ever since he arrived in her life and she doesn’t seem like her mum anymore. Delph has done everything she can to keep Itsy happy. She’s changed how she dressed, made herself less beautiful, stayed at home and stopped going out with friends. Every day she makes herself smaller to make more space for him and Roche can’t watch it anymore. However, things are changing slowly. Delph has a job she enjoys at B & Q, new connections with her colleagues and today she has made a choice. Delph is pregnant and she knows deep down in her soul that ‘the thought of more years, more life, tied to him’ is more than she can bear. She goes secretly on her own for an abortion, the quietest but most powerful act of rebellion she can make. Then comes her opportunity, Itsy receives a phone call from Jamaica to tell him his mother is dying. He must jump straight on a flight, so Delph lets him go alone, knowing that now she has several weeks to herself. She doesn’t stop Roche from moving out and accepts this as her time to heal, time to be the parent that so often Roche has to be for her. However, this isn’t the only recovery needed in the three generations of this family thanks to the actions of men. I felt at first that I was slowly piecing together the story of a client. Being a person- centred therapist means letting the client choose what they want to talk about. I would use my counselling skills to tease out that story and ask questions where it needs to be clarified or where I might only be getting one perspective. Here the story has it’s own pace and each woman narrates her own section. We flit back and forth between the women, also delving into the past here and there. It’s like doing a jigsaw puzzle but only being handed one piece at a time, then another from a different place. It takes some time to perceive the whole and that was definitely the case here. Only we the reader can see where they all are in relation to one another. The reality of being a woman in today’s world is explored fully, there is no doubt that these women’s lives would have been immeasurably better had they not encountered the men they do. It takes Roche to articulate this properly with the words and wisdom of her generation. “Roche knows, remembers, how her life changed at around the time she started secondary, and her bubble of invisibility popped. How, despite the school uniform screaming otherwise, she very suddenly became the inhabitant of a woman’s body, complete with a depressing self-awareness that this was now Roche’s life until one day men deemed her invisible again. In fairness, it’s not her contemporaries who usually do the perving – no, it’s men, grown–ass men who have always done the bulk of the wolf–whistling, the innuendoes and basic compliments that they expect her to ‘smile, love’ and be grateful for.” As a middle aged woman I now know the power of that invisibility and how, in many ways, it’s a blessing. I love how carefully the author drew the threads between generations, those behaviours that create a pattern of intergenerational trauma. There are moments in her journey where Delph needs her daughter by her side, but she recognises that it’s a selfish need. Delph’s lived experience stops her; “is not for a child to fix the parent. Nor is Roche the ointment to Delph’s current troubles”. She’s spent enough time trying to help Moon. Then we go back into Moon’s early years, when her grandmother is in hospital, suffering from mental ill health. Her name was still Joy back then and her job is to dispense sunshine to a women who can’t even remember her name. ‘Come on,’ Ma says, in a giddy-up way. ‘You know how happy your little face always makes her.’ This a learned behaviour, people pleasing and exactly what Delph is trying to avoid for her own daughter, three generations later. By sitting with her own pain, Delph is avoiding instilling that behaviour in Roche, she’s actively breaking the cycle. Yes, there are traumatic moments in these women’s lives, Moon’s story being particularly harrowing, but we can also see the women’s determination to change. It’s that change and what it means for Roche that brings such an uplifting feeling to the book. For me it’s Delph’s struggle that touched me deeply. The loss of Sol, who’d been there her entire life, is devastating. So moving out of Itsy’s orbit and the mental paralysis she’s been living with means opening up her emotions. That’s all of the emotions including her grief, but it’s a process that needs to happen so that Roche can talk about her father openly and in a joyful way. I found myself more engrossed in the later stages of the book as I had to see whether these women could heal together. This is beautifully written and manages to be funny, moving and hopeful. Meet the Author Eva Verde is a writer from East London. Identity, class and female rage are recurring themes throughout her work and her debut novel Lives Like Mine, is published by Simon and Schuster. Eva’s love song to libraries, I Am Not Your Tituba forms part of Kit De Waal’s Common People: An Anthology of Working-Class Writers. Her words have featured in Marie Claire, Grazia, Elle and The Big Issue, also penning the new foreword for the international bestselling author Jackie Collins Goddess of Vengeance. Eva lives in Essex with her husband, children and dog. In Bloom will be published in August 2023. Twitter @Evakinder Instagram @evakinderwrites A catastrophic climate emergency has spawned a one-child policy in the UK, ruthlessly enforced by a totalitarian regime. Compulsory abortion of ‘excess’ pregnancies and mandatory contraceptive implants are now the norm, and families must adhere to strict consumption quotas as the world descends into chaos. Kai is a 25-year-old ‘baby reaper’, working for the Ministry of Population and Family Planning. If any of her assigned families attempts to exceed their child quota, she ensures they pay the price. Until, one morning, she discovers that an illegal sibling on her Ministry hit- list is hers. And to protect her parents from severe penalties, she must secretly investigate before anyone else finds out. Kai’s hunt for her forbidden sister unearths much more than a dark family secret. As she stumbles across a series of heinous crimes perpetrated by the people she trusted most, she makes a devastating discovery that could bring down the government … and tear her family apart. I LOVE the way Eve Smith doesn’t baby her readers. If there are hover cars that’s what she gives us. A two word description. No long flowery explanations of how they came to be, she just tells us what IS. She expects our own imaginations to keep up. The immediacy of her writing brings us slap bang in the middle of this alien world and it’s exhilarating. Our narrator Kai is a perfect ministry operative. She’s brainwashed from birth into accepting the world as the ministry present it. The political party One came to power with an unusual mix of ecological and anti-immigration policies. We might expect that ecological parties are more left-wing and we expect our totalitarianism to come in a right wing package. The lack of resources has left the country without options (although other countries have less draconian regimes) and any political movement can become a totalitarian one. Due to the climate emergency there are now places it is impossible to live so immigration is rising. The government used predictions of climate disaster to ease the population in to accepting extreme policies to reduce consumption and the population. Each family has a consumption quota to cover things like food, travel and water usage. I loved little touches like Kai’s grandparents always being the ones to overuse their quota, still used to the old days. The one child policy is the most extreme and the administration and enforcement of the policy is down to officers like Kai. The reality of her job is devastating. Women’s fertility is controlled by the Destine implant, a contraceptive with a chip that means it can be switched off when a woman wants to start a family, it is then switched back on after her only pregnancy. All women of child-bearing age have their HCA levels monitored by the government and as soon as any change is detected Kai’s department would know. In the case of a second child they must schedule a termination, but if they don’t that’s where Kai’s job begins. She must visit the woman and ensure that a second appointment is kept. Termination even applies in cases of twins. Prison awaits anyone who conceals a second pregnancy. The reality of their policies as they affect real people is hard to read and Kai seems as obedient and capable of free thought as her robotic pet dog. I have found the author terrifyingly prescient in the past and I hope that’s not the case here. This isn’t necessarily our future but it could be. Every terrible policy here has it’s roots in our current world and that’s what’s so scary. The effects of climate change can seem a long way away so it was very disconcerting to find out that in this world Horncastle was on the coast! My stepdaughter’s other home is there and it’s only a half hour journey up the road from me. My home county is essentially a wetland. Despite this, I loved the inventiveness of the resistance movement Free, from their houses on rafts and living walls to the ability to morph their features. Again the author gives us just enough information to see it, because everything we see comes through Kai and to Kai this is normal. She has no memories of a world we would recognise, because she hasn’t lived in it. A bit like the way my stepdaughters gasp when I tell them there was no internet when I went to university and I had to do all my dissertation research from books. The immigration policies are an obvious extension of comments like ‘we can’t take any more people we’re all full up’. There’s an immigration centre coming three miles from us on an old RAF base and although we object to the plan on humane grounds – the government plan to keep people on the runway in storage containers – we were shocked to find how racist a lot of the opposition was. On our return from holiday recently we found a large St George’s Cross with crusader had been placed at the gates and we’ve vowed to go back in the dead of night and take it down. I often wonder if our government’s alarmist immigration rhetoric is simply a precursor to warring over the world’s remaining resources. Kai’s world played on some of my worst nightmares. Despite Kai’s blinkered perspective, I did find myself respecting her as the story developed. She fears the ministry and her rather formidable boss Minister Gauteng. Yet, Kai doesn’t report the sibling she has found at first, showing a loyalty to her parents above that she gives her workplace. She undertakes her own investigation and puts herself in some very risky situations. She faces up to her own parents and the choices they made and is willing to sacrifice herself for a family member. This shows incredible bravery and her fortitude in the face of the new version of the world her sister Senka is describing to her is incredible. As she learns she shows remorse for the women she’s forced into terminations. One member of Free tells Kai that opening your eyes to a new reality of the world is like going cold turkey. She copes with this admirably. The reality of Senka’s life is also horrific. Tales of reallocation, trafficking, abuse in the care system all have their root in the here and now. It’s an age old story of vulnerable children being failed and preyed upon. There was one scene that genuinely brought a lump to my throat, a future version of some of the horrors of the old Magdalene Laundries. If we don’t know the past, we can’t stop ourselves from repeating patterns. We like to think that we wouldn’t follow a government like this, but terrible times make people do terrible things. Whether it’s a termination, finding out your husband has a baby with another woman so you can’t have one, or having to give your baby to be reallocated it is the women who most bear the grief of this life. As Kai works to uncover a further atrocity committed by her employers, we realise it’s a grief that will be repeated down the generations. As we hurtled towards an ending, full of action, I wanted One to be ousted and held to account. I think some of my anger at the regime was rooted in my real-life anger at where we are in the world. As the author says in her afterword the control of women’s bodies is becoming an issue again. As regimes become more controlling it is always women who are targeted – just like the recent clampdown on a woman’s right to choose in some states of the USA. There are states where certain books are banned, immigration is being reduced and I genuinely wondered how far are we from this future? This is an incredibly intelligent dystopian thriller. It’s a fantastic read and although it scared me I wouldn’t have put it down. Now I need to go put my house on the market and look for something further inland, on a big hill. Meet the Author Eve Smith writes speculative thrillers, mainly about the things that scare her (and me). Longlisted for the Not the Booker Prize and described by Waterstones as ‘an exciting new voice in crime fiction’, Eve’s debut novel, The Waiting Rooms, set in the aftermath of an antibiotic resistance crisis, was shortlisted for the Bridport Prize First Novel Award and was a Book of the Month in the Guardian, who compared her writing to Michael Crichton’s. It was followed by Off-Target, about a world where genetic engineering of children is routine. Eve’s previous job at an environmental charity took her to research projects across Asia, Africa and the Americas, and she has an ongoing passion for wild creatures, wild science and far-flung places. She lives in Oxfordshire with her family. Translation by Victoria Cribb. Evil creatures here abound. We must speak in voices low. All night long I’ve heard the sound. Of breath upon the window. Sixteenth-century verse by Þórður Magnússon á Strjúgi The wealthy, powerful Snæberg clan has gathered for a family reunion at a futuristic hotel set amongst the dark lava flows of Iceland’s remote Snæfellsnes peninsula. Petra Snæberg, a successful interior designer, is anxious about the event, and her troubled teenage daughter, Lea, whose social- media presence has attracted the wrong kind of followers. Ageing carpenter Tryggvi is an outsider, only tolerated because he’s the boyfriend of Petra’s aunt, but he’s struggling to avoid alcohol because he knows what happens when he drinks … Humble hotel employee, Irma, is excited to meet this rich and famous family and observe them at close quarters … perhaps too close… As the weather deteriorates and the alcohol flows, one of the guests disappears, and it becomes clear that there is a prowler lurking in the dark. But is the real danger inside … within the family itself? I LOVED the first two books in the Forbidden Iceland series, featuring detective Elma, recently returned to her home town of Akranes after several years working in Reykjavik. This story is a prequel and we meet her eventual partner Sæver as he looks into some very strange events surrounding a family reunion. This is not your average family though and I don’t think I’ve ever wanted to be at a party less! My sympathies were largely with hotel employee Irma who views the Snæberg family as if they are a totally different species. In a way they are, set apart by their successes and their wealth from the everyday hotel employee. So wealthy in fact that they’ve hired this entire luxury hotel for the weekend, with a full itinerary of activities and boozy dinners at night. It isn’t long before tensions and differences come to light: judgements and opinions on each other’s partners; family members who’ve lost touch and resent each other; teenagers who’d rather be elsewhere; parents who can’t connect with their children. All cooped up together for a whole weekend. As the author moved our point of view from one character to another we realise this family has so many secrets. The setting is isolated and bleak. No amount of candlelight could ever convince me that concrete looks anything but brutally uncomfortable. However, thanks particularly to interior designer Petra Snæberg who can’t stop snapping for her Insta followers, the hotel’s phone is ringing and bookings are going through the roof. Set on a remote peninsula there is nowhere to go, except the equally bleak outdoors and with a set itinerary in place there’s no escape from each other. The atmosphere the author creates is incredible and had me veering from suspicious to unsettled to really creeped out. The uncovered windows leave guests feeling exposed, realising that if a light goes on they are lit up like a theatre stage. Not helped by the fact that an app controls heating and lighting, so easy to plunge another guest into darkness or into light by accident or just when they least expect it. We realise that certain people are watching others, but we’re not exactly sure why, whose stare is benign and whose stare means danger is lurking? Some narrators send icy cold shivers down the spine. Petra’s daughter Lea receives a message from an unknown number: The video is dark, taken outside at night. Instinctively I bring the phone closer to my face, to see better. I turn up the volume. The sound crackles with the wind, then I hear a crunching of gravel. Footsteps. Someone is walking outside, along a gravel path. The video ends with the sound of a throat being cleared and a cough. I turn to the window, feeling the sweat break out all over my body. Isn’t there a gravel path leading to the hotel? Again I hear a rustling sound outside the door, then more knocking. Two taps, like before. Tap, tap. Some of the scariest moments happen to Petra too. There’s a tension between her and her cousin Stefania who grew apart years ago when they were teenagers. An awkward drink with the two women and Stefania’s brother Viktor starts to open up old wounds. Petra is haunted by a misunderstanding that had tragic consequences, but does she even know the full story? Why does she find her hotel room door open when she’s been inside, showering and sleeping? Then there’s the creepy notes under the door. It’s enough to make the hair stand up on the back of your neck. Then there’s Irma, who seems intrigued by this glamorous family who are so ‘together’. They’re Insta-perfect and seem so far outside her experience. She mocks Petra’s overuse of the word ‘sanctuary’ which is what your home is supposed to be, a place that reflects who you are. When Irma thinks of her flat it’s merely a box and her shelves are merely a place to keep stuff. It’s boring, functional and sparse – does that reflect who she is? Mum always said I had an overactive imagination. As a child I lived in a world that no one else could see. One that was much brighter and better than the real one, like a fairy tale or story, because as I turned the pages of books I became the characters. […] But the older I got, the more difficult it became. I started comparing myself to other people. I realised that the flat Mum and I lived in probably wasn’t that tasteful, and the life we lived wasn’t actually that exciting. Perhaps it wasn’t so desirable after all to be constantly moving from place to place, constantly changing schools and spending most of my evenings alone at home.“ She imagines living like the family do, envious of the freedom to walk around the supermarket and pick up whatever they want, with no fear of their bank card being rejected. Irma’s not completely taken in by appearances though, while she scrolls she reminds herself of the gap between the selves we are on social media and the reality. She looks forward to people watching, spotting where the cracks are. Those tiny resentments. The things they keep from each other. After all, no family is perfect. However it’s Lea who I’m most scared for because she’s just so vulnerable. Lea is a confused teenager and she is never without her phone. A lack of friends and support at home has left her so open to exploitation. She has a friend called Birger who might be staying nearby, maybe they might finally meet? Lea seems to get validation from his messages on her photos. In fact it’s that very validation and a need to be seen that convince her to do something dangerous. She realises how exposed she is too late and the signs that she’s struggling are being missed, until she walks out into the sea in all her clothes. All the ‘what ifs’ begin to race through her mind, but not once does she wonder whether Birger might not be who he claims to be. Then there’s Gulli, an older man who’s very appreciative of her posts and so easy to talk to, but the unease sets in when he too turns out to be nearby. There’s the old man she saw wandering the corridors, even though her family are the only guests. Is it her aunt Oddny’s unusual boyfriend Tryggvi, an outsider thanks to his job as a joiner and his unique dress sense? Could he be watching? Lea begins With her mum embroiled in secrets and lies of her own, will anybody notice that Lea is standing on a knife edge. Lea is being watched of course, but is that enemy looking in through the windows or are they closer? Inside the building? The suspense builds beautifully and reaches fever pitch on the last night. Tryggvi falls drastically off the wagon on an important anniversary. Petra has made a bloodstained find in one of the bedrooms. Victor’s much younger, pregnant girlfriend has left the hotel in the night despite being unable to drive. Lea is also drinking heavily, scared about who is stalking her. While Petra has a long overdue conversation about the past, but can she trust her version of events? As a storm begins to roll in, cutting the hotel off from civilisation, horrifying truths bubble to the surface. Someone who has been waiting a long time for their moment makes their move in this complicated chess game. We don’t always see those who hide in plain sight and those we think we know could be monsters in disguise. I love this author’s ability to get inside the heads of her characters and pull the reader along with her. Here she builds a labyrinth of clues, red herrings and suspicious characters that I found absolutely impossible to resist. That’s why I was awake at 3am, with my attention split between the page in front of me and my ears attuned to even the slightest creak downstairs. After all you never know who might be watching. Published by Orenda Books Thursday July 6th. Meet the Author Born in Akranes in 1988, Eva Björg Ægisdóttir studied for an MSc in globalisation in Norway before no one can be trusted, as the dark secrets returning to Iceland to write her first novel. Combining writing with work as a stewardess and caring for her children, Eva finished her debut thriller The SCnreæakboenrgthfeaSmtaiilrys,awrheicuhnwcaosvpeurbelidsh…edaind the 2018. It became a bestseller in Iceland, going on to win the Blackbird Award. Published in English by Orenda Books in 2020, it became a digital number-one betseller in three countries, was shortlisted for the Capital Crime/Amazon Publishing Awards in two categories and won the CWA John Creasey Dagger in 2021. Girls Who Lie, the second book in the Forbidden Iceland series was shortlisted for the Petrona Award and the CWA Crime in Translation Dagger, and Night Shadows followed suit. With over 200,000 copies sold in English alone, Eva has become one of Iceland’s – and crime- fiction’s – most highly regarded authors. She lives in Reyjavik with her husband and three children. Thanks to Anne Cater at Random Things Tours and Orenda Books for having me on the blog tour, to see more reviews and giveaways follow the rest of the tour. A mysterious First Lady. The intrepid journalist writing her biography. And the secret that could destroy them both. Tired of covering the grating dysfunction of Washington and the increasingly outrageous antics of President Henry Caine, White House correspondent Sofie Morse quits her job and plans to leave politics behind. But when she gets a call from the office of First Lady Lara Caine, inviting her to come in for a private meeting with Lara, Sofie’s curiosity is piqued. Sofie, like the rest of the world, knows little about Lara – only that she was born in Soviet Russia, raised in Paris, and worked as a model before moving to America and marrying the notoriously brash future president. When Lara asks Sofie to write her official biography, and to finally fill in the gaps of her history, Sofie’s curiosity gets the better of her. She begins to spend more and more time in the White House, slowly developing a bond with Lara. As Lara’s story unfolds, Sofie can’t help but wonder why Lara is rehashing such sensitive information.Why tell Sofie? And why now? Suddenly, Sofie is in the middle of a game of cat and mouse that could have explosive ramifications. I read a very odd tagline to a review for this book that likened it to Emily in Paris and the TV series Scandal – the comparison to either is inaccurate, because while this has the addictive quality of a thriller it goes much deeper and is clearly well-researched. The blurb immediately took me to Donald Trump and his rather enigmatic First Lady, Melania. A very different First Lady from her predecessor Michelle Obama, she certainly didn’t fit the usual mould and curiosity about their relationship and her past is certainly perfect material for a good thriller. I’m not the first to wonder whether they met at the notorious parties in NYC where very young models were supplied to meet wealthy and powerful men. The potted biography of our character Lara Caine certainly seemed to echo Melania’s journey towards becoming the President’s wife, so this hooked me straight away. The author sets her characters within the current political climate, the era of fake news, conspiracy and what seems like a complete lack of accountability. I’m not alone in wondering who to believe any more and constantly searching for the truth beneath the headlines. The author certainly conjures up this complicated present and what it’s like to be a journalist within this maze of misinformation, but she also weaves in the fascinating Cold War era, a time absolutely ripe with complicated plots and conspiracies. It’s a clever combination, because when we think back to America and the Cold War we think of the containment of Russia, the Berlin Wall, the arms and space race between the US and USSR, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. At this time even a hint of collaboration between East and West rising to the surface, was investigated robustly and punishments were harsh. McCarthyism was the epitome of the type of paranoia on display as actors and other people working in Hollywood were interrogated and their movements restricted if any socialist or communist sympathies were found. In this country the Profumo affair brought to light a sexual scandal where our Secretary of State for war was having an extra-marital affair with 19 year old model Christine Keeler, who was also sleeping with a Russian naval attaché. Again the root of the problem was secret parties held by osteopath Stephen Ward, where he introduced young models that he knew to powerful men in politics and possibly in the Royal Family too, as portrayed in the series The Crown. This book contrasts these two moments in history as we travel back and forth in time to uncover Lara’s story. It seems that where there were once barriers, there are now complex financial and political relationships between old enemies. Russian financing seems to be behind many Western political campaigns including our own Brexit referendum. Is this simply business or have our old enemies found a more creative way to destabilise the West? I find these complicated collaborations fascinating, so this was fertile ground for a very enjoyable novel as we moved through Paris, Moscow, Washington and New York. Anna Pitoniak uses the character and background of Lara to explore these contrasting time periods in politics. She could have been a cipher, but she’s more than that and is definitely intriguing from the start. Why would the First Lady approach a journalist who is retiring from politics and whose own political leanings are at odds with the President? Why is she choosing to share her life now, especially when there are so many secrets and who is her reader? Is she perhaps getting ahead of a narrative she knows will come out anyway, creating a chance to influence the story and perhaps gain sympathy from the reader. Sofie has to wonder whether she’s been chosen because the First Lady has had a change in outlook or because her choice of a liberal journalist will influence readers into thinking the book is a fair account, more balanced than if she’d chosen a right wing author. All of these questions were running through my head while reading, as if there aren’t enough on the page. I was full of suspicion, but Lara seems open and welcoming, giving Sofie access to her life. Slowly a relationship builds between these two very different women, potentially a friendship. There is trust but does it really work both ways? Lara gives Sofie previously hidden stories from her childhood and adolescence with access to close family members as a back up. Yet I understand Sofie’s confusion, as she starts to like this woman but remains opposed to everything about Lara’s husband – his politics, morality and the way he’s conducted himself in office. So when Lara discloses a huge secret, something serious enough to upset not just her family but global politics too, she may as well have handed Sofie a ticking time bomb. It’s a journalist’s dream to have such a scoop, but there’s a certain amount of trepidation too. This is a slow burn of a novel, but it is engaging and once you’re hooked you’ll want to see what happens. There are some twist and turns to keep the reader entertained, but the author always keeps it intelligent and historically factual underneath, especially in the Cold War sections. While I didn’t form an attachment to either character I did enjoy the story, showing how the things most important to us like love and family become threatened when pulled into the world of espionage. There are also themes of complicity and the lack of integrity rife in modern-day politics, so current as we go through scandals such as Partygate and see the daily revelations from the COVID Enquiry. I also enjoyed reading a political thriller with two women as the focus, something often lacking in this genre. This is my first novel by this author and I look forward to reading others. Released by No Exit Press in the UK on 29 June 2023. Meet the Author Anna Pitoniak is the author of The Futures, Necessary People, Our American Friend, and the forthcoming The Helsinki Affair. She graduated from Yale, where she majored in English and was an editor at the Yale Daily News. She worked for many years in book publishing, most recently as a Senior Editor at Random House. Anna grew up in Whistler, British Columbia, and now lives in East Hampton and New York City.
4591	dbpedia	0	24	https://www.hoover.org/fellows	en	Hoover Fellows	https://www.hoover.org/s…ng?itok=qk81kQsc	https://www.hoover.org/s…ng?itok=qk81kQsc	[ "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/SUSig_red.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/company-logo.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/search.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/close_icon_black.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/styles/410x410/public/publication/2022-07/BooksbyFellows1700px.jpg?h=21dd7f47&itok=_5WUwu7u", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/styles/410x410/public/publication/2022-07/EconWorkingPapers_1700px.jpg?h=a123bc17&itok=0dIJ3cmL", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/styles/410x410/public/publication/2022-07/education-initiative_square.jpeg?itok=MsT5QItO", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/close_icon_black.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/close_icon_black.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/search_red.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/close_icon_black.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/close_icon_black.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/search_red.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/close_icon_black.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/close_icon_black.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/search_red.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/myaccount/towericon.jpeg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/sign-up-tab/google_icon.png", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/close_icon_black.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/myaccount/towericon.jpeg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/sign-up-tab/google_icon.png", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/close_icon_black.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/close_icon_black.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/SUSig_red.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/close_icon_white.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/dist/images/close_icon_black.svg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/banner-second-level/2021-11/banner.png", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/full-card-slider/2024-05/Hoover_USIndiaRelations_PublicEvent_5-6-24_PatrickBeaudouin_PTB_9509_0.jpg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/full-card-slider/2024-05/RSD24_034_0632a_630_0.jpg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/full-card-slider/2024-05/Hoover_MonetaryPolicyConference_5-2-24_PatrickBeaudouin_IMG_1695_630_0.jpg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/full-card-slider/2024-05/Hoover_MarketsVsMandates_4-8-24_PatrickBeaudouin_PTB_1151_630_0.jpg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/full-card-slider/2024-05/8E1A7180_630_0.jpg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/full-card-slider/2024-05/Hoover_FutureInternationalCollaborations_R5_1-22-24_PatrickBeaudouin_PTB_5502_630_0.jpg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/content-with-image-slider/2022-02/John-Cogan-headshot.jpeg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/content-with-image-slider/2022-02/traffic.jpeg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/content-with-image-slider/2022-03/michael_mc_faul.png", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/content-with-image-slider/2022-02/buildings.jpeg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/styles/630_360/public/content/paragraph/info-column/2022-07/Traitel_630px.jpg?itok=Uslmx99m", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/card-with-link/2022-07/National-Security-Affairs-Fellows-Program_630px_card_v2.jpg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/card-with-link/2022-07/Hoover-Fellows-Program_630px_card.jpg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/card-with-link/2022-07/Campbell-Visiting-Fellows-Program_630px_card.jpg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/paragraph/card-with-link/2022-07/Campbell-National-Fellows_630px_card.jpg", "https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/content/block/footer_cta/field_image/2022-02/footer_cta.jpg", "https://www.hoover.org/themes/hoover/templates/assets/images/footer-logo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Hoover's core strength is its scholars - both esteemed generalists capable of addressing broad policy applications, and experts in specific areas of public policy.	en	/themes/hoover/favicon.ico	Hoover Institution	https://www.hoover.org/fellows	Our Fellows Hoover scholars form the Institution’s core and create breakthrough ideas aligned with our mission and ideals. What sets Hoover apart from all other policy organizations is its status as a center of scholarly excellence, its locus as a forum of scholarly discussion of public policy, and its ability to bring the conclusions of this scholarship to a public audience. Hoover’s hallmark has been and remains rigorous, independent policy scholarship, distinguished by its empirical and intellectual rigor and grounded in history, data, and logic. Explore Edit Filters Refine Results By Research Interest Select from the list… A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z By Expertise Select from the list… A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z By Fellow Type Select from the list… By Abc filter Additional Filters Filtering By: Sort by Fellow Type Sort Alphabetical FEATURED WORKS BY FELLOWS . John F. Cogan , Daniel L. Heil \| Fox News Cogan and Heil: L.A.'s new basic income program ignores everything we know about welfare Nov 4, 2021 History . Michael McFaul It’s Time to Up Our Democracy Promotion Game Nov 12, 2021 History Research Teams /research/teams/fellow /research/teams/fellow Fellows programs Gain a deeper understanding of public policy at the Hoover Institution The Hoover Institution at Stanford University seeks outstanding scholars for various programs. . The Robert and Marion Oster National Security Affairs Fellows Program . Hoover Fellows Program . The Campbell Visiting Fellows Program . W. Glenn Campbell and Rita Ricardo-Campbell National Fellows
4591	dbpedia	3	4	https://royalsociety.org/about-us/work-for-us/	en	Work for us	https://royalsociety.org…ork-for-us_2.jpg	https://royalsociety.org…ork-for-us_2.jpg	[ "https://royalsociety.org/assets/images/logo@2x.png", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/about-us/work-for-us/georgia-park.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/about-us/work-for-us/helena-eaton.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/about-us/work-for-us/bijal-jagatia.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/about-us/work-for-us/des8801_website-transformation-project_images_about-us_work-for-us_our-values.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/about-us/work-for-us/vacancies-small.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/about-us/history/burlington-houselondon-at-nightdaws-lrs9730.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/about-us/work-for-us/url(/-/media/navigation/footer/logoalt2x.png)" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	What's it like to work at the Royal Society	en	/assets/icons/favicon-16x16.png		https://royalsociety.org/about-us/work-for-us/	What's it like to work at the Royal Society? The Royal Society is the independent scientific academy of the UK. Our aim is to recognise, promote and support excellence in science, and to encourage the development and use of science for the benefit of humanity. We have a wide range of roles and are based in one location overlooking St James’s Park and near Green Park, Piccadilly and Trafalgar Square. Learn The Society wants to ensure every member of staff has the right opportunities to learn and develop their knowledge and skills. This can take many forms such as coaching, leadership training, upskilling, and mentoring. Staff can also apply for a financial bursary to pursue a further education course or a professional qualification. Move forward Learning and development are a part of moving forward in your career. If you work at the Society, you’ll find the support and encouragement to develop yourself with a view to progressing your career. All career opportunities are openly advertised across the organisation and staff from other teams and grades are encouraged to apply. Recognition and reward Our staff are high performing and produce amazing work. Every so often staff go the ‘extra mile’ perhaps by running or participating in a project, creating or following through an idea, or suggesting new ways to improve our efficiency. To recognise this extra effort and celebrate success, the Society runs a performance based one-off bonus scheme. In addition, a pay review takes place annually and the Society uses a wide variety of benchmarking processes to remain competitive. We work hard to provide a full range of staff benefits and these can be found on the Vacancies page. Flexibility The importance of a balance between work and private life is recognised here and put into action. Staff work within core hours and can have flexible start and finish times. Eligible employees can request and apply for flexible working arrangements. The Society has adopted a hybrid flexible approach to working. This means most staff are contracted to work in the office with the option to work remotely some of the time. Health Staff health and wellbeing are a priority at the Society. Organised by staff, there is yoga and football on offer while the staff portal offers advice on wellbeing, cooking, sleep and restoration. Mental health is as equally important as physical health with personal and confidential support such as the Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) and our onsite Mental Health First Aiders. Fun Our staff are a great group of friendly people who organise fun events in the office such as video game sessions, board games, book clubs and movie nights. Everyone is welcome.
4591	dbpedia	0	32	https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Clerk-Maxwell	en	James Clerk Maxwell \| Biography & Facts	https://cdn.britannica.c…lerk-Maxwell.jpg	https://cdn.britannica.c…lerk-Maxwell.jpg	[ "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/09/18309-004-482357C6/James-Clerk-Maxwell.jpg", "https://cdn.britannica.com/19/185519-138-60813CAB/properties-electromagnetic-fields-waves.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-124/images/shared/default3.png?v=3.124.12", "https://cdn.britannica.com/88/144788-131-ADACA20E/Michael-Faraday-John-Frederic-Daniell.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/01/115001-131-7278E518/Enrico-Fermi-Italian-problem-physics-1950.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/76/219376-131-8501C217/artists-brushes-paints.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/69/132269-131-24D9B49B/Portion-skyline-Tokyo-right-Tower.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/06/192806-131-75DD8878/drive-Highway-Night-Traffic-Portland-automobile-car.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/33/183533-131-AEA24595/moon-Pluto-photo-Charon-New-Horizons-spacecraft-July-13-2015.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/51/157551-131-44092D74/Solar-system-illustration.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/05/214505-050-A83E1035/light-refraction-image-cube-prism.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/73/124073-131-EA3EACC6/Tug-of-war-US-Naval-Academy-Maryland-Annapolis-2005.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/91/223091-131-A986B08A/relief-Zoroastrian-god-Ahura-Mazda-Persepolis-Iran.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/36/162636-131-E4AA93A0/Colosseum-Rome-Italy.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/41/166941-131-E27FD3A6/Yingxiu-school-China-Sichuan-earthquake-May-2008.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/45/209245-131-C6D09B32/gray-squirrel-acorn.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/96/173996-131-3DDAD81A/Fish-Lionfish-Lion-fish-Turkey-fish-Red-lionfish.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/31/142331-131-EE300AF6/basketball-Orange-background-lighting-Homepage-entertainment-history-2010.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/09/18309-004-482357C6/James-Clerk-Maxwell.jpg?w=400&h=300&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/01/115001-131-7278E518/Enrico-Fermi-Italian-problem-physics-1950.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "James Clerk Maxwell", "encyclopedia", "encyclopeadia", "britannica", "article" ]	null	[ "Cyril Domb" ]	1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00	James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist best known for his formulation of electromagnetic theory. He is regarded by most modern physicists as the scientist of the 19th century who had the greatest influence on 20th-century physics. Learn more about his life and work.	en	/favicon.png	Encyclopedia Britannica	https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Clerk-Maxwell	James Clerk Maxwell (born June 13, 1831, Edinburgh, Scotland—died November 5, 1879, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England) was a Scottish physicist best known for his formulation of electromagnetic theory. He is regarded by most modern physicists as the scientist of the 19th century who had the greatest influence on 20th-century physics, and he is ranked with Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein for the fundamental nature of his contributions. In 1931, on the 100th anniversary of Maxwell’s birth, Einstein described the change in the conception of reality in physics that resulted from Maxwell’s work as “the most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton.” The concept of electromagnetic radiation originated with Maxwell, and his field equations, based on Michael Faraday’s observations of the electric and magnetic lines of force, paved the way for Einstein’s special theory of relativity, which established the equivalence of mass and energy. Maxwell’s ideas also ushered in the other major innovation of 20th-century physics, the quantum theory. His description of electromagnetic radiation led to the development (according to classical theory) of the ultimately unsatisfactory law of heat radiation, which prompted Max Planck’s formulation of the quantum hypothesis—i.e., the theory that radiant-heat energy is emitted only in finite amounts, or quanta. The interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter, integral to Planck’s hypothesis, in turn has played a central role in the development of the theory of the structure of atoms and molecules. Early life Maxwell came from a comfortable middle-class background. The original family name was Clerk, the additional surname being added by his father, who was a lawyer, after he had inherited the Middlebie estate from Maxwell ancestors. James was an only child. His parents had married late in life, and his mother was 40 years old at his birth. (See Researcher’s Note: Maxwell’s date of birth.) Shortly afterward the family moved from Edinburgh to Glenlair, the country house on the Middlebie estate. His mother died in 1839 from abdominal cancer, the very disease to which Maxwell was to succumb at exactly the same age. A dull and uninspired tutor was engaged who claimed that James was slow at learning, though in fact he displayed a lively curiosity at an early age and had a phenomenal memory. Fortunately he was rescued by his aunt Jane Cay and from 1841 was sent to school at the Edinburgh Academy. Among the other pupils were his biographer Lewis Campbell and his friend Peter Guthrie Tait. Britannica Quiz Physics and Natural Law Maxwell’s interests ranged far beyond the school syllabus, and he did not pay particular attention to examination performance. His first scientific paper, published when he was only 14 years old, described a generalized series of oval curves that could be traced with pins and thread by analogy with an ellipse. This fascination with geometry and with mechanical models continued throughout his career and was of great help in his subsequent research. At age 16 he entered the University of Edinburgh, where he read voraciously on all subjects and published two more scientific papers. In 1850 he went to the University of Cambridge, where his exceptional powers began to be recognized. His mathematics teacher, William Hopkins, was a well-known “wrangler maker” (a wrangler is one who takes first-class honours in the mathematics examinations at Cambridge) whose students included Tait, George Gabriel (later Sir George) Stokes, William Thomson (later Baron Kelvin), Arthur Cayley, and Edward John Routh. Of Maxwell, Hopkins is reported to have said that he was the most extraordinary man he had ever met, that it seemed impossible for him to think wrongly on any physical subject, but that in analysis he was far more deficient. (Other contemporaries also testified to Maxwell’s preference for geometrical over analytical methods.) This shrewd assessment was later borne out by several important formulas advanced by Maxwell that obtained correct results from faulty mathematical arguments. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now In 1854 Maxwell was second wrangler and first Smith’s prizeman (the Smith’s Prize is a prestigious competitive award for an essay that incorporates original research). He was elected to a fellowship at Trinity, but, because his father’s health was deteriorating, he wished to return to Scotland. In 1856 he was appointed to the professorship of natural philosophy at Marischal College, Aberdeen, but before the appointment was announced his father died. This was a great personal loss, for Maxwell had had a close relationship with his father. In June 1858 Maxwell married Katherine Mary Dewar, daughter of the principal of Marischal College. The union was childless and was described by his biographer as a “married life…of unexampled devotion.” In 1860 the University of Aberdeen was formed by a merger between King’s College and Marischal College, and Maxwell was declared redundant. He applied for a vacancy at the University of Edinburgh, but he was turned down in favour of his school friend Tait. He then was appointed to the professorship of natural philosophy at King’s College, London. The next five years were undoubtedly the most fruitful of his career. During this period his two classic papers on the electromagnetic field were published, and his demonstration of colour photography took place. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1861. His theoretical and experimental work on the viscosity of gases also was undertaken during these years and culminated in a lecture to the Royal Society in 1866. He supervised the experimental determination of electrical units for the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and this work in measurement and standardization led to the establishment of the National Physical Laboratory. He also measured the ratio of electromagnetic and electrostatic units of electricity and confirmed that it was in satisfactory agreement with the velocity of light as predicted by his theory.
4591	dbpedia	1	91	https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/about/fellows/	en	Fellows \| Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise	https://sites.krieger.jh…icon-192x192.png	https://sites.krieger.jh…icon-192x192.png	[ "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/wp-content/themes/ksas-blocks/dist/images/krieger.shield.svg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Eric_Abrahamson_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Dalit_Baranoff_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/William_Barnett_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Alexander-Belozertsev-Headshot.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Nancy_Berlage_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Galen_Burghardt_2015.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/06/IMG_3609-e1528468403267.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Simon-Constable-Headshot.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Robert_Garnet_2015.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/John-Greenwood-Headshot.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Brian_Gunia_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/06/2688352.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2023/05/thumbnail_PastedGraphic-1-225x300.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2023/04/PHOTO-J-DE-LAROSIERE-200x300.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Chris-McCoy-Headshot.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2021/03/DenisMcHugh_ML197.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Motlagh.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/AP.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2022/12/Screen-Shot-2022-12-17-at-4.38.23-PM-243x300.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/David_Ranson.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2024/02/Carl-Schramm-high-res-photo-731x1024.jpeg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Matt-Sekerke-Headshot.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Leo_Slater_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Jeffrey_Sturchio-photo_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/John_Tatom_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2024/05/IMG_20240522_151457179_HDR2-780x1024.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/David-Yu-Headshot.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/wp-content/themes/ksas-blocks/dist/images/university.shield.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2017-04-12T10:08:08-04:00	At present, there are 26 Fellows of the Institute. In addition to conducting research, most of the Fellows also teach courses at the main Homewood Campus of The Johns Hopkins University. These courses are taught in the following departments: Economics, Geography and Environmental Engineering, History, and Political Science. The joint teaching of the well-regarded Applied...	en	https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/wp-content/themes/ksas-blocks/dist/images/favicons/favicon.ico	Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise	https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/about/fellows/	At present, there are 26 Fellows of the Institute. In addition to conducting research, most of the Fellows also teach courses at the main Homewood Campus of The Johns Hopkins University. These courses are taught in the following departments: Economics, Geography and Environmental Engineering, History, and Political Science. The joint teaching of the well-regarded Applied Economics & Finance course by Prof. Hanke and Institute Fellow Hesam Motlagh illustrates one of the many types of teaching activities in which Fellows are engaged. (Click here for the course syllabus). Eric Abrahamson Phone: (605)-484-3820 Email: [email protected] Eric John Abrahamson is an economic historian who has written about various regulated industries including telecommunications, financial services and electric utilities, as well as philanthropy. He is president of Vantage Point Historical Services, Inc. Abrahamson received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University. He is the author or co-author of a number of books including Building Home: Howard F. Ahmanson and the Politics of the American Dream (University of California Press, 2013); Spirited Commitment: The Samuel & Saidye Bronfman Foundation (McGill-Queens University Press, 2010) and Anytime, Anywhere: Entrepreneurship and the Creation of a Wireless World (Cambridge University Press, 2002). Abrahamson edited a series of books on the history of the Rockefeller Foundation. He wrote Beyond Charity: A Century of Philanthropic Innovation (Rockefeller Foundation, 2013) and co-authored Democracy & Philanthropy: the Rockefeller Foundation and the American Experiment (Rockefeller Foundation, 2013). Dalit Baranoff Phone: (301) 949-2590 Email: [email protected] Dalit Baranoff is a business historian specializing in the history of insurance and risk management. She is currently employed as a consultant, researching and writing about the insurance industry and insurance history. After receiving her Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University, Baranoff taught U.S. history and worked on a number of research projects. She has conducted research on the dot-com era, the pharmaceutical industry, entrepreneurship, and engineering management, as well as insurance. Baranoff also spent four years as a content editor at ProQuest, where she contributed to History Vault, a digital archive product. William A. Barnett Phone: (785) 864-2844 Email: [email protected] CV: William Barnett CV Dr. William A. Barnett is an eminent economic scientist and originator of the Divisia monetary aggregates and the “Barnett Critique.” His work in the area of monetary and financial economics has been highly influential in shaping academic and central-bank staff research in the last thirty years. He has published widely on tests for nonlinear dynamics, chaos, and bifurcation, and is a major contributor to research on modeling consumer and producer behavior. Dr. Barnett is Oswald Distinguished Professor of Macroeconomics at the University of Kansas Department of Economics and Core Faculty Member of the Center for Global and International Studies at the University of Kansas, as well as Senior Fellow of the IC2 Institute at the University of Texas at Austin. He is Founder and Editor of the Cambridge University Press journal, Macroeconomic Dynamics, and Founder and Editor of the Emerald Press monograph series, International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics. Dr. Barnett founded the Society for Economic Measurement and serves as president. He is founder and director of the Institute for Nonlinear Dynamical Inference in Moscow. He is also director of the Advances in Monetary and Financial Measurement Program at the Center for Financial Stability. He previously was on the staff of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington, DC for eight years, was Stuart Centennial Professor of Economics at the University of Texas at Austin, Full Professor of Economics at Washington University in St. Louis, and Research Associate at the University of Chicago. Dr. Barnett has published over 200 articles in professional journals and 32 books, as either author or editor. He co-authored the book, Inside the Economist’s Mind, with the late Paul Samuelson, America‘s first Nobel Prize Winner in Economics. He has also received over 43 different awards and honors. His research has been published in 7 languages. In 2013, Dr. Barnett was awarded the Balfour S. Jeffrey Research Award in the Humanities and Social Sciences. He won the American Publishers Award for Professional and Scholarly Excellence (the PROSE Award) for the best book published in economics in 2012, Getting It Wrong: How Faulty Monetary Statistics Undermine the Fed, the Financial System, and the Economy. Alexander A. Belozertsev CV: Alexander Belozertsev CV Dr. Alexander A. Belozertsev graduated from the University in Moscow, USSR (1980). He received his Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics (World Grain Economy) at the Moscow Agricultural Academy named by K. Timirjazev in 1986, and worked for the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989 till 1992. He spent as a trainee more than one year at the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) in 1991-92 studying commodity markets, both, in cash and futures. Since then he worked as a Representative of Cargill Investor Services, Inc. (1992-96), Refco, Inc. (1996-97), and Sakura Dellsher, Inc. (1997-98) in the FSU region. Dr. Alexander A. Belozertsev also worked for more than 4 years as a Marketing Representative of the USA Rice Federation in Russia in 1998-2002. Since then he has been consulting various technical assistance projects on the development of the warehouse receipt system and commodity exchanges in the FSU (Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine), Eastern Europe, and Africa (Cote-D’Ivore, Ethiopia, Ghana, Rwanda, South Africa, and Tanzania). He managed (as a Chief of Party & Team Leader) the EU-funded ‘Cereals Exchange & Licensed Warehouse’ (CELW) Project in Sanliurfa Province / Turkey in 2015-17. In 2017-18 he accomplished (as a Team Leader) the “Assessment of the Readiness for FX Derivatives Market Development in Kyrgyzstan” Project, financed by the European Bank for Reconstruction & Development (EBRD). Dr. Alexander A. Belozertsev has got about 100 publications (articles, books, professional papers, etc.) on the agricultural commodity markets, derivatives, and commodity exchanges including the article “Exchange’ in the Big Russian Encyclopedia (Russian Britannica), Moscow: ‘The Big Russian Encyclopedia’, 2005, (Volume N3, Letter B); “Assessment of the Possibilities for an Agricultural Futures Market in Ukraine”, the World Bank Working Paper, Washington DC & Kiev/Ukraine: December 2005; translated from English into Russian and edited Leo Melamed’s book “Escape to the Futures” (Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996), Moscow: ‘ALPINA Publishers’, 2010; “Commodity Exchanges in Europe & Central Asia: A Means for Management of Price Risk”, FAO UN Investment Center Working paper prepared under the FAO / World Bank Cooperative Programme, Rome/Italy: March 2011; “The Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX) Warehouse Receipt System: A Guide for Borrowers”, World Bank / IFC Advisory Services, Washington DC: 2013; “The ECX Warehouse Receipt System: A Guide for Banks”, World Bank / IFC Advisory Services, Washington DC: 2013; “The Former Soviet Union (FSU) Grain Economy: A Challenge to the Future”, Farmers’ Radio ‘KMA Land’ Annual Publication, Red Oak, Iowa: May 2014; “Some Considerations on the Development of Commodity Exchanges in Russia”, Professional Journal “The Securities Market”, N5, June 2015. Dr. Alexander A. Belozertsev is an individual member of the International Commodity & Derivatives Association (ICDA) based in Geneva / Switzerland. Nancy K. Berlage Phone: (512) 245-4529 Email: [email protected] Dr. Nancy K. Berlage is Assistant Professor for the History Department and Public History Program at Texas State University. Berlage is currently writing on the history of agricultural economic development and rural public health in gendered and cultural contexts. She previously served as Chief Editor and Senior Historian (GS-15) for the Office of the Secretary of Defense in Washington, DC. Prior to that, she was volumes editor for the Defense Acquisition History Project at the U.S. Army Center of Military History; Senior Historian with History Associates; and she ran her own consulting company, which won public history contracts with the National Institutes of Health. Additionally, she served as Assistant Editor of the Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower at Johns Hopkins University. Galen Burghardt Phone: (224) 420-6373 Email: [email protected] CV: Galen Burghardt CV Galen Burghardt is a specialist in finance with a focus on futures markets. He is the lead author of The Treasury Bond Basis, The Eurodollar Futures and Options Handbook, and Managed Futures for Institutional Investors. He was Adjunct Professor of Finance at the Chicago Booth School, where he taught a popular MBA course in futures, swaps, and options from 1991 to 2005. He has been a director of research for several prominent futures commission merchants. He was director of financial research for the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, and an economist with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. He holds a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Washington. Warren L. Coats Phone: (703) 608-2975 Email: [email protected] CV: Warren Coats CV Warren Coats has a BA degree in economics from the University of California, Berkeley and MA and Ph.D degrees in economics from the University of Chicago. After five years as an assistant professor of economics at the University of Virginia, he joined the IMF in 1976. He became chief of the SDR division in the Finance Department in 1983 and was Assistant Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department (MCM) when he retired in May 2003 to become a Director of the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (2003-10). Dr. Coats was a visiting economist at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in 1979 and was seconded to the World Bank for one year to help write the 1989 World Development Report on Financial Systems. From the SDR division of the Finance Department, Dr. Coats rejoined what is now MCM in the IMF in January 1992 and almost immediately led a technical assistance mission to Bulgaria followed by back-to-back missions to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in April of that year. Thus began an intensive program of developing new central banks and currencies that has lasted beyond his retirement. Dr. Coats has lead more than 70 missions that have produced practical advice and assistance to central banks, often under crisis conditions. These include missions to Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kyrgyz Republic, Malta, Moldova, Nigeria, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Turkey, the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He supervised the establishment of new central banks in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the reestablishment, transformation, and development of the payment and banking systems in Kosovo, and helped Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and later Bosnia and Herzegovina introduce their own currencies. Dr. Coats’ work on banking sector issues in Moldova, Bulgaria, Croatia, Turkey and Yugoslavia has provided him with the practical experience reflected in his several articles on banking sector soundness issues (including several papers on Bank Insolvency Law). He has also written on various monetary theory and policy issues, including electronic money and inflation targeting. He edited a book on Inflation Targeting in Transition Economies published by the IMF and the Czech National Bank and co edited a book on the same subject published by the Czech National Bank in 2003. His most recent book, One Currency for Bosnia: Creating of the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was published in August 2007 by Jameson Press, Ill. After retiring from the IMF, Dr. Coats was Sr. Monetary Policy Advisor to the Central Bank of Iraq in 2004-5, helped South Sudan prepare to issue and manage its own currency when it became independent on July 9, 2011 (with Deloitte/USAID) and was a consulting member of the IMF program team for Afghanistan from Sept 2010 to Dec 2013. He was a Director of the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority from 2003-10 and a member of the Editorial Board of the Cayman Financial Review 2010 – 17. Simon Constable Email: [email protected] CV: Simon Constable CV Prior to becoming a full-time economics journalist/commentator in 2006, Mr. Constable worked in a variety of strategy/advisor roles for major corporations. He started a new business line for consulting firm Hay Group, which independently valued stock options for publicly-traded corporations. He was a director at the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, where he advised senior management on executive pay, and designed compensation plans. He also worked at at General Motors/Delphi where he managed $10 billion of borrowings and derivatives, helped eliminate 25,000 positions across the globe, and analyzed the company’s huge retirement plans. He also worked on Wall Street as a chemicals industry researcher for investment bank Kidder, Peabody. His first book, The WSJ Guide to the 50 Economic Indicators that Really Matter, won an economics category award in the 2012 Small Business Book Awards at Small Business Trends. It has been translated into multiple languages. He authored the Rudolf Wolff mini-guides to the London Metal Exchange, and the Real Money Guide to Investing in Gold. He co-authored, “Make Your Voice Heard: Strategically Positioning HR during Mergers & Acquisitions,” for WorldatWork Journal. Currently, he writes the monthly “In Translation” column for The Wall Street Journal. He also contributes regularly to U.S. News & World Report, OZY, Barron’s, TheStreet, Fortune, and Forbes.com. Mr. Constable received his MBA in 1997 from the Darden Graduate School of Business at the University of Virginia, where he wrote a case study on the problems tied to hedging metal price risk. He also graduated with an MA (hons) in economics from St. Andrews University in Scotland, where he wrote his dissertation on Hong Kong’s monetary system. He holds a Masters in business & economics journalism from NYU, where he wrote a research paper on the hazards of family business. Robert Wayne Garnet Phone: (202) 957-7051 Email: [email protected] Dr. Garnet earned his B.A. (Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1972) and his Ph.D. (History, 1984) at the Johns Hopkins University where he studied American economic and business history under Louis Galambos. His thesis and first book, The Telephone Enterprise, was a study of the early corporate and organizational development of the Bell System and was published by Johns Hopkins Press in 1985. In 1978, Dr. Garnet was employed by AT&T to conduct historical research in support of the company’s anti-trust defense. Dr. Garnet retired from AT&T in 2000 after a career specializing in public policy and regulatory issue in the company’s public and media relations department. Since 2004, Dr. Garnet has been a visiting scholar and fellow of the Institute of Applied Economics, Global Health and the Study of Business Enterprise at Johns Hopkins. Dr. Garnet’s current interest and research focuses on the impact of economic ideas and politics driving the most recent debate and implementation of regulation of the telecommunications industry. John G. Greenwood Phone: +44 (0)7776 330 242 Email: [email protected] CV: John Greenwood CV John Greenwood is Chief Economist of International Monetary Monitor Ltd. A graduate of Edinburgh University, he did economic research at Tokyo University and was a visiting research fellow at the Bank of Japan (1970-74). From 1974 he was Chief Economist with GT Management plc, based initially in Hong Kong and later in San Francisco. As editor of Asian Monetary Monitor he proposed a currency board scheme for stabilizing the Hong Kong dollar in 1983 that is still in operation today. Mr. Greenwood was a director of the Hong Kong Futures Exchange Clearing Corporation (1987-91) and council member the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong (1992-93). An economic adviser to the Hong Kong Government (1992-93), he has been a member of the Committee on Currency Board Operations of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority since 1998. He is also a member of the Shadow Monetary Policy Committee in England. Mr. Greenwood is a member of the Advisory Council of the Institute of International Monetary Research at the University of Buckingham. He is also a director of the Hong Kong Association in London. In 1980 he translated Yoshio Suzuki’s book, “Gendai Nihon Kinyuron” as “Money and Banking in Contemporary Japan” from Japanese. In 2007 he authored a book entitled “Hong Kong’s Link to the US Dollar: Origins and Evolution” (Hong Kong University Press) which covers the collapse of the currency in 1983 and its subsequent restoration to stability under the plan he devised. Brian Gunia Phone: (410) 234-9423 Email: [email protected] CV: Brian Gunia CV Brian Gunia is an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Carey Business School. He holds a Ph.D. in management from Northwestern University. Brian’s research focuses on negotiation, ethical decision-making, and organizational failure. It has been published in several academic journals including the Academy of Management Journal, Journal of Applied Psychology, and Annual Review of Psychology. Brian’s research has also been featured in popular media outlets like The Economist, Wall Street Journal, and Forbes. Brian has received several awards for his research and teaching, and he is the founder of the Carey School’s Business in Government Initiative. Previously, Brian worked as a consultant at Deloitte. Robert Hetzel Phone: (804) 205-8180 Email: [email protected] CV: Robert Hetzel CV Robert Hetzel received an AB degree in 1967 and a Ph.D. in 1975 both from the University of Chicago. While at Chicago, he was in the Money and Banking workshop and did his thesis work under Milton Friedman. Robert joined the Research Department at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in 1975, where as Senior Economist and Research Advisor he served as an adviser to the Bank president on matters concerning his participation in FOMC meetings. He retired January 2018. Robert’s research agenda is the evolution of central banking in the modern regime of fiat money. He regularly writes articles on monetary policy in which he continues the Friedman monetarist tradition. His two recent books, both published by Cambridge University Press, are The Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve: A History (2008) and The Great Recession: Market Failure or Policy Failure? (2012). Manuel Hinds Phone: +34657 206 300 Email: [email protected] CV: manuelhinds.com Manuel Hinds is an economic, monetary, and financial consultant. His experience includes being Minister of Finance of El Salvador (1995-1999), carrying out a series of economic reforms that resulted in high growth rates and positioning the country as one of the two investment-grade countries in Latin America, the other being Chile. In 2000, the President of El Salvador put him in charge of the dollarization of the country, which he had proposed in the previous several years. During his ten years at the World Bank, he worked for extended periods in 40 countries in several positions, including Division Chief, Trade, Finance, and Private Sector Development for Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. He shared the 2010 Hayek Price from the Manhattan Institute. He is the author of many papers published by the World Bank and International Finance and has given conferences at several universities, public sector institutions, and research institutes. He has published four books: The triumph of the flexible society: the connectivity revolution and resistance to Change, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 2003; Playing Monopoly with the Devil: Dollarization and domestic currencies in developing countries. Yale University Press, Fall 2006; Money, Markets and Sovereignty, with Benn Steil, Yale University Press, 2009, winner of the Hayek Prize; and In defense of Liberal Democracy: What We Need to Do to Heal a Divided America, Watertown, MA, Imagine! 2021. He holds an Industrial Engineering degree from the University of El Salvador and a Master’s in Economics from Northwestern University. Jacques de Larosière Email: [email protected] Jacques de Larosière is a Former Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (1978-1987). After beginning his career as a member of the Inspectorate General of Finances, he was Director of the Trésor (1973-1978), Governor of the Banque de France (1987-1993), President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (1993-1998), President of the Observatoire de l’Epargne Européenne and of the think tank EUROFI, is currently Advisor to BNP Paribas’s Chairman. Mr de Larosière is a former student of the ENA and a graduate of the IEP (Institut d’Etudes Politiques of Paris). He is a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques of the Institut de France. Christopher McCoy Email: [email protected] CV: Christopher McCoy CV Christopher McCoy has been involved in natural resources for nearly two decades focusing mainly on energy markets. He started in the risk management group at London Electricity, where he advised on electricity market reform and purchasing strategies. He left to join Glencore, where he looked at electricity market issues related to assets in aluminium and advised on risk management in the oil group. He left and formed Port Meadow Capital, where he has advised other trading houses, utilities, hedge funds, and fund of funds on business development, asset acquisition opportunities, asset optimisation, storage valuation, and systematic and discretionary research. He holds degrees from Johns Hopkins University and Oxford University. Denis McHugh Email: [email protected] Denis McHugh is the Chief Risk Officer for Bank of Montreal’s Global Markets investment bank. He has amassed over 30 years of experience in trading markets across the globe while working for investment banks in Europe and North America. After beginning with Bond Basis arbitrage at Discount Corp of New York Futures, Mr. McHugh traded for ABN Amro bank in the nascent derivative markets in the early 1990s developing products and hedging solutions. This later expanded to emerging markets, where he was assigned as the bank’s representative to the Russian default credit group in 1998, and in Europe, as the single currency was implemented into the financial markets. In the past 11 years, Mr. McHugh has had senior positions in Market Risk management for Commerzbank and now Bank of Montreal’s global trading and treasury operations. He has overseen the implementation of market risk and liquidity platforms used for steering the bank’s risks and defining the risk appetite as well as being compliant with the multiple regulatory regimes wherein the institutions transact. Mr. McHugh has a B.A. in Economics from Washington University in St. Louis. Hesam Motlagh Phone: (216) 577-7425 Email: [email protected] CV: Hesam Motlagh CV Hesam is passionate about translating basic science discoveries into products that have a significant impact on society. His main role is Chief of Staff at Khosla Ventures where he works with Vinod Khosla on strategic projects for the firm and advises portfolio companies on fundraising, product, business development, marketing, and general strategy. Currently, Hesam is an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Structural Biology at Stanford Medicine and a Fellow at The Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise where he is co-editor of the Studies in Applied Finance series. Previously, he worked on financial and corporate strategy at Seer Biosciences and was a Pear Fellow at Pear VC. Before Seer, he was a quantitative research analyst at Croft-Leominster Investment Management in Baltimore, after being a molecular and computational biophysicist for almost a decade. Hesam has many peer-reviewed publications including a review article that was highlighted on the cover of Nature. He completed his MBA at the Stanford Graduate School of Business after completing a postdoctoral fellowship under the supervision of Prof. Steve H. Hanke at Johns Hopkins University. Prior to his postdoctoral work, he obtained his PhD from the program in molecular biophysics at Johns Hopkins University under the supervision of Prof. Vincent Hilser. He obtained undergraduate degrees in both biochemistry and mathematics & statistics from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Andrew Popp Email: [email protected] Andrew Popp is Professor of Business History at the University of Liverpool. He has published widely on a range of topic in British business history, including: industrial districts, business networks; social capital; trust; travelling salespeople; family firms and entrepreneurship. Currently his work is focused on the role of emotions in business life and the integration of the history of emotions into business history. Andrew is Editor-in-Chief at Enterprise and Society: The International Journal of Business History and a former reviews editor at Business History. He is a member advisory board of the Center for the History of Business, Technology and Society at the Hagley Library. He is also currently a Visiting Professor at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. William “Bill” Poole Email: [email protected] William Poole is a Distinguished Senior Scholar at the Mises Institute and Senior Advisor to Merk Investments. Poole retired as President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in March 2008. In that position, which he held from March 1998, he served on the Federal Reserve’s main monetary policy body, the Federal Open Market Committee. During his ten years at the St. Louis Fed, he presented over 150 speeches on a wide variety of economic and finance topics. Working with his Research Director, Robert Rasche, he did pioneering research on the forecasting accuracy of the federal funds futures market. Before joining the St. Louis Fed, Poole was Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University. He served on the Brown faculty from 1974 to 1998 and the faculty of The Johns Hopkins University from 1963 to 1969. Between these two university positions, he was senior economist at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington. He held a Presidential appointment as a member of the Council of Economic Advisers in the first Reagan administration, from 1982 to 1985. Swarthmore College awarded Poole his AB degree in 1959, with High Honors. He received his MBA and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Chicago in 1963 and 1966, respectively. Swarthmore honored him with the Doctor of Laws degree in 1989. He was inducted into The Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars in 2005 and presented with the Adam Smith Award by the National Association for Business Economics in 2006. In 2007, the Global Interdependence Center presented him its Frederick Heldring Award. Poole has engaged in a wide range of professional activities, including publishing numerous papers in professional journals. He has published two books, Money and the Economy: A Monetarist View, in 1978, and Principles of Economics, in 1991. In 1980-81, he was a visiting economist at the Reserve Bank of Australia and in 1991, Bank Mees and Hope Visiting Professor of Economics at Erasmus University in Rotterdam. At various times, he served on advisory boards of the Federal Reserve Banks of Boston and New York, and the Congressional Budget Office. He was a senior fellow, Cato Institute, 2008-17. He is a member of the American Economic Association and the National Association for Business Economics. Poole was born and raised in Wilmington, Delaware. He has four sons. Dr. Poole provides economic and financial consulting services through his firm, Woodsedge Consulting LLC. He may be reached at [email protected]. David Ranson Email: [email protected] Prior to becoming a general partner of H.C. Wainwright & Co. in 1977, Mr. Ranson taught economics at the University of Chicago’s Booth Graduate School of Business. He has been an assistant to then Treasury Secretary William E. Simon, and a member of George P. Shultz’s personal staff at the Office of Management and Budget. Prior to his service in Washington, he was a member of the Boston Consulting Group. In 1989 he became president and director of research at Wainwright Economics, now known as HCWE, an independent investment research firm now located in Cambria, California. David Ranson has addressed audiences and published articles on a wide range of economic and investment topics, and has provided testimony to a number of Congressional committees. His work has appeared in the Wall Street Journal, the New York Times, Barron’s, the Economist, Forbes, and other publications. He holds M.A. and B.Sc. degrees from Queen’s College, Oxford, and an M.B.A. in finance and a Ph.D. in business economics from the University of Chicago. Carl J. Schramm Email: [email protected] Carl J. Schramm is an internationally recognized leader in entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth. He joined the Syracuse University faculty in 2012, following a decade as president of the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. He is the 16th person in the University’s history to be appointed as University Professor. An economist, he served on the faculty of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health from 1973 to 1986. While at Hopkins he founded the nation’s first academic research center to focus on public policy in hospital finance. He was instrumental in designing Maryland’s all-payer reimbursement system and served on the commission that oversaw its implementation. His research helped to rationalize hospital capital markets and to clarify anti-trust policy in the hospital industry. Subsequently, serving five years as president of the Health Insurance Association of America (now America’s Health Insurance Plans), he led the industry’s efforts to provide a private sector solution for the uninsured. Schramm later served as president of Fortis Healthcare and EVP of Fortis (now Assurant), an insurance holding company. In 1995 he founded Greenspring Advisors, a consultancy and business incubator. Schramm was appointed CEO of the Kauffman Foundation in 2002. Under his leadership, Kauffman became the nation’s largest private funder of research related to entrepreneurship, economic growth and innovation. As part of this effort, Kauffman created the first empirical measures of startups in the US economy. With UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown, he initiated Global Entrepreneurship Week, now celebrated in 170 countries. Schramm led Kauffman’s efforts to establish campus-wide entrepreneurship cultures in 17 American universities. The Kauffman Academy, the first charter school in the United States to be operated by a major foundation, was established during his presidency. In 2007, Schramm chaired the Department of Commerce’s Advisory Committee on Measuring Innovation in the 21st Century Economy. In 2011 President Obama appointed him co-chair of the public/private partnership efforts of Startup America. In the academic years 2013 and 2014, Schramm served as the inaugural Arthur and Carlyse Ciocca Visiting Professor of Innovation at the University of California Davis. He served as an elected member of the Government University Industry Research Roundtable (GUIRR) at the National Academies of Sciences, and chairs the Technical Advisory Board of Apple’s Global Programming Academy at the University of Naples. Professor Schramm has served as a trustee of the Templeton World Charities Foundation and the Milbank Memorial Fund. He also serves on the COVID Commission Planning Group. An entrepreneur himself, he founded and co-founded several companies in the health care finance and information technology industries, including HCIA and Patient Choice Healthcare. He serves on the board of Digestiva and Frontier Allies. Professor Schramm’s books include Burn the Business Plan (Simon & Schuster, 2018) translated into nine languages; Better Capitalism, with Robert Litan (Yale, 2012); Inside Real Innovation, with Eugene Fitzgerald and Andreas Wankerl (World Scientific, 2010); Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, with William Baumol and Robert Litan (Yale, 2007) widely used in college courses and translated into ten languages; The Entrepreneurial Imperative (Harper Collins, 2006); and Health Care and Its Costs (American Assembly, 1987). He frequently contributes to the Wall Street Journal, City Journal, The Hill, The Spectator, Real Clear Politics, andthe New York Post. His 2010 article in Foreign Affairs initiated the field of expeditionary economics. Schramm holds a Ph.D. from Wisconsin and a law degree from Georgetown. At Hopkins he held two consecutive NIH career scientist awards and was a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health Policy Fellow at the National Academies of Sciences. He served five years of counsel at Hogan and Hartson (now Hogan Lovells). Professor Schramm holds five honorary doctorates, including a doctor of humane letters from Syracuse University, the University of Rochester’s George Eastman medal, and the National Italian American Foundation’s Leonardo da Vinci Prize. He is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and a Batten fellow at the University of Virginia. Education: J.D., Georgetown University Law Center. Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, Madison. Major: Labor Economics – Industrial Relations M.S., University of Wisconsin, Madison. Major: Economics B.S., LeMoyne College. Major: Economics, Philosophy Matt Sekerke Email: [email protected] Matt Sekerke is President of Ndogenous, a consultancy. Matt consults on macroeconomic and quantitative investment strategies, financial risk management, economic litigation, and the development of forecasting models. His current research interests include macro-finance, money and banking, energy and resource economics, capital theory, and quantitative methods. He is the author of Bayesian Risk Management: A Guide to Model Risk and Sequential Learning in Financial Markets (Wiley Finance, 2015). Matt has also written extensively on monetary policy and monetary economics, often with Co-Director Steve Hanke. Matt holds a PhD in economics from Durham University, an MS in applied mathematics from Columbia University’s Fu Foundation School of Engineering, an MBA in analytic finance and econometrics from the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business, an MA in history from Johns Hopkins University, and a BA in economics and mathematics from Johns Hopkins University. He is also a CFA charterholder, certified Financial Risk Manager (FRM), and a certified Energy Risk Professional (ERP). Leo B. Slater Phone: (202) 766-3599 Email: [email protected] CV: Leo Slater CV A former pharmaceutical research chemist, Leo B. Slater earned a Ph.D. in History at Princeton University in 1997 and has held a number of fellowships and positions including: the DeWitt Stetten, Jr., Memorial Fellowship in the History of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Office of NIH History; Fellow at the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Enterprise of The Johns Hopkins University; and Director of Historical Services at the Chemical Heritage Foundation. In 2009, he published “War and Disease: Biomedical Research on Malaria in the Twentieth Century” (Rutgers University Press). He is currently Historian of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, DC, and is working on a history of NRL since World War II and a history of the development of GPS. Jeffrey L. Sturchio Phone: (212) 365-7517 Email: [email protected] Jeffrey L. Sturchio is President and CEO at Rabin Martin, a global health strategy consulting firm, and former President and CEO of the Global Health Council. Before joining the Council in 2009, Dr. Sturchio was vice president of Corporate Responsibility at Merck & Co. Inc., president of The Merck Company Foundation and chairman of the U. S. Corporate Council on Africa, whose 150 member companies represent some 85 percent of total US private sector investment in Africa. He is chairman of the BroadReach Institute for Training and Education and a member of the boards of the U. S. Pharmacopeia and the Museum of AIDS in Africa. Dr. Sturchio is also currently a visiting scholar at the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health and the Study of Business Enterprise at The Johns Hopkins University; a senior associate of the Global Health Policy Center at the Center for Strategic and International Studies; a principal of the Modernizing Foreign Assistance Network; a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He received an AB in history from Princeton University and a Ph.D. in the history and sociology of science from the University of Pennsylvania. His publications include “Noncommunicable diseases in the developing world: addressing global gaps in policy and research” (edited with L. Galambos, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013). John A. Tatom Phone: (317) 270-4055 Email: [email protected] CV: John Tatom CV John A. Tatom is a fellow at the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health and the Study of Business Enterprise at Johns Hopkins University. From 2005 to March 2014, he was Director of Research at Networks Financial Institute. Earlier he was chief US Economist at UBS Asset Management, Executive Director and head of country research at UBS in Zurich and lead economist for emerging market and developing countries. From 1976 to 1995, he was Assistant Vice President and policy adviser at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. He has taught at several colleges and universities. He holds a Ph.D. from Texas A&M University. Stephen J. K. Walters Email: [email protected] Stephen J.K. Walters is the author of Boom Towns: Restoring the Urban American Dream (Stanford University Press, 2014). He is a Professor Emeritus of Economics at Loyola University Maryland, a fellow of the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise at The Johns Hopkins University, and Chief Economist at the Maryland Public Policy Institute. He formerly served as Economic Advisor to the Baltimore Orioles and Chicago Cubs major league baseball teams. Dr. Walters is an applied microeconomist. His fields of expertise include urban economics, sports economics, government regulation of business, and the economic analysis of law. His many scholarly articles have appeared in The Journal of Law & Economics, Southern Economic Journal, The Cato Journal, Regulation, and Journal of Sports Economics. He is also the author of Enterprise, Government, and the Public (McGraw-Hill, 1993) and editor of Econversations (Pearson, 2013). David Yu Phone: +86 186 0104 7296 Email: [email protected] Professor David Yu, PhD, CFA, FRAeS, Senior ISTAT Certified Aviation Appraiser is a fellow of the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health and the Study of Business Enterprise at Johns Hopkins University. Prof. Yu is a professor of practice in finance at New York University Shanghai and Stern School and is a recognized expert and thought leader in cross border investing, financing, valuation, real assets, and aviation. He is also Chairman of Asia and China Aviation Valuation Advisors (AAVA & CAVA), the only professional aviation valuation and advisory company in China and Asia. He is the only Senior ISTAT Certified Aviation Appraiser in China and N. Asia and one of ~20 globally. He is an experienced entrepreneur, PE investor, lessor, banker advisor, and appraiser. He also acts as a board director or advisor of companies and funds including an airline. Prof. Yu was previously the China Chief Representative, VP Asia (Head of Asia) and Executive Committee member at Libra Group, a large Greek family investment conglomerate. He was based in four continents before running Asia and founding the China business. He writes as a contributing writer or editor and is quoted by many industry publications including Forbes, Nikkei Asian Review, FT, WSJ, NY Times, Airfinance Journal, etc., and a business commentator for other media. His book, titled, “Aircraft Valuation: Airplane Investments As An Asset Class,” was recently published by Palgrave Macmillan and has been featured by Wall Street Journal, among others. Prof. Yu is a CFA Charterholder and Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. He has a B.A. (full honors) and an M.S. from Johns Hopkins University. He also has an M.B.A. from New York University’s Stern School of Business. He has a Ph.D. in Finance from the University of Nottingham Business School and studied at Peking University’s Guanghua School of Management and the National University of Singapore’s School of Business. He is an Editorial Board member for the Journal of Structured Finance and other journals. He is a frequently invited speaker at investment and financing conferences.
4591	dbpedia	3	30	https://hazelhall.org/2017/05/16/royal-society-of-edinburgh-new-fellows-induction-day-15-may-2017/	en	Royal Society of Edinburgh New Fellows’ Induction Day, 15 May 2017	https://hazelhall.org/wp…/05/img_7712.jpg	https://hazelhall.org/wp…/05/img_7712.jpg	[ "https://hazelhall.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/cropped-blossom.jpg", "https://hazelhall.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/screen-shot-2017-05-16-at-14-01-58.jpg?w=584", "https://hazelhall.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/cropped-screenshot-2023-07-15-at-13.46.15-1.png?w=50", "https://hazelhall.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/cropped-screenshot-2023-07-15-at-13.46.15-1.png?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[ "https://www.youtube.com/embed/AN4qkNgJsMQ?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent", "https://www.youtube.com/embed/cBDdLgSM63Y?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Hazel Hall" ]	2017-05-16T00:00:00	Annually the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) holds an Induction Day to admit its new Fellows, and to introduce them to the work of the Society. I enjoyed yesterday's event as one of the new cohort of Fellows in 2017. The order of the day included a number of presentations. The first was a welcome…	en	https://hazelhall.org/wp…46.15-1.png?w=32	Hazel Hall	https://hazelhall.org/2017/05/16/royal-society-of-edinburgh-new-fellows-induction-day-15-may-2017/	Annually the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) holds an Induction Day to admit its new Fellows, and to introduce them to the work of the Society. I enjoyed yesterday’s event as one of the new cohort of Fellows in 2017. The order of the day included a number of presentations. The first was a welcome speech from RSE President Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell. Later on there were short talks on the history of the RSE, the work of the RSE Young Academy, and what it means to be a Fellow. There was also an opportunity to take a tour of the RSE‘s headquarters at 22-26 George Street. As we were guided through the building we learnt more about the people who have played key roles in the work of the RSE (while some of them looked down at us from their portraits). We were also invited to examine some of the RSE‘s treasures, including scientific notes in the handwriting of James Clerk Maxwell, and the Crown Charter of Incorporation that constituted the formation of the society in 1783. There was plenty of time built into the schedule to meet and chat with other new Fellows, and to get to know the staff of the RSE, both over lunch and in the breaks. The exhibition stands hosted by the staff provided more information on the work of the RSE, and ways in which the new Fellows can contribute to this. The formal admission ceremony lasted for just over an hour from 5pm. This was orchestrated by President Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Fellowship Secretary Professor John Connell. All new Fellows were invited onto the stage to sign the roll book (the latest pages of the same book signed by all those eminent Fellows of the past, such as Benjamin Franklin, James Hutton, Lord Kelvin, Sir Walter Scott and Adam Smith), shake hands with Dame Jocelyn, and then collect their Fellowship certificate. Afterwards we returned upstairs (to the same room in which we had enjoyed lunch) for a celebratory drinks reception. My evening concluded just around the corner from the RSE building with dinner with three others at Twenty Princes Street. This slideshow requires JavaScript. It was a fabulous day. To be surrounded by so many interesting and talented people was such a thrill – and to think that I have been admitted into their company! Some personal highlights were: joining the Fellowship at the same time as my old friend Professor Win Rampen (we first met as students in France in 1984); catching a quick word with James Naughtie about my visit to the Today Programme studio about twelve years ago; discovering that Baroness Young of Old Scone took over from my cousin (or, more precisely, my first cousin twice-removed) Ian Prestt as CEO of the RSPB and has very fond memories of him; and receiving an invitation from RSE curator Professor Chris Hall to visit the Society’s archives at a later date.
4591	dbpedia	2	1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh	en	Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://upload.wikimedia…of_Edinburgh.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…of_Edinburgh.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Arms_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh.jpg/200px-Arms_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Trans_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh_cover.jpg/220px-Trans_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh_cover.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/20160816_Royal_So._Edin._front_hall.jpg/220px-20160816_Royal_So._Edin._front_hall.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Royal_Society_Building%2C_George_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-The_Royal_Society_Building%2C_George_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edinburgh.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edinburgh.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg/100px-Flag_of_Edinburgh.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2004-04-09T18:08:59+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh	Scottish academy of sciences The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) is Scotland's national academy of science and letters. It is a registered charity that operates on a wholly independent and non-partisan basis and provides public benefit throughout Scotland. It was established in 1783. As of 2021 , there are around 1,800 Fellows.[1] The Society covers a broader range of fields than the Royal Society of London, including literature and history.[2][3] The Fellowship includes people from a wide range of disciplines: science and technology, arts, humanities, medicine, social science, business, and public service. History [edit] At the start of the 18th century, Edinburgh's intellectual climate fostered many clubs and societies (see Scottish Enlightenment). Though there were several that treated the arts, sciences and medicine, the most prestigious was the Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge, commonly referred to as the Medical Society of Edinburgh, co-founded by the mathematician Colin Maclaurin in 1731. Maclaurin was unhappy with the specialist nature of the Medical Society,[4] and in 1737 a new, broader society, the Edinburgh Society for Improving Arts and Sciences and particularly Natural Knowledge, was split from the specialist medical organisation, which then went on to become the Royal Medical Society. The cumbersome name was changed the following year to the Edinburgh Philosophical Society. With the help of University of Edinburgh professors like Joseph Black, William Cullen and John Walker, this society transformed itself into the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783, and in 1788 it issued the first volume of its new journal Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.[5] Towards the end of the century, the younger members such as James Hall embraced Lavoisier's new nomenclature[clarification needed] and the members split over the practical and theoretical objectives of the society. This resulted in the founding of the Wernerian Society (1808–58), a parallel organisation that focused more upon natural history and scientific research that could be used to improve Scotland's weak agricultural and industrial base. Under the leadership of Prof. Robert Jameson, the Wernerians first founded Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society (1808–21) and then the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal (1822, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal from late 1826), thereby diverting the output of the Royal Society's Transactions. Thus, for the first four decades of the 19th century, the RSE's members published articles in two different journals. By the 1850s, the society once again unified its membership under one journal. During the 19th century, the society contained many scientists whose ideas laid the foundation of the modern sciences. From the 20th century onward, the society functioned not only as a focal point for Scotland's eminent scientists but also for the arts and humanities. It still exists today and continues to promote original research in Scotland. In February 2014, Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell was announced as the society's first female president, taking up her position in October.[6] The Young Academy of Scotland [edit] The Young Academy of Scotland was founded by the RSE in 2011. It aims to bring together young professionals (aged mid-20s to 40s) from the widest range of disciplines and regions in Scotland to provide ideas and direction for challenges facing Scotland. The members are roughly equal numbers of women and men, serve for five years and are selected from applicants every two years. In 2021 there were 134 members.[7] Location [edit] The Royal Society has been housed in a succession of locations:[8] 1783–1807: College Library, University of Edinburgh 1807–1810: Physicians' Hall, George Street; the home of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 1810–1826: 40–42 George Street; shared with the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland from 1813 1826–1908: the Royal Institution (now called the Royal Scottish Academy Building) on the Mound; shared, at first, with the Board of Manufactures (the owners), the Institution for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Scotland and the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 1908–1909: University premises at High School Yards 1909–present: 22–24 George Street, purchased from the Edinburgh Life Assurance Company with the assistance of a grant of £25,000 from the Scottish Office Awards and medals [edit] Fellowship [edit] Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh is an award in its own right[9] that entitles fellows to use of the initialism or post-nominal letters FRSE in official titles. Royal Medals [edit] The Royal Medals are awarded annually, preferably to people with a Scottish connection, who have achieved distinction and international repute in either life sciences, physical and engineering sciences, arts, humanities and social sciences or business and commerce. The Medals were instituted in 2000 by Queen Elizabeth II, whose permission was required to make a presentation.[10] Past winners include:[11] Lord Kelvin Medal [edit] The Lord Kelvin Medal is the Senior Prize for physical, engineering, and informatics sciences. It is awarded annually to a person who has achieved distinction nationally and internationally, and who has contributed to wider society by the accessible dissemination of research and scholarship. Winners receive a silver medal and are required to deliver a public lecture in Scotland. The award is named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), who was a famous mathematical physicist and engineer, and professor of natural philosophy at the University of Glasgow. Senior Prize-winners are required to have a Scottish connection but can be based anywhere in the world. Keith Medal [edit] Main article: Keith Medal The Keith Medal was historically awarded every four years for a scientific paper published in the society's scientific journals, preference being given to a paper containing a discovery. It was awarded alternately for papers on mathematics and those on earth and environmental sciences. The medal was founded in 1827 as a result of a bequest by Alexander Keith of Dunnottar, the first treasurer of the Society.[17] Lady Margaret Moir Medal (formerly the Makdougall Brisbane Prize) [edit] The Lady Margaret Moir Medal recognises exceptional achievements in physical, engineering and informatic sciences (including mathematics) by an early career researcher. Awardees are required to have a Scottish connection but can be based anywhere in the world. The prize was founded in 1855 by Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, the long-serving fourth president of the Society.[18] The medal was renamed in 2022 to reflect Margaret Moir's contribution to science in Scotland.[19] Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize [edit] Main article: Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize The Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize Lectureship is a quadrennial award to recognise original work done by scientists resident in or connected with Scotland. The award was founded in 1887 by Robert Halliday Gunning, a Scottish surgeon, entrepreneur and philanthropist who spent much of his life in Brazil. Bruce-Preller Lectures [edit] Main article: Charles Preller § Bruce-Preller Lectures This biennial lecture given at the Society was begun in 1931 at the bequest of Charles Preller and named after himself and his late wife, Rachel Steuart Bruce. It is usually (but not invariably) given by a Fellow either of the Royal Society of Edinburgh or the Royal Society of London. Presidents [edit] Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh have included: See also [edit] James Scott Prize Lectureship Royal Society UK Young Academy References [edit]
4591	dbpedia	0	12	https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/physics-and-psychics/survey-of-physicalpsychical-scientists/ADE3E9220E7F799EF3E684A41750E7E4	en	A Survey of Physical–Psychical Scientists (Chapter 2)	https://www.cambridge.or…hare_600x600.jpg	https://www.cambridge.or…hare_600x600.jpg	[ "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/icn_circle__btn_close_white.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.png", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://assets.cambridge.org/97813166/38569/cover/9781316638569.jpg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/share-icon.cbcfad8.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/cambridge_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Richard Noakes", "University of Exeter" ]	null	Physics and Psychics - October 2019	en	/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico	Cambridge Core	https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/physics-and-psychics/survey-of-physicalpsychical-scientists/ADE3E9220E7F799EF3E684A41750E7E4	To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
4591	dbpedia	3	10	https://royalsociety.org/	en	Welcome to the Royal Society	https://royalsociety.org…avicon-16x16.png	https://royalsociety.org…avicon-16x16.png	[ "https://royalsociety.org/assets/images/logo@2x.png", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/news/2024/science-book-shortlist-2024-homepage.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/science-book-prize/ypbp/2024/ypbp-2024-adult-judging-panel.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/summer-science-exhibition/2017/applications/4s8a5095400x320.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/news/adrian-smith-featured-card.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/news/2024/attenborough-portrait-card.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/blogs/2018/07/photography-in-the-fine-rooms/somerset-house-meeting.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/blogs/2020/10/royal-society-front-800.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/science-in-the-age-of-ai/science-in-the-age-of-ai-policy-report.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/privacy-enhancing-technologies/visualisation-of-the-internet-in-2021.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/digital-technology-and-the-planet/digital-tech-and-the-planet.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/machine-learning/machine-learning-2-950.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/events/2023/03/ai-ml-in-biology-tof/event-image-ai-in-bio-horizontal-ext-for-sitecore.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/url(/-/media/navigation/footer/logoalt2x.png)" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Royal Society is a Fellowship of many of the world's most eminent scientists and is the oldest scientific academy in continuous existence.	en	/assets/icons/favicon-16x16.png		https://royalsociety.org/	Fellows The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship made up of many of the world’s most eminent scientists, engineers, and technologists. Events Discover events, scientific meetings and exhibitions held by the Royal Society, as well as access to videos of past events and information on our venue. Journals Discover new research from across the sciences in our international, high impact journals. Find out more about our values as a not-for-profit society publisher, our support for open science and our commitment to research integrity. Current topics Find out about our work in areas of current topical interest to the Royal Society. Grants The Royal Society provides a range of grant schemes to support the UK scientific community and foster collaboration between UK based and overseas scientists. Medals, awards and prizes The Society’s medals, awards and prize lectures recognise excellence in science and technology. Our most prestigious award, the Copley Medal, was first awarded in 1731. News and resources Explore the latest work from the Royal Society, from news stories and blog posts to policy statements and projects. You can also find resources for teachers and history of science researchers.
4591	dbpedia	0	53	https://leadership.ncsu.edu/board-of-trustees/honorary-degrees/degrees-conferred/	en	Honorary Degrees Conferred	https://cdn.ncsu.edu/brand-assets/favicons/favicon.ico	https://cdn.ncsu.edu/brand-assets/favicons/favicon.ico	[ "https://leadership.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/01/campus-map-300x169.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	NC State University is home to 34000 students, 2000 faculty and a host of powerful partnerships. We think and do.	en	https://cdn.ncsu.edu/brand-assets/favicons/favicon.ico	University Leadership	https://leadership.ncsu.edu/board-of-trustees/honorary-degrees/degrees-conferred/	Jim Owens is a business leader, philanthropist and NC State alumnus. During his 38-year career with Caterpillar Inc., which included a six-year tenure as chairman and chief executive officer, Jim served on the executive committee of the Business Roundtable and was chairman of the Business Council and an advisor to Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. Jim served on President Obama’s Economic Recovery Advisory Board as well as boards of IBM Corp., Morgan Stanley and Alcoa Inc. He was chairman of the executive committee for the Peterson Institute for International Economics and served on the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations. He also is a former chair of the board of trustees for NC State and served on the board of trustees for the university’s endowment fund. NC State awarded Jim the Menscer Cup in 2017, the Watauga Medal in 2006 and the Poole College of Management’s Outstanding Alumni of the Year award in 1999. He supports endowments for numerous scholarships and fellowships, including the Nellie Maude Matthews Owens Scholarships, the Owens Graduate Fellowship Fund, the Owens Distinguished Professor of Supply Chain Management, the James W. Owens/Caterpillar Faculty Fellowship, the James W. Owens Distinguished Chair in International Economics, and the Owens-Shelton Distinguished Professor in Leadership with a Global Perspective. Owens is a native of Elizabeth City, North Carolina, and graduated from NC State with bachelor’s and master’s degrees in textile technology and a Ph.D. in economics. Raj Chetty is the William A. Ackman Professor of public economics at Harvard University. Chetty’s research combines empirical evidence and economic theory to help design more effective government policies. He is also one of the founding directors of Opportunity Insights, which uses big data to study the science of economic opportunity. In particular, Chetty and his team research how to give children from disadvantaged backgrounds better chances of succeeding. His work on tax policy, unemployment insurance and education is widely cited in academia, media outlets and congressional testimony. Early on during the COVID-19 pandemic, Chetty and his team created the first and only real-time economic tracker documenting the pandemic’s lopsided effects on the population. He also created the groundbreaking Opportunity Atlas, which helps map the roots of affluence and poverty back to the neighborhood level — demonstrating which areas of the country offer children the best opportunities to succeed. Chetty received his bachelor’s degree from Harvard University in 2000 and his Ph.D. in 2003. He was a professor at the University of California at Berkeley until 2009 and returned to Harvard as one of the youngest tenured professors in Harvard’s history. He has received numerous awards for his research, including a MacArthur Fellowship and the American Economic Association’s John Bates Clark Medal, given to the economist under 40 whose work is judged to have made the most significant contribution to the field. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Amadou A. Sall is a virologist and the CEO of the Institut Pasteur de Dakar, a non-profit foundation of public utility dedicated to promoting public health and well-being in West Africa. In his 28-year career, he has become an expert in epidemics and global health security. He serves as the director of the World Health Organization’s Collaborating Center for Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever. Dr. Sall’s research focuses primarily on the diagnosis, ecology and evolution of viral hemorrhagic fever arboviruses and viruses. In 2011, he was awarded Senegal’s highest scientific distinction, the Grand Prix of the President of the Republic of Senegal for the Sciences. He also received the UNESCO Prize for the Life Sciences in 2015 and was admitted to the National Academy of Sciences and Techniques in Senegal in 2012. Dr. Sall is the president of the Pasteur Network, which has 32 institutes in 26 countries, and sits on the scientific boards of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation’s global health program, the Foundation for Innovative and New Diagnostics in Geneva, the Medical Research Unit of Gambia, the African Society of Medical Laboratories, the Canadian NGO GUARD, and Particles for Humanity. He also served on the Coalition for Epidemics Preparedness and Innovation from the Franco-Senegalese campus in Senegal. He acquired his scientific training at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, the Institute of Virology and Microbiology of the Environment at Oxford, the Tropical Diseases Research Center at the University of Texas Medical Branch and the Albert Einstein School of Medicine at Yeshiva University in New York. Dr. Sall is currently an adjunct international member of the University of Texas Medical Branch Center in tropical diseases and an adjunct professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine at NC State. Award-winning Chef and Restaurateur The NC State alumna began cooking while in college, throwing dinner parties for her friends and family. These intimate gatherings helped her recognize her passion for cooking and sharing food, and ultimately led to her first professional cooking job at the age of 21. Upon taking the position, she knew she had found her life’s work. After working in some of the Triangle’s top kitchens, Christensen opened Poole’s Diner in 2007, which takes its name and décor from the building’s original tenant – one of downtown Raleigh’s first restaurants. The space offers an evolving menu of comfort-food classics, re-imagined through a philosophy of local, seasonal ingredients and French-influenced technique. In 2011, Christensen opened her next projects, all housed in a corner building once occupied by a Piggly Wiggly. Beasley’s Chicken + Honey is an ode to fried chicken and classic Southern sides. Fox Liquor Bar, housed in the building’s basement, features a menu of more than 50 craft cocktails, as well as beer, wine and bar snacks. In the spring of 2015, AC Restaurants introduced Death & Taxes, a restaurant celebrating wood-fire cooking with Southern ingredients, and Bridge Club, a private events loft and cooking classroom. Death & Taxes was a 2016 James Beard Award finalist for Best New Restaurant, and Food & Wine listed it as one the Best New Restaurants of the Year. And most recently, in the fall of 2019, Poole’side Pies opened next door to Poole’s Diner, featuring Christensen’s take on Neapolitan-style pizza. In 2014, Christensen was awarded the James Beard Award for Best Chef: Southeast, and in 2019 she was awarded the James Beard Award in the Outstanding Chef category. She was named Chef of the Year by Eater.com in 2017. She is the author of two cookbooks, “Poole’s: Recipes and Stories from a Modern Diner,” published in 2016, and “It’s Always Freezer Season,” published this year. Her work has gained national attention from such publications including Bon Appétit, Gourmet, The New York Times, Southern Living, and more. She has appeared on Food Network’s popular series “Iron Chef America” and MSNBC’s “Your Business.” When she’s not in the kitchen, Christensen focuses her time on a number of local and regional charities. She has served as a board member of the Frankie Lemmon foundation and is a co-chair of its annual fundraising event, Triangle Wine Experience. She is currently on the board for the Dix Park Conservancy, and Shepherd’s Table Soup Kitchen, which serves 200 to 300 meals daily to downtown Raleigh’s food-insecure population. She is an active member of the Southern Foodways Alliance and founded the biannual event Stir the Pot, in which she hosts visiting chefs in Raleigh to raise funds for the alliance’s documentary initiatives. Founder and CEO, The Pink Ceiling Cindy Eckert is the founder and CEO of The Pink Ceiling, an organization committed to investing in and supporting companies made by and for women. Through The Pink Ceiling and The Pinkubator, Eckert has supported female entrepreneurs and health technology companies at various levels of development, each with products aimed at tangible improvements for real people. Eckert began her career in the pharmaceutical industry. With a distinguished 25-year career in healthcare, Eckert in only the last ten years has built two pharmaceutical businesses from the ground up, which she then sold for over $1.5 billion. One of these, Sprout Pharmaceuticals, broke new ground with the release of the first ever FDA-approved drug to improve low libido in females. Eckert reacquired the rights to the drug after selling in efforts to ensure its ethical launch and marketing. At the center of her pursuits, Eckert remains committed to the mission of advocacy for women, working with creativity, and sharing her expertise in order to help others achieve their goals. So far, The Pinkubator and The Pink Ceiling have invested over $37 million in woman-led companies that, “put power in women’s hands.” Eckert was called, “a tireless force of nature,” by Fortune, and has been featured in Entrepreneur, The New York Times, Vanity Fair, Forbes, TEDx, and other national media outlets and publications. Eckert holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Marymount University. NASA Astronaut Commencement Speaker When Christina Hammock Koch returned to Earth earlier this year after completing three expeditions on the International Space Station, she made history. The NC State alumna and NASA astronaut set the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman – with a total of 328 days in space. Along with fellow NASA astronaut Jessica Meir, she participated in the first all-woman spacewalk. In total during her time in space, she completed six spacewalks that added up to 42 hours and 15 minutes. The crews she served on contributed to hundreds of scientific experiments, according to NASA. Some of the highlights from her missions include improvements to a scientific instrument called the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, which can detect dark matter, and growing protein crystals for pharmaceutical research. A native of Michigan who grew up in Jacksonville, N.C., Koch is a three-time graduate of NC State. She graduated in 2001 with a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering, and earned a Bachelor of Science in physics and a Master of Science in electrical engineering in 2002. Koch was selected as an astronaut by NASA in 2013, and completed astronaut candidate training in 2015. She served as a flight engineer on the International Space Station for three expeditions. Prior to becoming an astronaut, she held roles in remote scientific field engineering, which took her to American Samoa, Antarctica, Alaska and Greenland, and in space science instrument development. Her roles included work as an electrical engineer at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics and as a research associate for the U.S. Antarctic Program. Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, IBM Virginia M. (Ginni) Rometty is chairman, president and chief executive officer of IBM. Since becoming CEO in January 2012, Ginni has led IBM through the most significant transformation in its history, reinventing the company to lead in the new era of AI, blockchain, cybersecurity and quantum technologies, all delivered on IBM’s enterprise-strength cloud platform. Today, IBM is the world leader in AI and cloud computing for business, underpinned with trust and security. Throughout IBM’s reinvention, Ginni has worked to ensure that new technologies are developed and deployed in a way that is ethical and enduring. IBM was the first, for example, to publish long-held principles of trust for AI, data responsibility and data transparency. IBM’s commitment to diversity and inclusion also has advanced under Ginni’s leadership. This includes extending parental leave and making it easier for women to return to the workforce through a “returnships” program with hands-on work experience in emerging technologies. This pioneering work was recognized in 2018 by the prestigious Catalyst Award for advancing diversity and women’s initiatives. IBM is the only tech company to have earned this recognition in the last 20 years and the only company ever to be honored four times. IBM under Ginni’s leadership also has led the way on ensuring society is prepared for this new era of data. This includes equipping workers for “new collar” job roles in emerging technology fields that do not always require a bachelor’s degree. The IBM-created Pathways in Technology (P-TECH) education model is a six-year program that prepares students for career success by combining high-school with a community college degree, mentoring and internships – all within existing local education budgets. Today, there are more than 120 schools worldwide, bringing technology employment opportunities to more than 100,000 students. Beginning her career with IBM in 1981, Ginni held a series of leadership positions across the company and led the successful integration of PricewaterhouseCoopers Consulting, creating a global team of more than 100,000 business consultants and services experts. Ginni has a Bachelor of Science degree with high honors in computer science and electrical engineering from Northwestern University, where she later was awarded an honorary degree. She also has an honorary degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. She serves on the Council on Foreign Relations, the board of trustees of Northwestern University and the boards of overseers and managers of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. She is co-chair of the Aspen Institute’s Cyber Group and is a member of the advisory board of Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management. Founding Partner, Snøhetta Craig Dykers is a founding partner of Snøhetta, an international architecture, landscape, interiors, and brand and graphic design company with offices in New York City and Oslo, Norway. He and his colleagues established Snøhetta in 1989 after winning the international competition for the Alexandria Library in Egypt, shortly after leaving architecture school. Dykers and his partners now manage the international practice with studios in seven cities. He works together with his partner and wife, Elaine Molinar, and resides in New York City. Dykers has led many of Snøhetta’s prominent international projects, including the Norwegian National Opera and Ballet in Oslo, the National September 11 Memorial Museum Pavilion in New York City, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art expansion in California, and the Ryerson University Student Learning Centre in Toronto, Canada. He was the partner in charge for Snøhetta’s award-winning architectural design for NC State’s James B. Hunt Jr. Library. The American Institute of Architects (AIA), American Library Association and many others have recognized the Hunt Library’s design for its beauty, effective incorporation of technology and inviting spaces for collaboration. Recently Dykers has led the design of new pedestrian plazas in Times Square; The French Laundry kitchen expansion and garden renovation in Yountville, California; and the Central Library in Calgary, Canada. He has a strong interest in design as a promoter of social and physical well-being. His work has led to numerous international awards, including the Mies van der Rohe European Union Prize of Architecture, two World Architecture Awards and the Aga Kahn Award for Architecture. He is a recipient of the Texas Medal of Arts Award for Architecture, the Grosch Medal in Norway and the AIA Gold Medal for the National September 11 Memorial Museum Pavilion. Dykers has lived equal parts of his life in Europe and the U.S. He was born in Germany, where his father served in the U.S. Army. His mother is from London. He earned a Bachelor of Architecture degree from the University of Texas at Austin. He is a fellow of the American AIA, an honorary fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects, a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and Manufacturers and previous member of the Norwegian Association of Architects. He has been a resident at the American Academy in Rome and serves on several professional boards in the U.S. Architect Curtis Worth Fentress is a world-renowned designer of iconic public architecture for civic and government buildings, airports, museums and convention centers. In 1972, Fentress graduated with honors from NC State with a Bachelor of Architecture degree and won the Alpha Rho Chi Medal, the highest honor an architectural school bestows on a designer. He received a Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2010. Fentress is a fellow with the American Institute of Architects (AIA) and member of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He received the AIA Thomas Jefferson Award and the AIA Western Mountain Region Silver Medal in 2010. AIA Colorado named him Architect of the Year in 2012, and he is one of only two architects in the Colorado Business Hall of Fame. He is the 2020 chair for AIA’s national Committee on Design. Fentress began his career working with I.M. Pei, then joined the newly formed firm of Kohn Pedersen Fox (KPF) to continue his pursuit of large-scale public projects. In the late 1970s, KPF led him to Denver, Colorado, as project designer for the 36-story Amoco Building. He was soon named “Young Professional of the Year” by Building Design and Construction magazine. In 1980 he founded his own firm in Denver. By 1989 he had designed the Colorado Convention Center and was chosen to design the Jeppesen Terminal at Denver International Airport after submitting a design recognized around the world today and lauded as the best airport in North America. His design led to many other airport terminal projects worldwide. Fentress has won 45 major design competitions, including the award-winning National Museum of the Marine Corps in Quantico, Virginia; Wildlife Art Museum in Jackson, Wyoming; Clark County Government Center in Las Vegas, Nevada; Incheon International Airport in Seoul, South Korea; and San Diego Convention Center in California. As an adjunct professor in the School of Architecture at NC State’s College of Design for six years, Fentress has mentored the next generation of aviation architects. He conducts an annual Airport of the Future Global Challenge for architecture students. In 2012, Fentress led a Think Tank called “Airport of the Future,” leading to an international exhibition. He co-founded the nonprofit Aerial Futures which has convened global symposia on transportation design. NASA engineer and executive Commencement Speaker North Carolina native Dr. Christine Mann Darden is an internationally recognized expert in high-speed aerodynamics and sonic-boom research. Over her nearly 40-year career with NASA, she won dozens of honors, including two NASA medals: one for her work and leadership of the sonic boom program and one for her active involvement in encouraging students to pursue careers in math and science. She received the Black Engineer of the Year Outstanding Achievement in Government Award, and the Women in Science and Engineering Lifetime Achievement Award. Darden is mentioned in the 2016 book “Hidden Figures” as a person who stood on the shoulders of African American women who contributed to the space program in the early 1960s as members of NASA’s segregated West Computers unit. A native of Monroe, North Carolina, Darden graduated from Allen High School, a boarding school in Asheville. She attended Hampton Institute (now University) on scholarship, earning an undergraduate degree in mathematics education. She made a career switch from high school math teacher to engineer after earning a master’s degree in applied mathematics from Virginia State and a doctorate in mechanical engineering from George Washington University. Darden was hired in 1967 as a computer/data analyst in the re-entry physics branch of NASA’s Langley Research Center. She was later promoted into an engineering position, spending 30 years spearheading research on ways to minimize sonic booms, a barrier to supersonic air travel, which could significantly reduce flight times. Just this year, NASA signed a contract with Lockheed Martin Palmdale to build a full-size supersonic low-boom X-plane to demonstrate low-boom performance and supersonic efficiency – a continuation of work Darden led and performed. She authored 57 technical articles, focusing on sonic-boom prediction and minimization, and supersonic wing design. Darden became the first African American woman at NASA’s Langley Research Center to be promoted into the Senior Executive Service, the top rank of the federal civil service. She held a number of high-profile leadership roles with NASA, serving as a senior program manager in the High Speed Research Program Office, director of the Aero Performing Center Program Management Office, and as Langley’s assistant director for planning. She retired from her final position as director of Langley’s Office of Strategic Communication and Education in 2007. Darden and her husband of 55 years, Walter, are the parents of three adult daughters, five grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Masahiro Shima is the founder and chairman of the board of directors of Shima Seiki Manufacturing Limited, known for its innovations in flat knitting machines. Shima, nicknamed the “Edison of Wakayama,” his hometown in Japan, holds numerous patents. He founded the Shima Seiki in 1962, based on development of the world’s first fully automated glove knitting machine. The company’s advances in seamless knitting led to development of the Wholegarment computerized knitting technology the company is known for around the world. The technology allows garment makers to create seamless clothing, from pleated skirts to running shoes, in minutes rather the hours or days once needed to manufacture them, reducing production time. Companies from casual wear manufacturer Uniqlo to designers such as Prada and Giorgio Armani use Wholegarment technology for their fashion lines. The Wholegarment method conserves resources and energy and reduces labor costs. Shima Seiki has become a leader in computerized glove and flat knitting systems and in computerized graphic design, serving 90 countries worldwide. Now chairman of the board, Shima served as president of the company for 55 years before his son succeeded him in that role in June. Shima has served as director of the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation, vice chairman of the Japan Textile Machinery Association, and as chairman of the Wakayama Machinery and Metal Industrial Cooperative, Wakayama Institute of Invention and Innovation, and Wakayama Industry Promotion Foundation. He has received numerous awards for textile engineering, green development and service. Recent honors include the Italian government’s Commander of the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity in 2010 and induction into the American Textile Hall of Fame in 2012. He received the grand prize in the Kigyoka Prize competition in 2015 and a Japanese Prime Minister’s Award for his contribution to greening efforts in 2016. Admiral Michelle Howard serves as vice chief of naval operations, the second most senior officer in the U.S. Navy. She took on the role in July 2014 following presidential appointment and Senate confirmation. Howard has served at sea since 1982. Her initial tours were aboard the USS Hunley and USS Lexington. While serving on board Lexington, she received the Secretary of the Navy/Navy League Captain Winifred Collins Award, presented annually to a female officer who demonstrates outstanding leadership. She reported to USS Mount Hood as chief engineer in 1990 and served in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. She assumed duties as first lieutenant of the USS Flint in 1992. In 1996 she became executive officer of USS Tortuga and deployed to the Adriatic in support of Operation Joint Endeavor, a peacekeeping effort in the former Republic of Yugoslavia. Following that, Tortuga departed on a West African training mission in which sailors, U.S. Marines and Coast Guard personnel operated with naval services of seven African nations. In 1999 Howard became the first African American woman to command a U.S. Navy ship, USS Rushmore, a Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship. She commanded Amphibious Squadron Seven from May 2004 to September 2005. Deployments included Indonesia tsunami relief efforts and maritime security operations in the North Arabian Gulf. She led Expeditionary Strike Group Two from April 2009 to July 2010 and commanded a multinational counter-piracy task force in 2009. In July 2014, Howard became the first woman to earn the rank of four-star admiral in the U.S. Navy, as well as the first African American woman to attain four-star rank in any service. She was promoted to that rank when she became 38th vice chief of naval operations. Howard was named the 2011 USO Military Woman of the Year, the 2013 NAACP Chairman’s Image Award recipient and the 2014 Thurgood Marshall College Fund National Hero Award recipient. Originally from Aurora, Colorado, Howard is a 1982 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy. She earned a master’s degree in military arts and sciences in 1998 from the Army’s Command and General Staff College in Leavenworth, Kansas. Dr. Jean Schensul is founding director and senior scientist with the Institute for Community Research, an independent research organization funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Schensul is an anthropologist with interdisciplinary research and teaching experience in health problems and concerns from birth to older adulthood in the United States, Africa, Latin America and South Asia, including India, Sri Lanka and China. Her primary professional commitments involve supporting community-based research organizations in the United States and around the world. She focuses on building community-university action research partnerships and promoting the collaborative and indigenous use of science-based approaches, especially with communities experiencing health inequities. Her main areas of funded U.S. and international research are structural factors contributing to substance use and prevention (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and illicit drugs), especially in young adults; oral health disparities; and HIV in the U.S. and South Asia. Schensul has received many NIH, federal and foundation grants. She is the senior editor and co-author of the Ethnographer’s Toolkit, a seven-book series on community-based, mixed methods research, now in its second edition. She has authored many articles, book chapters and curriculum manuals on topics related to health, community, and disparities across the developmental and cultural spectrum. She regularly teaches in community methods programs and university settings in the U.S. and South Asia. She is a regular reviewer for NIH and many peer-reviewed journals. She received the Society for Applied Anthropology’s Malinowski Award for lifetime achievement in the application of anthropology to human problems and the American Anthropological Association’s Solon T. Kimball Award (with Stephen L. Schensul) for contributions of anthropology to policy. In addition to her continuing role at the Institute for Community Research, based in Hartford, Connecticut, she is an adjunct research professor with the University of Connecticut’s School of Dental Medicine and an adjunct professor with UConn’s Department of Community Medicine. She has held various administrative roles in organizations associated with the discipline of anthropology, including presidency of the Society for Applied Anthropology, presidency of the Council on Anthropology and Education, and the executive board of the American Anthropological Association. She is the elected treasurer of the Association of Anthropology and Gerontology. Since Lawrence J. Wheeler was named director in 1994, the North Carolina Museum of Art has become one of the leading art museums in the South. The NCMA’s major exhibitions, featuring the work of Rodin, Rembrandt and Monet, have attracted hundreds of thousands of visitors from across the nation and around the world. Prior to joining the NCMA, Wheeler was director of development at the Cleveland Museum of Art from 1985 to 1994. From 1977 to 1985, he served as deputy secretary for the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, where he oversaw construction of the original NCMA building. In 2006, under Wheeler’s leadership, the museum unveiled its design for an ambitious expansion. His vision for a spacious, light-filled structure to house the museum’s collection became a reality in 2010. Today the award-winning West Building, surrounded by sculpture gardens and reflecting pools, exhibits works from the institution’s outstanding permanent collection of more than 5,000 objects from ancient Egypt to the present day. The expansion also transformed the museum’s original building into a center for temporary exhibitions, collections management and education. Wheeler secured a gift of 29 Rodin sculptures from the Cantor Foundation, making the NCMA the largest repository of Rodin’s work in the South. He has helped build the modern and contemporary collections substantially, including a gift of masters of mid- to late-20th century American art from the private collection of Jim and Mary Patton. Wheeler’s awards include France’s Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters, the Medal of Arts from the City of Raleigh, the Leadership Award from Triangle Business Journal, the Design Guild Award from NC State’s College of Design, and the Thad Eure Memorial Award from the Greater Raleigh Convention and Visitors Bureau. The News & Observer named Wheeler the 2000 Tar Heel of the Year by. In 2010, he received the inaugural Mary D.B.T. Semans Award for Distinguished Service from Duke University’s Nasher Museum of Art. Wheeler grew up in Lakeland, Florida. He holds bachelor’s degrees in history and French from Pfeiffer College. His master’s and doctorate in European history are from the University of Georgia MIT Professor Mildred Dresselhaus is nicknamed the “queen of carbon.” Her groundbreaking research laid the foundation for carbon science and carbon nanostructures, as well as nanoscience and nanotechnology more generally. She’s also one of the scientists responsible for a resurgence in thermoelectrics research. A native of the Bronx, Dresselhaus attended New York City public schools through junior high school before earning a scholarship to prestigious Hunter College High School, where she took a physics course and met lifelong mentor Rosalyn Yalow. Dresselhaus completed a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, where she studied with Enrico Fermi and became acquainted with his family. She completed postdoctoral work at Cornell University, where her experiments led to a fundamental understanding of the electronic structure of semi-metals, especially graphite. She became an MIT faculty member and eventually an Institute Professor in the departments of physics and electrical engineering. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering, Dresselhaus is the co-author of eight books and about 1,700 papers, primarily on carbon sciences. She is particularly well-known for her work on carbon nanomaterials and other nanostructural systems based on layered materials, like graphene, and more recently, transition metal dichalcogenides and phosphorene. Her research over the years has covered a wide range of problems in condensed matter and materials physics. Dresselhaus has served as director of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science and as an officer in national organizations for physics, engineering and related fields. Dresselhaus’ honors include the National Medal of Science, the Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service, the Compton Award, the Fermi Prize, the Kavli Prize and the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom. Dresselhaus remains active in promoting women’s participation in science and engineering. She enjoys playing violin and viola in chamber music groups, along with spending time with her husband, four children and five grandchildren. Honorary Doctor of Sciences Every day, children gather around the “Window on Animal Health” at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences to watch veterinarians and NCSU vet-terns tend to creatures from rattlesnakes to rabbits. As the presentation ends, it’s not uncommon to hear a youngster declare, “I want to be an animal doctor.” That scene plays out throughout the museum, as tomorrow’s leaders dream of discovering dinosaur fossils or uncharted stars after taking in an exhibit, seeing a scientist’s dazzling display or doing a hands-on experiment. This is Dr. Betsy Bennett’s vision fulfilled – a place for visitors of all ages to become actively involved in science and nature. Children get a jump start on the sometimes mystifying or intimidating subjects that will be essential to their future success, and they have a lot of fun doing it. Bennett retired in 2012 after more than two decades as the museum’s director, transforming it from exhibit space in a cramped state office building into a pioneering institution now being replicated worldwide. She altered the Raleigh skyline – twice – and created a global destination that will inspire generations. To get there she snared dinosaurs, recruited world-class scientists, won over legislators and enlisted a platoon of CEOs. Former Gov. Jim Hunt dubbed her “a force of nature.” Such accolades are a long way from the postwar Alabama schoolgirl who found a love of nature on butterfly walks with her mother. The only physics major at all-female Hollins University, she excelled in the male-dominated worlds of science and politics. She earned a doctorate in science education at the University of Virginia and was elected to the Charlotte-Mecklenburg school board in the 1970s, helping craft an integration and pupil assignment plan in a tense and divisive era. Bennett, named Tar Heel of the Year in 2011 by the News & Observer, is a past president of the Association of Science Museum Directors. She was presented with the NC Award for Public Service in 2014 and currently serves on the boards of the Kenan Institute for Science & Engineering, the N.C. Botanical Garden, Triangle Land Conservancy and Kidzu Children’s Museum, among others. She works as strategic counsel at Capital Development Services. Upon retirement from the museum, she shared her reflections: “With the help of the state of North Carolina, the public and private sector, a devoted staff and the support of so many generous individuals, we have built a world-renowned center for the study of our state and our world. What a tremendous gift for the people of North Carolina.” Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Brigadier General Clara L. Adams-Ender, US Army, retired, has a new mission: helping students of modest means complete college. She is executive director of the nonprofit Caring About People with Enthusiasm Legacy Fund. The foundation raises funds and partners with other nonprofits to ensure that college is within reach for as many needy students as possible. Adams-Ender was born in Wake County, North Carolina, the fourth oldest of 10 children. She received a bachelor’s degree in nursing from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro and a master’s degree in nursing from the University of Minnesota. She earned a Master of Military Art and Science degree from the Command and General Staff College in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. She rose from Army staff nurse to become chief executive officer for 22,000 nurses, brigadier general and director of personnel for the Army Surgeon General. She was vice president for nursing at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, the largest health-care facility in the Department of Defense. In 1967, she became the first female in the Army to be awarded the Expert Field Medical Badge. She commanded an Army base, a position equivalent to city manager, magistrate and mayor of a city. She was the first Army nurse in history to command as a general officer. In 2001, she published her memoir, My Rise to the Stars. An inspiring educator, lecturer, consultant and leader, Adams-Ender has given more than 2,000 presentations to health-care professionals, community and business leaders, veterans groups and students, both at home and abroad. Adams-Ender is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations. She served as chairman of the board for The Rocks Inc. and Andrews Federal Credit Union. She is a charter member of the Board of Visitors for the U.S. Marine Corps University and past member of the Board of Medicine for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Her honors include the NAACP’s Roy Wilkins Meritorious Service Award, National Bar Association’s Gertrude E. Rush Award for Leadership and Distinguished Service Medal with Oakleaf Cluster. Working Woman magazine named her one of 350 women who changed the world from 1976 to 1996, and the Virginia Foundation for Women honored her as one of seven Outstanding Virginia Women in History in 2005. Her undergraduate alma mater named a nursing professorship for her in 2009. In 2013, she was honored by the American Academy of Nursing as a Living Legend and the United States Army War College named her its first female outstanding graduate. Former U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan Karl Eikenberry directs the U.S.-Asia Security Initiative and is the Oksenberg-Rohlen Distinguished Fellow at Stanford University’s Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center. He is affiliated with the Center for International Security Cooperation, the Europe Center, and the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. As ambassador to Afghanistan from May 2009 to July 2011, Eikenberry led the civilian surge directed by President Obama to reverse insurgent momentum and set the conditions for transition to full Afghan sovereignty. Before appointment as chief of mission in Kabul, he had a 35-year career in the U.S. Army, retiring with the rank of lieutenant general. His military operational posts included commander and staff officer with mechanized, light, airborne and ranger infantry units in the continental U.S., Hawaii, Korea, Italy and Afghanistan as the commander of the American-led coalition forces from 2005 to 2007. Eikenberry has served in various policy and political-military positions, including deputy chairman of the NATO Military Committee in Brussels, Belgium; director for strategic planning and policy for the U.S. Pacific Command at Camp Smith, Hawaii; U.S. security coordinator and chief of the Office of Military Cooperation in Kabul, Afghanistan; Assistant Army and later defense attaché at the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, China; senior country director for China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Mongolia in the Office of the Secretary of Defense; and deputy director for Strategy, Plans and Policy on the Army Staff. Eikenberry is a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy. He earned master’s degrees from Harvard University in East Asian studies and from Stanford University in political science, and was a national security fellow at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. He earned a British Foreign and Commonwealth Office interpreter’s certificate in Mandarin Chinese and an advanced degree in Chinese history from Nanjing University. His military awards include the Defense Distinguished and Superior Service Medals, Legion of Merit, Bronze Star, Ranger Tab, Combat and Expert Infantryman badges, and master parachutist wings. He received many honors for his service from U.S. government agencies, along with the Canadian Meritorious Service Cross, French Legion of Honor, Afghanistan’s Ghazi Amir Amanullah Khan and Akbar Khan Medals, and the NATO Meritorious Service Medal. Eikenberry is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. His writing on U.S. and international security issues has appeared in Foreign Affairs, The Washington Quarterly, The American Interest, the New York Times and the Washington Post. Dr. Pedro A. Sanchez is an internationally known expert on managing tropical soils for increased food production while conserving the environment. Sanchez is senior research scholar and director of the Agriculture and Food Security Center at Columbia University’s Earth Institute. Sanchez is the 2002 World Food Prize laureate and a 2004 MacArthur Fellow. He attributes the roots of his life’s work in soil science to the fact that he always liked to “play with dirt.” That boyhood pastime was nurtured by the fact that his family owned a diversified farm, the distributorship of Chilean nitrates in Cuba and a fertilizer blending plant, and it eventually led Sanchez to become a world-renowned soil scientist. He earned bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees in soil science from Cornell University. After his undergraduate education at Cornell University, where he took particularly influential seminars on starvation in India, Sanchez headed to the Philippines as a graduate student in tropical soils, becoming what he calls “a foot soldier in the Green Revolution,” working on rice. Sanchez is pleased that what he saw happen in the Green Revolution in Asia in the 1970s is beginning to happen in Africa. He served as director general of the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, from 1991 to 2001, as co-chair of the United Nations Millennium Project Hunger Task Force from 2002 to 2005 and as director of the Millennium Villages Project from 2004 to 2010. He is committed to making Africa “get out of hunger” in the next 10 to 20 years. Sanchez is professor emeritus of soil science and forestry at NC State. A faculty member from 1968 to 1991, he served as the first professor of tropical soils and led the Tropical Soils Research Program. He has lived in the Philippines, Peru, Colombia and Kenya, and supervised research programs in more than 25 countries in Latin America, Southeast Asia and Africa. Sanchez has written groundbreaking books on tropical soil science and hunger. He has received honorary degrees and decorations from universities and governments. He was anointed chief by the Luo in western Kenya with the name of Odera Akang’o, and by the Ikaram of southern Nigeria with the name of Atunluse. At Sanchez’s induction into the National Academy of Sciences in 2012, NAS president Ralph Cicerone summarized his contributions: “Sanchez has led path-breaking research on soil management for improved food production in the tropical world. His work has influenced research in agronomy, ecology, and changed the way technology is used to increase food production.” Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Mr. David S. Ferriero was sworn in as 10th Archivist of the United States on Nov. 13, 2009. As the nation’s archivist, Ferriero heads the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), which ensures ready access to essential evidence that documents the rights of U.S. citizens, the actions of federal officials and the national experience. In Washington, D.C. alone, this evidence includes approximately 12 billion pieces of paper and 40 million still pictures and graphics; 300,000 reels of motion picture film and 400,000 sound and video recordings; 12 million maps, charts, and architectural and engineering plans; 24 million aerial photographs; and many terabytes of electronic records. Original documents held and preserved by NARA include the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. NARA also operates and maintains 13 presidential libraries, which preserve and make available to the public the papers and other historical materials of all presidents since 1925, and 22 regional records facilities which hold evidence describing the actions of the federal government – including items such as court records documenting farm foreclosures during the Depression. To combat theft or mishandling of records, Ferriero instituted new security measures for NARA. In August 2012, NARA produced the Managing Government Records Directive to modernize and improve federal records management practices. In 2010, Ferriero committed NARA to the principles of open government – transparency, participation and collaboration. He also initiated an agency transformation shortly after taking the helm of the organization. Previously, Ferriero served as the Andrew W. Mellon Director of the New York Public Libraries. In this position he was part of the leadership team responsible for integrating four research libraries and 87 branch libraries into one seamless service for users. He also headed collection strategy; conservation; digital experience and strategy; reference and research services; and education, programming and exhibitions. Before joining the New York Public Libraries in 2004, Ferriero served in top positions at two of the nation’s major academic libraries, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Duke University. Ferriero earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in English literature from Northeastern University in Boston and a master’s degree from the Simmons College of Library and Information Science, also in Boston. He served in the Navy during the Vietnam War. Ferriero will receive an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree. Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts Mr. Thomas Sayre is a noted and active sculptor, Thomas Sayre has designed and built public art projects all over the world, and has been a member of design teams for civic, educational, museum and transportation projects. His 2007 project “Furrow” won the American for the Arts award from the Public Art Network. That project in Charlotte contains six “earthcastings” at the light-rail line’s Scaleybark Station. The sculptures were inspired by harrow disks, the agricultural tools used behind a plow to cultivate farmland. The name refers to the trench left in farmland by a plow or harrow and pays tribute to Scaleybark’s agricultural past. Among numerous honors, Sayre received the North Carolina Award for Fine Arts in 2012 and the Sir Walter Raleigh Individual Award in 2008. In 1981, Sayre and architect Steven D. Schuster formed Clearscapes, a multidisciplinary design firm in Raleigh. Clearscapes is involved with building design, product design, and large and small scale artwork. Combining the hands-on process of the sculpture studio with architectural skills, the firm is unique in its combination of talents. Clearscapes won the 2007 North Carolina Firm of the Year award from the American Institute of Architects. Sayre grew up in Washington, D.C., in the shadow of the Washington National Cathedral. He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill on a Morehead Scholarship and majored in English and studio art, graduating summa cum laude in 1973. He then moved to Ann Arbor, Mich., where he was a Michigan Fellow with a three-year grant from the Ford Foundation to create sculpture at the University of Michigan. In 1975, Sayre attended the Master of Fine Arts Program at the Cranbrook Academy of Art. Sayre is married to Joan-Ellen Deck, whom he met while touring as a professional musician in a rock-and-roll band. They have two daughters. Sayre will receive an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree. Honorary Doctor of Sciences Acclaimed chemist George M. Whitesides leads a research group at Harvard University dedicated to changing the paradigms of science through wide-ranging work in fields such as soft robotics, the origins of life and medical diagnostic tools for the developing world. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, Whitesides is the world’s most-cited living chemist. He has co-founded a dozen companies and holds more than 100 patents. His research has led to breakthroughs in nanotechnology, creation of new classes of materials, and development of drugs to manage cholesterol, improve dialysis and fight drug-resistant pathogens. One of his current passions is creating a lab on a chip – a postage stamp-sized piece of paper that can be used to diagnose diseases. The paper changes color when it comes in contact with bodily fluids, providing a rapid, easy-to-read, inexpensive diagnostic tool that can be used in developing countries around the world. Whitesides is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) and the National Academy of Engineering. His many honors include the U.S. National Medal of Science, Japan’s Kyoto Prize and an Honorary Fellow designation in the U.K.’s Royal Society of Chemistry. He received a Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry and the Priestley Medal, the American Chemical Society’s highest award. Whitesides has a keen interest in increasing public understanding of science. He has co-authored two books with photographer Felice Frankel: On the Surface of Things: Images of the Extraordinary in Science (2008) and No Small Matter: Science on the Nanoscale (2009). He’s known for his engaging presentations, including TED talks on simplicity and surprise in science. He contributed to a National Academies’ report on U.S. competitiveness in science and technology, titled “Rising Above the Gathering Storm.” A longtime member of the National Research Council, he has served on advisory committees for NASA, the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Defense. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Whitesides learned about science in boyhood as the son of a chemical engineer. He earned a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Harvard and a doctorate from the California Institute of Technology. He joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963. In 1982, he moved his lab to Harvard. A former chemistry department chair and associate dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, he is the current Woodford L. and Ann A. Flowers University Professor. He and his wife, Barbara, have two sons. Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Indra Nooyi is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of PepsiCo. In its global food and beverage portfolio, PepsiCo has 22 brands that generate more than $1 billion each in annual retail sales. PepsiCo’s main businesses include Quaker, Tropicana, Gatorade, Frito-Lay and Pepsi-Cola. With more than $65 billion in annual net revenue, PepsiCo makes hundreds of enjoyable foods and beverages that are loved throughout the world. Mrs. Nooyi is the chief architect of Performance with Purpose, PepsiCo’s goal to deliver sustained financial performance by providing a wide range of foods and beverages from treats to healthy eats; finding innovative ways to minimize the company’s impact on the environment and lower costs through energy and water conservation and reduced use of packaging material; providing a safe and inclusive workplace for PepsiCo employees globally; and respecting, supporting and investing in the local communities in which the company operates. Mrs. Nooyi was named President and CEO in 2006 and Chairman in 2007. She has directed the company’s global strategy for more than a decade and led its restructuring. This has included the divestiture of its restaurants into the successful YUM! Brands, Inc., the acquisition of Tropicana, and the merger with Quaker Oats that brought the vital Quaker and Gatorade businesses to PepsiCo. She also led the merger with PepsiCo’s anchor bottlers and the acquisition of Wimm-Bill-Dann, the largest international acquisition in PepsiCo’s history. Prior to becoming CEO, Mrs. Nooyi served as President and Chief Financial Officer beginning in 2001, when she was also named to PepsiCo’s Board of Directors. In this position, she was responsible for PepsiCo’s corporate functions. Before joining PepsiCo in 1994, Mrs. Nooyi spent time in strategy roles with Asea Brown Boveri, a Zurich-based industrials company, Motorola and The Boston Consulting Group. In addition to being a member of the PepsiCo Board of Directors, Mrs. Nooyi serves as a member of the boards of U.S.-China Business Council, U.S.-India Business Council, The Consumer Goods Forum, Catalyst, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, The Peterson Institute for International Economics and Tsinghua University. She is also a member of the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Successor Fellow of Yale Corporation and was appointed to the U.S.-India CEO Forum by the Obama Administration. She holds a B.S. from Madras Christian College, an M.B.A. from the Indian Institute of Management in Calcutta and a Master of Public and Private Management from Yale University. Mrs. Nooyi is married and has two daughters. Honorary Doctor of Sciences Professor Mike Wingfield, an internationally recognized expert on tree health, has conducted research on tree pests and pathogens for more than 30 years. Wingfield is the founding director of the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. Wingfield’s work has contributed to a better understanding of insects and diseases that affect commercial tree plantations, leading to new management practices and solutions. He has been a long-term advisor for major forestry corporations in South Africa and around the world. To minimize threats to commercial forestry in South Africa, in 1990 Wingfield established the Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP), which has become the single largest tree health project in the world. TPCP served as a catalyst for Wingfield to found the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, which has established an international reputation for its research excellence and postgraduate programs for large numbers of students, many from disadvantaged backgrounds. Wingfield’s research has allowed him to work with and provide mentorship for students from many parts of the world. He has served as an advisor to more than 60 doctoral students and an equal number of master’s students, many of whom now hold senior positions globally. He has been heavily involved in providing educational opportunities for students as part of his commitment to research and education, particularly in the developing world. One of the most influential forest scientists in the world, Wingfield has published more than 600 research papers and five books about tree health. He has been an invited speaker for plenary addresses and other public lectures internationally. He has served on the boards of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures in the Netherlands and the International Union for Forestry Research Organizations. Because of his contributions, Wingfield has been elected as a fellow in a number of scientific societies, including the Royal Society of South Africa, the Academy of Sciences of South Africa, the Southern African Society for Plant Pathology and the American Phytopathological Society. He is one of the few honorary members of the Mycological Society of America. Wingfield earned a doctorate in plant pathology and entomology from the University of Minnesota in 1983. He completed the advanced management program at Harvard Business School in 2008. Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Tony Badger is a historian, author and is the Paul Mellon Professor of American History at Cambridge University. Badger, a specialist in post-World War II political history in the South, was elected a Fellow of the Society of American Historians last year. Badger has held the Mellon professorship at Cambridge since 1992 and has been Master of Clare College at Cambridge since 2003. He served as Fellow of Sidney Sussex College at Cambridge from 1992 to 2003. Badger previously taught at Newcastle University for 20 years. He was educated at Cambridge, North Carolina State and Hull universities. Badger has written extensively about the New Deal and the post-1945 American South. His first two books had a North Carolina focus: Prosperity Road: The New Deal, Tobacco, and North Carolina and North Carolina and the New Deal. He subsequently wrote The New Deal: The Depression Years and New Deal/New South: The Anthony J Badger Reader. In 1997, he gave the Harrelson Lecture at North Carolina State. He has served as an editor for several books on American political history and the civil rights movement. His latest book, FDR: The First Hundred Days, was chosen as then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown’s book of the year in 2008. The Observer, a leading British newspaper, described Badger’s book as “top of the political class’s reading list on both sides of the Atlantic at Christmas.” Badger is currently working on a biography of the late Albert Gore Sr., a U.S. senator from Tennessee and the father of former vice president Al Gore. In 2009, Badger was appointed to chair the Kennedy Memorial Trust, which administers the memorial to President Kennedy at Runnymede and a scholarship program that sends British graduate students to Harvard and MIT. The memorial and the scholarships were funded by donations from the British public as a tribute to President Kennedy. In 2011 the British foreign secretary appointed Badger to oversee the transfer of the migrated colonial archive from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to the National Archives. The existence of this archive of files sent to London by British colonial governments before independence had been kept secret for 50 years. Badger, who has served multiple terms on the University Council at Cambridge, also led the university’s Colleges Committee and Cambridge Assessment. He chaired a search committee in 2002 that led to the nomination of Yale Provost Alison Richard as the first “outsider” to lead Cambridge. Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree: Hayden White is a literary critic and historical theorist whose name appears on a landmark California Supreme Court case as well as his many books. At age 85, he has only recently retired from teaching as a professor of comparative literature at Stanford University. He is professor emeritus of the history of consciousness at the University of California at Santa Cruz. In works such as Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe, White has argued that literary and historical writing share a reliance on storytelling form, meaning that no history can be considered completely objective or scientific. However, he also holds that this reliance on the narrative structure allows history to be meaningful. His latest volume, titled The Practical Past, will be released in 2014. Born in Tennessee, White grew up in Detroit during the Depression. He earned an undergraduate degree in history from Wayne State University and completed his doctorate at the University of Michigan. He spent two years in Italy in the 1950s on a Fulbright Fellowship completing his dissertation research on medieval church history. White has also taught at Wayne State, the University of Rochester, UCLA and Wesleyan University. He has received grants, fellowships and awards from the National Endowment for the Humanities, Guggenheim Foundation and many other prestigious organizations. He held residential fellowships at Cornell, Wesleyan, the Harvard Center for Renaissance Studies in Florence, Stanford, the American Academy in Berlin and the University of Bologna, Italy. Perhaps his proudest accomplishment is having served as plaintiff in a class-action civil rights lawsuit against the Los Angeles Police Department during the Vietnam era. In 1973 while a history professor at UCLA, White brought suit against the chief of police, alleging covert intelligence gathering tactics that included having officers register as students, take notes on anti-Vietnam class discussions and make police reports based on the discussions. The California Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision in White’s favor in 1975. The case, White versus Davis, established limits on police surveillance of political activity in California, barring it in the absence of reasonable suspicion of a crime. White’s teaching philosophy holds that the aim of education should be to help young people think their own thoughts and speak in their own voices, rather than fit themselves into pre- established patterns of behavior and belief prescribed by society, the business world or the legal establishment. He is married to Margaret Brose, professor emerita of literature at the University of California at Santa Cru Honorary Doctor of Sciences Degree Robert B. Jordan III is a business and civic leader who has worked to improve education and economic opportunity throughout a career spanning more than half a century. Born and raised in Mount Gilead, he grew up in a family that valued community involvement and public service. For inspiration, he looked to his father, a founder of Jordan Lumber, the family business. In 1954 Jordan graduated with honors from North Carolina State University with a degree in forestry, and then served two years in the U.S. Army. A month after he returned home, Jordan joined the town council, beginning his record of public service that continues to this day. In 1958 he married Sarah Cole, a Raeford schoolteacher. Together, they immersed themselves in business, community and public life. In 1961 Jordan became one of the youngest members of the UNC Board of Trustees, where he was instrumental in expanding the system and forming the Board of Governors and the 16-campus system. As an original member of the Board of Governors, he chaired the committee that studied the establishment of a medical school at East Carolina University. In 1976 Jordan was elected to the North Carolina Senate, where he served four consecutive terms and promoted sound fiscal policy and championed children’s issues. He served as lieutenant governor from 1985 to 1989, using the strength of the office to lead efforts to improve access to education. He promoted the creation of the Recreational and Natural Heritage Trust Fund to purchase and preserve land for future generations. Jordan has served on the State Board of Education, State Board of Community Colleges, Southern Regional Education Board, board of directors of the North Carolina Rural Economic Development Center and member of the Board of Trustees for UNC-Charlotte. At NC State, his leadership has been tremendous, serving as a member of the Board of Trustees and chairing the 2004 and 2009 Chancellor Search Committees. He has received numerous awards and honors for his service to the state, including the North Carolina Farm Bureau Distinguished Service Award, Darrell Menscer Cup, North Carolina Award for Public Service, North Carolina Forestry Association Distinguished Service Award, Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Honorary Doctor of Humanities from the Methodist College, Beal Award and Watauga Medal, to name a few. Jordan and his wife are members of the Mt. Gilead First United Methodist Church. They have three children: Betsy, Robert and Janie. Honorary Doctor of Sciences Degree David H. Murdock is the chairman and major shareholder of Dole Food Company Inc., a Fortune 500 company and the world’s largest producer and marketer of high-quality fresh fruits and vegetables. He is also chairman, chief executive and owner of Castle & Cooke Inc., a private company. Murdock is an advocate of eating healthy to live a longer, more vital life. In 2010 he published The Dole Nutrition Handbook, What to Eat and How to Live For a Longer, Healthier Life, which featured information from leading scientific and nutrition experts on healthy lifestyle, diet and exercise regimens. He also organized the collaborative efforts of experts at the Mayo Clinic, University of California at Los Angeles and Dole Food Company to write The Encyclopedia of Foods, A Guide to Healthy Nutrition, a 500-page book on achieving a healthier lifestyle through nutrition, exercise and disease prevention. He developed a wellness center which houses the California Health & Longevity Institute, in Westlake Village, California. The 769,600-square-foot complex includes a healthy lifestyle teaching center combined with medical facilities able to perform complete diagnostic services, a Four Seasons Hotel and a television production studio. In North Carolina, Murdock is known and respected for his development of the North Carolina Research Campus in Kannapolis, a high-tech life science research center dedicated to the betterment of the world’s health and nutrition. The campus corrals the research and programs of eight universities, including NC State, as well as leading biotech companies and private enterprise in superb facilities with unparalleled scientific equipment. He and Dole Food Company have provided two endowed professorships at the NC State Plants for Human Health Institute. The David H. Murdock Core Laboratory, which opened in 2008, anchors the campus with its 311,000 square feet of lab space. Murdock has been a Regent’s Professor of Creativity in Business at UCLA’s Anderson Graduate School of Management. He is the recipient of an honorary Doctorate of Law degree from Pepperdine University and honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters degrees from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Hawaii Loa College. His hobbies include reading, the arts, poetry and horticulture. He is a breeder of prized Arabian horses and has an orchid collection consisting of more than 30,000 plants. He is also an avid art and antique furniture collector. Murdock resides in California with residences in New York, North Carolina and Hawaii. He has a son who is also active in the family business. Honorary Doctor of Sciences Degree James H. Woodward is a former Chancellor of North Carolina State University whose illustrious career in higher education has spanned nearly half a century. Dr. Woodward led NC State from June 2009 through March 2010, navigating a transitional period for the university with stability and transparency. His devotion to creating a supportive environment and growing the university’s reputation across the state, nation and world established a foundation for the transformational work NC State continues today. Before coming to NC State, Dr. Woodward served as the Chancellor of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte from 1989 to 2005, and currently serves as Chancellor-Emeritus. During his tenure at UNC Charlotte, he oversaw the significant expansion of the school to more than 19,000 students, the awarding of the school’s first doctoral degrees and the largest fundraising campaign in the school’s history. Prior to his tenure at UNC Charlotte, Dr. Woodward worked for twenty years at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in a number of roles. His roots in teaching, Dr. Woodward taught as a Professor of Engineering and Engineering Mechanics and was Dean of the School of Engineering at University of Alabama at Birmingham before moving to an administrative leadership role as Senior Vice President. His teaching career began at the U.S. Air Force Academy, where he was promoted from First Lieutenant to Captain in 1968 and taught Engineering Mechanics. From 1968 to 1969, Dr. Woodward worked as an Assistant Professor of Engineering at NC State, the university that he would lead as Chancellor four decades later. Dr. Woodward’s leadership and commitment to North Carolina extend well beyond the classroom. He has served as a member of the UNC Tomorrow Commission and the North Carolina Education Lottery Commission, as well as on the Board of Directors for MCNC, Inc. (Chair), Mecklenburg Citizens for Public Education (Chair) and the Charlotte Mecklenburg Community Foundation (Chair). He was also Chair of the Board of Visitors for the USAF Air University. Dr. Woodward has received numerous awards and honors for his dedication and generosity to the state and beyond, including the National Conference for Community and Justice Humanitarian Award, the Rodney D. Chipp Memorial Award from the Society of Women Engineers, the Charlotte Chamber and Business Journal Excellence in Management Award, an Honorary Doctor of Laws and Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Alabama at Birmingham, an Honorary Doctor of Public Service Degree from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, and the Order of the Long Leaf Pine. He is also a member of the Georgia Institute of Technology Academy of Distinguished Engineering Alumni, where he received his undergraduate, masters and Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics. Dr. Woodward and his wife, Martha, have three adult children and six grandchildren. Artistic Director and CEO of the Carolina Ballet Robert Weiss has served as Carolina Ballet’s Artistic Director and CEO since its professional launch in 1997. Under his leadership, the company has become one of America’s premier professional ballet companies. Mr. Weiss has created 44 works for Carolina Ballet, including Romeo and Juliet, Messiah, Stravinsky’s Clowns, The Kreutzer Sonata, Swan Lake, Cinderella and Firebird, which was performed by the Washington Ballet at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. This past season, Mr. Weiss created four new works for Carolina Ballet: Stürmische Liebe, The Masque of the Red Death, A Dancerly Response and Grieg: Piano Concerto. He also created a number of other works with the company including Adagio for Strings, which featured the music of Samuel Barber, and Reflection, a homage to the 100th anniversary of the birth of his mentor George Balanchine. Carolina Ballet has staged four of Mr. Weiss’ works – Don Quixote, Salome, Picasso’s Harlequins and The Song of the Dead (Meditations on Mortality), to coincide with exhibits at the Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University. Carolina Ballet also presented two ballets, in collaboration with the North Carolina Museum of Art, on a program called Monet Impressions, which was choreographed by Robert Weiss and Lynne Taylor-Corbett. Mr. Weiss’ professional career began at age 17, when he joined the New York City Ballet as a professional dancer at the request of George Balanchine, the company’s co-founder and founding choreographer. He remained with the company for 17 years, rising to the rank of principal dancer. There, he performed principal roles in over 40 ballets, some of which were created for him by both Balanchine and Jerome Robbins, the company’s other founding choreographer. After he retired as a principal dancer from New York City Ballet, Mr. Weiss served as Pennsylvania Ballet’s Artistic Director for eight seasons. In addition to his choreography for Carolina Ballet, Robert Weiss has created work for Pennsylvania Ballet, American Ballet Theater (for Gelsey Kirkland and Mikhail Baryshnikov), New York City Ballet, Bejart’s Ballet of the 20th century, The Caramoor Festival, Philadanco and Stars of American Ballet, among others. He is the recipient of two National Endowment of the Arts Fellowships for choreography. In May 2005, Mr. Weiss received the Medal of the Arts from the City of Raleigh Arts Commission, and in the fall of 2009 he was honored by the Phi Beta Kappa Society of North Carolina. He is married to Melissa Podcasy, a principal ballerina and founding member of Carolina Ballet. Commencement Speaker/Chairman of the Board, President and CEO of Duke Energy James E. Rogers has been chairman of the board, president and CEO of Duke Energy since January 2007. He has more than 21 years of experience as a utility CEO. He was named president and CEO of Duke Energy following the merger of Duke Energy and Cinergy in April 2006. Before the merger, he served as Cinergy’s chairman and CEO for more than 11 years. Prior to the formation of Cinergy, he joined PSI Energy in 1988 as the company’s chairman, president and CEO. He served as executive vice president of interstate pipelines for the Enron Gas Pipeline Group before joining PSI. Before joining Enron Corp., Mr. Rogers was a partner in the Washington, D.C., office of Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld. Before that, he was deputy general counsel for litigation and enforcement for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). In the course of his career, Mr. Rogers has served more than 50 cumulative years on the boards of Fortune 500 companies. He is currently a director of Cigna Corp. and Applied Materials Inc. He is past chairman and ex officio member of the Executive Committee of the Edison Electric Institute; and current chairman of the Institute for Electric Efficiency. He serves as a member of the board of directors and the Executive Committee of the Nuclear Energy Institute, and is a board member of the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations and the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO). Mr. Rogers also serves on the boards of the Business Roundtable, the National Coal Council, the National Petroleum Council and the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions. Mr. Rogers is co-chair of the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency and a board member of the Alliance to Save Energy, having served as co-chair. He serves as a member of the board of directors and vice chairman of the Executive Committee of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. He is a lifetime member of the Council on Foreign Relations and a member of the Honorary Committee of the Joint U.S.-China Collaboration on Clean Energy (JUCCCE) and the Club of Madrid President’s Circle. Mr. Rogers also serves on an advisory board for the Aspen Institute’s Business and Society Program and is past chairman of the Edison Foundation. In 2007, he was named the energy industry’s CEO of the Year by Platts and Business Person of the Year by the Charlotte Business Journal. In 2009, he received EnergyBiz magazine’s CEO of the Year EnergyBiz KITE Award (Knowledge, Innovation, Technology, Excellence) and was also inducted into the inaugural Energy Efficiency Forum Hall of Fame by the U.S. Energy Association and Johnson Controls Inc. The January 5, 2009, edition of Newsweek named Mr. Rogers to The Global Elite list, “The 50 Most Powerful People in the World,” saying, “The CEO of Duke Energy could make dreams of renewable power a reality.” Commencement Speaker/Honorary Doctor of Sciences Degree Rajendra K. Pachauri has been the Chief Executive of TERI, The Energy and Resources Institute, since 1982, designated initially as Director and since April 2001 as Director-General. He also serves as Chancellor of TERI University. Dr. Pachauri has been active in several international forums dealing with the subject of climate change and its policy dimensions. In April 2002, he was elected as Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), established by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. In 2007, Dr. Pachauri and his IPCC colleagues, along with former Vice President Al Gore, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. His wide-ranging expertise has resulted in his membership on several international and national boards and committees, including the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister of India, the Advisory Board on Energy (ABE) which reported directly to the Prime Minister of India, the Advisory Board for the Clinton Climate Initiative, the International Advisory Board for Toyota Motor Corporation and several others. He has been President (1988) and Chairman (1989-90) of the International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE). Since 1992, he has been President of the Asian Energy Institute. In April 1999, he was appointed member of the Board of Directors of the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (Japan) and continues to hold this appointment. Dr. Pachauri was awarded the “Padma Bhushan” in 2001 by the President of India, and he also was bestowed the “Officier De La Légion D’Honneur” by the Government of France in 2006. He was conferred with the “Padma Vibhushan,” the second highest civilian award in India, for his services in the field of science and engineering by the President of India, and in 2009, he was appointed the first Director of the Yale Climate and Energy Institute. Dr. Pachauri has a M.S. and Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering as well as Economics, all from NC State University. Honorary Doctor of Sciences Degree Robert G. Stanton is a Senior Advisor to the Secretary of the U.S. Department of the Interior and the former Director of the National Park Service. He advises the Secretary on environmental, educational, organizational and management challenges and opportunities, working closely with the bureaus and offices in advancing departmental goals. Mr. Stanton represents the Secretary and the Department on Presidential Interagency Policy Review committees, boards and commissions. He also provides executive leadership and program direction for the Interior Museum at the Stewart Lee Udall Department of the Interior Building and the congressionally authorized Indian Arts and Crafts Board. Prior to assuming this position in 2010, Mr. Stanton served as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and Program Management in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy, Management and Budget. Since beginning his career as a National Park Service ranger in 1962 at Grand Teton National Park, Mr. Stanton has dedicated his life to improving the conservation and management of treasured landscapes and heritage resources. He has served with the National Park Service in key management positions including Park Superintendent, Deputy Regional Director, Regional Director, Assistant Director and Associate Director. He has received numerous national awards for outstanding public service and leadership in conservation, historic preservation, youth programs and diversity in employment and public programs. Under his leadership, the National Park Service budget increased by 28 percent and major park preservation and visitor service programs were inaugurated. Several presidential and legislative initiatives were enacted in his tenure, including the authorization of 11 new park areas, six national heritage areas, study of 22 possible new areas and the Underground Railroad Network to Freedom. Since 2001, he has served as an executive professor at Texas A&M University, a visiting professor Howard and Yale Universities, board member, and consultant to a number of national conservation organizations. Mr. Stanton earned a B.S. degree from Huston-Tillotson University and did his graduate work at Boston University. Former president, Gallaudet University Dr. I. King Jordan is an international spokesperson for deaf and hard of hearing people, as well as an advocate for all persons with disabilities. He also is the former president of Gallaudet University, the world’s only university with all programs and services designed specifically for students who are deaf and hard of hearing. Throughout his career, he has worked to heighten public awareness of the important educational contributions Gallaudet makes to the nation and the world. As a popular public speaker, Dr. Jordan challenges the American public to examine their attitudes toward people with disabilities and to open their minds, hearts and workplaces to them. He earned a B.A. in psychology from Gallaudet and his M.A. and Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Tennessee. Upon receiving his Doctorate, Dr. Jordan joined the faculty of Gallaudet’s Department of Psychology where he served as professor, department chair and dean, making numerous scholarly contributions to his field. In addition, he has been a research fellow at Donaldson’s School for the Deaf in Edinburgh, Scotland, an exchange scholar at Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland, and a visiting scholar and lecturer at schools in Paris, Toulouse, and Marseille, France. Dr. Jordan holds 11 honorary degrees and is the recipient of numerous awards, including the U.S. Presidential Citizen’s Medal, the Washingtonian of the Year Award, the James L. Fisher Award from the Council for Advancement and Support of Education (CASE), the Larry Stewart Award from the American Psychological Association and the Distinguished Leadership Award from the National Association for Community Leadership. He also served as Vice Chair of the President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities under former presidents George Bush, Sr. and Bill Clinton. Dr. Jordan and his wife, Linda, have two grown children, I. King III, an associate professor of bioinformatics at Georgia Institutes of Technology, and Heidi, an assistant principal at the Florida School for the Deaf. Associate Librarian for Library Services at the Library of Congress Deanna Bowling Marcum was appointed Associate Librarian for Library Services at the Library of Congress on August 11, 2003. In this capacity, she manages 53 divisions and offices whose over 1,800 employees are responsible for acquisitions, cataloging, public service, and preservation activities, services to the blind and physically handicapped, and network and bibliographic standards for America’s national library. She is also responsible for integrating the emerging digital resources into the traditional artifactual library–the first step toward building a national digital library for the 21st century. In 1995, Dr. Marcum was appointed president of the Council on Library Resources and president of the Commission on Preservation and Access. She oversaw the merger of these two organizations into the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) in 1997 and served as president until August 2003. CLIR’s mission is to identify the critical issues that affect the welfare and prospects of libraries and archives and the constituencies they serve, convene individuals and organizations in the best position to engage these issues and respond to them, and encourage institutions to work collaboratively to achieve and manage change. Dr. Marcum served as Director of Public Service and Collection Management at the Library of Congress from 1993-95. Before that, she was the Dean of the School of Library and Information Science at The Catholic University of America. From 1980 to 1989, she was first a program officer and then vice president of the Council on Library Resources. Dr. Marcum holds a Ph.D. in American Studies, a master’s degree in Library Science and a bachelor’s degree in English. Graduation Speaker/Commander, United States Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) General Raymond T. Odierno, United States Army, is a proud alumnus of North Carolina State University and commands United States Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM). Headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, USJFCOM provides mission-ready joint-capable forces and supports the development and integration of joint, interagency, and multinational capabilities to meet the present and future operational needs of the joint force.General Odierno most recently served as Commanding General, Multi- National Force – Iraq and subsequently United States Forces – Iraq, from September 2008 until September 2010. He oversaw the transition from the Surge to Stability Operations and directed the largest redeployment of forces and equipment in the last 40 years. During a previous assignment in Iraq, in command of the Army’s 4th Infantry Division during 2003 and 2004, Soldiers from the division captured former President Saddam Hussein. As the day-to-day commander of coalition forces, General Odierno was the operational architect of the Surge and was responsible for implementing the counterinsurgency strategy that led to the dramatic decrease in violence in Iraq in 2007 and 2008. A native of northern New Jersey, General Odierno attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating in 1976 with a commission in Field Artillery. During more than 34 years of service, he has commanded units at every echelon, from platoon to theater, with duty in Germany, Albania, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United States. General Odierno holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering from West Point and a master’s degree in Nuclear Effects Engineering from North Carolina State University. He holds a master’s degree in National Security and Strategic Studies from the Naval War College. He is also a graduate of the Army War College. Awards and decorations include three awards of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, two awards of the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, six awards of the Legion of Merit, the Bronze Star Medal, the Defense Meritorious Service Medal, four awards of the Meritorious Service Medal, the Army Commendation Medal, the Army Achievement Medal, and the Combat Action Badge. He received the highest award in the State Department, the Secretary of State Distinguished Service Medal, and recently the Romanian President awarded him the Romanian Order of Military Merit. General Odierno is the 2009 recipient of the Naval War College Distinguished Graduate Leadership Award for his strategic leadership and insight. Industrial Designer Richard Sapper is a renowned German industrial designer. Born in 1932, he studied Economics at the University of Munich. By 1956, Sapper was working in the design division of Mercedes Benz. He then went to Milan, where he worked in the practice of Alberto Rosselli and Gio Ponti. He then became a designer in the design division of La Rinascente department stores. From 1958, Sapper worked in the practice of Marco Zanuso, with whom he developed several extremely innovative designs for furnishings, lamps and electrical appliances for Gavina, Kartell and Brionvega. These designs included the Lambda chair of die-cast aluminum, a stackable children’s chair of pressure-molded polyethylene, which is the first piece of seat furniture to have been made of this material, the TS502 cult radio, and the Doney, Algol, and Black Box portable televisions. They also created the Grillo telephone. In 1970, Sapper opened a design practice of his own in Stuttgart, and in 1972, he designed the high-tech Tizio work lamp for Artemide, an icon of twentieth century design. Sapper designed numerous objects for Alessi, including Bollitore, a whistling kettle. He also designed products for B&B Italia, Castelli, Tag Heuer, Italora, Knoll International, Telefunken and Unifor. In the 1970s, Sapper was a design consultant to Fiat and Pirelli and, from 1980 to present, to IBM. For IBM, Richard Sapper designed the Thinkpad laptop line. He has been a visiting lecturer at numerous institutions and, since 1986, a professor at Stuttgart Art Academy. Through the creation of the Tizio lamp, Richard Sapper has become a design icon and belongs in the ranks of the most important designers like Eileen Gray, Charles Eames, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Arne Jacobsen, Marcel Breuer und Wilhelm Wagenfeld. He has received numerous international design awards, including 10 prestigious Compasso d’Oro industrial design awards, and 15 of his products are in New York’s Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) collection. John Seely Brown is a visiting scholar and advisor to the Provost at University of Southern California (USC) and the Independent Co-Chairman of the Deloitte Center for Edge Innovation. He also is the former Chief Scientist of Xerox Corporation and the former director of its Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) for nearly two decades where he expanded the role of corporate research to include such topics as organizational learning, knowledge management, complex adaptive systems and nano/mems technologies. He also co-founded the Institute for Research on Learning (IRL). Dr. Brown is a member of the National Academy of Education, a Fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a Trustee of the MacArthur Foundation. He serves on numerous private boards of directors and public boards, including Amazon, Corning, and Varian Medical Systems. He has published over 100 papers in scientific journals and was awarded the Harvard Business Review’s 1991 McKinsey Award for his article, “Research that Reinvents the Corporation” and again in 2002 for his article “Your Next IT Strategy.” In 2004, he was inducted in the Industry Hall of Fame. He co-authored the acclaimed book The Social Life of Information with Paul Duguid and co-authored the book The Only Sustainable Edge with John Hagel, which outlines new forms of collaborative innovation. He is currently working on a new book – The New Culture of Learning with Professor Doug Thomas at the University of Southern California. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science Degree from Brown University in May 2000, an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Claremont Graduate School in May 2004 and an honorary doctorate from the University of Michigan in 2005. He is an avid reader, traveler and motorcyclist. John’s views are distinguished by a broad view of the human contexts in which technology operates, bolstered by a healthy skepticism of whether or not change always represents genuine progress. Consultant, Speaker, Writer Dr. Jack Ward Thomas is a consultant, speaker and writer in the arena of conservation. His career as a wildlife biologist began in 1957 with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, where he was involved in both management and research activities. He joined the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service in 1966 and ended his career as a research scientist in 1993 as Chief of the Forest Service. During his 27-year career as a research scientist with the Forest Service, he received 18 Outstanding Performance Awards and became one of three Forest Service scientists ever to attain the most senior rank afforded to research scientists. In 1993, he was appointed Chief of the Forest Service and was designated Chief Emeritus of the Forest Service in 1997. He also joined the faculty of the University of Montana in 1997 as the Boone and Crockett Professor of Wildlife Conservation and was named Professor Emeritus after his retirement in 2006. He has received a number of awards, including USDA awards for Distinguished and Superior Service; 21 Forest Service Superior Performance Awards; the Federal Statesman Award; the Aldo Leopold Award of the Wildlife Society; the Distinguished Achievement Award from the Society for Conservation Biology; Outstanding Professional of the Year Award from the National Wildlife Federation; and the Distinguished Service Award from Oregon State University. On the 100th Anniversary Celebration of the U.S. Forest Service, he was recognized as having made the most significant contributions to Forest Service research in the agency’s first century. Dr. Thomas is a member of the Wildlife Society (Texas Chapter President, Regional Representative, National Council Member, National President, Honorary Member); the Society of American Foresters (Elected Fellow); the American Ornithological Society (Elected Fellow); the Society for Range Management; the American Society of Mammalogists; the Wilson Ornithological Society; and the American Fisheries Society. He has also served on the Advisory Boards of the General Accounting Office, the National Academy of Sciences (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources), the Forest Trust of Canada, Bear Trust International, Global Forest Science and the National Forest Museum. Dr. Thomas holds a B.S. in Wildlife Management from Texas A&M University, a M.S. in Wildlife Ecology from West Virginia University and a Ph.D. in Forestry from the University of Massachusetts. Each of those institutions have designated him a Distinguished Alumnus. Thomas has been awarded Honorary Doctorates by Lakehead University in Canada and Lewis and Clark College. Chairman: York Properties, Inc., Prudential York Simpson Underwood and the McDonald York Building Company G. Smedes York is a respected businessman and instrumental developer within the Triangle area. In the 1970’s and 80’s, Mr. York served the needs of the Raleigh community as a Raleigh City Councilman, representing District E. and, later, as Mayor of Raleigh for two terms. He spent his professional career in real estate and construction and is Chairman of York Properties, Inc. and related companies, Prudential York Simpson Underwood and the McDonald York Building Company. York Construction Company, his family’s business founded in 1910, built several buildings at North Carolina State University, including the first segment of the Bell Tower. In addition to his business, he has served as chairman of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry and the NC State University Board of Trustees. He is currently a member of the Board of Directors of the Research Triangle Foundation, the YMCA of the Triangle and North Carolina Amateur Sports. He served as Chairman of the Urban Land Institute (ULI) from 1989 to 1991 and continues to serve as a trustee. As a member of the ULI, he has chaired many panel advisory service assignments, including in New Orleans after the devastation of Hurricane Katrina. Mr. York’s work has been honored with the Chamber of Commerce A.E. Finley Award, the Boys Clubs of America Silver Medallion, the News and Observer’s Tar Heel of the Week award, Realtor of the Year, the Boy Scouts Distinguished Citizen Award and the Watauga Medal from NC State. Mr. York earned his B.S. with high honors in Civil Engineering from NC State and a M.B.A. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. From 1964-66, he served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and received an Army Commendation Medal for his service in South Korea. He and his wife, Rosemary, have two children, George and William, and two grandchildren, Smedes and Bowen. Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree: Ms. Pat Mora is an award-winning Hispanic author of nonfiction, poetry and children’s books. She was born in El Paso, Texas and earned her Bachelor of Arts from Texas Western College in 1963 and Master’s from the University of Texas, El Paso in 1967. While Pat is known more for her literary works, she also has taught at the secondary and college levels, worked as a museum director and has been a consultant on U.S.-Mexico youth exchanges. She is the founder of the family literacy initiative, “El día de los niños/ El día de los libros, Children’s Day/ Children’s Book Day,” now housed at the American Library Association. Pat’s literacy initiative is committed to linking all children to books, languages and cultures. Her work is shaped by the U.S. – Mexico border where she was born and spent much of her life. “Ms. Mora’s poems are proudly bilingual, an eloquent answer to purists who refuse to see language as something that lives and changes,” wrote The New York Times of Agua Santa: Holy Water, Pat’s collection now reprinted by The University of Arizona Press. Pat’s poetry collections include Adobe Odes, Aunt Carmen’s Book of Practical Saints, Agua Santa: Holy Water, Communion, Borders, and Chants. She also has published a memoir, House of Houses, and Nepantla: Essays from the Land in the Middle. Pat’s work also has received praise from The Washington Post, which described her acclaimed memoir, House of Houses, as a “textual feast . . . a regenerative act . . . and an eloquent bearer of the old truth that it is through the senses that we apprehend love.” A member of the Texas Institute of Letters, Pat has received numerous awards, including the 2006 National Hispanic Cultural Center Literary Award and a 2003 Civitella Ranieri Fellowship, which provided her the opportunity to write in Umbria, Italy. She has served as a Visiting Carruthers Chair at the University of New Mexico, was a recipient and judge of the Poetry Fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, has been a recipient and advisor of the Kellogg National Leadership Fellowships. In 2006, she received an Honorary Doctorate in Letters from the State University in New York, Buffalo. Pat is the mother of three grown children. She and her husband Dr. Vernon Scarborough live in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree: Mr. Richard G. Robb has served on many corporate and civic boards, including the Jane Goodall Institute Board, Charlotte Central YMCA Board and the NC Zoological Society Board, where he was responsible for the betterment of many of the habitants. He has been a member of the NC State Endowment Fund Board and served for eight years on the NC State Board of Trustees. As a member of the Board of Trustees, he chaired the Academic Affairs and Personnel Committee and the Faculty-Trustees Honorary Degree Committee. In his service, Dick helped to redefine the process of Honorary Degree candidate selection, adding prestige to the title and reinvigorating the process. He also helped to initiate the creation of the Campus Design Review Panel at NC State, providing an improved approach to approving projects on campus. Since its first meeting in October 1999, the Panel reviewed 89 projects, ensuring that each project fulfill the Guiding Principles of NC State’s Master Plan. In recognition of his dedication to NC State, Dick was named an honorary NC State alumnus, one of only nine in the institution’s history. Dick is a Trustee and Treasurer of the Park Foundation of Ithaca, New York, and co-manages the Park Foundation’s investment fund, playing an instrumental role in helping to design the Park scholarship program. Dick also has served as a Trustee at Warren Wilson College, where he founded the Environmental Leadership Program. In Avery County, North Carolina, he created a reading program for children, dispensing thousands of books for all children under the age of five for family reading. Dick earned a degree in business administration from The Ohio State University in 1958, followed by service in the United States Army. Prior to his retirement, Dick worked as the global head of NationsBank’s merger and acquisitions department with offices in Charlotte, Atlanta, Dallas and London. Dick is a prominent animal rights advocate and is deeply committed to numerous environmental issues. In 2007, he was named a Significant Sig by Sigma Chi Fraternity. Dick and his wife, Sally, will celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary this year. They have three sons. Richard, Jr. has a degree from Duke University and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. Karl has a degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and David has a Master’s from Duke University and his undergraduate degree from NC State. He spends summers in the mountains of North Carolina, and lives on an island in the Gulf of Mexico during the winter. Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree: Mr. C.D. Spangler, Jr. is an accomplished businessman for whom public service in education has been a lifelong avocation. In 1954, he received a B.S. degree from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a Master’s in business administration from Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration in 1956. The next two years after graduation, Dick served in the U. S. Army, returning to Charlotte in 1958 to work for his father’s company, C.D. Spangler Construction Company. Both Dick and his wife, Meredith, were active volunteers in the educational system, and in 1972, Dick was elected to the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education. He served as Vice Chairman from 1974 to 1976, during which time he participated in statewide efforts to provide a kindergarten program for all 5-year-olds in the public schools. In 1973, while continuing to serve
4591	dbpedia	0	90	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6312698/	en	Resource Allocation for Equity in the British National Health Service 1948-89: an Advocacy Coalition Analysis of the ‘RAWP’	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih…rd-share.jpg?_=0	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih…rd-share.jpg?_=0	[ "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/logo-wtpa2.gif", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6312698/bin/emss-80806-f001.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6312698/bin/emss-80806-f002.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "M Gorsky" ]	2018-02-01T00:00:00		en	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico	PubMed Central (PMC)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6312698/	J Health Polit Policy Law. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 Feb 1. Published in final edited form as: PMCID: PMC6312698 EMSID: EMS80806 PMID: 28972019 Resource Allocation for Equity in the British National Health Service 1948-89: an Advocacy Coalition Analysis of the ‘RAWP’ The British National Health Service (NHS) is one of the oldest examples among the liberal democracies of a single-payer, publicly funded health system. It was launched in 1948, following legislation in 1946/7, with three core principles. It would be universal in coverage, furnish a comprehensive range of services, and be free at the point of use, with funding coming principally from general taxation levied centrally. According to its founder, Britain would become ‘more wholesome, more serene, and spiritually healthier, if its citizens have the knowledge that they and their fellows, have access, when ill, to the best that medical skill can provide’ (Bevan 1952: 75). Over its seventy years these principles have frayed at the edges, with the status of non-British citizens compromising universalism, the porous boundary with social care challenging comprehensiveness, and the introduction of charges for prescriptions, dentistry and ophthalmics undermining free treatment. Nonetheless, the NHS’s principles and values remain essentially intact and politically popular (Gorsky 2008). As momentum in global health builds behind the agenda of Universal Health Coverage, this ‘Beveridge’ model health system is enjoying a revival of interest among analysts. Pluralist developmental models incorporating substantial user fees have proven to impose barriers to access, while empirical evidence that public systems deliver better outcomes in low-income settings has emerged (Yates 2009; Moreno-Serra and Smith 2015). In these circumstances, the NHS can reasonably be proffered as ‘… a highly applicable … means for effectively financing a universal coverage system providing access to cost-effective care’, while scoring ‘… consistently high on international benchmarking comparisons … especially on equity’ (Chalkidou and Vega 2013). The NHS funding model, and related devices through which a centrally administered system achieves efficiency and equity therefore merit scrutiny. The subject of this essay is one key device, commonly dubbed the ‘RAWP’. This awkward acronym refers to the Resource Allocation Working Party, a committee of the government’s Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS), established in 1975, and reporting in 1976. It is also synonymous with a novel formula introduced by the committee, through which the state disbursed funding to the NHS regions. The formula’s guiding principle was that need for medical care in a given population could be systematically calculated, allowing resources to be allocated in a fair and transparent manner. There are two reasons why the RAWP’s history has larger relevance to present day debates about health policy. The first is as a case study of ‘equity of access’ in the policy arena. At international level the idea that the furtherance of equity is a legitimate health system function emerged in the 1970s and subsequently became commonly recognized (Anderson 1972: 81, 93, 161-5; World Bank 1993: 54-5, 69-71). This acceptance may be understood as a political expression of ethical principles, whether rights-driven or paternalistic, or of individual self-interest in managing risk. Simply defined, equity implies that ‘all should have access to health services regardless of income or residence’, yet in practice it has been understood mostly in terms of completeness of coverage or fairness of contributions (Anderson 1972, 5; WHO 2000, 35-9). However, the historical experience of the British NHS shows that even when universal cover through progressive taxation is established, other dimensions of equity, for example in relation to utilization, health outcomes or geographical access may remain unsolved (Hollingsworth, Hage & Hanneman 1990). The RAWP episode illustrates how the problem of equity of access by ‘residence’ came to be articulated and addressed within a single-payer system. It is important secondly as a historical case study of innovation and success in health policy-making. Politically, the terrain of equity is highly contentious, even for a country like Britain where ‘socialized medicine’ seems a settled aspect of public life. On the one hand, there have always been critics of the NHS who have objected from libertarian or economic liberal perspectives (Seaton 2015). On the other, redistribution of resources for health, albeit in the name of social justice, creates both winners and losers. As in any health system, interests such as medical professionals and hospital administrators may be expected to object if their power is threatened (Alford 1977). There are also formidable technical challenges to successful policy-making in this area, for how exactly is ‘need’ for medical care to be defined and measured, when both biological and social factors are in play? Given these political and practical impediments then, it is surprising that the RAWP succeeded at all, and this makes it a particularly intriguing case study. The discussion begins with an introductory description of Britain’s NHS, then provides essential details of the RAWP and its context. Next it reviews existing literature on the episode, arguing that this has given insufficient weight to the importance of ideas and of actors below the level of political leadership. The following section outlines a conceptual approach drawn from political science that adopts just such an analysis, the ‘advocacy coalition framework’. This is a generic model of policy change whose explanatory power helpfully illuminates the RAWP case-study. The argument that follows emphasizes three main factors of change: the importance over the medium term of policy-learning driven by the research community; the key role of mid-level bureaucrats in supporting implementation and embedding of the initiative; and the framing of the RAWP debate as essentially technical, even though it touched on core values and was potentially controversial. The British NHS: history and structure Amongst the myriad classificatory schemes used in health systems analysis, Britain’s NHS has historically been viewed as an ideal type, for its ‘universal service pattern’ of free care as a public benefit, and its ‘polar’ organizational model, in which the state was the dominant payer and provider (Roemer 1960: 158; Anderson 1963: 842). It was established after the Second World War as a key element of the welfare state, inspired by the universalist blueprint of the Beveridge Report, and put into place by the social democratic Labour government, following its 1945 election victory. The arrangements that the NHS replaced were characterised by localism and diversity (Webster 1988). Medicine for the middle class had been predominantly private, while payroll-based health insurance covered blue-collar workers for primary care. Voluntary hospitals funded by philanthropy or mutualism dominated acute care for the working class, with psychiatric and long-stay institutions provided by local government or the Poor Law. Municipal public health departments oversaw infectious diseases, clinical services for women and children, and preventive care. All this was swept aside in 1948, with hospitals taken into national ownership and staffed by salaried doctors and nurses, and primary care physicians (‘general practitioners’) employed under contract by the NHS. In place of pluralist funding sources, income now came principally from progressive national taxation dispensed annually by the Treasury, with private medicine permitted, but marginal. The administrative base of medicine in charitable and local political structures was also replaced under the NHS, by a hierarchical system (Webster 1988, 2002; Klein 2005). At its apex was the national government, whose Ministry of Health (renamed in 1968 the DHSS) had prime responsibility for the service. Executive power notionally lay with the Minister of Health (renamed in 1968 Secretary of State) appointed by the Prime Minister from amongst the senior politicians of the governing party, and supported by junior ministers and advisers. Day-to-day control over the NHS was exercised by the Ministry’s civil servants. Sometimes described as ‘Britain’s ruling class’, such government bureaucrats held permanent appointments, were nominally non-partisan and in addition to implementing policy participated in its development (Hennessy 1989: 342).Democratic accountability for the NHS resided principally with the national parliament, for only limited public health duties now remained with elected local authorities. New Regional Hospital Boards (RHBs) were created, run by appointees of the Minister, while separate Executive Councils, on which local doctors sat alongside appointees, oversaw primary care. This arrangement persisted until 1974 when the ‘tripartite structure’ was replaced by tiered Regional, Area and District Health Authorities which mapped onto local government boundaries, the better to integrate preventive, primary and hospital care. Very crudely the political economy of the NHS in its first forty years can be summarised as follows. Though technically a ‘command and control system’ there were initially ‘rather few commands and precious little control’ (LeGrand 2003: 49). Government proffered advice and allocated financing, but managerial responsibility was delegated to local level, remaining largely in the hands of pre-NHS medical and political elites. Nationally a broad consensus over the service obtained between the governing Conservative and Labour parties, though Conservatives were more inclined to constrain expenditure, particularly in the 1950s and 1980s (Webster 2005; Appleby 1999). Growth in the 1960s fuelled quality improvements in general practice and a hospital renewal program, before economic difficulties slowed welfare state expansion in the 1970s. Henceforth political conflict over the NHS intensified as governments sought to contain costs and extend managerial authority, culminating (as readers of this journal will know) in more radical structural reform in 1989, when the Thatcher government launched its ‘internal market’ (Klein 2013). The RAWP: key features and research questions The RAWP episode therefore manifested the mid-seventies moment when central government began to pursue a more interventionist policy. However it also sprang from a contradiction present from the start of the NHS. The service’s Labour architect Aneurin Bevan had promised it would ‘universalise the best’ for all citizens, addressing spatial inequities rooted in the ‘caprice of charity’ and the patchiness of local government financing (Bevan 1946: 46, 49). For example, the interwar distribution of voluntary hospital capacity was so uneven that in-patient admission rates varied five-fold across the major cities (Mohan 2006; Gorsky, Mohan and Powell 1999). London, in which about 25% of English and Welsh voluntary beds in were located, was particularly privileged, as the location of venerable teaching hospitals and many specialist institutions attractive to philanthropy (Pinker 1966: 57). Although municipal hospitals partially ameliorated voluntary unevenness public expenditure varied significantly according to the local wealth base, and these had worse staffing ratios, fewer technical facilities and less outpatient capacity (Levene, Powell and Stewart 2004; Powell 1992; Hollingsworth and Hollingsworth 1985). Nor had statutory health insurance overturned the market incentives which determined the geography of primary care. A six-fold difference in doctor/population ratios existed between major cities, with mining and industrial locations the least favored (Powell 2005). Despite these problems, and Bevan’s rhetoric, the founding legislation contained no program for geographical redistribution, assuming instead that the new regional authorities would resolve these issues. However, there was no local enthusiasm for reforms which might disturb existing medical power structures, and resources continued to be apportioned largely on the basis of pre-1948 expenditure patterns. This meant that twenty years into the life of the NHS the existing distribution of facilities was little changed, thanks to ‘the inertia built into the system by history’ (DHSS 1976: 7). The first challenge for RAWP historians will therefore be to explain how an apparently marginal concern rose to prominence in the mid-1970s. Before this though, some preliminary details of the committee and the solution it proposed are needed. The RAWP was set up in May 1975 by the Labour government led by Harold Wilson. The politician formally responsible was Barbara Castle, Secretary of State at the DHSS, on the left of the party, and remembered for championing not only egalitarianism in the NHS but also disability rights and equal pay for women (Perkins 2003). However, it was her Minister of Health, the more centrist David Owen, who led the initiative. The committee’s brief was to review and improve the process through which central funding was allocated geographically. The RAWP’s response was a novel formula which aligned funding with population health needs. It began with the principle that the ‘needs’ to which a health service should respond were not the same as public demand, which tended to be ‘always one jump ahead’ of what a nation’s limited resources could deliver. Instead it proposed that the needs of a given place could be systematically calibrated with reference to its demographic features, adjusted to account for its specific ‘morbidity characteristics’. Funding could then be dispensed in response to ‘need’, rather than existing ‘supply’ or incalculable consumer ‘demand’ (DHSS 1976: 7-9). What was the solution that the RAWP devised? illustrates the working of the formula, whose main principle was to allocate resources on the basis of geographical population levels (Row 1), weighted to reflect various considerations. The first modifying effect (Row 2) was anticipated variations in usage of hospital and community services. This was established by separately weighting seven main fields of activity, principally by regional sex and age structure (using national utilization data); in the case of psychiatric hospitals the known epidemiological link between marital status and utilization was also incorporated. Next a further adjustment was added to account for variations in morbidity (Row 3), for which the chosen tool was Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs). The RAWP argued that these provided the best available proxy for morbidity, and thus need for non-psychiatric care. Moreover, because they provided a direct measure of health care need, SMRs obviated the requirement to include in the formula factors such as ‘occupation, poverty, social class and pollution’, with which they already overlapped (DHSS 1976: 14-15). Standardized fertility rates were also incorporated to calibrate demand for maternity services. Final adjustments (Row 4) were made to account for: cross-boundary patient flows related to hospital location or tourism; existing numbers of long stay patients; extra costs of teaching hospitals (the Service Increment for Teaching, SIFT); and a London weighting. The pattern of implementation from the late 1970s, when the formula was well established, to the late 1980s when it underwent adjustment in response to the internal market, is shown in . Immediate transition to the new dispensation was rejected: losers would struggle to maintain services, and would probably close hospitals, while winners might make inefficient use of major increases due to inexperience. Instead the approach was one of gradual advance to the RAWP target. The graph illustrates the privileged position of the four metropolitan regions - London and the Home Counties - and the relative disadvantage of the North, with an initial range of budgetary excess or shortfall around the RAWP target of 22%. By 1988/9 this had narrowed to about 11%, or, if the two outlying North Thames regions are excluded, to a range of only 6%. Here then is evidence for the success of the RAWP, in bringing the regions substantially closer to equalization. The case for success also rests on the claim that the RAWP instilled two enduring principles into health policy. One was that equality of access for citizens with equal need was a desirable, popular and attainable goal. The other was that this should be achieved by empirical formulation, rather than by the informed judgment of civil servants. The second research question the RAWP provokes then, is to account for this accomplishment. RAWP by the Historians The RAWP episode is briefly treated in the major NHS histories as well as in three more detailed studies, with several actors in the events amongst its scholars. The official historian of the NHS, Charles Webster, attributes action principally to ministerial leadership. He emphasizes Barbara Castle’s role, regarding RAWP as part of her larger programme of priority setting (Webster 1996: 606-13). An avowed admirer of an egalitarian NHS, Webster is critical of the RAWP’s ‘limited progress’, considering this to have been slowed by Treasury hesitancy and Thatcherite disinterest (Webster 2002: 84-7). Geoffrey Rivett, author of another major survey text, was a DHSS civil servant in the period. He similarly attributes the RAWP initiative to Labour politicians, with Richard Crossman (Secretary of State 1968-70) as the progenitor, and Owen and Castle responding to a ‘deep-seated political imperative to redress the inequalities in provision’; he sees this as a consequence of the 1974 reorganisation, which exacerbated inequities when the costly teaching hospitals were integrated into regional authorities (Rivett 2015). He is more accepting of its effectiveness, noting particularly its effect on London. Rudolf Klein treats the RAWP only briefly, though he himself was involved, initially as a researcher with the ear of David Owen, and later as a health policy expert. He depicts the RAWP as a creature of technocratic planning within broad political consensus, and thus emblematic of the era that Thatcherism later swept aside (Klein 2005). Its prevailing ideology of efficiency allowed ‘paternalist rationalisers’ to dominate the field, with the RAWP an exercise in ‘rationing’ (the pejorative term preferable to the euphemistic ‘resource allocation’). Eschewing evaluation, Klein notes comparatively slow progress towards equalisation while acknowledging its work in addressing London’s over-provision. Turning to more specialist accounts, Walter Holland includes the RAWP, of which he was a member, in his history of health services research (HSR). Holland was the University of London’s first Professor of Social Medicine, based at St Thomas’s Hospital, and had come to HSR from epidemiology (Holland 2013). He explains RAWP as politically inspired by pressure from Northern MPs who observed that their constituencies were underserved by new medical facilities. His own contribution figures prominently, highlighting the influential St Thomas’s research agenda on resource distribution and epidemiological modelling of needs. Holland trenchantly defends the RAWP, arguing that it successfully reduced funding gaps, and functioned with simplicity and transparency, in contrast to later ‘fiddles’ (Holland 2013: 161-6). Nicholas Mays and Gwyn Bevan, who worked on the RAWP as researchers in Holland’s department in the 1980s, take a similar approach. Their historical survey of earlier policy-makers’ attempts to address the issue highlights both the degree of continuity informing the initiative, and the flurry of literature in the early 1970s that triggered action (Mays and Bevan, 1987). Finally, John Welshman’s study of the RAWP from the perspective of the Sheffield region broadens the reading of the intellectual precursors. Contra Mays and Bevan’s case for intellectual continuity since the 1950s, he asserts a step change in thinking began in the late-1960s. Welshman also flags the policy role of health economists as an issue which ‘deserves more study than it has received hitherto’ (Welshman 2006: 232). Sources, Methods and Concepts The argument here will carry this forward, asserting the role of ideas and actors as a critical variable. It will show particularly that the intellectual impact of HSR and health economics mattered, and that their proponents’ influence from key positions in the policy-making architecture was instrumental, both to the genesis of the RAWP, to its recommendations and to the embedding of its findings. It builds on recent work on disciplinary developments in postwar public health research which has deepened understanding of the research/policy relationship (Sheard 2013; Holland 2013; Shergold and Grant 2008). It also draws on the archival record of the RAWP period which is now mostly in the public domain (with the exception of material relating to the late-1980s RAWP Review, for which our freedom of information requests remain unsuccessful). It relies too on recent oral and written memoirs of participants and key civil servants, who, with the benefit of distance offer candid and illuminating reflections. In order to conceptualize these issues a theoretical resource from political science, the ‘advocacy coalition framework’ (ACF), is employed. Associated principally with Paul Sabatier, this has gained traction as a useful heuristic for understanding policy processes in liberal democracies (Sabatier 1988). It emerged to address inadequacies of existing models. For example pluralist approaches that treated policy as balancing the demands of competing interest groups neglected the power of changing ideas to shape outcomes. Similarly, institutional approaches that set out programmatic ‘stages’ – issue recognition, agenda setting, solution finding, political action – were too focused on temporal processes rather than causal mechanisms operating over a long run (Heintz and Jenkins-Smith 1988; Jenkins-Smith and Sabatier 1994). The ACF instead depicts change as the outcome of struggle between groups within a given ‘sub-system’, or field, of policy. An advocacy coalition includes all actors whose beliefs and ideas shape a shared goal: thus it can include bureaucrats, legislators and formal interest groups, but also academics, journalists and others. The assumption is that research evidence matters because it furnishes resources to advocacy coalitions as they seek to influence ‘policy brokers’ - ministers and senior civil servants. However, such ‘policy-oriented learning’ does not translate swiftly or rationally into action: politics is too determined by core beliefs about the world, anchored in emotion or instinct, for this to occur (Schlesinger 1968: 285; Sabatier 1988: 143-7). Indeed the ACF holds that all public policy change is essentially a ‘translation of belief’ into action (Weible, Sabatier, McQueen 2009: 122-3). Thus members of advocacy coalitions will themselves be motivated partly by their ‘deep core beliefs’ (for example about the desirability of an egalitarian or a libertarian approach to health systems), partly by ‘policy core beliefs’ (for example about equal access for equal health needs) and only partly by secondary ‘narrower beliefs’ on technical aspects of policy, which are open to modification (Jenkins-Smith and Sabatier 1994, 180-82). This does not mean, as some claim, that research only serves to legitimize decisions taken for other reasons (Klein 1990: 503-6, 513; Schlesinger 1968: 283-4). Instead it is assumed to exercise a longer-term ‘enlightenment’ function, reshaping debate more gradually, and strengthening cumulatively the advantage of one or other coalition (Weiss 1977). Hence a timeframe of at least a decade will be required to observe the effects of research on policy. While proponents of the thesis emphasize the play of ideas, they also explain policy change by reference to the parameters in which these are debated (Sabatier 1988: 134-9, 155-7; Jenkins-Smith & Sabatier 1994: 183-4; Weible, Sabatier, McQueen 2009: 130-1). Some of these can be relatively fixed. For example, is the constitutional structure in which debates are held conducive or inimical to reaching solutions? Is the nature of the problem essentially practical, or does it encompass value-laden and potentially divisive social factors? The ACF hypothesizes that where debates are ‘technical and tractable’, then a non-partisan ‘cross-coalition learning’ can occur. Other factors are more short term, including changes of governing party or of the socioeconomic environment, which reframe the policy context and usher hitherto background issues to the fore. A final factor of change can be the composition of the advocacy coalition itself, as new members and intellectual resources are incorporated. The argument advanced here is that an advocacy coalition around spatial redistribution of health resources formed in the early 1970s. Drawing on the emergent disciplines of HSR and health economics, it crystallised concerns hitherto expressed by disparate voices, which had kept alive Bevan’s original ideal. An oppositional coalition existed, favouring a market-driven alternative, but remained marginal despite some support from health economists. Against both groupings was the tendency of the policy-brokers in the DHSS to maintain the status quo, with any redistribution incremental at best. However, once the RAWP was implemented a new coalition developed, uniting those who stood to lose. The next section therefore examines the first manifestations of this debate under the newly-established NHS. Proto-coalitions and tendencies The redistributors Although it is unrealistic to talk of a ‘redistribution coalition’ emerging in the 1950s and 1960s, it is possible to distinguish early protagonists. The first were located in the Department of Social Administration at the London School of Economics. Brian Abel-Smith, a newly qualified Cambridge economist, was key, as initially was Richard Titmuss who led a group of social policy experts whose pronounced Fabian perspective made them favoured advisers to Labour politicians (Sheard 2013; Halsey 2004). In 1953-6 they worked on the Guillebaud Report, an investigation into the cost of the NHS which demonstrated the good value it offered to tax-payers (Abel-Smith and Titmuss 1956). It also included discussion of underinvestment in new hospitals since 1938, the lack of incentive for regions to use allocations efficiently, and variations in local authority health funding, with attendant impacts (Cmd. 9663 1956). Though not explicitly challenging spatial inequities, the Report instead argued for better statistical data to support policy making (Cmd. 9663 1956: 250, 267). A second interested party was the UK Treasury, which expressed early concerns about the method of calculating regional allocations. Its Select Committee on Estimates found that these simply perpetuated existing expenditure patterns, with marginal adjustments for salary increases and inflation. Such an approach meant that ‘lack of proper economy can go unchecked and variations in cost between Region and Region may tend to become entrenched’ (Select Committee on Estimates 1956: para 19). The third early advocate was the Acton Society Trust, a non-partisan research charity. Between 1955 and 1959 it published six pamphlets on hospitals and the state, written by its director Teddy Chester, later Chair of Social Administration at the University of Manchester (Acton Society Trust 1958; Snow 2013). Chester described the Ministry of Health’s ability to alter established patterns through bidding to the Treasury for extra discretionary funds for extensions or improvements (Acton Society Trust 1958: 28-9). Though noting some shifts in overall distributions away from the Metropolitan Regional Hospital Boards, Chester argued that better empirical evidence was vital if ‘dangerous’ allocative mistakes were to be avoided. For individual hospitals this should set accurate costing against performance expectations based on national utilization indicators (Acton Society Trust 1959: 7-8). Chester’s call for the Ministry to accelerate its external research program (from which his own university department stood to benefit) was echoed by the Trust’s chair Sir George Schuster, also a RHB chairman (Acton Society Trust 1959: 49-55). The Marketeers Despite the political consensus and public approval that the NHS enjoyed, a strand of opinion existed favouring private medicine in its stead. Narrowly based, principally among reactionary medics and academic economists, this ‘marketeers coalition’ remained politically marginal (Seaton 2015). However it articulated a vision of medicine in which resource allocation was best expressed through demand in the marketplace. In their efforts to demonstrate the failings of the NHS by the late-1960s, it was the ‘marketeers’ who brought forth compelling data showing the persistence of uneven distribution. A prominent early figure was the economist Dennis Lees who argued in 1961 that health could reasonably be treated like any other good in the marketplace (Williams 1998). Lees had imbibed the ideas of Milton Friedman while studying in Chicago, and subsequently championed neoliberal policies (Anon 2008). His perspective aligned with that of the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), a free-market think-tank established in 1955 to promote Hayek’s thought (Stedman Jones 2012). Not only did the IEA’s leading light, Arthur Seldon, write on health care, it also introduced American critiques, such as James Buchanan’s application of public choice theory to the NHS: unbounded desire to consume health services conflicted fatally with resistance to commensurate levels of taxation, so better to let markets adjudicate supply and demand (Jackson forthcoming). A celebrated joust between the IEA and Titmuss occurred over the latter’s study of the economics of blood donation, The Gift. Titmuss used this case both to demonstrate market failure in health and to argue for the motivating force of altruism. Various economists such as Tony Culyer held an opposing view and a vigorous dispute ensued (Fontaine 2002; Cooper and Culyer 1968). The misallocation of resources by state inaction was therefore already a theme of the marketeers’ coalition when it gained a foothold in the British Medical Association (BMA) in 1967. Doctors were angry that their remuneration was lagging and wanted NHS funding to rise to address this. A BMA faction led by Ivor Jones considered establishing a rival insurance system and flirted with economists critical of the service like Seldon (Mencher 1968). Their report Paying for Health Services contained a lengthy Appendix by two health economists, which suggested the ‘ideal of equality’ was a chimera (Cooper and Culyer 1967). Detailing and correlating indicators of provision, costs, specialist care, and health outcomes, Cooper and Culyer argued that the NHS had failed to deliver ‘social justice’, that Northern ‘more working class areas’ were disadvantaged, and ‘that discrimination works … in favour of the better-off citizens’ (1967: 208-14). They adopted the marketeers’ position, that the problem was a lack of managerial incentives to address demand, and floated three possible solutions: reversion to private medicine, better planning by the state (‘not really a sensible objective’), or a mixed system which injected demand through vouchers or (their preference) insurance (Cooper and Culyer 1967: 207, 242-9). Thus the marketeers’ coalition had encouraged sophisticated analysis of spatial inequity, in which British health economists took a more libertarian stance. Incrementalist policy-brokers Throughout the pre-RAWP period then, the problem was identified, but remained peripheral in policy circles. In ACF terms, the policy-brokers supported a status quo in which only very gradual change was countenanced. This followed the political upheavals of the service’s birth, after which a policy of continuity with prior patterns of funding was adopted. As post-war austerity was gradually relinquished, real increases maintained this status quo. Ministry bureaucrats had some latitude to direct extra funds to poorer regions, though through ad hoc assessment rather than statistical principle. This achieved some shifts between 1950/51 and 1958/59: for example the overall share of the distribution to England and Wales of the four Metropolitan RHBs had fallen from 41.7% to 38.3%, while various regions had gained, such as Newcastle, whose share rose from 5.3% to 6% (Acton Society Trust 1959). In the 1960s a new, potentially redistributive, approach emerged with the Hospital Plan, a building program aiming to create a network of district general hospitals. Planning was premised on ideas about optimal bed to patient ratios for the major categories of care, and regional estimates of new facilities required. Renewal of capital stock, and the consequent adjustments to current funding needs, would therefore bring in its train a more rational distribution. Until then, incrementalism could continue. Discussions about replacing this with a formula approach finally began in the late 1960s. It was becoming clear that the Hospital Plan would not be quickly fulfilled, due to lack of building capacity and a deteriorating national economy (Crossman 1976). Instead policy under Labour’s Richard Crossman turned to reconfiguring the NHS’s tripartite administrative structure, which divided the RHBs from primary care and public health. Crossman was particularly frustrated by ministerial impotence over the ‘self-perpetuating oligarchies’ that ran the RHBs, which he considered to be ’80 per cent non-Labour’ (Crossman 1976: 255-6, 804). Their constitution had essentially preserved the pre-NHS status quo in which ex-voluntary hospital and consultant elites dominated, tending to privilege the interests of acute care over mental health and geriatrics. It was reorientation towards these programs, rather than spatial readjustment per se, that Crossman sought, particularly after various scandals exposed the failings of ‘chronic’ care (Crossman 1976: 419, 466). However, a Ministry official, Dick Bourton, convinced him of the ‘great unfairness to Sheffield, Newcastle and Birmingham’ that current financing methods maintained. His 1970 Green Paper on NHS restructuring flagged their replacement by a needs-based population formula as the ‘long-run’ aim (Crossman 1976: 569). This put in train the creation of the ‘Crossman formula’ by his adviser Brian Abel-Smith, which was actually implemented under Crossman’s Conservative successor, Sir Keith Joseph. In the event the new formula perpetuated incrementalism. The RHBs collectively put up a ‘tremendous struggle to maintain the status quo’, although the main difficulty lay with the formula itself (Crossman 1976: 876). This proposed that 50% of a region’s allocation should be determined by population size, 25% by its number of existing beds, and 25% by its utilisation levels. As would soon become clear, provision and utilisation rates were faulty indicators of need, because hospital usage tended to follow supply. Nor would population alone help, without some adjustment for anticipated morbidity (Holland 2013). A further complication was introduced by the Revenue Consequences of Capital Schemes (RCCS) portion of funding, which augmented regional allocations to take account of the presumed extra current spending which new building under the Hospital Plan would incur. This tended to favour the Southern regions where more new infrastructure development had occurred. In sum, despite awareness of maldistribution, substantive change was impeded by the policy-brokers’ acceptance of the status quo maintained by regional NHS leaders, coupled with technical uncertainty about how to achieve readjustment. Consolidation of an Advocacy Coalition A redistribution coalition emerges In the years immediately preceding the establishment of the RAWP, it is possible to discern an advocacy coalition emerging to alter this. There are three senses in which this happened. Academic research promulgated the intellectual justification for spatial redistribution; health services researchers and health economists became accepted as technical experts who could offer policy-relevant advice; and individuals conversant with these disciplines and sympathetic to core egalitarian values gained access to policy-brokers (Klein 1976: 468-71). Thus by 1975 a loose advocacy coalition was in place, by no means focused on spatial redistribution as a single urgent issue, but with the belief and expertise to drive ‘policy-oriented learning’. The intensification of public discussion began with Julian Tudor Hart’s 1971 Lancet paper proposing an ‘inverse care law’. A socialist GP, epidemiologically trained and based in industrial South Wales, Tudor Hart argued that medical resources tended to be lowest where population needs were greatest (Tudor Hart 1971). Although his call to action lacked empirical justification this was soon to be supplied by others (WS 2014: 19). Key contributions were made by health economists from the University of York, Cooper and Culyer, then Alan Maynard (1971, 1972), and Peter West (1973), who demonstrated the failings of the Crossman formula. John Rickard, originally with the Oxford Regional Hospital Board, produced a study of unevenness between its areas and later extended the analysis nationwide (WS 2014: 75; Rickard 1974). Another affirmation of the inverse care law in the Lancet showed a negative correlation between financial allocations to community health services and the percentage of population in lower socioeconomic groups (Noyce, Snaith and Trickey 1974). In the year of the RAWP’s appointment, the BMJ carried papers by Gentle and Forsythe, and by Buxton and Klein (1975), the latter reporting regional variations from national means of hospital services spending of +41% to -23%, with intra-regional differences even greater. This growing volume of technical analysis is best understood in the light of larger developments in academic public health. The speciality of HSR had emerged in the 1960s initially because epidemiologists became interested in the relationship between service inputs and health outputs (Morris 1957: ch.3; Berkowitz 1998). Medical sociologists and operational researchers providing academic training for NHS managers also contributed, and the sub-disciplinary trappings of a journal (Medical Care), and scholarly meetings soon arrived. The availability of funding from the MRC and the Ministry of Health meant that in addition to Holland’s group, various other centres became prominent (Bierman et al., 1968). Much effort went into understanding utilization patterns, the better to plan service needs. This included a major survey of Liverpool and Manchester by Robert Logan’s cluster at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, which included Rudolf Klein and John Ashley (both RAWP actors), and Holland’s studies of the St Thomas’s Hospital catchment in London (Logan et al., 1972). These demonstrated that usage rates responded to existing provision rather than to underlying population factors, a finding already established by American investigators Milton Roemer and Kerr White (Shain and Roemer 1959; White, Greenberg and Williams 1961). Another pivotal moment was the publication in 1972 of Effectiveness and Efficiency by the epidemiologist Archie Cochrane (best known today as progenitor of the Cochrane Collaboration centres for collating systematic reviews). He urged that randomised controlled trials be applied to clinical therapies and procedures to ensure ‘effectiveness’ (they worked in a laboratory setting) and ‘efficiency’ (they were cost-effective in the real world), with the ethical imperative that all effective treatment should be free (Cochrane 1972; Berkowitz 1998). The consolidation of health economics came in the wake of these earlier trends. A social policy specialty within economics had a long lineage, concerned principally with explaining trends in public spending. Jack Wiseman had made this a departmental focus at the University of York, and one of his protégés, Alan Williams, had narrowed his interests to health and established a research cluster, in which Culyer and Maynard became major figures (Croxson 1998). An early symposium convened by Wiseman announced the specialty’s identity and preoccupations (including three papers on resource allocation), but it was the inaugural meeting of the Health Economists’ Study Group (HESG), again led by the York centre, which definitively signalled arrival (Williams 1998; Hauser ed. 1972). The HESG went on to become a forum for engaging academics and policy-makers, and Williams’ stewardship ensured British health economics adopted an advisory posture compatible with the NHS. Contra Dennis Lees, Williams had argued that the economics of the firm did not well suit analysis of health, a position also developed in the United States by Kenneth Arrow, who identified market failures of commoditised health care, arising from information assymetries between patient and doctor and consequent trust problems (Williams 1998). Later Williams declared himself supportive of Cochrane’s egalitarian philosophy, believing that economics brought to it the dispassionate tools of assessment (Williams 1997). Actors and relationships These disciplinary developments bore upon the redistributors’ coalition in a practical sense: people espousing new ideas now confronted the policy-brokers more closely. In an early placement with the Treasury Williams riled health officials by criticising the lack of statistical indicators on which to base policy decisions (Williams 1997). Cochrane was amongst his audience, and liked what he heard, subsequently recruiting an economist, David Pole, to his department of epidemiology at the University of Cardiff (WS 2014: 79). Pole was a Cambridge-trained contemporary of Abel-Smith, and after Cardiff moved to join the Economic Adviser’s Office (EAO) at the DHSS; he was also a HESG member. York’s direct influence came not only from Culyer, Cooper and Maynard’s interventions, but from the careers it fostered. Peter West was a PhD student of Culyer’s, who followed a parallel trajectory to Pole, as an economist joining Holland’s Community Medicine unit to work on resource allocation (WS 2014: 21-2, 31). Terri Banks, a DHSS official who later played a major part in implementing RAWP, had learnt economics methods from Williams while he was seconded to the Treasury (personal communication, October 7, 2015). Jeremy Hurst and John Rickard were both early HESG members who worked with Pole at the EAO and were involved with RAWP (WS 2014: 79-80; Croxson 1998; Hurst 1998). Finally, Brian Abel-Smith, with whom the concern for indicators of health resource allocation had begun in the 1950s, had achieved an influential position. Now an international leader in health systems statistics, he had acted as a special adviser to Crossman and understood the workings of the DHSS (Sheard 2013). With Labour’s victory in 1974 he returned to advise Castle and Owen, who valued his expertise and diplomatic skills. They perceived him as ‘utterly Labour, to his core’, and as someone whose pragmatism counter-balanced idealism (WS 2014: 15). He also remained significant in public policy research at the LSE, where his appointee Bleddyn Davies had analysed spatial inequities in local government, coining the phrase ‘territorial justice’ (Davies 1969). He helped shape HSR too, chairing the advisory committee of Holland’s unit at St Thomas’s Hospital (on whose governing board he had sat). External factors of change Looking beyond individual agency, what aspects of the external environment, in ACF terms, helped facilitate change? First, it should be noted that the RAWP debate began under a broad consensus over the core values of the NHS. It could be positioned as essentially a technical question of means, which assumed the ends of spatial equity were uncontested. The Conservatives had accepted these in principle when they implemented the Crossman formula, so in parliamentary terms this was a neutral issue. A new GP contract had quelled the libertarian rebels in the BMA, removing momentum from the marketeers’ coalition. A window opened in which resource allocation policy could be discussed without immediately provoking controversy. Various other factors made it politically attractive. By 1975 the health care economy was entering a transition. The fiscal crisis of European welfare states was just beginning, as OPEC-induced oil price shocks coincided with the end of the trentes glorieuses (Lowe 2005: 315-27). Although NHS spending remained relatively high under Castle in comparison to the tighter settlements demanded later, it was clear that the years of expansion were over (Appleby 1999). Ministers now accepted that the challenges of inequality would not be resolved by steadily rising NHS budgets. David Owen also favored an active policy towards the NHS. Coming from a medical background, he saw it as embodying British values of altruism and citizenship rights, but felt strongly that the inequalities agenda had drifted (Owen 1976: 1, 3, 172). Now that Keith Joseph’s1974 reform had resolved debates over the NHS’s administrative structure, it could be revived. Moreover, with financial strictures looming, the case for adjustment could be made on grounds of allocative efficiency, thus spiking the guns of those set to lose from social redistribution (Owen 1976: 49-54). Finally, although the ACF approach minimizes individual actors, Owen’s intellectual capacity to master a complex brief, his willingness to confront vested interests, and his impatience with temporizing mandarins should be noted (Webster 1996: 747-9; WS 2014: 74-7). For all these reasons the redistributors’ coalition now had its opportunity. The Redistributors’ Coalition in Action Inception of the RAWP Two contradictory accounts of the RAWP’s establishment are provided by key actors. Walter Holland recalls that Abel-Smith suggested his St Thomas’s unit should conduct research into resource allocation shortly after Labour’s return to office. He devised a complex randomised trial of health authorities, selected to represent places with high or low cardiovascular, cancer and perinatal mortality. Some would receive earmarked financing to address these, while others would receive a general funding uplift, and the health outcomes would then be compared (Holland 2013: 161-2). Owen promptly vetoed this proposal on the grounds that it was politically problematic to offer apparently beneficial interventions to one group alone (WS 2014: 25). Shortly after though, Holland was invited to join the RAWP, which Owen announced in May 1975, and he believes his draft proposal, coupled with Abel-Smith’s urging, sparked Owen’s initiative. By this stage Abel-Smith would have been well aware of research showing that the combined effect of the Crossman formula and the RCCS were worsening the problem. Moreover Castle trusted Abel-Smith and willingly delegated to Owen provided he was involved (WS 2014: 13-14). David Pole’s alternative account begins with a summons to advise Owen on principles of capital allocation. Owen had been asked to approve a new hospital in Conservative-supporting Lincolnshire, and was considering the justification, when other towns were equally deserving, such as in Labour Lancashire (WS 2014: 74-6). Pole’s investigation began with the senior DHSS official responsible for capital schemes, who explained that the ‘imponderable elements’ were such ‘as to make rational planning impossible’, before joking that ‘one found out where the local MP and the chairman of the hospital board lived, and took it from there’ (WS 2014: 74) Such was the confidence of incrementalist mandarins in their existing approach that they tried to dissuade Owen even from reading Pole’s subsequent report. ‘Owen did, of course, read it’ and ‘immediately set up the … RAWP’ (WS 2014: 75). Pole also credits Abel-Smith’s intervention, believing that their personal Cambridge connection explains why the hitherto marginal EAO gained Owen’s attention (WS 2014: 78). Whatever the precise causal factors, the RAWP’s establishment placed key advocacy coalition figures in positions of influence. The main committee included Holland, Forsythe and Pole, who also figured alongside others in the three sub-groups where the analytical work was done. These were: RAWP(R), tackling the main revenue expenditure formula (Holland, Forsythe and Rickard); RAWP(C) addressing capital allocations (Forsythe and Rickard); and RAWP(T&R), responsible for assessing what teaching and research increment would be needed (Holland, Snaith and Hurst) (National Archives. 1975a). Problem parameters: technical issues or core values? ii) ACF theorists draw attention to the manner in which an advocacy coalition formulates and tackles a policy problem (Jenkins-Smith and Sabatier 1994: 191-3). Can it be framed as essentially a technical issue, where disagreements hang only on ‘secondary’ scientific criteria? Or, as is often the case with matters of social policy, does it touch on core political values and thus court controversy in the public realm? If the latter, then opponents may question a policy’s legitimacy rather than restricting debate to its detail, thus increasing the likelihood of failure. Although the RAWP enjoyed cross-party consensus at its launch, this was by no means guaranteed to last. London regions that stood to lose accommodated powerful interests in medicine and academia who potentially might mobilise dissent. How then did the RAWP coalition succeed in coalescing support for core policy beliefs? One answer is that although its initial terms of reference were technocratic, the committee skilfully reworked these to consolidate non-partisan ethical credentials (WS 2014: 41). Its brief from Owen had been to devise ‘a pattern of distribution responsive objectively, equitably, and efficiently to relative need’ (DHSS 1976: 5). The report however reinterpreted ‘the underlying objective’ as: ‘to secure, through resource allocation, that there would eventually be equal opportunity of access to health care for people at equal risk’ (DHSS 1976: 7). The power of this formulation lay in its simple affirmation of equal access for equal need. Further moral high ground was staked by the report’s title: Sharing Resources for Health in England. This discursive positioning of centralised rationing as fairness and mutuality inhibited potential opposition, for who in the British polity could reasonably dispute these principles? Another key factor was the attention to consensus-building in the committee’s make-up and working. It combined representation of DHSS and NHS staff, including authorities in both the South and the more deprived regions (Mays and Bevan 1987). It also ensured a gradualist transition by issuing an interim report in August 1975, which set the next year’s formula pending final proposals. This signaled the direction of travel, though not the extent of what was planned. It combined in a ratio of 3:1 the first steps in the new population weighting calculation ( , Rows 1 & 2) with the Crossman formula’s inclusion of existing utilization; it also maintained the RCCS portion, favoring the South, and applied a new increment to support teaching hospitals. Finally it gave the DHSS latitude to avert objections by introducing the premise of a ‘floor’ and ‘ceiling’, so that no RHA’s allocation decreased or increased beyond +/-2.5% (National Archives 1975b: 7, 8, 12; DHSS 1976: 94). Alongside its statement of key principles this signaled only a modest departure from incrementalism. Nonetheless the aftermath of the Interim Report was a dangerous juncture when the issue might have flared into controversy. A BMJ editorial, ‘Painful Redistribution’, caught the attention of the tabloid press, which spun the story as ‘Axe to fall on hospitals – Ministry’s secret plan’ (National Archives 1975c). The capital’s Evening Standard similarly announced that ‘London bears brunt of new NHS cuts’. Staff interest groups such as the National and Local Government Officers’ trade union, the Institute of Health Service Administrators and the Health Visitors’ Association were also exercised about threats to jobs and services (National Archives. 1975d). However, the policy core remained intact. Of the regions, only the London authorities were actively opposed, with objections not leveled at principles, but at immediate budgetary implications (National Archives 1975e). For example it was argued that savings would necessitate service cuts, meaning the poorest districts within the over-funded regions would suffer too. In addition to Southern lobbying against too-rapid adjustment, several regions argued that the formula took insufficient account of social deprivation, and that the teaching allowance and London weighting proposals were as yet unconvincing (National Archives 1975f). In sum, the inflammatory aspect of the debate was articulated as a ‘cuts scare’, not as a controversy about promoting equity over localism. Castle was able to neutralize the former objections when, following annual departmental negotiations with the Treasury, she secured a budgetary settlement large enough to ensure a ‘floor’ that protected loser regions (National Archives 1976a). Remaining objections were not counter-proposals, but practical concerns about pace of implementation, and about making the formula more redistributive (Castle was able to neutralize the former objections when, following annual departmental negotiations with the Treasury, she secured a budgetary settlement large enough to ensure a ‘floor’ that protected loser regions (National Archives 1976a). Remaining objections were not counter-proposals, but practical concerns about pace of implementation, and about making the formula more redistributive (National Archives 1976b). The final element positioning the RAWP debate as a technical problem, bounded by agreement over core values, was the ‘buy-in’ of mid-level bureaucrats. ACF theory does not attend greatly to civil servants as members of an advocacy coalition, though it has noted for example, that they tend to be more moderate elements within the coalition, and may retain powers of clientelism (Weible, Sabatier and McQueen 2009: 129; Cairney 2012: 213-14). The RAWP example affirms this, but reveals something more. Owen had sought a formula that was ‘readily available at all relevant levels of aggregation’, ‘would reliably predict … variation in health need between localities’, was ‘unambiguous’ and would ‘reflect ‘need’ alone and not be influenced by supply’ (National Archives 1975i). Evidence suggests that as the process unfolded the DHSS members came to believe that this could be achieved, and that by its end they had a methodology that was transparent, workable and defensible. Crucial to garnering this internal support was the formula’s most innovative feature, the application of regional Standardized Mortality Ratios to adjust population allocations for ‘need’ (as proxies for morbidity) and ‘deprivation’ (because they correlated closely to poverty indicators). Its adoption is illustrative of the advocacy coalition in action, although again there are conflicting accounts. Pole claims that it occurred to him while ‘(p)ondering the problem in the early hours’, while Holland attributes the idea to his St Thomas’s Unit and its comparative analysis of morbidity indicators (WS 2014: 25, 76; Holland 2013: 163). In any event, the documentary record of successive RAWP committee meetings points to joint endeavor between experts in HSR and health economics. (National Archives 1975g, 1975h, 1976c) In January 1976 the strategy was approved and the RAWP(R) sub-committee tasked with finalizing the formula (National Archives 1976d). Confidence grew following a modeling exercise, which showed that the over-bedded but comparatively deprived Mersey region would suffer less than the interim report had implied (National Archives 1976e). By early 1976 the RAWP felt it had an accessible and acceptable formula with which to proceed. Civil service buy-in to the ‘policy core beliefs’ was therefore explicable in terms of the science, but there was another individual factor which the ACF does not well capture: the role of John Smith, the RAWP’s chairman. Now a DHSS Under Secretary, Smith was an economist who had come to health administration from a background in social security when the two sides of the Department merged. He thus epitomised a changing departmental culture, as health policy opened up to ‘economists, the statisticians, the operational research people’ (WS 2014: 32, 34). Smith was also sufficiently senior to be unfazed at upsetting colleagues whom the RAWP disempowered (WS 2014: 79). Less tangibly, his style had the ability to inspire staff, and oral reminiscences of his leadership are fond and admiring. Lis Woods, one of the RAWP secretariat recalls: ‘… he was very clear that we must not aim for perfection; perfection was impossible. What we must and could aim for, and was possible, was less imperfection. I think that principle again helped us to do something practicable that worked and lasted’ (WS 2014: 35; National Archives 1975b: 2) Thus as implementation neared, an esprit de corps was fostered in support of this ‘least imperfect’ solution, within a broad consensus over equity goals. Implementation and the ‘Losers’ coalition, 1976-1989 Counter-Coalitions and Changing Policy-Brokers Although it was launched in propitious circumstances with strong political backing, the RAWP’s embedding was far from certain. A counter coalition emerged, which articulated stronger objections. The outlook of the policy-brokers altered too, particularly when Thatcherite conservatism challenged the ideological and partisan dynamics. Internal review processes also presented opponents with opportunities. Despite this, the advocacy coalition supporting the RAWP formula held firm, sustained by civil service support. The problem parameters remained largely technical, and belief in the policy was sustained, even as challenges to the NHS’s core values emerged. The result was that ‘cross-coalition learning’ could take place, with consolidation and refinement of the formula. This final section explains how. An angry response of loser regions and hospitals followed the Report, but attacks on core principles quickly gave way to debate about the risks of rapid implementation. Early critics included London consultants Sir Francis Avery-Jones and, from a ‘marketeer’ position, Reginald Murley of the Fellowship for Freedom in Medicine. They argued emotively that the RAWP formula neglected ‘conurbation factors’ and social deprivation, which local clinicians could perceive better than ‘administrators’ (Avery Jones 1978; Murley 1976). The Royal College of Surgeons, and also the editors of BMJ challenged the RAWP methodology in defence of the South-East, though this attack was short-lived (Anon 1976; Heslop 1977). Provincial BMA members were incensed at their national leadership lending support to ‘London’s howl of dismay’, which to under-resourced regions seemed like special pleading (Hole 1976; Lockley 1977). However, more compelling arguments emerged from London’s primary and community care sectors, experiencing rising demand as hospital services contracted (Jarman 1978). Brian Jarman, a GP and academic from St Mary’s Hospital, developed a new deprivation index to capture excess medical need attributable to poverty in inner-city practices, which implicitly challenged the RAWP formula (Jarman 1983). Community Health Councils, the NHS’s newly created public representation bodies, also joined the fray in RAWP loser areas of the South (see ) painting adjustments as ‘cuts’ (Langton-Lockton 1978). Despite these budding objections, in the later 1970s the policy-brokers and the external environment remained favourable, even after the new Labour leader James Callaghan elevated Owen to Foreign Secretary and dismissed Castle. Her successor David Ennals nonetheless maintained the inequalities agenda, including both the RAWP and Castle’s ‘programme budgeting’ initiative (Webster 1996: 606-9). This was a related planning exercise that sought to redistribute resources across ‘client groups’, essentially to shift expenditure away from acute hospitals and towards older people, the physically impaired and psychiatric patients (DHSS 1976b). Ennals also commissioned an enquiry chaired by Sir Douglas Black into the third dimension of inequality, the relationship between health outcomes and class, income and occupation (Webster 1996: 612-13). Despite this continuity, Ennals’ tenure contained two flashpoints which might have presented an opportunity to the RAWP’s opponents. One was the Royal Commission on the NHS, into which the Wilson government had been bounced in 1975 to assuage professional anger during a bitter dispute over private practice. In 1979 this produced the ‘first comprehensive, independent’ report on the NHS, including the RAWP (Webster 1996: 725). Some of its evidence critiqued RAWP’s ‘centralising tendencies’ and crushing of local diversity (National Archives 1976-9). However, it ultimately reaffirmed the policy’s core values. Its review of the formula noted some of the underlying ‘heroic assumptions’ and stressed that perfect spatial equity was a chimera, but it accepted the ‘principle of equity’, and endorsed the mechanism as ‘rational and equitable’ (RCNHS 1978: 3, 25, 27; RCNHS 1979: 344-5). Otherwise its concerns were methodological, for example over the proper adjustments to be made for teaching hospitals (RCNHS 1979: 282, 345-6, 374). The other area of potentially flammable debate was internal. Ennals had established a DHSS Advisory Group on Resource Allocation (AGRA) ‘to consider minor changes’ to the formula, relating to issues like patient flows, age/sex patterns of utilization and age-specific mortality weightings (National Archives 1978e). The unspoken motive, however, was concern about RAWP’s impact on London. The capital’s areas and districts had begun developing different approaches to calculating sub-regional allocations, and AGRA was urged to intervene quickly, lest this become ‘extremely damaging’ (National Archives 1978b). Accentuating the difficulty was the work of the London Health Planning Consortium, whose remit was health services reconfiguration, and the Flowers Review of medical education in the capital. These both were concerned about over-supply in the acute hospital sector, and seemed certain to exacerbate the RAWP squeeze when they eventually reported. Civil servants had therefore to tread a delicate line, preventing AGRA from becoming a platform for special pleading while also retaining enough latitude to manage the London situation. John Smith managed this by keeping at arm’s length the teaching hospital representatives or those with a ‘radical … but dangerous voice’ (National Archives 1978a). He also obtained an additional weighting for London, reflecting its supra-regional and specialty services, ignoring concerns that this was ‘protection for the status quo’ and a ‘backdoor method of funding the London teaching hospitals in the style to which they are accustomed’ (National Archives. 1978b 1978c, 1978d). This careful balancing act prevented AGRA becoming a forum for dispute, and its final report in early 1980 endorsed the RAWP’s core principle of equal access for equal need, while urging ongoing research to allow fine tuning of the formula (DHSS 1980; WS 2014: 56-7). Thatcherism and the resilience of ‘policy core’ beliefs The external context changed more emphatically after 1979, with the Thatcher government’s victory heralding new policy-brokers. There are several reasons why this threatened the RAWP process. First, the Conservative government’s willingness to ‘think the unthinkable’ on welfare initially seemed likely to revive the marketeers’ coalition (Banks 2014). Free market think-tanks articulated neo-liberal critiques of social policy, and the government’s Central Policy Review staff actively explored switching to an insurance based model of health service funding (Lowe 2006). Second, Thatcherite creed held that ‘inequality is not only just, it is necessary to freedom itself’, both as reflection of innate difference and as reward for wealth generation (Thatcher 1991). The idea of directing public policy to ameliorating inequalities of health outcomes was incompatible with this worldview, as indicated by the rejection in 1980 of the Black Report by the new Secretary of State, Patrick Jenkin (Berridge and Blume eds. 2003). Equality of access might be vulnerable too. Third, the party political calculus had shifted. Now it was representatives of the loser regions that wielded parliamentary power, for Tory strength was historically rooted in Southern England. Finally, Jenkin’s early policy direction for the NHS emphasized a revival of localism as an antidote to the bureaucratized central state. The durability of the RAWP therefore seemed far from assured as the 1980s advanced. Sir Graham Hart, then a leading figure in the NHS Management Board and later Permanent Secretary at the DHSS, recalled: ‘… voices were being heard from Number 10 and other political directions, quite insistently, through the mid-1980s … saying, ‘What is this, this instrument of torture, RAWP, which is inflicting pain on Conservative constituencies and giving money to Labour-voting constituencies in the north of England?’ It was not an obvious policy you could make stick and carry through with’ (WS 2014: 52-3). As before, the critical factors in explaining the RAWP’s durability are the continued framing of the issue as essentially technical, and the belief in the policy held by bureaucrats charged with its implementation. As the 1980s began then, work on improving the formula had stalled, and there were pressures bearing on the Thatcher government to row back from redistribution. Yet the policy core still held. One reason was that macro-economic policy dictated ongoing austerity for social programs, with real growth in NHS budgets now much reduced. In this context the RAWP remained attractive as a driver of allocative efficiency. Jenkin’s successor Norman Fowler was also sensitive to equity issues, quickly scotching talk of a new funding model as politically unviable, a position eventually accepted by senior Conservatives. His argument was undergirded by a DHSS review setting out the problems and risks of insurance-based approaches, which, ironically, was prepared by Terri Banks, the civil servant later responsible, as Director of Health Authority Finance, for managing RAWP (Banks 2014). Thus revival of the marketeers’ coalition was muted, its influence confined to promoting private medical insurance and the contracting of ancillary services. It was also fortuitous that Fowler and his Minister of State Kenneth Clarke both held Midlands seats (Sutton Coldfield and Rushcliffe) so were not subject themselves to immediate constituency pressures from ‘losers’. By the mid-1980s another juncture was reached at which policy change might have occurred: the RAWP Review. This arose from Fowler’s focus on enhancing NHS productivity through stronger management and better performance indicators. Following a report by a leading industrialist, Sir Roy Griffiths, he set up a new NHS Management Board, conceived on the model of corporate general management, nominally to take responsibility for planning, implementation and expenditure out of the political arena (Edwards & Fall 2005). In December 1985, shortly after its establishment, Fowler tasked the Board to recommend improvements to the RAWP formula in light of experience, new research and consultation. Though instructed to prepare recommendations within a year, the Review team proceeded slowly, issuing an interim report in 1986 and requesting further time for research. A final report appeared in 1988, recommending several changes to the formula. The RAWP Review illustrates again how those sympathetic to the policy core ensured that debate centered on means, not principles. As with AGRA, members were appointed not for interest representation, but for technocratic ability, such as John Ashley, an epidemiologist specializing in morbidity measures (Ashley and McLachlan eds. 1985). The Board also stated explicitly that the principle of equal access for equal need was ‘not in question’, (NHS Management Board 1988). Even so, two issues threatened fundamental change. The first was the question of whether RAWP should be discontinued once it had removed historic inequities, which by now had been ‘substantially reduced’ (NHS Management Board 1988: para 1.2). This was firmly rejected: demographic change was ongoing so a national formula should be maintained (NHS Management Board 1986: 8). The second issue was whether SMRs as an indicator of need should be abandoned, and now Jarman proposed an alternative formula that incorporated various social factors (such as measures of overcrowding and lone parenthood) alongside existing utilization (NHS Management Board 1986: 12-14, E5-6). Again this was rejected due to the problems of basing the formula on utilization and the risk of double-counting arising from the correlation between SMRs and deprivation indices. Between the Interim and Final Reports debate hinged on specialized methodological matters. This was conducive to cross-coalition learning, but not a challenge to policy beliefs. Jarman now argued for better sensitizing the SMR measure to social deprivation and the Review commissioned the accountants Coopers and Lybrand to lead a small area analysis of the problem. It concluded that need for health services was determined by social factors above and beyond those captured by the SMR, and that Jarman’s ‘under-privileged area’ (UPA) index could model these. The weighting of SMR to need ought therefore be reduced from 1:1 to 0.44, and the UPA index introduced to adjust for social influences (NHS Management Board 1988: paras 2.1-2.52). The ensuing debate was mostly arcane, centering on the conceptual entangling of utilization and need, and the appropriateness of Coopers and Lybrand’s regression analysis (Morgan, Mays and Holland 1987; Carr-Hill 1988; Mays 1989). Occasionally rancorous ‘core belief‘ language crept into this technocratic arena. One York health economist condemned the UPA measure as ‘methodologically confused … out-of-date … and uninterpretable’, suspecting the whole endeavor was designed to favor London at the expense of areas in the North and North-West, which by the SMR rankings alone were worst off (Carr-Hill 1988: 10-11). The St Thomas’s unit, where the SMR approach had originated, went further, identifying the UPA adjustment lobby as RAWP losers, purveying an ‘essentially political’ strategy driven by ‘powerful interest groups’ (Mays 1987: 46, 58). Despite these critiques, the Review endorsed the changes, believing that in practice the effects would be ‘relatively small’ (NHS Management Board 1988: Table 1.1). Jarman’s concerns seemed sincerely driven by the pressures falling on London services, and civil servants shared this perception (Gorsky and Preston eds. 2013: 24-5, 56-60; WS 2014 63). The debate had ultimately remained within existing parameters, and if the resulting compromise displeased some in the RAWP coalition, the intention at least was progressive redistribution to the poorest. Throughout the 1980s, the behaviour of those mid-level bureaucrats who had initially endorsed the RAWP remained crucial to its ongoing success. Now in senior positions, civil servants such as Terri Banks, Michael Fairey (Director of Planning with the Management Board) and Jeremy Hurst (Senior Economic Adviser, Economic Advisers Office) retained, in ACF terms, both core and secondary policy beliefs. In contrast to the Black Report on health inequalities, whose costly agenda for change seemed hopelessly unrealistic to civil servants working under Thatcherite ministers, RAWP’s compound of equity and efficiency, its simplicity and transparency, and its underlying logic sustained internal support (Klein, 1990: 518-19). When confronted with scepticism, civil servants felt able to defend the policy to Conservative ministers, whose fair dealing ultimately rewarded them (Banks 2014: 12-14). ‘I was really surprised … and pleased, at the way in which officials and ministers – Norman Fowler and Ken Clarke – stuck to the policy, and they took a lot of stick for it… but I can honestly say that there was a real commitment. Terri is a very tough lady and she reminded them from time-to-time what we were supposed to be doing, and they did accept it in the end … you had to talk through it, but it went on. The redistribution went on’ (WS 2014: 52). In this sense then, the advocacy coalition that emerged in the early 1970s achieved its goal over the long term. Though subject to later changes, such as an adjustment for social inequality introduced by the Blair government, and still at the heart of fierce debate, for example over the proper weight to be assigned to age as a need indicator, the RAWP approach successfully rode the waves of change to become established in English health policy. Conclusion In the taxonomy of comparative health systems it is customary to classify the post-war British NHS as the emblematic ‘Beveridge’ system, whose universalist aspirations were initially distinct from Bismarkian social insurance or more pluralist arrangements. Its history offers a case study of government and medical care in a tax-funded system, where the state is the main provider and health stewardship entwines with broader economic policy. As welfare costs have grown government has increasingly sought to maximise efficiency and cost-effectiveness while acknowledging the electorate’s visceral commitment to the NHS as a beacon of equity. To achieve this it has pioneered several influential approaches, one of which was the RAWP, the subject of this essay. To explain the inception and persistence of the RAWP formula, the Advocacy Coalition Framework approach was adopted. This is attractive because it offers an explanatory model that goes beyond the actions of political elites and narrowly conceived interest groups. In the case of the RAWP, the model yielded helpful insights about the impact on policy of the slow diffusion of ideas, borne by academic experts and mid-level bureaucrats. However, before recommending its utility as a generic approach to the history of health politics a few caveats should be entered. First, European researchers have raised concerns that the ACF model is over-determined by the American political system, from which it was developed (Klein 1990; Cairney 2012). There the division of powers and multiple veto points in the legislative process necessitate broad coalitions to sustain change. By contrast the British polity, with its tendency towards single-party majority government makes ministers less beholden to lobby politics. In this context, as the RAWP case suggests, advocacy coalitions imply a looser affiliation of actors with a level of shared belief and expertise. Second, the emphasis placed by the ACF on the agency of these actors needs always to be balanced against the importance of structural economic forces within which they operate. Here, the imperatives of furthering cost-effectiveness in the 1970s and preserving allocative efficiency in the 1980s provided the context in which the ‘enlightenment function’ of research ideas could flourish. Finally, while the ACF approach is helpful in reconciling conflicting evidence from personal testimony (as in the contradictory reminiscences of Walter Holland and David Pole), it underplays the importance of the individual and contingent. The intellect and temperament of key figures like David Owen and John Smith, and the fact that Thatcherite health ministers represented RAWP-gaining areas, fall outside the ACF model, but matter to a convincing account. Nonetheless, the ACF approach proved illuminating, particularly in affirming Welshman’s speculations about the debut of health economics in policy circles. Indeed the HESG have themselves historicised the RAWP episode as the first real impact they made on government (Hurst 1998: S48, S51-2, S56-7). It also demonstrated how the ‘libertarian’ beginnings of UK health economics gave way, if not to an egalitarian position, then at least to that of sympathiser (Williams 1997: 118; 1998: S3-4). Thus in a 1981 essay the York triumvirate of Maynard, Culyer and Williams declared allegiance to the values underlying the NHS, which balanced freedom, social concern and equality. The economists’ job was to help it ‘perform better according to its own lights’ – part neutral adviser, part advocate (Culyer, Maynard and Williams 1981: 339, 340). That said, the RAWP’s history also showed that this budding discipline did not automatically gain influence. Instead it achieved access to power through the offices of others. An earlier generation of expert advisers paved the way, exemplified by Brian Abel-Smith, whose economics was grounded in social administration. The growing interest of epidemiologists in the effectiveness and efficiency of health services also facilitated their arrival. Another central theme was the behaviour of civil servants as advocacy coalition actors. This idea is not central to ACF theory as originally conceived, but was prominent here, in the importance of buy-in by mid-level bureaucrats who later became senior officials. They represented a new cadre of administrators open to the management sciences of operational research, statistics and economics. Their support turned partly upon faith in the technical aspects of the formula, which despite its imperfections they found workable, transparent and intellectually coherent. And, notwithstanding their retention of some clientilist powers to preserve stable service delivery in London, they also remained committed to the larger principle of equity of access, which extended beyond the transitory leadership of ministers. There are limits though to the assumptions we can make about the instantiation of core social democratic beliefs, notwithstanding the logic of the ACF approach. It is manifestly the case that since the mid-1970s the British political class, Conservative and Labour alike, has loosened its commitment to welfare (Castles 1998). Comparison with other advanced industrial economies shows that across the spectrum of policy the state has retreated from universalism and social rights (Bambra 2006). Even after the ‘New Labour’ era, inequalities of health outcome, as measured both by life expectation and by disability free life years have manifested ‘no narrowing of the gap’ over time or space (Marmot Review 2010: 48). The coterminosity of this turn with the RAWP era lays bare some contradictions of the policy goal of equity. Where fairness sits comfortably with allocative efficiency then it is more likely to proceed. Where it does not, the appeal to social justice is harder to meet.
4591	dbpedia	2	66	https://www.ppu.mrc.ac.uk/news/john-rouse-elected-fellow-royal-society-edinburgh	en	John Rouse elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://www.ppu.mrc.ac.u…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.ppu.mrc.ac.u…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.ppu.mrc.ac.uk/themes/custom/mrcppu/images/ppu_logo.png", "https://www.ppu.mrc.ac.uk/themes/custom/mrcppu/images/logo_uod.png", "https://www.ppu.mrc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/portraits/Photo_John%20Rouse_B_0.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2017-02-15T12:00:00+00:00	Congratulations to John Rouse, who has been elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland's National Academy.	en	/themes/custom/mrcppu/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png	MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit	https://www.ppu.mrc.ac.uk/news/john-rouse-elected-fellow-royal-society-edinburgh	Congratulations to John Rouse, who has been elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland's National Academy. The Royal Society of Edinburgh each year elects a select number of Fellows who have achieved 'excellence within a wide variety of disciplines, spanning the arts, business, science and technology sectors'. Being elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh is a very prestigious and a major achievement, illustrating that your research is highly recognised and regarded. John has been a PI in the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit (MRC PPU) since 2002, and has made an important contribution to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that allow cells to detect and repair damage to DNA. He has discovered several important factors in our cells that are required for DNA repair and that are vital for preventing human disease such as cancer, kidney disease and Fanconi anaemia. One of John’s biggest achievements was the discovery in 2010 of Fan1, a 'molecular scissors' that cuts off loose DNA ends that occur during DNA repair, in a way that allows DNA repair to go to completion. John recently published papers in the world-leading journals Science, and Genes and Development, revealing that failure of Fan1 to cut these loose DNA ends results in chromosomes becoming unstable, and the result is cancer and chronic kidney diseases. John’s discovery of the SLX4 “molecular toolkit” that also cuts loose DNA ends and removes chromosome tangles ('Holliday junctions') during DNA repair has also gained much international attention, and his discovery of the DVC1 protein that keeps the rate of DNA low is are also regarded as a landmark finding. These finding also pave the way for the development of new anti-cancer therapies. Commenting on the award, John said “I’m delighted to become a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. This honour reflects the tremendous efforts of the talented researchers from all over the world I’ve been lucky to have on my research team over the years. I’m looking forward to continuing to help keep Scottish science at the very forefront on the world stage, and to helping the Society with its mission to promote the public understanding of science”. Dario Alessi, Director of the MRC Unit added "I am delighted that John’s research has reached the level to merit Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The work that John is undertaking on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying how DNA damage is detected and repaired is amazingly important and is providing fundamentally new understanding of biology. John's research has great potential to help better understand diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration and is suggesting innovative ideas to better treat these conditions in the future".
4591	dbpedia	3	8	https://cockrell.utexas.edu/news/archive/9661-jah-receives-rare-election-to-royal-society-of-edinburgh	en	Jah Receives Rare Election to Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://cockrell.utexas.…ownload_1_SM.jpg	https://cockrell.utexas.…ownload_1_SM.jpg	[ "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/cselogo.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/images/faculty/Jah_2022_hi-res-download_1_SM.jpg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/cselogo-ko.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/Twitter-logo-ko.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/Instagram-logo-ko.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/YouTube-logo-ko.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/Facebook-logo-ko.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/LinkedIn-logo-ko.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/UT-informal-ko.svg", "https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=6656649&fmt=gif", "https://trkn.us/pixel/conv/ppt=2173;g=engineering_homepage;gid=12393;ord=[uniqueid]", "https://trkn.us/pixel/conv/ppt=2173;g=programs;gid=11532;ord=[uniqueid]", "https://trkn.us/pixel/conv/ppt=2173;g=graduate;gid=12394;ord=[uniqueid]", "https://trkn.us/pixel/conv/ppt=2173;g=admissions;gid=11531;ord=[uniqueid]" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-03-21T08:38:42-05:00	Space debris expert and Texas Engineer Moriba Jah has earned the rare honor of being elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE), Scotland’s National Academ	en	/templates/www-2018/favicon.ico	Cockrell School of Engineering	https://cockrell.utexas.edu/news/archive/9661-jah-receives-rare-election-to-royal-society-of-edinburgh	Space debris expert and Texas Engineer Moriba Jah has earned the rare honor of being elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE), Scotland’s National Academy. RSE elected 91 total fellows for 2023, but only six from outside the United Kingdom. Jah, an associate professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at The University of Texas at Austin, was chosen as a corresponding fellow, a designation reserved for luminaries from outside the U.K. The fellowship covers the full range of physical and life sciences, arts, humanities, social sciences, education, professions, industry, business and public life. “It is beyond words for me to express the honor of being selected into Scotland’s national academy of science as one of only six corresponding fellows,” Jah said. “I am extremely excited at the opportunity to work as a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh to make knowledge useful, especially regarding my life’s work in astrodynamics, space environmentalism and sustainability.” The RSE’s current fellowship comprises 1,800 people recognized as some of the greatest thinkers, researchers and practitioners in their fields working in or with organizations in Scotland today. Jah is an internationally cited expert in space debris and his ties to Scotland include membership in GlobalScot, Scotland’s international business network and the Scotland International Space Advisory Council. Fellows are chosen through a rigorous assessment of their achievements, professional standing and societal contribution. All fellowship candidates must be nominated by an existing fellow and supported by two others. Nominees are then put to a five-stage selection process. “It is a great privilege to welcome our new Fellows – they represent outstanding commitment and achievement at the highest level across a diverse range of sectors,” said professor Sir John Ball, president of The Royal Society of Edinburgh. “From scientific advancement that changes lives to leading business innovation recognized across the world, the RSE welcomes the best minds to harness their unique insight and make knowledge useful for the greater good.” The RSE and its fellows create a unique impact by: Inspiring and supporting talent through a wide-ranging program of research grants and awards; Engaging the public across Scotland on key contemporary issues through its outreach programs and a wide-ranging programme of public events; Providing impartial advice and expertise to inform policy and practice through in-depth examination of major issues and providing expert comment on topical matters; Promoting Scotland’s interests overseas through building relationships with sister academies across the world and facilitating research collaborations; Jah received the MacArthur Fellowship, often referred to as the “genius grant” last year. He has developed tools for more precisely determining the locations and possible orbital paths of the active and inactive satellites, rocket bodies and other debris in space. This knowledge gives scientists a better picture of where objects are related to each other and when a collision could occur. In tracking these objects, Jah and his colleagues have built complete catalogs of space objects in orbit. These tools — ASTRIAGraph and Wayfinder, a new version designed specifically for use by the general public — are online visualization tools, freely available to all, that integrate information from governments, industry and researchers. Jah is an outspoken advocate for space environmentalism, a framework for treating Earth’s orbit as a finite natural resource that needs to be preserved and protected. Jah has proposed policies to create a circular space economy, preventing pollution in the form of single-use satellites and incentivizing companies to reuse satellites rather than abandon them. In addition to his research, Jah is a co-founder and chief scientist at Privateer. His fellow co-founders in the private space venture are tech entrepreneur Alex Fieldingand Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple. Together they focus on similar areas to Jah’s research, collecting data on objects in orbit to allow space operators to move safely and effectively.
4591	dbpedia	3	92	https://www.chevening.org/	en	Chevening	https://www.chevening.or…M-077-scaled.jpg	https://www.chevening.or…M-077-scaled.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id={your-pixel-id-goes-here}&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/themes/chevening/assets/images/logo.png 1x, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/themes/chevening/assets/images/logo@2x.png 2x", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/AG-Chevening-Scholars-London-PM-077-980x358.jpg 700w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/AG-Chevening-Scholars-London-PM-077-2500x912.jpg 960w", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2-1.png 960w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2-1.png 560w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2-1.png 320w", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/1-1.png 960w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/1-1.png 560w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/1-1.png 320w", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/3-1.png 960w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/3-1.png 560w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/3-1.png 320w", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/VPS_0395-1-scaled-e1697618479893.jpg", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/MBrajovic_photo.jpg", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/peace-800x800.jpg 700w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/peace-427x427.jpg 960w", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Zhao-Qi-headshot-800x800.jpg 700w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Zhao-Qi-headshot-427x427.jpg 960w", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Anjal-square-800x800.jpg 700w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Anjal-square-427x427.jpg 960w", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/MG_1689-460x260.jpg 700w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/MG_1689-760x430.jpg 960w", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/workplace-future-employment-1-460x260.jpg 700w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/workplace-future-employment-1-760x430.jpg 960w", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/MG_1231-460x260.jpg 700w, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/MG_1231-760x430.jpg 960w", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/themes/chevening/assets/images/logo.png 1x, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/themes/chevening/assets/images/logo@2x.png 2x", "https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/themes/chevening/img/fco-logo-2020.png 1x, https://www.chevening.org/wp-content/themes/chevening/img/fco-logo-2020@2x.png 2x" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Since 1983, Chevening has brought over 60,000 exceptional professionals from around the world to study in the UK through scholarships and fellowships funded by the UK Government. This unique opportunity has helped to elevate careers, transform communities, shift and deepen perspectives, and build intercontinental bridges.	en	https://www.chevening.or…e-touch-icon.png		https://www.chevening.org/	Introducing the climate warrior: Anote Tong's journey In September 2004, President Anote Tong of Kiribati made history at the United Nations General Assembly by highlighting the urgent need for action on climate change, sparking a global movement for climate justice and earning him the title of 'climate warrior.' Leaving conflict and finding community with Chevening in the 1990s Dr Mina Brajovic is the Head of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Country Office in Montenegro. She became a Chevening Scholar in 1999, studying Law at the University of Cambridge at a time when her country was recovering from conflict. Almost 25 years on, Mina reflects on how her aspirations for building a better world have changed over time, as well as the key learnings that have stayed with her from her Chevening year.
4591	dbpedia	1	64	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17128/17128-h/17128-h.htm	en	The Project Gutenberg eBook of Noteworthy Families (Modern Science), by Francis Galton and Edgar Schuster			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	The Project Gutenberg eBook, Noteworthy Families (Modern Science), by Francis Galton and Edgar Schuster This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Noteworthy Families (Modern Science) An Index to Kinships in Near Degrees between Persons Whose Achievements Are Honourable, and Have Been Publicly Recorded Author: Francis Galton and Edgar Schuster Release Date: November 21, 2005 [eBook #17128] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTEWORTHY FAMILIES (MODERN SCIENCE)* E-text prepared by Suzanne Lybarger, Laura Wisewell, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/) NOTEWORTHY FAMILIES (MODERN SCIENCE) AN INDEX TO KINSHIPS IN NEAR DEGREES BETWEEN PERSONS WHOSE ACHIEVEMENTS ARE HONOURABLE, AND HAVE BEEN PUBLICLY RECORDED BY FRANCIS GALTON, D.C.L., F.R.S. HON. D.Sc (CAMB.) AND EDGAR SCHUSTER GALTON RESEARCH FELLOW IN NATIONAL EUGENICS VOL I OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE EUGENICS RECORD OFFICE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1906 CONTENTS page Introductory Note vii Preface ix chapter general remarks ix noteworthiness xi highest order of ability xiv proportion of noteworthies to the generality xviii noteworthiness as a statistical measure of ability xx nomenclature of kinships xxvi number of kinsfolk in each degree xxviii number of noteworthy kinsmen in each degree xxxiii marked and unmarked noteworthiness xxxv conclusions xxxix Noteworthy Families: of sixty-six f.r.s.'s who were living in 1904 1 Appendix: fathers of some of the sixty-six f.r.s.'s classified by their occupations 80 Index 85 INTRODUCTORY NOTE The brief biographical notices of sixty-six noteworthy families printed in this book are compiled from replies to a circular issued by me in the spring of 1904 to all living Fellows of the Royal Society. Those that first arrived were discussed in “Nature,” August 11, 1904. On Mr. Schuster's appointment by the University of London, in October, 1904, to the Research Fellowship in National Eugenics, all my materials were placed in his hand. He was to select from them those families that contained at least three noteworthy kinsmen, to compile lists of their achievements on the model of the above-mentioned memoir, to verify statements as far as possible, and to send what he wrote for final approval by the authors of the several replies. This was done by Mr. Schuster. The results were then submitted by him as an appendix to his Report to the Senate last summer. After preliminary arrangements, it was determined by the Senate that the list of Noteworthy Families should be published according to the title-page of this book, I having agreed to contribute the preface, Mr. Schuster's time being fully occupied with work in another branch of Eugenics. So the list of “Noteworthy Families” in this volume is entirely the work of Mr. Schuster, except in respect to some slight alterations and additions for which I am responsible, as well as for all the rest. FRANCIS GALTON. PREFACE Chapter I.—General Remarks. This volume is the first instalment of a work that admits of wide extension. Its object is to serve as an index to the achievements of those families which, having been exceptionally productive of noteworthy persons, seem especially suitable for biographical investigation. The facts that are given here are avowedly bald and imperfect; nevertheless, they lead to certain important conclusions. They show, for example, that a considerable proportion of the noteworthy members in a population spring from comparatively few families. The material upon which this book is based is mainly derived from the answers made to a circular sent to all the Fellows of the Royal Society whose names appear in its Year Book for 1904. The questions were not unreasonably numerous, nor were they inquisitorial; nevertheless, it proved that not one-half of those who were addressed cared to answer them. It was, of course, desirable to know a great deal more than could have been asked for or published with propriety, such as the proneness of particular families to grave constitutional disease. Indeed, the secret history of a family is quite as important in its eugenic aspect as its public history; but one cannot expect persons to freely unlock their dark closets and drag forth family skeletons into the light of day. It was necessary in such a work as this to submit to considerable limitations, while turning to the fullest account whatever could be stated openly without giving the smallest offence to any of the persons concerned. One limitation against which I still chafe in vain is the impracticability of ascertaining so apparently simple a matter as the number of kinsfolk of each person in each specific degree of near kinship, without troublesome solicitations. It was specially asked for in the circular, but by no means generally answered, even by those who replied freely to other questions. The reason must in some cases have been mere oversight or pure inertia, but to a large extent it was due to ignorance, for I was astonished to find many to whom the number of even their near kinsfolk was avowedly unknown. Emigration, foreign service, feuds between near connections, differences of social position, faintness of family interest, each produced their several effects, with the result, as I have reason to believe, that hardly one-half of the persons addressed were able, without first making inquiry of others, to reckon the number of their uncles, adult nephews, and first cousins. The isolation of some few from even their nearest relatives was occasionally so complete that the number of their brothers was unknown. It will be seen that this deficiency of information admits of being supplied indirectly, to a considerable degree. The collection of even the comparatively small amount of material now in hand proved much more troublesome than was anticipated, but as the object and limitations of inquiries like this become generally understood, and as experience accumulates, the difficulty of similar work in the future will presumably lessen. Chapter II.—Noteworthiness. The Fellowship of the Royal Society is a distinction highly appreciated by all members of the scientific world. Fifteen men are annually selected by its council out of some sixty candidates, each candidate being proposed by six, and usually by more, Fellows in a certificate containing his qualifications. The candidates themselves are representatives of a multitude of persons to whom the title would be not only an honour but a material advantage. The addition of the letters “F.R.S.” to the names of applicants to any post, however remotely connected with science, is a valuable testimonial and a recognised aid towards success, so the number of those who desire it is very large. Experience shows that no special education, other than self-instruction, is really required to attain this honour. Access to laboratories, good tuition, and so forth, are doubtless helpful, so far that many have obtained the distinction through such aid who could not otherwise have done so, but they are far from being all-important factors of success. The facts that lie patent before the eyes of every medical man, engineer, and the members of most professions, afford ample material for researches that would command the attention of the scientific world if viewed with intelligence and combined by a capable mind. It is so difficult to compare the number of those who might have succeeded with the number of those who do, that the following illustration may perhaps be useful: By adding to the 53 registration counties in England, the 12 in Wales, the 33 in Scotland and the 32 in Ireland, an aggregate of 130 is obtained. The English counties, and the others in a lesser degree, have to be ransacked in order to supply the fifteen annually-elected Fellows; so it requires more than eight of these counties to yield an annual supply of a single Fellow to the Royal Society. It is therefore contended that the Fellows of the Royal Society have sufficient status to be reckoned “noteworthy,” and, such being the case, they are a very convenient body for inquiries like these. They are trained to, and have sympathy with, scientific investigations; biographical notices are published of them during their lifetime, notably in the convenient compendium “Who's Who,” to which there will be frequent occasion to refer; and they are more or less known to one another, either directly or through friends, making it comparatively easy to satisfy the occasional doubts which may arise from their communications. It was easier and statistically safer to limit the inquiry to those Fellows who were living when the circulars were issued—that is, to those whose names and addresses appear in the “Royal Society's Year Book” of 1904. Some of them have since died, full of honours, having done their duty to their generation; others have since been elected; so the restriction given here to the term “Modern Science” must be kept in mind. Another and a strong motive for selecting the F.R.S. as subjects of inquiry was that so long ago as 1863-1864 I had investigated the antecedents of 180 of those who were then living, who were further distinguished by one or other of certain specified and recognised honours. My conclusions were briefly described in a Friday evening lecture, February 27, 1864, before the Royal Institution. These, together with the data on which they were founded, were published in the same year in my book “English Men of Science.” Readers who desire fuller information as to the antecedents conducive to success that are too briefly described further on should refer to the above book. The epithet “noteworthy” is applied to achievements in all branches of effort that rank among the members of any profession or calling as equal, at least, to that which an F.R.S. holds among scientific men. This affords a convenient and sufficiently definite standard of merit. I could think of none more appropriate when addressing scientific men, and it seems to have been generally understood in the desired sense. It includes more than a half of those whose names appear in the modern editions of “Who's Who,” which are become less discriminate than the earlier ones. “Noteworthiness” is ascribed, without exception, to all whose names appear in the “Dictionary of National Biography,” but all of these were dead before the date of the publication of that work and its supplement. Noteworthiness is also ascribed to those whose biographies appear in the “Encyclopædia Britannica” (which includes many who are now alive), and, in other works, of equivalent authority. As those persons were considered by editors of the last named publications to be worthy of note, I have accepted them, on their authority, as noteworthy. Chapter III.—Highest Order of Ability. No attempt is made in this book to deal with the transmission of ability of the very highest order, as the data in hand do not furnish the required material, nor will the conclusions be re-examined at length that I published many years ago in “Hereditary Genius.” Still, some explanation is desirable to show the complexity of the conditions that are concerned with the hereditary transmission of the highest ability, which, for the moment, will be considered as the same thing as the highest fame. It has often been remarked that the men who have attained pinnacles of celebrity failed to leave worthy successors, if any. Many concurrent causes aid in producing this result. An obvious one is that such persons are apt to be so immersed in their pursuit, and so wedded to it, that they do not care to be distracted by a wife. Another is the probable connection between severe mental strain and fertility. Women who study hard have, as a class—at least, according to observant caricaturists—fewer of the more obvious feminine characteristics; but whether this should be considered a cause or a consequence, or both, it is difficult to say. A third, and I think the most important, reason why the children of very distinguished persons fall sometimes lamentably short of their parents in ability is that the highest order of mind results from a fortunate mixture of incongruous constituents, and not of such as naturally harmonize. Those constituents are negatively correlated, and therefore the compound is unstable in heredity. This is eminently the case in the typical artistic temperament, which certainly harmonizes with Bohemianism and passion, and is opposed to the useful qualities of regularity, foresight, and level common sense. Where these and certain other incongruous faculties go together in well-adjusted proportions, they are capable of achieving the highest success; but their heritage is most unlikely to be transmitted in its entirety, and ill-balanced compounds of the same constituents are usually of little avail, and sometimes extraordinarily bad. A fourth reason is that the highest imaginative power is dangerously near lunacy. If one of the sanest of poets, Wordsworth, had, as he said, not unfrequently to exert strength, as by shaking a gate-post, to gain assurance that the world around him was a reality, his mind could not at those times have been wholly sane. Sanity is difficult to define, except negatively; but, even though we may be convinced of the truths of the mystic, that nothing is what it seems to be, the above-mentioned conduct suggests temporary insanity. It is sufficient to conclude, as any Philistine would, that whoever has to shake a gate-post to convince himself that it is not a vision is dangerously near madness. Mad people do such things; those who carry on the work of the world as useful and law-abiding citizens do not. I may add that I myself had the privilege of hearing at first hand the narrator's own account of this incident, which was much emphasized by his gestures and tones. Wordsworth's unexpected sally was in reply to a timid question by the late Professor Bonamy Price, then a young man, concerning the exact meaning of the lines in his famous “Ode to Immortality,” “not for these I raise the song of praise; but for those obstinate questionings of sense and outward things,” etc. I cannot speak from the present returns, but only from my own private knowledge of the somewhat abnormal frequency with which eccentricity, or other mental unsoundness, occurs in the families of very able scientific men. Lombroso, as is well known, strongly asserted the truth of this fact, but more strongly, as it seems to myself, than the evidence warrants. It is, therefore, not in the highest examples of human genius that heredity can be most profitably studied, men of high, but not of the highest, ability being more suitable. The only objection to their use is that their names are, for the most part, unfamiliar to the public. The vastness of the social world is very imperfectly grasped by its several members, the large majority of the numerous persons who have been eminent above their far more numerous fellows, each in his own special department, being unknown to the generality. The merits of such men can be justly appreciated only by reference to records of their achievements. Let no reader be so conceited as to believe his present ignorance of a particular person to be a proof that the person in question does not merit the title of noteworthy. I said what I have to say about the modern use of the word “genius” in the preface to the second edition of my “Hereditary Genius.” It has only latterly lost its old and usual meaning, which is preserved in the term of an “ingenious” artisan, and has come to be applied to something akin to inspiration. This simply means, as I suppose, though some may think differently, that the powers of unconscious work possessed by the brain are abnormally developed in them. The heredity of these powers has not, I believe, been as yet especially studied. It is strange that more attention has not been given until recently to unconscious brain-work, because it is by far the most potent factor in mental operations. Few people, when in rapid conversation, have the slightest idea of the particular form which a sentence will assume into which they have hurriedly plunged, yet through the guidance of unconscious cerebration it develops itself grammatically and harmoniously. I write on good authority in asserting that the best speaking and writing is that which seems to flow automatically shaped out of a full mind. Chapter IV.—Proportion of Noteworthies to the Generality. The materials on which the subject of this chapter depends are too various to lead to a single definite and trustworthy answer. Men who have won their way to the front out of uncongenial environments owe their success principally, I believe, to their untiring energy, and to an exceptionally strong inclination in youth towards the pursuits in which they afterwards distinguished themselves. They do not seem often to be characterized by an ability that continues pre-eminent on a wider stage, because after they have fully won a position for themselves, and become engaged in work along with others who had no early difficulties to contend with, they do not, as a rule, show greatly higher natural ability than their colleagues. This is noticeable in committees and in other assemblies or societies where intellects are pitted against one another. The bulk of existing noteworthies seem to have had but little more than a fair education as small boys, during which their eagerness and aptitude for study led to their receiving favour and facilities. If, in such cases, the aptitudes are scholastic, a moderate sum suffices to give the boy a better education, enabling him to win scholarships and to enter a University. If they lie in other directions, the boy attracts notice from some more congenial source, and is helped onwards in life by other means. The demand for exceptional ability, when combined with energy and good character, is so great that a lad who is gifted with them is hardly more likely to remain overlooked than a bird's nest in the playground of a school. But, by whatever means noteworthiness is achieved, it is usually after a course of repeated and half-unconscious testings of intelligence, energy, and character, which build up repute brick by brick. If we compare the number of those who achieved noteworthiness through their own exertions with the numbers of the greatly more numerous persons whose names are registered in legal, clerical, medical, official, military, and naval directories, or in those of the titled classes[A] and landed gentry, or lastly, of those of the immense commercial world, the proportion of one noteworthy person to one hundred of the generality who were equally well circumstanced as himself does not seem to be an over-estimate. Chapter V.—Noteworthiness as a Measure of Ability. Success is the joint result of the natural powers of mind and body, and of favourable circumstances. Those of the latter which fall into definite groups will be distinguished as “environment,” while the others, which evade classification, will be called “accidental.” The superstitions of old times cling so tenaciously to modern thought that the words “accident” and “chance” commonly connote some mysterious agency. Nothing of the kind is implied here. The word “accident” and the like is used in these pages simply to express the effect of unknown or unnoted causes, without the slightest implication that they are unknowable. In most cases their neglect has been partly due to their individual insignificance, though their combined effect may be very powerful when a multitude work in the same direction. Moreover, a trifling pressure at the right spot suffices to release a hair-trigger and thereby to cause an explosion; similarly, with personal and social events, a trifling accident will sometimes determine a career. Noteworthiness and success may be regarded statistically as the outcome of ability and environment and of nothing else, because the effects of chance tend to be eliminated by statistical treatment. The question then becomes, How far may noteworthiness be accepted as a statistical measure of ability? Ability and environment are each composed of many elements that differ greatly in character. Ability may be especially strong in particular directions as in administration, art, scholarship, or science; it is, nevertheless, so adaptive that an able man has often found his way to the front under more than one great change of circumstance. The force that impels towards noteworthy deeds is an innate disposition in some men, depending less on circumstances than in others. They are like ships that carry an auxiliary steam-power, capable of moving in a dead calm and against adverse winds. Others are like the ordinary sailing ships of the present day—they are stationary in a calm, but can make some way towards their destination under almost any wind. Without a stimulus of some kind these men are idle, but almost any kind of stimulus suffices to set them in action. Others, again, are like Arab dhows, that do little more than drift before the monsoon or other wind; but then they go fast. Environment is a more difficult topic to deal with, because conditions that are helpful to success in one pursuit may be detrimental in another. High social rank and wealth conduce to success in political life, but their distractions and claims clash with quiet investigation. Successes are of the most varied descriptions, but those registered in this book are confined to such as are reputed honourable, and are not obviously due to favour. In attacking the problem it therefore becomes necessary to fix the attention, in the first instance, upon the members of some one large, special profession, as upon artists, leaders in commerce, investigators, scholars, warriors, and so forth, then to divide these into subclasses, until more appears to be lost through paucity of material than is gained through its increasing homogeneity. Whatever group be selected, both ability and environment must be rated according to the requirements of that group. It then becomes possible, and it is not difficult, to roughly array individuals under each of these two heads successively, and to label every person with letters signifying his place in either class. For purposes of the following explanation, each quality will be distributed into three grades, determined not by value, but by class place—namely, the highest third, the medium third, and the lowest third. In respect to ability, these classes will be called A, B, and C. In respect to environment, the grades will refer to its helpfulness towards the particular success achieved, and the classes will be called E, F, G. It must be clearly understood that the differences between the grades do not profess to be equal, merely that A is higher than B, and B than C; similarly as to E, F, and G. The A, B, C may be quite independent of E, F, G, or they may be correlated. Both cases will be considered. Ability and Environment being mutually helpful towards success, the successes statistically associated with AE will be reckoned higher than those associated with AF. Again, for simplicity of explanation only, it will here be assumed that Ability and Environment are equally potent in securing success. Any other reasonable relation between their influences may be substituted for the purpose of experiment, but the ultimate conclusion will be much the same. Table I.—Combinations of Ability and Environment. AE. I. AF. I. AG. II. BE. I. BF. II. BG. III. CE. II. CF. III. CG. III. First, suppose Ability and Environment to be entirely independent, A being as frequently associated with E as it is with F or with G; similarly as regards B and C, then the nine combinations shown in Table I. will be equally frequent. These tabular entries fall into three equal groups. The three that lie in and about the upper left-hand corner contain the highest constituents—namely, either high combined with high, or one high with one medium. They produce Successes of Grade I. The three in the middle diagonal band running between the lower left and the upper right corners are either one high and one low, or both are medium; they will produce Successes of Grade II. The three in and about the right-hand corner are either one medium with one low, or both are low; they will produce Successes of Grade III. This is still more clearly seen by sorting the results into Table II., from which it is clear that a high grade of Success is statistically associated with a high, but less, grade of Ability, a medium with a medium, and a low grade of Success with a low, but less low, grade of Ability. Table II.—Ability Independent of Environment. Grades of Success. Contributory Combinations. Corresponding Abilities. I. AE AF BE 2 of A 1 of B — II. AG BF CE 1 of A 1 of B 1 of C III. CG BG CF — 1 of B 2 of C Secondly, suppose A, B, C to be correlated with E, F, G, so that A is more likely to be associated with E than it is with F, and much more likely than with G. Similarly, C is most likely to be associated with G, less likely with F, and least likely with E. The general effect of these preferences will be well represented by divorcing the couples which differ by two grades—namely, AG and CE, by re-mating their constituents as AE and CG, and by re-sorting them, as in Table III. The couples that differ by no more than one grade are left undisturbed. The results now fall into five grades of Success, in four of which each grade contains two-ninths of the whole number, and one, the medium Grade 3, contains only one-ninth. As remarked previously, the grades are not supposed to be separated by equal steps. They are numbered in ordinary numerals to distinguish them from those in Table II. Table III.—Ability Correlated With Environment. Grades of Success. Contributory Combinations. Corresponding Abilities. 1 AE AE 2 of A — — 2 AF BE 1 of A 1 of B — 3 BF — — 1 of B — 4 BG CF — 1 of B 1 of C 5 CG CG — — 2 of C It clearly appears from this table that the effect of correlation between Ability and Environment is to increase, and not to diminish, the closeness of association between Success and Ability. Indeed, if the correlation were perfect, Success would become an equal measure both of Ability and of Favourableness of Environment. These arguments are true for each and every branch of Success, and are therefore true for all: Ability being construed as Appropriate Ability, and Environment as Appropriate Environment. The general conclusion is that Success is, statistically speaking, a magnified, but otherwise trustworthy, sign of Ability, high Success being associated with high, but not an equally high, grade of Ability, and low with low, but not an equally low. A few instances to the contrary no more contradict this important general conclusion than a few cases of death at very early or at very late ages contradict the tables of expectation of life of a newly-born infant. Chapter VI.—Nomenclature of Kinship. Specific kinships are such as “paternal uncle” or “maternal uncle,” as distinguished from the general term “uncle.” The phrase “first cousin” covers no less than eight specific kinships (four male and four female), not taking the issue of mixed marriages into account. Specific kinships are briefly expressed by a nomenclature in which fa, me, bro, si, son, da, Hu, Wi, stand respectively for father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter, Husband, Wife. Each of these syllables is supposed to have the possessive 's added to it whenever it is followed by another syllable of the set, or by the word is when it is not. Example: Let the person from whom the kinships are reckoned be called P, and let Q and R be two of P's kinsfolk, described respectively as fa bro and me si son. That means that P's father's brother is Q, and that P's mother's sister's son is R. It is a simple and easily intelligible nomenclature, and replaces intolerable verbiage in the description of distant kinships. My correspondents used it freely, and none of them spoke of any difficulty in understanding it. Its somewhat babyish sound is soon disregarded. Table IV.—Abbreviations. Males. Females. Grandfather, paternal fa fa Grandmother, paternal fa me " maternal me fa " maternal me me Father fa Mother me Uncle, paternal fa bro Aunt, paternal fa si " maternal me bro " maternal me si Brother bro Sister si Son son Daughter da Nephew, brother's son bro son Niece, brother's daughter bro da Nephew, sister's son si son Niece, sister's daughter si da Male first cousins: Female first cousins: 1. Son of paternal uncle fa bro son 1. Dau. of paternal uncle fa bro da 2. Son of maternal uncle me bro son 2. Dau. of maternal uncle me bro da 3. Son of paternal aunt fa si son 3. Dau. of paternal aunt fa si da 4. Son of maternal aunt me si son 4. Dau. of maternal aunt me si da Those relationships that are expressed by different combinations of these letters differ specifically; therefore, in saying, in the next chapter, that each person has “roughly, on the average, one fertile relative in each and every form of specific kinship,” it means in each and every combination of the above syllables that is practically possible. Relationship may also be expressed conveniently for some purposes in Degrees of remoteness, the number of the Degree being that of the number of syllables used to express the specific kinship. Chapter VII.—Number of Kinsfolk in each Degree The population may be likened to counters spread upon a table, each corresponding to a different individual. The counters are linked together by bands of various widths, down to mere threads, the widths being proportional to the closeness of the several kinships. Those in the first degree (father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter) are comparatively broad; those in the second degree (grandparent, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, grandchild) are considerably narrower; those in the third degree are very narrow indeed. Proceeding outwards, the connections soon become thinner than gossamer. The person represented by any one of these counters may be taken as the subject of a pedigree, and all the counters connected with it may be noted up to any specified width of band. In this book one of the counters is supposed to represent a Fellow of the Royal Society, whose name appears in the “Year-Book” of that Society for 1904, and the linkage proceeds outwards from him to the third degree inclusive. Usually it stops there, but a few distant kinships have been occasionally inserted chiefly to testify to a prolonged heritage of family traits. The intensity with which any specified quality occurs in each or any degree of kinship is measured by the proportion between the numbers of those who possess the quality in question and the total number of persons in that same degree. Particular inquiries were made on the latter point, but, as already stated, the answers were incomplete. There is, however, enough information to justify three conclusions of primary importance to the present inquiry—namely, the average number (1) of brothers of the subject, (2) of brothers of his father, and (3) of brothers of his mother. The number of Fellows to whom circulars were addressed was 467. The number of those who gave useful replies was 207, a little more than one-half of whom sent complete returns of the numbers of their brothers and uncles; some few of these had, however, placed a query here or there, or other sign of hesitation. As the number of completely available returns scarcely exceeded 100, I have confined the following tables to that number exactly, taking the best of the slightly doubtful cases. It would have been possible, by utilizing partial returns and making due allowances, to have obtained nearly half as many again, but the gain in numbers did not seem likely to be compensated by the somewhat inferior quality of the additional data. Table V.—Number Of Kinsfolk In One Hundred Families Who Survived Childhood. Generic Kinships. Specific Kinships. Number of Persons. Specific Kinships. Number of Persons. Brothers and sisters bro 206 si 207 Uncles and aunts fa bro 228 fa si 207 me bro 219 me si 238 Mean 224 Mean 223 First cousins, male and female fa bro son 265 fa bro da 302 fa si son 184 fa si da 208 me bro son 236 me bro da 266 me si son 237 me si da 246 The first three lines of Table V. show that there is no significant difference between the average numbers of brothers and sisters, nor between those of fathers' brothers and fathers' sisters, nor again between those of mothers' brothers and mothers' sisters; nor is there any large difference between those of male and female cousins, but it is apparently a fact that the group of “brothers” is a trifle smaller than that of uncles on either side. It seems, therefore, that the generation of the Subjects contains a somewhat smaller number of individuals than that of either of their Parents, being to that extent significant of a lessening population so far as their class is concerned. It may seem at first sight surprising that a brother and a sister should each have the same average number of brothers. It puzzled me until I had thought the matter out, and when the results were published in “Nature,” it also seems to have puzzled an able mathematician, and gave rise to some newspaper controversy, which need not be recapitulated. The essence of the problem is that the sex of one child is supposed to give no clue of any practical importance to that of any other child in the same family. Therefore, if one child be selected out of a family of brothers and sisters, the proportion of males to females in those that remain will be, on the average, identical with that of males to females in the population at large. It makes no difference whether the selected child be a boy or a girl. Of course, if the conditions were “given a family of three boys and three girls,” each boy would have only two brothers and three sisters, and each girl would have three brothers and two sisters, but that is not the problem. Subject to this explanation, the general accuracy of the observed figures which attest the truth of the above conclusion cannot be gainsaid on theoretical grounds, nor can the conclusions be ignored to which they lead. They enable us to make calculations concerning the average number of kinsfolk in each and every specified degree in a stationary population, or, if desired, in one that increases or decreases at a specified rate. It will here be supposed for convenience that the average number of males and females are equal, but any other proportion may be substituted. The calculations only regard its fertile members; they show that every person has, on the average, about one male fertile relative in each and every form of specific kinship. Kinsfolk may be divided into direct ancestry, collaterals of all kinds, and direct descendants. As regards the direct ancestry, each person has one and only one ancestor in each specific degree, one fa, one fa fa, one me fa, and so on, although in each generic degree it is otherwise; he has two grandfathers, four great-grandfathers, etc. With collaterals and descendants the average number of fertile relatives in each specified degree must be stationary in a stationary population, and calculation shows that number is approximately one. The calculation takes no cognizance of infertile relatives, and so its results are unaffected by the detail whether the population is kept stationary by an increased birth-rate of children or other infertiles, accompanied by an increased death-rate among them, or contrariwise. The exact conclusions were (“Nature,” September 29, 1904, p. 529), that if 2d be the number of children in a family, half of them on the average being male, and if the population be stationary, the number of fertile males in each specific ancestral kinship would be one, in each collateral it would be d - 1/2, in each descending kinship d. If 2d = 5 (which is a common size of family), one of these on the average would be a fertile son, one a fertile daughter, and the three that remained would leave no issue. They would either die as boys or girls or they would remain unmarried, or, if married, would have no children. The reasonable and approximate assumption I now propose to make is that the number of fertile individuals is not grossly different to that of those who live long enough to have an opportunity of distinguishing themselves. Consequently, the calculations that apply to fertile persons will be held to apply very roughly to those who were in a position, so far as age is concerned, to achieve noteworthiness, whether they did so or not. Thus, if a group of 100 men had between them 20 noteworthy paternal uncles, it will be assumed that the total number of their paternal uncles who reached mature age was about 100, making the intensity of success as 20 to 100, or as 1 to 5. This method of roughly evading the serious difficulty arising from ignorance of the true values in the individual cases is quite legitimate, and close enough for present purposes. Chapter VIII.—Number of Noteworthy Kinsmen in each Degree. The materials with which I am dealing do not admit of adequately discussing noteworthiness in women, whose opportunities of achieving distinction are far fewer than those of men, and whose energies are more severely taxed by domestic and social duties. Women have sometimes been accredited in these returns by a member of their own family circle, as being gifted with powers at least equal to those of their distinguished brothers, but definite facts in corroboration of such estimates were rarely supplied. The same absence of solid evidence is more or less true of gifted youths whose scholastic successes, unless of the highest order, are a doubtful indication of future power and performance, these depending much on the length of time during which their minds will continue to develop. Only a few of the Subjects of the pedigrees in the following pages have sons in the full maturity of their powers, so it seemed safer to exclude all relatives who were of a lower generation than themselves from the statistical inquiry. This will therefore be confined to the successes of fathers, brothers, grandfathers, uncles, great-uncles, great-grandfathers, and male first cousins. Only 207 persons out of the 467 who were addressed sent serviceable replies, and these cannot be considered a fair sample of the whole. Abstention might have been due to dislike of publicity, to inertia, or to pure ignorance, none of which would have much affected the values as a sample; but an unquestionably common motive does so seriously—namely, when the person addressed had no noteworthy kinsfolk to write about. On the latter ground the 260 who did not reply would, as a whole, be poorer in noteworthy kinsmen than the 207 who did. The true percentages for the 467 lie between two limits: the upper limit supposes the richness of the 207 to be shared by the 260; the lower limit supposes it to be concentrated in the 207, the remaining 260 being utterly barren of it. Consequently, the upper limit is found by multiplying the number of observations by 100 and dividing by 207, the lower by multiplying by 100 and dividing by 467. These limits are unreasonably wide; I cannot guess which is the more remote from the truth, but it cannot be far removed from their mean values, and this may be accepted as roughly approximate. The observations and conclusions from them are given in Table VII., p. xl. Chapter IX.—Marked and Unmarked Degrees of Noteworthiness. Persons who are technically “noteworthy” are by no means of equal eminence, some being of the highest distinction, while others barely deserve the title. It is therefore important to ascertain the amount of error to which a statistical discussion is liable that treats everyone who ranks as noteworthy at all on equal terms. The problem resembles a familiar one that relates to methods for electing Parliamentary representatives, such as have been proposed at various times, whether it should be by the coarse method of one man one vote, or through some elaborate arrangement which seems highly preferable at first sight, but may be found on further consideration to lead to much the same results. In order to test the question, I marked each noteworthy person whose name occurs in the list of sixty-six families at the end of this book with 3, 2, or 1, according to what I considered his deserts, and soon found that it was easy to mark them with fair consistency. It is not necessary to give the rules which guided me, as they were very often modified by considerations, each obvious enough in itself, but difficult to summarize as a whole. Various provisional trials were made; I then began afresh by rejecting a few names as undeserving any mark at all, and, having marked the remainder individually, found that a total of 657 marks had been awarded to 332 persons; 117 of them had received 3 marks; 101, 2 marks; 104, 1 mark; so the three subdivisions were approximately equal in number. The marks being too few to justify detailed treatment, I have grouped the kinsmen into first, second, and third degrees, and into first cousins, the latter requiring a group to themselves. The first degree contains father and brothers; the second, grandfathers and uncles; the third, great-grandparents and great-uncles. The results are shown in Table VI. The marks assigned to each of the groups are given in the first line (total 657), and the number of the noteworthy persons in each group who received any mark at all is shown in the third line (total 329). In order to compare the first and third lines of entries on equal terms, those in the first were multiplied by 329 and divided by 657, and then entered in the second line. The closeness of resemblance between the second and third lines emphatically answers the question to be solved. There is no significant difference between the results of the marked and the unmarked observations. The reason probably is that the distribution of triple, double, and single marks separately is much the same in each of the groups, and therefore remains alike when the three sets of marks are in use at the same time. It is thus made clear that trouble taken in carefully marking names for different degrees of noteworthiness would be wasted in such a rough inquiry as this. Table VI.—Comparison of results with and without Marks in the Sixty-five Families. First Degree. Second Degree. Third Degree. First Cousins. Total Number of marks assigned 225 208 102 122 657 Number of marks reduced proportionately 113 104 51 61 329 Number of individuals unmarked 110 112 46 61 329 Mean 111 108 49 61 329 Table VII., in the next chapter, affords an interesting illustration of the character of the ignorance concerning the noteworthiness of kinsmen in distant degrees, showing that it is much lessened when they bear the same surname as their father, or even as the maiden surname of their mother. The argument is this: Table V. has already shown that me bros are, speaking roughly, as frequently noteworthy as fa bros—fifty-two of the one to forty-five of the other—so noteworthiness is so far an equal characteristic of the maternal and paternal lines, resembling in that respect nearly all the qualities that are transmitted purely through heredity. There ought, therefore, to be as many persons recorded as noteworthy in each of the four different kinds of great-grandparents. The same should be the case in each of the four kinds of great-uncles. But this is not so in either case. The noteworthy great-grandfathers, fa fa fa, who bear the same name as the subject are twice as numerous as the me fa fa who bear the maiden surname of the mother, and more than five times as numerous as either of the other two, the fa me fa and me me fa, whose surnames differ from both, unless it be through some accident, whether of a cross marriage or a chance similarity of names. It is just the same with the great-uncles. Now, the figures for great-grandfathers and great-uncles run so closely alike that they may fairly be grouped together, in order to obtain a more impressive whole—namely, two sorts of these kinsmen, bearing the same name as the Subject, contain between them 23 noteworthies, or 11.50 each; two sorts having the mother's maiden surname contain together 11 noteworthies, or 5.50 each; four sorts containing between them 7 names, or an average of 1.75 each. These figures are self-consistent, being each the sum of two practically equal constituents, and they are sufficiently numerous to be significant. The remarkable differences in their numbers, 11.50, 5.50, 1.75, when they ought to have been equal, has therefore to be accounted for, and the explanation given above seems both reasonable and sufficient. Chapter X.—Conclusions. The most casual glance at Table VII. leaves no doubt as to the rapid diminution in the frequency of noteworthiness as the distance of kinship to the F.R.S. increases, and it would presumably do the same to any other class of noteworthy persons. In drawing more exact conclusions, the returns must be deemed to refer not to a group of 207 F.R.S., because they are not a fair sample of the whole body of 467, and, for reasons already given, they are too rich in noteworthiness for the one and too poor for the other. They will, therefore, be referred to the number that is the mean of these two limits—namely, to 337. I am aware of no obvious guidance to any better hypothesis. The value of the expectation that noteworthiness would be found in any specified kinsman of an F.R.S., of whom nothing else is known, may be easily calculated from Table VII. on the two hypotheses already mentioned and justified: (1) That the figures should be taken to refer to 337, and not to 207; (2) that 1 per cent. of the generality are noteworthy—that is to say, there are 3.37 noteworthies to every 337 persons of the generality. Table VII.—Number of Noteworthy Kinsmen Recorded in 207 Returns. Kinship. Numbers Recorded. Kinship. Numbers Recorded. fa 81 — — bro 104 — — fa fa 40 fa fa fa 11 me fa 42 fa me fa 2 fa bro 45 me fa fa 5 me bro 52 me me fa 1 fa bro son 30 fa fa bro 12 me bro son 19 fa me bro 2 fa si son 28 me fa bro 6 me si son 22 me me bro 2 Thus, for the fathers of F.R.S., 81 are recorded as noteworthy, against 3.37 of fathers of the generality—that is, they are 24.1 times as numerous. For the first cousins of F.R.S. there are 99 noteworthies, divided amongst four kinds of male first-cousins, or 24.75 on an average to each kind, against the 3.37 of the generality—that is, they are 7.3 times as numerous. On this principle the expectation of noteworthiness in a kinsman of an F.R.S. (or of other noteworthy person) is greater in the following proportion than in one who has no such kinsman: If he be a father, 24 times as great; if a brother, 31 times; if a grandfather, 12 times; if an uncle, 14 times; if a male first cousin, 7 times; if a great-great-grandfather on the paternal line, 3½ times. The reader may work out results for himself on other hypotheses as to the percentage of noteworthiness among the generality. A considerably larger proportion would be noteworthy in the higher classes of society, but a far smaller one in the lower; it is to the bulk, say, to three-quarters of them, that the 1 per cent. estimate applies, the extreme variations from it tending to balance one another. The figures on which the above calculations depend may each or all of them be changed to any reasonable amount, without shaking the truth of the great fact upon which Eugenics is based, that able fathers produce able children in a much larger proportion than the generality. The parents of the 207 Fellows of the Royal Society occupy a wide variety of social positions. A list is given in the Appendix of the more or less noteworthy parents of those Fellows whose names occur in the list of sixty-six families. The parents are classified according to their pursuits. Many parents of the other Fellows in the 207 families were not noteworthy in the technical sense of the word, but were reported to be able. It was also often said in the replies that the general level of ability among the members of the family of the F.R.S. was high. Other parents were in no way remarkable, so the future Fellow was simply a “sport,” to use the language of horticulturists and breeders, in respect to his taste and ability. It is to be remembered that “sports” are transmissible by heredity, and have been, through careful selection, the origin of most of the valuable varieties of domesticated plants and animals. Sports have been conspicuous in the human race, especially in some individuals of the highest eminence in music, painting, and in art generally, but this is not the place to enter further into so large a subject. It has been treated at length by many writers, especially by Bateson and De Vries, also by myself in the third chapter of “Natural Inheritance” and in the preface to the second edition of “Hereditary Genius.” NOTEWORTHY FAMILIES OF FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY LIVING IN 1904. Avebury, Lord. See Lubbock. Balfour, Right Hon. Arthur James (b. 1848), P.C., etc., F.R.S., Leader of the House of Commons, 1895; Prime Minister, 1902; President of the British Association, 1904; author of “The Foundations of Belief.” [For fuller references, see “Who's Who” and numerous other biographies.] bro, Francis Maitland Balfour (1851-1882), F.R.S., Professor of Animal Morphology at Cambridge; brilliant investigator in embryology; gold medal, Royal Society, 1881; killed by a fall in the Alps. bro, Right Hon. Gerald W. Balfour (b. 1853), P.C., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; President of the Board of Trade, 1902. si, Eleanor Mildred (Mrs. Henry Sidgwick), Principal of Newnham College, Cambridge. si, Evelyn, wife of Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S., and mother of Hon. Robert John Strutt, F.R.S. (q.v.). me bro, 3rd Marquis of Salisbury, Robert A.T. Gascoigne-Cecil (1830-1903), K.G., P.C., etc., F.R.S.; eminent statesman; Prime Minister, 1885-1886, 1886, 1895-1903; Chancellor of the University of Oxford; President of the British Association, 1894; in earlier life essayist and critic; also an experimenter in electricity. It is difficult to distinguish those in the able family of the Cecils whose achievements were due to sheer ability from those who were largely helped by social influence. A second me bro and five me bro sons are recorded in “Who's Who.” Sir Robert Stawell Ball, LL.D., F.R.S. (b. 1840), Lowndean Prof. of Astronomy and Geometry, Cambridge; Fellow of King's College, Cambridge; Member of the Council of the Senate; Director of the Cambridge Observatory since 1892; Royal Astronomer of Ireland, 1874-1892; Ex-President of Royal Astronomical Soc., Mathematical Assoc., and of Royal Zoological Soc. of Ireland; author of many works on astronomical, mathematical, and physical subjects.—[“Who's Who.”] fa, Robert Ball (1802-1857), Hon. LL.D., Trinity Coll., distinguished naturalist; Secretary of Royal Zoological Soc. of Ireland; President of Geological Soc. of Ireland; Director of Trinity Coll. Museum, 1844.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] bro, Valentine Ball, LL.D., C.B., F.R.S. (1843-1895); on staff of Geological Survey of India, 1864-1880; Prof. of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Dublin, 1880-1882; Director and Organizer of National Museum, Dublin, 1882-1895; author of “Jungle Life in India,” of an elaborate treatise on the economic geology of India, and of “Diamonds and Gold of India.”—[“Obit. Notice, P.R.S.,” 1895.] bro, Sir Charles Bent Ball, M.D., M.Ch., F.R.C.S.I., Hon. F.R.C.S., England; Regius Professor of Surgery, Univ. of Dublin; Surgeon to Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, and Honorary Surgeon to the King in Ireland; author of various surgical works.—[“Who's Who.”] me bro son, Ames Hellicar, the successful manager of the leading bank in Sydney, N.S.W. Thomas George Baring, first Earl of Northbrook (1826-1904), P.C., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.; Under-Secretary of State for India, Home Department, and for War; Viceroy of India, 1872-1876; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1880-1885.—[“Who's Who,” and “Ency. Brit.”] fa fa fa, Sir Francis Baring (1710-1810), Chairman of East India Company, 1792-1793; created baronet 1793.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa fa bro, Alexander Baring, first Baron Ashburton (1774-1848), financier and statesman; head for many years of Baring Brothers and Co.; member of Sir Robert Peel's Cabinet of 1835; raised to peerage 1835; Commissioner to U.S.A., 1842, for Settlement “Ashburton Treaty” of Boundary Dispute.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me me, Hon. Lady Grey, née Whitbread (1770-1858), prominent in every work of Christian philanthropy during twenty-four years in the Commissioner's house in Plymouth, afterwards in Ireland.—[“Record” newspaper, May 26, 1858.] fa, Francis Thornhill Baring (1786-1866), first Baron Northbrook, double first at Oxford, 1817; First Lord of the Admiralty.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa bro, Thomas Baring (1799-1873), financier; refused Chancellorship of Exchequer, also a peerage; head for many years of Baring Brothers and Co.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa bro, Charles Baring (1807-1879), double first at Oxford, 1829; Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, 1856, of Durham, 1861.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa fa bro son, Evelyn Baring (b. 1841), first Earl Cromer, P.C., son of H. Baring, M.P.; passed first into staff college from Royal Artillery; made successively Baron, Viscount, and Earl, for services in Egypt.—[“Who's Who,” and “Ency. Brit.”] fa fa si son, Henry Labouchere (1798-1869), first Baron Taunton, first-class “Greats” at Oxford; Cabinet Minister under Lord Melbourne and Lord John Russell; raised to peerage 1859.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me bro, Sir George Grey (1799-1882), Home Secretary 1846-1852, 1855-1858, 1861-1866; carried the Bill that abolished transportation. me fa bro, Charles Grey (1764-1845), second Earl Grey, Prime Minister; carried the Reform Bill.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me si son, Sir Edward Jenkinson (b. 1835), K.C.B., Private Secretary to Lord Spencer when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.—[“Who's Who.”] Descended from fa fa fa bro, Rev. S. Baring-Gould (b. 1834), author of numerous novels and works on theology and history.—[“Who's Who.”] William Thomas Blanford, LL.D., F.R.S.; (1832-1905), on staff of Geological Survey of India, 1855-1882; accompanied Abyssinian Expedition and Persian Boundary Commission; sometime President of Geological Society and of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, also of Geological Section British Assoc.; author of works dealing with the geology and zoology of Abyssinia, Persia, and India.—[“Who's Who.”] fa, William Blanford, established a manufacturing business in London, and was a founder, and for many years Chairman, of the Thames Plate Glass Company. me bro, Alfred Simpson, established a large and successful manufacturing business in Adelaide, S. Australia. bro, Henry Francis Blanford, F.R.S., for many years at the head of the Indian Meteorological Department, which he originally organized. Right Hon. Charles Booth (b. 1840), P.C., F.R.S., economist and statistician; President of the Royal Statistical Soc., 1892-1894; originated and carried through a co-operative inquiry in minute detail into the houses and occupations of the inhabitants of London, which resulted in the volumes “Life and Labour of the People of London”; author of memoirs on allied subjects. [“Ency. Brit.,” xxvi. 306; “Who's Who.”] fa fa, Thomas Booth, successful merchant and shipowner at Liverpool. fa bro, Henry Booth (1788-1869), railway projector; co-operated with Stephenson in applying steam to locomotion, published much relating to railways, and invented mechanical contrivances still in use on railways; secretary and then railway director.—[“Dict. N. Biog.,” v. 382.] fa bro, James Booth (1796-1880), C.B., Parliamentary draughtsman; became Permanent Secretary to the Board of Trade. me si son, Charles Crompton, Fourth Wrangler, Q.C., and for some years M.P. for the Leek Division of Staffordshire. me si son, Henry Crompton, a leader in the Positivist Community; authority on Trades Union Law, and author of “Industrial Conciliation.” me si son, Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, F.R.S. (q.v.) Robert Holford Macdowall Bosanquet, F.R.S. (b. 1841). Fellow of St. John's Coll., Oxford; author of many mathematical and physical memoirs, chiefly in the “Philosophical Magazine.” fa fa bro, Sir John Bernard Bosanquet (1773-1847), Judge of Common Pleas, 1830; Lord Commissioner of Great Seal, 1835-1836.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] bro, Bernard Bosanquet (b. 1848), Prof. of Moral Philosophy, St. Andrews, since 1903; formerly Fellow of University Coll., Oxford; worked in connection with Charity Organization Society; author of many books on philosophy.—[“Who's Who.”] bro, Vice-Admiral Day Hort Bosanquet (b. 1843), Commander-in-Chief West Indian Station since 1904; previously Commander-in-Chief East Indian.—[“Who's Who.”] fa son, Charles Bertie Pulleine Bosanquet (b. 1834), a founder and the first secretary of the Charity Organization Society. me fa bro, Hay Macdowall (d. 1806), Commander-in-Chief of Madras Presidency. fa son son, Robert Carr Bosanquet (b. 1871), archæologist, director of British School of Archæology at Athens. me si son, Ralph Dundas, head of large and influential firm of Dundas and Wilson, Writers to the Signet, Edinburgh. His relatives on his father's side include his— fa, John Dundas, worked up the business of Dundas and Wilson into its present position. fa fa son, Sir David Dundas (1799-1877), Judge-Advocate-General and Privy Councillor, 1849.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa fa son, George Dundas, Judge in Scotch Courts under the title of Lord Manor. fa fa son son, David Dundas, K.C. (b. 1854), Judge in Scotch Courts under the title of Lord Dundas; Solicitor-General for Scotland, 1903.—[“Who's Who.”] James Thomson Bottomley (Hon. LL.D., Glasgow), D.Sc., F.R.S., electrical engineer (1870-1899); Arnott and Thomson, Demonstrator in the University of Glasgow.—[“Who's Who.”] me fa, James Thomson. me bro, William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, F.R.S. me bro, James Thomson, F.R.S. See Thomson for the above. Sir Dietrich Brandis (b. 1824), K.C.I.E., F.R.S., Superintendent of Forests, British Burmah, 1856-1864; Inspector-General of Forests to the Government of India, 1864-1883.—[“Who's Who.”] fa fa, Joachim Dietrich Brandis, born at Hildesheim, where his ancestors had governed the town as Burgemeister for centuries; practised medicine at Brunswick, Driburg, and Pyrmont; Professor of Pathology at Kiel; ultimately physician to the Queen of Denmark. fa, Christian August Brandis, secretary of the Prussian Legation in Rome, 1818; afterwards Professor of Philosophy at Bonn; went to Athens, 1837-1839, as confidential adviser to King Otho, partly with regard to the organization of schools and colleges in Greece; author of a “History of Greek Philosophy.” me bro, Friedrich Hausmann, Professor of Mineralogy and Geology at Göttingen; author of a “Handbook of Mineralogy.” bro, Johannes Brandis, for many years Kabinetsrath of H.M. Empress Augusta, Queen of Prussia. me si son, Julius von Hartmann, commanded a cavalry division in the Franco-German War; after the war was Governor of Strasburg. Alexander Crum Brown (b. 1838), M.D., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry at Edinburgh University since 1869; president of the Chemical Soc., London, 1892-1893.—[“Who's Who.”] fa fa fa, John Brown (1722-1787), of Haddington, Biblical commentator; as a herd boy taught himself Latin, Greek, and learned Hebrew with the aid of a teacher, at one time a pedlar; served as a soldier in the Edinburgh garrison, 1745; minister to the Burgher congregation at Haddington, 1750-1787; acted as Professor of Divinity to Burgher students after 1767.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa fa, John Brown (1754-1832), Scottish divine; minister of Burgher church at Whitburn, 1776-1832; wrote memoirs of James Hervey, 1806, and many religious treatises.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa, John Brown (1784-1858), minister of Burgher church at Biggor, 1806; of Secession Church at Edinburgh, 1822; D.D., 1830; Professor of Exegetics Secession Coll., 1834, and in United Presbyterian Coll. 1847; author of many exegetical commentaries.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me bro, Walter Crum, F.R.S., manufacturer at Thornliebank, near Glasgow; a successful man of business and a very able chemist. fa son, John Brown (1810-1882), M.D., practised in Edinburgh with success; author of “Horæ Subsecivæ,” “Rab and his Friends.”—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa si son, Robert Johnstone (b.1832), D.D., LL.B., Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis in the United Free Church Coll., Aberdeen; has published works on the New Testament.—[“Who's Who.”] si son, Charles Stewart-Wilson, Postmaster-General, Punjab, since 1899.—[“India List.”] me bro son, Alexander Crum, managing director of the “Thornliebank Co.,” for some time M.P. for Renfrewshire. Sir James Crichton Browne (b. 1840), M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Lord Chancellor's Visitor in Lunacy since 1875; Vice-President and Treasurer Royal Institution since 1889; author of various works on mental and nervous diseases.—[“Who's Who.”] me fa, Andrew Balfour, successful printer in Edinburgh; collaborated with Sir David Brewster in production of the “Edinburgh Encyclopædia,” the forerunner of the “Ency. Brit.”; one of the leaders of the Free Church disruption. fa, William Alexander Francis Browne, F.R.S.E., physician; largely instrumental in introducing humane methods for the treatment of the insane into Scotland; was appointed First Scotch Commissioner in Lunacy; author of works on mental diseases. me bro, John Hutton Balfour (1808-1884), M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. and F.R.S.E., Professor of Botany at Glasgow, 1841; and at Edinburgh, 1845; wrote botanical text-books.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] bro, John Hutton Balfour-Browne, K.C. (b. 1845), Leader of the Parliamentary Bar; Registrar and Secretary to Railway Comm., 1874; author of numerous legal works.—[“Who's Who.”] me bro son, Isaac Bayley Balfour, M.D., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. (b. 1853), King's Botanist in Scotland; Regius Keeper of Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh; Professor of Botany at Glasgow and at Oxford, and since 1888 at Edinburgh.—[“Who's Who.”] Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson, Bart., cr. 1899, M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.; held a succession of important offices, beginning with Inspector Med. Dep. Privy Council, 1860-1865; Superintendent Brown Institution, 1871-1878; Professor of Physiology University Coll., London, 1874-1882; in Oxford, 1882-1895; President Brit. Assoc., 1893; Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford, 1895-1904; served on three Royal Commissions; author of many physiological memoirs.—[“Ency. Brit.,” xxvi. 464; “Who's Who.”] fa fa, Sir Thomas Burdon, Kt., several times Mayor of Newcastle, knighted for his services in quelling a riot. me fa, Sir James Sanderson, Bart., M.P., Lord Mayor of London; a successful merchant. fa, Richard Burdon-Sanderson, graduated first class and gained Newdigate prize; Fellow of Oriel Coll., Oxford; was Secretary to Lord Chancellor Eldon. bro, Richard Burdon-Sanderson, the first promoter of the “Conciliation Board” of coal-owners and colliers at Newcastle-on-Tyne, and of the first reformatory in Northumberland. si son, Rt. Hon. Richard Burdon Haldane (b. 1856), P.C., M.P., high honours at Edinburgh and three other Scotch universities; author of “Life of Adam Smith” and of “Memoirs on Education.”—[“Who's Who.”] si son, John Scott Haldane (b. 1860), q.v., M.D., F.R.S., University Lecturer on Physiology at Oxford; joint editor and founder of “Journal of Hygiene.”—[“Who's Who.”] si da, Elizabeth Sanderson Haldane (q.v.). More distant kinsmen and connections: fa me bro, John Scott, first Earl of Eldon (1751-1838), famous Lord Chancellor of England.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa me bro, William Scott (1745-1836), first Baron Stowell, eminent maritime and international lawyer; judge of High Court of Admiralty, (1798-1828).—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] wife's bro, Farrer, first Lord Herschell, Lord Chancellor of England. Charles Chree, Sc.D. (Camb.), LL.D. (Aberdeen), F.R.S. (1860), Superintendent Observatory Department, National Physical Lab.; graduated Aberdeen, 1879, obtaining gold medal awarded to the most distinguished graduate in Arts of the year; Sixth Wrangler, Cambridge, 1883; first division Math. Tripos, Part III.; first class Natural Sciences Tripos, Part II.; and Fellow of King's College, 1885; re-elected as Research Fellow, 1890.—[“Who's Who.”] fa, Charles Chree, Hon. D.D. Aberdeen University; for many years clerk to Presbytery of Meigle, and convener of committee for examining divinity students in St. Andrew's University. Had considerable reputation in Church of Scotland for general scholarship, and especially for knowledge of Hebrew. bro, William Chree, after graduating with first class mathematical honours at Aberdeen University, obtained a “Fullerton” mathematical scholarship. In addition to prizes in mathematics and physics at Aberdeen, obtained also prizes in Latin, natural history, and moral philosophy. At Edinburgh University was awarded either first or second prizes in Scots Law, conveyancing, civil law, public law, and constitutional history. Practises as advocate at Scotch Bar. bro, Alexander Bain Chree, died young, having graduated at Aberdeen University with first class honours in mathematics, obtaining prizes in mathematics, physics, Latin, Greek, moral philosophy, and natural history. si, Jessie Search Chree, obtained two prizes and honours in at least four subjects (French, logic, Latin, physics) in the Edinburgh University local examinations. Arthur Herbert Church (b. 1834), F.R.S., D.Sc., Professor of Chemistry at Royal Academy of Arts since 1879; discoverer of turacin, also of churchite and other new minerals; President of the Mineralogical Society, 1898-1901; author of various works on English pottery and porcelain, on precious stones, on food, and on the chemistry of paints and painting.—[“Who's Who.”] bro, Henry Francis Church (1824-1899), solicitor, Chief Clerk in Chancery, and Master of the High Court of Judicature. bro, Alfred John Church (Rev.), (b. 1829), Headmaster of Henley and of Retford Grammar Schools; Professor of Latin at Univ. Coll., London, 1880-1888; prize poem, Oxford, 1883; author of various works dealing with classical subjects.—[“Who's Who.”] fa si da son, Sir John R. Seeley, K.C.M.G. (1834-1895), Professor first of Latin at Univ. Coll., London, and afterwards of Modern History at Cambridge; published in 1865 “Ecce Homo,” a work which attracted immediate attention and provoked a storm of controversy; also works on history and political science.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] Sydney Monckton Copeman, F.R.S., M.D. (Camb.), Medical Inspector Local Government Board; Member of Council of Epidemiological Society; Research Scholar and Special Commissioner British Medical Association; recipient of many gold medals and prizes of importance.—[“Who's Who.”] fa fa fa, Peter Copeman, founder, with his brother Robert, of Copeman's Bank, Aylsham, Norfolk (now incorporated with Barclay's); successful merchant. fa, Arthur Charles Copeman, M.B., London; gold medallist in anatomy and physiology, University of London; entered Army Medical Service on the nomination of the Chancellor of the University; subsequently entered the Church, and became Hon. Canon of Norwich Cathedral; for many years Chairman of Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, and of Norwich School Board and Board of Guardians. fa bro, Edward Copeman, M.D., Aberdeen; President British Medical Association; consulting physician to Norfolk and Norwich Hospital; author and inventor of gynæcological instruments and of special methods of operation. James Henry Cotterill, F.R.S. (b. 1836), Lecturer and subsequently Vice-Principal of the Royal School of Naval Architecture, South Kensington; Professor of Applied Mechanics at the Royal Naval Coll., Greenwich, 1873-1897.—[“Who's Who.”] fa bro, Thomas Cotterill, eminent clergyman at Sheffield; A.B., Cambridge, 1801.—[“Grad. Cant.”] bro, Joseph Morthland Cotterill, D.D. (hon. causa), St. Andrew's University. fa son, Henry Cotterill, Senior Wrangler, 1835; second classic, Fellow of St. John's Coll., Cambridge; Bishop of Edinburgh.—[“Grad. Cant.”] bro son, Joseph M. Cotterill (b. 1851), Surgeon to Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Lecturer at Edinburgh School of Medicine.—[“Who's Who.”] bro son, Arthur Cotterill, Head of Permanent Way Department Egyptian Railway Administration. fa bro son, Thomas Cotterill, third wrangler, 1832; fellow of St. John's Coll., Cambridge; one of the earliest members of the London Mathematical Soc., to which he contributed many papers of importance.—[“Grad. Cant.”] George Howard Darwin (b. 1845), F.R.S., second wrangler, 1868; Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy, Cambridge; author of many papers in the “Philosophical Transactions” relating to tides, physical astronomy, and cognate subjects; President of British Association in 1905 at Cape Town.—[“Who's Who.”] fa fa fa, Erasmus Darwin, M.D., F.R.S. (1731-1802), physician, poet, and philosopher; author of “Botanic Garden,” “Zoonomia,” and other works, in which he maintained a view of evolution subsequently expounded by Lamarck.—[“Life,” by Ch. R. Darwin, and “Dict. N. Biog.”] fa fa, Robert Waring Darwin (1766-1848), M.D., F.R.S., sagacious and distinguished physician; described by his son, Charles R. Darwin, as “the wisest man I ever knew.”—[“Life and Letters of Charles R. Darwin,” i. 10-20.] fa fa bro, Charles Darwin (1758-1778), of extraordinary promise, gained first gold medal of Æsculapian Society for experimental research; died from a dissection wound, aged twenty; many obituary notices.—[“Life and Letters of Charles R. Darwin,” i. 7.] fa bro, Erasmus Darwin. (See Carlyle's inexact description, and the appreciations of him by his brother and others, in “Life and Letters of Charles R. Darwin,” i. 21-25.) fa, Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), F.R.S., the celebrated naturalist. The dates of his works are “Voyage of the Beagle,” 1840; “Origin of Species,” 1859; followed by a succession of eight important volumes ranging from 1862 to 1881, each of which confirmed and extended his theory of descent. Among the very numerous biographical memoirs it must suffice here to mention “Life and Letters,” by Francis Darwin, and “Dict. N. Biog.” me me fa, Josiah Wedgwood, F.R.S. (1730-1795), the famous founder of the pottery works.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me me bro, Thomas Wedgwood (1771-1805), an experimenter in early life, and in one sense the first to create photography; a martyr to ill-health later. Sydney Smith knew “no man who appeared to have made such an impression on his friends,” his friends including many of the leading intellects of the day.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me fa fa (she was her husband's fa bro dau), Josiah Wedgwood, F.R.S.; see above. me bro, Hensleigh Wedgwood (1803-1891), author of “Etymological Dictionary” and of other works, partly mathematical.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me bro dau, Julia Wedgwood, essayist. bro, Francis Darwin (b. 1848), F.R.S., botanist; biographer of his father; reader in botany at Cambridge, 1876-1903; foreign sec. Royal Society. Author of botanical works and memoirs.—[“Who's Who.”] bro, Major Leonard Darwin (b. 1850), late R.E., second in the examination of his year for Woolwich; served on several scientific expeditions, including transit of Venus of 1874 and 1882; Staff Intelligence Dep. War Office, 1885-1890; M.P. for Lichfield, 1892-1895. Author of “Bimetallism,” “Municipal Trade.”—[“Who's Who.”] bro, Horace Darwin (b. 1851), F.R.S., engineer and mechanician; joint founder of the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company and its proprietor. It is now a limited company, of which he is chairman.—[“Who's Who.”] More distant relation: fa fa si son, Francis Galton, F.R.S. (q.v.). Sir John Evans (b. 1823), K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., President of the Royal Numismatic Society since 1874; trustee of the British Museum; treasurer and vice-president of the Royal Society during twenty years; has been president of numerous learned societies; author of works on the coins of the Ancient Britons, and on their stone and bronze implements.—[“Who's Who,” and “Ency. Brit.”] fa fa, Lewis Evans (1755-1827), F.R.S., F.A.S., mathematician; first Mathematical Master of R.M.A., Woolwich.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa, Arthur Benoni Evans (1781-1854), D.D., miscellaneous writer; Professor of Classics and History, R.M.C., 1805-1822; headmaster of Market Bosworth Grammar School, 1825-1854.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me bro and wi fa, John Dickinson (1782-1869), F.R.S., inventor of paper-making machine. bro, Sebastian Evans, LL.D., poet, artist, and author. si, Anne Evans (1820-1870), poet and musician, composer.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] son, Arthur John Evans (b. 1851), D.Litt. (Oxon), Hon. D.Litt. (Dublin), Hon. LL.D. (Edinburgh), F.R.S., Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, since 1884; in 1893 started investigations in Crete, which resulted in the discovery of the pre-Phœnician script; in 1900-1905 excavated the prehistoric palace of Knossos.—[“Who's Who.”] me bro son and wi bro, John Dickinson (1815-1876), writer on India, and founder of Indian Reform Society, 1853.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] Right Hon. Sir Edward Fry (b. 1827), D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., Judge of High Court, Chancery Division, 1877-1883; Lord Justice of Appeal, 1883-1892; President of the Royal Com. on the Irish Land Acts, 1897-1898; Chairman of the Court of Arbitration under the Metropolitan Water Act, 1902; member of the Permanent Court of International Arbitration at the Hague; author of a “Treatise on the Specific Performance of Contracts,” of “British Mosses,” and “The Mycetozoa.”—[“Who's Who.”] fa bro, Francis Fry (1803-1886), member of the firm of J.S. Fry and Co., Bristol; a great authority on bibliography.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] bro, Right Hon. Lewis Fry (b. 1832), M.P. for Bristol, 1878-1885; N. Bristol, 1885-1892, and 1895-1900.—[“Who's Who.”] bro, Joseph Storrs Fry, has maintained and extended a large manufacturing business, and taken an active part in philanthropic work. fa fa fa, Joseph Fry (1728-1787), practised medicine in Bristol, afterwards manufactured cocoa and chocolate; started type-founding business with William Pine, 1764.—[“Dic. N. Biog.”] fa fa bro, Edmund Fry (1754-1835), M.D. of Edinburgh; devoted his life to the business of type-founding, and to the philological studies connected with it.—[“Dic. N. Biog.”] wife, Mariabella, née Hodgkin, dau of the historian. Francis Galton (b. 1822), D.C.L., Hon. Sc.D. (Camb.), F.R.S. traveller, anthropologist and biometrician; author of many works and memoirs on these and analogous subjects, including meteorology, heredity, identification by fingerprints; latterly a promoter of the study of Eugenics. Gold medal R. Geog. Soc., 1853, for travels in Damaraland, S. Africa; Royal medal, 1886, and Darwin medal, 1903, of the Royal Soc., for applications of measurement to human faculty; Huxley medal of the Anthropol. Institute, 1901.—[“Ency. Brit.,” and “Who's Who.”] fa si, Schimmelpenninck (1778-1856), Mrs. Mary Anne, author of various works, mostly theological, and on the Port Royalists and Moravians.—[“Dic. N. Biog.”] fa fa fa, Samuel Galton (1720-1799), cultured Quaker philanthropist, contractor and banker.—[See life of above M.A.S., and the “Annual Register.”] fa me 1/2 bro, Robert Barclay Allardice (1779-1854), commonly known as Capt. Barclay of Ury, pedestrian, noted for his walking feats, agriculturist.—[“Dic. N. Biog.”] me fa, Erasmus Darwin, M.D., F.R.S.—See Darwin. me 1/2 bro son, Charles Robert Darwin, F.R.S., the naturalist.—See Darwin. si son, Edward G. Wheler (b. 1850), a founder and president of the Land Agents' Society; commissioner and estate agent during sixteen years for 155,000 acres of various descriptions of property. fa bro son, Sir Douglas Galton (1822-1901), K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., passed from Woolwich to Royal Engineers with the best examination then on record, obtaining first prize in every subject, 1840; Inspector of Railways, and Secretary of Railway Dept., Board of Trade, 1856; Assistant Inspector-General of Fortifications, 1860; designed and constructed the Herbert Hospital at Woolwich; Director of Public Works and Building in H.M. Works, 1870-1875; General Secretary of British Assoc., 1870-1895; President of it, 1895; authority on hospital construction, and on the sanitation, ventilation, etc., of public buildings.—[“Dict. N. Biog.,” Suppl. ii.] His kindred by his mother's side are: me fa fa, Jedediah Strutt (1726-1797), hosiery manufacturer and cotton spinner; inventor of machine for making ribbed stockings; partner of Sir Richard Arkwright.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me fa, Joseph Strutt (1765-1844), first Mayor of Derby, 1835, and donor of the arboretum; great friend of the poet Thomas Moore.—[“Dict. N. Biog.,” and “Life and Letters” of T. Moore.] me fa bro, William Strutt (1756-1830), ingenious mechanician and inventor; friend of Erasmus Darwin, R.L. Edgeworth, Robert Owen, Joseph Lancaster, Samuel Bentham Dalton, etc.; originator and designer of the first Derby Infirmary.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me fa bro son, Edward Strutt (1801-1880), created Baron Belper, 1856; M.P., F.R.S.; a philosophical Radical, intimate with Bentham, the Mills, and Macaulay; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1852-1854; President of University Coll., London, 1871.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me fa bro son, Anthony Strutt (1791-1875), ingenious mechanician. me me si son, Sir Charles Fox (1810-1874), constructing engineer of London and Birmingham Railway; knighted after designing Exhibition buildings in Hyde Park, 1851; made first narrow-gauge line in India; built Berlin Waterworks.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] Sir Archibald Geikie (b. 1835), F.R.S., and many foreign distinctions; Director-General Geological Survey of United Kingdom, and Director Museum Practical Geology in Jermyn Street, 1882-1901; medallist of the Royal and other societies; Secretary of the Royal Society; author of numerous works on geology, also of biographies of David Forbes, Sir R. Murchison, and Sir A. Ramsay.—[“Who's Who,” “Ency. Brit.”] fa, James Stewart Geikie (1811-1883), musician and musical critic; author of much psalmody, and of several well-known Scottish melodies, such as “My Heather Hills.” fa bro, Walter Geikie (1795-1837). R.S.A., painter and draughtsman; author of “Etchings Illustrative of Scottish Character and Scenery.”—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me bro, William Thoms, master mariner; subsequently teacher of navigation in New York; author of an elaborate treatise on navigation. bro, James Geikie (b. 1839), LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.; Professor of Geology and Mineralogy since 1882, and Dean of the Faculty of Science Edinburgh; author of many works on geology, and of “Songs and Lyrics by Heinrich Heine.”—[“Who's Who,” and “Ency. Brit.”] fa bro son, Cunningham Geikie (b. 1824), LL.D., D.D., a clergyman; author of many religious works.—[“Who's Who.”] fa bro son, Walter Bayne Geikie, Professor of Anatomy, and Dean of Medical Faculty, Trinity Coll., Toronto. Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen (b. 1834), F.R.S., geologist; Topographical Assistant to the Trigonometric Survey of India; surveyed the high country and glaciers of Kashmir and by Ladak, also between Darjeeling and Punakha; numerous scientific memoirs.—[“Who's Who.”] fa fa fa, Robert Austen, archæologist and coin collector; he was one of the few in his time who understood the value of local maps; a good surveyor of his own property and neighbourhood. fa fa, Sir Henry E. Austen, interested in forestry, and planted largely on his estate; he also knew the value of maps, and had excellent ones of his property. fa, Robert Alfred C. Godwin-Austen (1808-1884), F.R.S., geologist, took additional surname of Godwin; wrote important papers on the geology of Devonshire, Southern England, and parts of France.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me fa, Major-General Sir Thomas H. Godwin (1784-1853), K.C.B., served in Hanover and the Peninsula, Commander-in-Chief in second Burmese War.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] bro, Harold Godwin-Austen, Assistant-Commissioner to the Andaman Islands for thirteen years; was selected by Ney Elias to accompany him on a mission to Yarkand and Kashmir; is now a Deputy Commissioner in S. India. me, Maria Elizabeth Godwin-Austen, was certainly above the average of women of her time; interested in natural history; drew well in pen and pencil; was an accomplished musician. si son, Bertram H.M. Hewett, civil engineer; surveyed the great glaciers of the Mustakh Range, Kashmir, and elsewhere; is now in sole charge of main shaft of tunnel under the river in New York. Francis Gotch (b. 1853), D.Sc, F.R.S., Waynflete Professor of Physiology at Oxford; formerly Holt Professor of Physiology at University Coll., Liverpool; author of many scientific papers.—[“Who's Who.”] me fa, Ebenezer Foster, founder of well-known banking firm of Messrs. Foster, Cambridge. fa, Fredrick William Gotch, LL.D., late President of Baptist College, Bristol; Hebrew scholar; member of committee for the authorized version of the Old Testament. fa bro son, Thomas Cooper Gotch (b. 1854), well-known painter.—[“Who's Who.”] wi bro, Sir Victor Horsley (q.v.) Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff (b. 1829), G.C.S.I., P.C., F.R.S., sometime Under-Secretary of State for India and the Colonies, and Governor of Madras; has been Lord Rector of Aberdeen University, and president of many learned societies; King's Trustee of British Museum since 1903; author of political, literary, and biographical works.—[“Who's Who.”] fa, James Grant Duff (1789-1858), while still a lieutenant, aged twenty-eight, reduced the Sattara State to order after the overthrow of the Peishwa, and restored it to the descendant of its ancient princes, whom he guided as resident till his health broke down at the age of thirty-three. Returning to this country, he wrote the “History of the Mahrattas.”—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me fa, Sir Whitelaw Ainslie (1767-1837), surgeon in the East India Company's service, 1788-1815; published “Materia Medica of Hindoostan,” and other works.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] son, Arthur Cuninghame Grant Duff (b. 1861), lately First Secretary to H.M.'s Legation, Mexico. son, Evelyn Mountstuart Grant Duff (b. 1863), First Secretary to H.M.'s Legation, Persia. son, Adrian Grant Duff (b. 1869), Staff-Captain (Intelligence Dept.) Army Headquarters. John Scott Haldane (b. 1860), F.R.S., University Lecturer in Physiology, Oxford; joint editor and founder of “Journal of Hygiene”; has served on several departmental committees, and carried out special inquiries for Government departments; author of “Blue Books on the Cause of Death in Colliery Explosions,” 1895; “Ankylostomiasis in Mines,” 1902-1903, etc.—[“Who's Who.”] fa fa, James Alexander Haldane (1768-1851), in the East India Company's naval service till 1797; then devoted himself to itinerary evangelization in Scotland; author of several theological treatises.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa fa bro, Robert Haldane (1764-1842), in the Royal Navy till 1797; sold his estate in Stirlingshire to devote the proceeds to missions in India, but was prevented by the Government from carrying out this scheme. Carried on evangelistic work in Geneva and the South of France, and co-operated in Scotland with his brother, endowing places of worship and training young ministers. Wrote several theological treatises.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa bro, Daniel Rutherford Haldane (1824-1887), M.D., LL.D., President of Edinburgh College of Physicians.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me bro, Sir John Burdon-Sanderson, Bart, M.D., F.R.S., etc.—(q.v.) bro, Rt. Hon. Richard Burdon Haldane, P.C., M.P., LL.D., a distinguished politician; author of books on philosophy.—[“Who's Who.”] si, Elizabeth Sanderson Haldane, authoress of “Life of Ferrier,” translator of Hegel's “History of Philosophy”; promoter of education and of reforms in Scotland. fa bro son, Alexander Chinnery Haldane, LL.D., Bishop of Argyll and the Isles. fa bro son, Lieutenant-Colonel James Aylmer Lowthorpe Haldane (b. 1862), D.S.O., served with distinction in Chitral, Tirah, and South Africa, and has won rapid promotion; author of “How we Escaped from Pretoria.”—[“Who's Who.”] me fa me bro, John Scott, first Earl of Eldon (1751-1838), famous Lord Chancellor of England.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me fa me bro, William Scott, first Baron Stowell (1745-1836), Judge of High Court of Admiralty.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa fa me bro, Adam Duncan (1731-1804), cr. Viscount Duncan of Camperdown 1797, after the Battle of Camperdown, in which he defeated the Dutch Admiral, De Winter.—[“Dict. N. Biog.,” and “Life,” by his great-grandson, the present Earl of Camperdown.] fa me me bro, Sir Ralph Abercromby (1734-1801), General; served with distinction in Flanders, 1795; commanded expedition against French in West Indies, 1795; commanded troops in Mediterranean, 1800; defeated French at Alexandria, where he died of his wounds.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa me me bro, Sir Robert Abercromby (1740-1827), General; Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Bombay, 1790; reduced Tippoo Sultan, 1792; conducted second Rohilla War.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] William Abbott Herdman (b. 1858), D.Sc., F.R.S., P.L.S., General Secretary of British Association, Professor of Natural History, University of Liverpool, since 1881; has worked particularly at marine biology; was one of the founders of the Port Erin Biological Station, and of the seafish hatchery at Piel; was sent to Ceylon 1901-1902 to investigate the pearl oyster fishery for the Government (results published by the Royal Society, 1903-1905); author of numerous zoological works.—[“Who's Who.”] fa me, Sophia Herdman, great ability and strength of character shown by the way she brought up her four sons, after having been left a widow early in life. fa, Robert Herdman (1829-1888), R.S.A., well known in Scotland as a portrait and historical painter; also a good Greek scholar, an antiquary, and student of Shakespearian literature.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa bro, William Herdman, Presbyterian minister at Rattray; an antiquary, good botanist, and geologist. fa bro, James Chalmers Herdman, D.D. (hon.), Presbyterian minister of Melrose; a popular preacher and convener of foreign missions. fa bro son, James Chalmers Herdman, D.D. (hon.), occupies a leading position in the Scottish Church in Canada. Sydney John Hickson (b. 1859), F.R.S., D.Sc., Professor of Zoology, Owens Coll., Manchester, since 1894; author of “A Naturalist in North Celebes,” “The Fauna of the Deep Sea,” “The Story of Life in the Seas,” and many scientific memoirs.—[“Who's Who.”] fa bro, William Edward Hickson (1803-1870), educational writer; author of “Time and Faith,” etc.; editor of “Westminster Review,” 1840-1852.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me bro, Sir Sydney Hedley Waterlow (b. 1822), K.C.V.O., first Bart., Lord Mayor of London, 1872-1873; M.P. for co. Dumfries, 1868-1869; Maidstone, 1874-1880; Gravesend, 1880-1885; very active philanthropist.—[“Who's Who.”] me bro son, Sir Ernest Waterlow (b. 1850), R.A., President Royal Society Painters in Water-colours.—[“Who's Who.”] fa si da and me bro da, Mrs. Ruth Homan, educationalist; member of London School Board; co-opt. member Education Committee L.C.C. Leonard Hill, F.R.S. (b. 1866), Hunterian Professor Royal College Surgeons, previously Demonstrator of Physiology, Oxford, and Assistant-Professor of Physiology, University Coll., London; author of books and memoirs on physiology.—[“Who's Who.”] fa fa, Arthur Hill, headmaster of Bruce Castle School; reformer of education. fa, G. Birkbeck Hill, author of many books on eighteenth-century literature. fa bro, Edward Bernard Lewin Hill (b. 1834), C.B., retired as senior Assistant-Secretary-General Post Office.—[“Who's Who.”] fa bro, Sir John Edward Gray Hill (b. 1839), President of the Incorporated Law Society, and of the International Law Association, 1903-1904; author of “With the Beduins” and papers on various subjects connected with maritime law, etc.—[“Who's Who.”] me bro, Sir John Scott (b. 1841), K.C.B., judge in the High Court, Bombay; appointed to reform administration of criminal law in Egypt.—[“Who's Who.”] bro, Norman Hill, Secretary to the Shipping Association; a distinguished Liverpool lawyer, and writer and authority on the Economics of Shipping. fa fa fa, Thomas Wright Hill (1736-1851), school-master and stenographer.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa fa bro, Sir Rowland Hill (1795-1879), inventor of penny postage; as Chairman of the Brighton Railway introduced express and excursion trains, 1843-1846.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa fa bro, Edwin Hill (1793-1876), inventor and author; supervisor of stamps at Somerset House; with Mr. De la Rue invented machine for folding envelopes; exhibited 1851.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa fa bro, Matthew Davenport Hill (1792-1872), first recorder of Birmingham; reformer of criminal law and of the treatment of criminals.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (b. 1817), G.C.S.I., F.R.S., President Royal Society, 1872-1877, eminent botanist and traveller; director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, 1855-1865; naturalist to H.M.S. “Erebus” in Antarctic expedition, 1839-1843; botanical travels in the Himalaya, 1847-1851; Morocco and Atlas in 1871; California and Rocky Mountains, 1877; many botanical publications, including “Genera Plantarum.”—[“Ency. Brit.,” xxix., 324; “Who's Who.”] me fa, Dawson Turner, F.R.S. (1775-1858).—See Palgrave. fa, Sir William Jackson Hooker (1758-1865), F.R.S., eminent botanist; director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, which he greatly extended and threw open to the public, and where he founded the museum of economic botany; Regius Professor of Botany, Glasgow, 1820; knighted 1847; many botanical publications.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me si sons, the four brothers Palgrave.—See Palgrave. Sir Victor A. Haden Horsley, F.R.S., M.D. (b. 1857), eminent surgeon and operator; Professor-Superintendent of Brown Institution, 1884-1890; Professor of Pathology University College, 1893-1896. fa fa, William Horsley (1774-1858), Mus. Bac. Oxford, musical composer, especially of glees, and writer on musical topics.—[“Dict. N. Biog.,” and Grove's “Dict. of Music.”] me fa, Charles Thomas Haden, a rising London physician, who initiated a treatment for gout, much noted at the time (d. young in 1823).—[Unpublished information.] fa, John Callcott Horsley, R.A., distinguished painter.—[“Who's Who.”] fa bro, Charles Edward Horsley (1822-1876), composer of oratorios; best known in America; author of “Text-book of Harmony.”—[“Dict. N. Biog.,” and Grove's “Dict. of Music.”] me bro, Sir F. Seymour Haden (b. 1818), surgeon. Founder and President of the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers. A well-known sanitarian, especially in respect to the disposal of the dead. Grand Prix, Paris, 1889 and 1900; many publications.—[“Who's Who.”] fa si son, Isambard Brunel, Chancellor to the Diocese of Ely; ecclesiastical barrister. Ancestors in more remote degrees: fa me fa, John Wall Callcott (1766-1821), composer, mainly of glees and catches; published “Musical Grammar,” 1806.—[“Dict. N. Biog.,” and Grove's “Dict. of Music.”] fa me fa bro, Sir Augustus Wall Callcott, R.A. (1779-1844), distinguished painter, mainly of landscapes; knighted, 1837.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me fa fa, Thomas Haden, the principal doctor and three times Mayor of Derby.—[Unpublished information.] wife, née Bramwell. wife's fa, Sir Frederick Bramwell, Bart. (1818-1903), F.R.S., eminent engineer; President British Association, 1888; Pres. Institution of Civil Engineers, 1884-1885; Hon. Sec. Royal Institution.—[“Who's Who.”] wife's fa bro, Lord Bramwell (1808-1902), Judge, 1856; Lord Justice, 1876-1881; raised to peerage, 1882.—[“Dict. N. Biog.,” Suppl. i.] John Joly (b. 1858), D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Dublin since 1897; has published many contributions to the Royal Soc., Royal Dublin Soc., etc.—[“Who's Who.”] fa fa, Henry Edward Joly, divine and physician; is credited with scientific medical views in advance of his time. me fa, Frederick, Comte de Lusi, statesman, author and linguist; resident Minister of the King of Prussia in London, St. Petersburg, Greece, etc.; made one of the earliest ascents of Mont Blanc, in 1816. fa, John Plunket Joly (Rev.), accomplished as a painter of bird, insect, and plant life; left a remarkable collection of pictures behind him; died early. me bro, Frederick, Comte de Lusi, soldier; distinguished himself in the German-Danish War of 1848; decorated for valour in saving the life of General Halkett. fa bro, Jasper Robert Joly, remarkable precosity as a boy; obtained distinguished college successes in classics in his thirteenth year at Trinity Coll., Dublin. Devoted his life to the collection of Hogarth and Bewick, upon whom he was an authority. fa si, Mary Joly, died young; left a remarkable collection of minutely accurate paintings of birds and flowers. me fa fa, Spiridion, Comte de Lusi, the founder of the de Lusi family, ennobled by Frederick the Great for statesmanship.—[“Percy Anecdotes.”] Kelvin, Lord.—See William Thompson. Alfred Bray Kempe (b. 1849), F.R.S., Chancellor of the Dioceses of Newcastle, Southwell, and St. Albans; Treasurer and Vice-President of the Royal Society from 1899; has published works on mathematics.—[“Who's Who.”] fa fa, Alfred John Kempe (1784-1846), distinguished antiquary; published works on Holwood Hill, Kent, and St. Martin-le-Grand Church, London.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] fa, John Edward Kempe (b. 1810), late Rector of St. James's, Piccadilly; Hon. Chaplain to the King since 1901.—[“Who's Who.”] bro, John Arrow Kempe, C.B. (b. 1846), Comptroller and Auditor-General.—[“Who's Who.”] bro, Harry Robert Kempe (b. 1852), Principal Technical Officer of the Postal Telegraph Department; author of “Handbook of Electrical Testing,” and other works which have gone through many editions; for many years editor of “Electrical Review.”—[“Who's Who.”] bro son, Edward Kempe, Captain and Gold Medallist, Radley School; scholar of Lincoln Coll., Oxford; editor of “The Huia,” New Zealand. fa fa si, Anna Eliza Bray, née Kempe (1790-1883), historical novelist; completed “Monumental Effigies of Great Britain,” commenced by her first husband, Charles Alfred Stothard.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] [For further particulars see “A History of the Kempe and Kemp Families.”] Edwin Ray Lankester (b. 1847), LL.D., F.R.S., celebrated zoologist; Director of Natural History Departments, British Museum, since 1898; Fullerian Professor of Physiology and Comparative Anatomy, Royal Inst., 1898-1900; Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Oxford, 1891-1898; numerous other distinctions.—[“Who's Who.”] fa, Edwin Lankester (1814-1874), M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Natural History, New Coll., London, 1850; Medical Officer of Health for parish of St. James's, Westminster, and Coroner for Central Middlesex; joint editor of “Q.J.M.S.,” etc.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] me, Phebe Lankester (1825-1900), authoress of “Wild Flowers Worth Notice”; the popular portion of Sowerby's “British Botany,” and many other publications; also wrote weekly in a newspaper for many years under the signature of “Penelope.” me bro, Samuel Pope, Q.C., successful leader of the Parliamentary Bar. bro, E. Forbes Lankester, first class in “Greats,” Oxford, 1877; successful barrister.—[“Oxf. Reg.”] bro, S. Rushton Lankester, H.M. Consul, Batavia. si, Fay Lankester, Secretary of National Health Society. si, Marion Vatcher, wife of Rev. Sydney Vatcher, Vicar of St. Philip's, Stepney. Both well known in connection with East London organization of help to the poor. si, Nina Lankester, Superintendent of Female Clerks in Money Order Department of Post Office. Joseph Lister (b. 1827), created Baronet, 1883; Baron Lister, 1897; F.R.S., P.C., O.M., and numerous other distinctions; President Royal Soc., 1896-1900; Professor of Surgery, Glasgow, 1860-1869, Edinburgh University, 1869-1877, King's Coll., London, 1877-1893; famous for discovery of antiseptic treatment in surgery.—[“Ency. Brit.,” and “Who's Who.”] fa, Joseph Jackson Lister (1786-1869), F.R.S., optical investigator, especially in connection with the principles of the achromatic microscope, also author of contributions to Zoology, Phil. Trans.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] bro, Arthur Lister (b. 1830), F.R.S.; botanist; author of monograph on the Mycetozoa.—[“Who's Who.”] bro son, Joseph Jackson Lister, F.R.S., biologist; Fellow of St. John's Coll., Cambridge.—[“Who's Who.”] bro son, Arthur Hugh Lister, Ass. Phys., Aberdeen Infirmary; obtained “three stars” at University examination, Aberdeen. bro da, Gulielma Lister, contributed papers to “Linnæan Journal,” and, in connection with her brother, to “Journal of Botany.” Sir Oliver Lodge (b. 1851), F.R.S., D.Sc., London, Oxon, and Vict., LL.D., St. Andrews and Glasgow; Principal of the University of Birmingham since 1900; Professor of Physics, University Coll., Liverpool, 1881-1900; author of various works on physics, and of articles in the “Hibbert Journal.”—[“Who's Who.”] fa bro, Robert J. Lodge, for many years Secretary of the Marine Insurance Company, and reckoned a man of considerable ability in the city. bro, Richard Lodge (b. 1855), Professor of History, Edinburgh, since 1899; First Professor of History, Glasgow University; author of “Student's Modern Europe,” “Richelieu” (in Foreign Statesmen Series), and “The Close of the Middle Ages.”—[“Who's Who.”] bro, Alfred Lodge, Professor of Pure Mathematics at Cooper's Hill. si, Eleanor Constance Lodge, Sub-head and Lecturer on History in Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. fa bro son, George E. Lodge, well-known animal painter and engraver. Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock (b. 1834), created Baron Avebury, 1900, P.C., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., banker, head of Robarts, Lubbock and Co., well known for the part he has taken in public affairs; has been a member of many Royal Commissions; For. Sec. R.A., German Order of Merit, Commander Legion of Honour. Biologist, President at various times of many learned societies; author of over 100 memoirs in the Transactions of the Royal Soc., and of numerous literary, scientific, and popular scientific works.—[“Who's Who,” and “Ency. Brit.”] fa fa, Sir John Lubbock, a leading banker and governor of the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation. fa, Sir John William Lubbock (1803-1865), F.R.S., astronomer and mathematician; Treasurer and Vice-President of the Royal Soc.; First Vice-Chancellor of the London University; Deputy Governor of Royal Exchange Ass. Corp.—[“Dict. N. Biog.”] bro, Sir Neville Lubbock, K.C.M.G., Chairman West India Committee; Governor of the Royal Exchange Ass. Corp.; Chairman of New Colonial Company, etc.—[“Who's Who.”] bro, Edgar Lubbock, LL.B., director of the Bank of England; law scholar of University of London; passed first, and obtained Clifford's Inn prize in Law Soc. Exam.—[“Who's Who.”] Sir Francis Leopold McClintock (b. 1819), K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.; Admiral retired; Elder Brother of Trinity House; served in four Arctic voyages; discovered fate of Franklin's expedition, 1
4591	dbpedia	0	28	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom	en	Social class in the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ferrier_Estate.jpg/220px-Ferrier_Estate.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Street_of_terraced_housing.jpg/220px-Street_of_terraced_housing.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ashley_Walk%2C_Mill_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_458447.jpg/220px-Ashley_Walk%2C_Mill_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_458447.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Old_Schools%2C_Harrow_School.JPG/220px-The_Old_Schools%2C_Harrow_School.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/WoburnAbbey01.JPG/220px-WoburnAbbey01.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2006-12-20T17:42:38+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom	Social structure of British society The social structure of the United Kingdom has historically been highly influenced by the concept of social class, which continues to affect British society today.[1][2] British society, like its European neighbours and most societies in world history, was traditionally (before the Industrial Revolution) divided hierarchically within a system that involved the hereditary transmission of occupation, social status and political influence.[3] Since the advent of industrialisation, this system has been in a constant state of revision, and new factors other than birth (for example, education) are now a greater part of creating identity in Britain. Although the country's definitions of social class vary and are highly controversial, most are influenced by factors of wealth, occupation, and education. Until the Life Peerages Act 1958, the Parliament of the United Kingdom was organised on a class basis, with the House of Lords representing the hereditary upper class and the House of Commons representing everybody else. The British monarch is usually viewed as being at the top of the social class structure. British society has experienced significant change since the Second World War, including an expansion of higher education and home ownership, a shift towards a service-dominated economy, mass immigration, a changing role for women and a more individualistic culture. These changes have had a considerable impact on the social landscape.[4] However, claims that the UK has become a classless society have frequently been met with scepticism.[5][6][7] Research has shown that social status in the United Kingdom is influenced by, although separate from, social class.[8] This change in terminology corresponded to a general decrease in significance ascribed to hereditary characteristics, and increase in the significance of wealth and income as indicators of position in the social hierarchy.[9][10] The "class system" in the United Kingdom is widely studied in academia but no definition of the word class is universally agreed to. Some scholars may adopt the Marxist view of class where persons are classified by their relationship to means of production, as owners or as workers, which is the most important factor in that person's social rank. Alternatively, Max Weber developed a three-component theory of stratification under which "a person’s power can be shown in the social order through their status, in the economic order through their class, and in the political order through their party.[11] The biggest current study of social class in the United Kingdom is the Great British Class Survey.[12] Besides these academic models, there are myriad popular explanations of class in Britain. In the work Class, Jilly Cooper quotes a shopkeeper on the subject of bacon: "When a woman asks for back I call her 'madam'; when she asks for streaky I call her 'dear'."[13] History [edit] The United Kingdom never experienced the sudden dispossession of the estates of the nobility, which occurred in much of Europe after the French Revolution or in the early 20th century, and the British nobility, in so far as it existed as a distinct social class, integrated itself with those with new wealth derived from commercial and industrial sources more comfortably than in most of Europe. Opportunities resulting from consistent economic growth and the expanding British Empire also enabled some from much poorer backgrounds (generally men who had managed to acquire some education) to rise through the class system. The historian David Cannadine sees the period around 1880 as a peak after which the position of the old powerful families declined rapidly, from a number of causes, reaching a nadir in the years after the Second World War, symbolised by the widespread destruction of country houses. However, their wealth, if not their political power, has rebounded strongly since the 1980s, benefiting from greatly increased values of the land and fine art which many owned in quantity. Meanwhile, the complex British middle classes had also been enjoying a long period of growth and increasing prosperity, and achieving political power at the national level to a degree unusual in Europe. They avoided the strict stratification of many Continental middle classes, and formed a large and amorphous group closely connected at their edges with both the gentry and aristocracy and the labouring classes. In particular the great financial centre of the City of London was open to outsiders to an unusual degree, and continually expanding and creating new employment. The British working class, on the other hand, was not notable in Europe for prosperity,[14] and early modern British travellers often remarked on the high standard of living of the farmworkers and artisans of the Netherlands, though the peasantry in other countries such as France were remarked on as poorer than their English equivalents. Living standards certainly improved greatly over the period, more so in England than other parts of the United Kingdom, but the Industrial Revolution was marked by extremely harsh working conditions and poor housing until about the middle of the 19th century. Formal classifications [edit] Early modern [edit] At the time of the formation of Great Britain in 1707, England and Scotland had similar class-based social structures. Some basic categories covering most of the British population around 1500 to 1700 are as follows.[15][16] Class Characteristics Cottager or labourer; servant Cottagers were a step below husbandmen, in that they had to work for others for wages. Lowest order of the working castes; perhaps vagabonds, drifters, criminals or other outcasts would be lower. Slavery in England died out by 1200 AD, so in feudal times this would have been the villein or serf. Most young women of middle and lower ranks became servants to neighboring families for a few years before marriage. Servants in husbandry were unmarried men hired on annual contracts as farm workers.[17] Husbandman (or other tradesmen) A tradesman or farmer who either rented a home or owned very little land was a husbandman. In feudal times, this person likely would have been a peasant, either as a serf who paid a large portion of his work or produce to the land-holding lord or more likely as a freeman who paid a rent in cash rather than in labour. Yeoman The yeoman class generally included small farmers who held a reasonable amount of land and were able to protect themselves from neighbouring lords et cetera. They played a military role as longbowmen before 1500. The village shopkeeper was placed between yeoman and gentry in the modern social hierarchy.[18] Sir Anthony Richard Wagner, Garter Principal King of Arms, wrote that "a Yeoman would not normally have less than 100 acres" (40 hectares) "and in social status is one step down from the Landed Gentry, but above, say, a husbandman."[19] Professional and businessman Urban professionals included lawyers, with the highest status going to the London barristers and the Inns of Court. Physicians were rising in status as professionalisation and education built upon rapidly increasing knowledge bases. Merchants and businessmen could range in status from middle to high, depending on their wealth and importance. For higher social prestige, they would buy a landed estate or negotiate for a knighthood or a baronetcy.[20][21][22] Clergy Clergy were mostly located in rural areas, where they were under the direction of the gentry.[23] A bishop had the status of nobility, and sat in the House of Lords, but his son did not inherit the title.[24] Gentry/gentleman The gentry by definition held enough assets to live on land rents without working, and so could be well-educated. If they worked it was in law, as priests, in politics, or in other educated pursuits without manual labour. The term Esquire was used for landowners who were not knighted, a term which later became Squire and referred to as the Squirarchy. They typically possessed estates worked by tenants and laborers. It was prestigious to purchase a military or naval commission for a likely son.[25] Knight The role of knighthood was very important in the medieval period, with the role of organising local military forces on behalf of a senior noble. However, by 1600 the title was an honorific one, often granted to outstanding combat soldiers in the king's army.[26] Baronet (hereditary, non-peer) A baronet held a hereditary style of knighthood, giving the highest rank below a peerage. Aristocracy: Peer (Noble) The ranks ranged from baron to duke. The rules of succession were elaborate; usually, however, the eldest son inherited the title and the wealth. When the male line expired, so too did the title (but the family kept the land). The peers were generally large land holders, often also owning a house in London. They sat in the House of Lords and often played a role in court.[27] Ireland and Scotland had entirely separate aristocracies; their nobles sat in their own parliaments but not in the English House of Lords.[28][29] Royal A member of the royal family, a prince, or a close relative of the queen or the king. Early capitalism [edit] This social period lasts from the end of the 17th century to the 20th century. At this point society goes from being feudal to capitalist, due to the regime change after the Glorious Revolution. Class Characteristics Working class They were the majority of the population, they were mainly farmers and factory workers. These lived in terrible conditions and without a minimum wage. Bourgeoisie Although they did not have a title nor were they descended from anyone with a title, they did have their own privileges and wealth once they had earned a living, although the former were a lesser value than the nobles. Still, they became ruling class around these times. And they also had almost the same jobs as their aristocratic counterparts. Nobility In these times they were people with honorary titles that provided them with different legal or private privileges, the class ranged from the royal family to the gentry, they used to dedicate themselves to different jobs such as politicians, scientists, sports, commercial, financial and even in the rural environment as landowners. 20th century [edit] Main article: NRS social grade The social grade classification created by the National Readership Survey over 50 years ago achieved widespread usage during the 20th century in marketing and government reports and statistics. Grade Occupation A Higher managerial, administrative or professional B Intermediate managerial, administrative or professional C1 Supervisory or clerical and junior managerial, administrative or professional C2 Skilled manual workers D Semi and unskilled manual workers E Casual or lowest grade workers, pensioners and others who depend on the state for their income 21st century [edit] Main article: National Statistics Socio-economic Classification The UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) produced a new socio-economic classification in 2001.[30] The reason was to provide a more comprehensive and detailed classification to take newer employment patterns into account. Group Description NRS equivalent 1 Higher professional and managerial occupations A 2 Lower managerial and professional occupations B 3 Intermediate occupations C1 and C2 4 Small employers and own account workers C1 and C2 5 Lower supervisory and technical occupations C1 and C2 6 Semi-routine occupations D 7 Routine occupations D 8 Never worked and long-term unemployed E Great British Class Survey [edit] Main article: Great British Class Survey On 2 April 2013 analysis of the results of a survey,[31] which was conducted by the BBC in 2011 and developed in collaboration with academic experts, was published online in the journal Sociology.[32][33][34][35][36] The results released were based on a survey of 160,000 residents of the United Kingdom most of whom lived in England and described themselves as "white." Class was defined and measured according to the amount and kind of economic, cultural, and social resources, "capitals", reported. Economic capital was defined as income and assets; cultural capital as amount and type of cultural interests and activities, and social capital as the quantity and social status of their friends, family and personal and business contacts.[35] This theoretical framework was inspired by that of Pierre Bourdieu, who published his theory of social distinction in 1979. Results [edit] Analysis of the survey revealed seven classes: a wealthy "elite;" a prosperous salaried "middle class" consisting of professionals and managers; a class of technical experts; a class of "new affluent" workers, and at the lower levels of the class structure, in addition to an ageing traditional working class, a "precariat" characterised by very low levels of capital, and a group of emergent service workers. The fracturing of the middle sectors of the social structure into distinguishable factions separated by generational, economic, cultural, and social characteristics was considered notable by the authors of the research.[37][38] Elite [edit] Members of the elite class are the top 6% of British society with very high economic capital (particularly savings), high social capital, and very 'highbrow' cultural capital. Occupations such as chief executive officers, IT and telecommunications directors, marketing and sales directors; functional managers and directors, solicitors, barristers and judges, financial managers, higher education teachers,[39] dentists, doctors and advertising and public relations directors were strongly represented.[40] However, those in the established and 'acceptable' professions, such as academia, law and medicine are more traditional upper middle class identifiers, with IT and sales being the preserve of the economic if not social middle class. Established middle class [edit] Members of the established middle class, about 25% of British society, reported high economic capital, high status of mean social contacts, and both high highbrow and high emerging cultural capital. Well-represented occupations included electrical engineers, occupational therapists, social workers, midwives, registered nurses, environmental professionals, quality assurance and regulatory professionals, town planning officials, and special needs teaching professionals.[41] Technical middle class [edit] The technical middle class, about 6% of British society, shows high economic capital, very high status of social contacts, but relatively few contacts reported, and moderate cultural capital. Occupations represented include medical radiographers, aircraft pilots, pharmacists, natural and social science professionals and physical scientists, and business, research, and administrative positions.[42] New affluent workers [edit] New affluent workers, about 15% of British society, show moderately good economic capital, relatively poor status of social contacts, though highly varied, and moderate highbrow but good emerging cultural capital. Occupations include electricians and electrical fitters; postal workers; retail cashiers and checkout operatives; plumbers and heating and ventilation technicians; sales and retail assistants; housing officers; kitchen and catering assistants; quality assurance technicians.[42] Traditional working class [edit] The traditional working class, about 14% of British society, shows relatively poor economic capital, but some housing assets, few social contacts, and low highbrow and emerging cultural capital. Typical occupations include electrical and electronics technicians; care workers; cleaners; van drivers; electricians; residential, day, and domiciliary care. [42] Emergent service sector [edit] The emergent service sector, about 19% of British society, shows relatively poor economic capital, but reasonable household income, moderate social contacts, high emerging (but low highbrow) cultural capital. Typical occupations include bar staff, chefs, nursing auxiliaries and assistants, assemblers and routine operatives, care workers, elementary storage occupations, customer service occupations, and musicians.[42] Precariat [edit] The precariat, about 15% of British society, shows poor economic capital, and the lowest scores on every other criterion. Although some members of this class are unemployed, many hold jobs.[43] Members of this class include about 6% of all cleaners, 5% of all van drivers, 4% of all care workers, 4% of all carpenters and joiners, 3% of all caretakers, 3% of all leisure and travel service occupations, 3% of all shopkeepers and proprietors, and 2% of all retail cashiers.[44][45] Informal classifications [edit] Underclass [edit] See also: Underclass The term "underclass" is used to refer to those people who are "chronically unemployed", and in many instances have been for generations.[46] The term was invented in the US in the late 20th Century.[47] Evidence could not be found through field research to support the notion of an ‘underclass’ with a separate sub-culture amongst the long-term unemployed, yet it has become a key word in the British lexicon due to the essays that the American New-Right sociologist Charles Murray was invited to write in 1989 for the Sunday Times.[47] There is a contention that there are homologies between the meaning context and tenor of the abusive word "chav" and the term "underclass" in media discourses: the obvious difference being the former relates to supposed dispositions of a social class in consumption and the later to difficulties of a social class in productive labour relations.[48] The educational special adviser, Charlie Taylor follows Michael Gove in conceiving of an "educational underclass", and felt the majority of those involved in the 2011 England riots could be considered to be members.[49] The BBC journalist Mark Easton felt that, in the justificatory responses he heard in the aftermath of those riots, it would be easy to concur with the politician Iain Duncan Smith's 2008 theory of "an underclass" that exhibited "creeping expansion".[50][51][52] Working class [edit] See also: Chartism Unskilled and semi-skilled working class [edit] Traditionally, these people would have worked as manual labourers. They would typically have left school as soon as legally permissible and not have been able to take part in higher education. Many would go on to work in semi-skilled and unskilled jobs in raw materials extraction/processing, in assembly and in machine shops of Britain's major car factories, steel mills, coal mines, foundries and textile mills in the highly industrialised cities and pit towns and villages in the West Midlands, North of England, South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands. However, since the mid-1970s and early-1980s, some might contend that de-industrialisation has shattered many of these communities, resulting, some might contend, in a complete deterioration in quality of life and a reversal in rising living standards for the industrial working class. Many either dropped in status to the working poor or fell into permanent reliance on welfare dependence. Some dropped out altogether and joined the black market economy, while a few managed, often through geographic fortune of other industries in the local area, to ascend to the lower middle class. It has been argued[53] that with the decline in manufacturing and increase in the service sector, lower-paid office workers are effectively working-class. Call centres in particular, have sprung up in former centres of industry. However, since the early-2000s, there has been a trend for many call centres to close down in the UK and outsource their jobs to India and other jurisdictions, as part of cost-cutting measures.[54][55] The Mosaic 2010 groups where the proportion of residents in NRS social grade D was rated "high" in the 2010 Mosaic Index are "Residents with sufficient incomes in right-to-buy social housing" and "Families in low-rise social housing with high levels of benefit need". During the post-war era, white working-class Britons witnessed a big rise in their standard of living. As noted by Denys Blakeway in 2008: "The white working-class have prospered hugely since the war. They have experienced unparalleled growth in disposable income and today they are now richer than their parents and grandparents could ever have imagined. There are shared values in white working-class culture but I think it is incredibly difficult to put your finger on exactly what it is that defines "white working-class" because a lot of them are shared by the middle class, such as football and the pub."[56] Skilled working class [edit] This class of people would be in skilled industrial jobs or tradesmen, traditionally in the construction and manufacturing industry, but in recent decades showing entrepreneurial development as the stereotypical white van man, or self-employed contractors.[57] These people would speak in regional accents and have completed craft apprenticeships rather than a university education. The only Mosaic 2010 group where the proportion of residents in NRS social grade C2 was rated "high" in the 2010 Mosaic Index is "Residents with sufficient incomes in right-to-buy social housing".[58] An example of what the BBC described as a "normal, working-class Boltonian"[59] was Fred Dibnah, a small-scale company director in the construction industry (and therefore also an example of the small employer class, rather than the routine class, in NS-SEC). A fictional example of a mid-century skilled working man, from the literary traditional of the working-class novel, is Arthur Seaton, in the novel Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. A lathe operator at a bicycle factory, he regards his father's apparently subservient generation with contempt, and at the close of the novel (made explicit in the film version) plans to buy his own home. Middle class [edit] Lower middle class [edit] See also: Middle England The British lower middle class, when described historically, primarily consisted of office workers: when describing class segregation of housing in the Nottingham of 1901, clerks, bookkeepers, estate agents and teachers are described as having been lower middle class.[60] Researchers today sometimes equate NRS social grade C1, "Supervisory, clerical and junior managerial, administrative and professional",[61] with "lower middle class".[62] In the nineteenth century, the middle and lower middle classes were able to live in suburbs due to the development of horse-drawn omnibuses and railways.[63] One radical Liberal politician (Charles Masterman), writing in 1909 used "the Middle Classes" and "the suburbans" synonymously.[63] In the early twenty-first century, there were no Mosaic 2010 geodemographic groups where the proportion of residents in NRS social grade C1 was rated as "high" or "low" in the 2010 Index; it was rated as "average" in all Mosaic groups,[64] whether these were of a suburban, rural, city or small-town nature. Some researchers conceive of the lower middle class as consisting of those who work in lower-grade service-sector managerial jobs or semi-professions (the lower-grade service class in Oesch 2006) and small business owners.[65] Prior to the expansion in higher education from the 1960s onwards, members of this class generally did not have a university education. Members of the lower middle class typically speak in local accents, although relatively mild. Votes in this area are split and minority parties will have a stronger proportion. Middle class [edit] The middle class in Britain often consists of people with tertiary education and may have been educated at either state or private schools.[57] Typical jobs include: accountants, architects, solicitors, surveyors, social workers, teachers, managers, specialist IT workers, engineers, bankers, doctors, nurses and civil servants.[citation needed] The Middle Class, at least in the 19th Century, had a more secure income than the Working Class and accumulated unspent income which they could channel into investments.[66] Members of the middle class are often politically and socially engaged (a Mori poll in 2005 found 70% of grades AB voted at the 2005 general election compared to 54% of grades DE). Education is greatly valued by the middle classes: they will make every effort to ensure their children get offered a place at university; they may send their children to a private school, employ a home tutor for out of school hours so their child learns at a faster rate, or go to great lengths to get their children enrolled into good state or selective grammar schools; such as moving house into the catchment area.[67] They also value culture and make up a significant proportion of the book-buying and theatre-going public. They typically read broadsheet newspapers rather than tabloids. The only Mosaic 2010 geodemographic type where the proportion of residents in NRS social grade B was rated as "high" in the 2010 index was "People living in brand new residential developments".[64] The middle classes particularly of England and Wales are often popularly referred to as "Middle England".[68] Jilly Cooper is a self-described "upper middle-class" writer who wrote an extended humour sketch imagining the lives of different types of people drawing on prejudiced tropes and biases relating to social class, which she called "Class, A view from Middle England".[69] Upper middle class [edit] The upper middle class in Britain broadly consists of people who were born into families which have traditionally possessed high incomes, although this group is defined more by family background than by job or income. Although RP is not exclusive to any social class,[71] some members of this stratum, in England, traditionally used General British Pronunciation natively.[72][73] The upper middle class are traditionally educated at private schools, preferably one of the "major" or "minor" "public schools"[74][75] which themselves often have pedigrees going back for hundreds of years and charge fees of as much as £44,000 per year per pupil (as of 2022).[70][76] A minority of upper-middle-class families may also have ancestry that directly connects them to the upper classes. Armorial bearings in the form of an escutcheon may denote such past status. A lesser status historically directly relevant to the upper middle class is that of squire or lord of the manor; however, these property rights are no longer [77] prevalent. Although such categorisations are not precise, popular contemporary examples of upper-middle-class people may include Boris Johnson,[78] Catherine, Princess of Wales,[79][80][81][82] David Cameron,[81][83] and Matthew Pinsent (athlete). Upper class [edit] Main article: Upper class The British "upper class" is statistically very small and consists of the peerage, gentry and hereditary landowners, among others. Those in possession of a hereditary title (for example, a dukedom, a marquessate, an earldom, a viscountcy, a barony, a baronetcy, or a Scottish lordship of parliament) are typically members of the upper class, while those in possession or right to a coat of arms are typically at least members of the upper middle class.[citation needed] Traditionally, upper class children were brought up at home by a nanny for the first few years of their lives, and then home schooled by private tutors. From the late-nineteenth century, it became increasingly popular for upper-class families to mimic the middle classes in sending their children to privately-run public schools, which had been predominantly founded to serve the educational needs of the middle class.[citation needed] Nowadays, when children are old enough, they may attend a prep school or pre-preparatory school. Moving into secondary education, it is still commonplace for upper-class children to attend a privately-run public school, although it is not unheard of for certain families to send their children to state schools.[84] Continuing education goals can vary from family to family; it may, in part, be based on the educational history of the family. In the past, both the British Army and Royal Navy have been the institutions of choice. Equally, the clergy, as well as academia, particularly within the arts and humanities divisions of Britain's oldest and most prestigious universities (Oxbridge), have been traditional career paths amongst the upper class - indeed until 1840 the majority of Oxbridge graduates were destined for ordination.[85] Sociolinguistics of Great Britain [edit] Received Pronunciation [edit] Received Pronunciation, also known as RP or BBC English, was a term introduced as way of defining standard English, but the accent has acquired a certain prestige from being associated with the middle (and above) classes in the South East, the wealthiest part of England. Use of RP by people from the "regions" outside the South East can be indicative of a certain educational background, such as public school or elocution lessons. "The Queen's English" or "King's English" was once a synonym for RP. However, Queen Elizabeth II, King Charles III, and some other older members of the aristocracy are now perceived as speaking, or having spoken, in a way that is both more old-fashioned and higher class than "general" RP. Phoneticians call this accent "Conservative Received Pronunciation". The Queen's pronunciation, however, also changed over the years. The results of the Harrington & al. study[86] can be interpreted either as a change, in a range not normally perceptible, in the direction of the mainstream RP of a reference corpus of 1980s newsreaders,[87] or showing subtle changes that might well have been influenced by the vowels of Estuary English.[88] BBC English was also a synonym for RP; people seeking a career in acting or broadcasting once learnt RP as a matter of course if they did not speak it already. However, the BBC and other broadcasters are now much more willing to use (indeed desire to use) regional accents.[88] U and non-U [edit] U Non-U Vegetables Greens Scent Perfume Graveyard Cemetery Spectacles Glasses False teeth Dentures Napkin Serviette Sofa Settee or couch Lavatory or loo Toilet Lunch Dinner (for midday meal) Dinner Tea (for evening meal) Pudding Sweet Language and writing style have consistently been one of the most reliable indicators of class, although pronunciation did not become such an indicator until the late-nineteenth century. The variations between the language employed by the upper classes and non-upper classes have, perhaps, been best documented by linguistics Professor Alan Ross's 1954 article on U and non-U English usage, with "U" representing upper and upper middle class vocabulary of the time, and "Non-U" representing lower middle class vocabulary. The discussion was furthered in Noblesse Oblige and featured contributions from, among others, Nancy Mitford. The debate was revisited in the mid-1970s, in a publication by Debrett's called U and Non-U Revisited. Ross also contributed to this volume, and it is remarkable to notice how little the language (amongst other factors) changed in the passing of a quarter of a century. English regional dialect [edit] Main article: Regional accents of English In England, the upper class or prestige dialect is almost always a form of RP; however, some areas have their "own" prestige dialect, distinct from both RP and the working-class dialect of the region. England has a wider variety of regional dialects than larger English-speaking countries such as Australia or the United States, and many of England's dialects have working class or lower middle class connotations. However, there is a tradition of linguistic study of dialects in England and many members of the middle classes, such as Alexander John Ellis (author of On Early English Pronunciation, Part V) and Harold Orton (co-founder of the Survey of English Dialects), were fascinated by the linguistics of working-class speech. Arthur Balfour, a 19th-century politician and an aristocrat, gave a large financial donation for the production of the English Dialect Dictionary, compiled by the working-class Joseph Wright.[89] Yorkshire dialect, the accent of Yorkshire with some considerable variation between the north, south, east and west of the region. Manchester dialect, the accent and dialect of Manchester and the surrounding area. Scouse – The accent and dialect of Liverpool, especially strong in Merseyside's working-class population. Barrovian, the dialect spoken in Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria. Lancashire dialect refers to the dialect in the traditional county of Lancashire, outside Manchester, Liverpool and Barrow. Brummie – The accent and dialect of Birmingham. Potteries dialect, the accent and dialect of Stoke-on-Trent and surround Potteries area. The Black Country dialect of the West Midlands, which is similar to but distinctive from Brummie. Geordie – An accent and dialect of North-East England, particularly the Tyneside area. Mackem – An accent and dialect of Sunderland and surrounding areas. West Country dialects – a variety of similar, yet noticeably different accents and dialects in the South West of England, such as the Bristolian dialect. Cockney is traditionally the working-class accent of East London. It also has distinct variations in grammar and vocabulary. The London accent is a more broadly defined working and lower middle class accent than Cockney. Estuary English – A working-class and lower middle class accent from South-East England, basically a milder (closer to R.P.) form of the London accent. The term was commonly used in the media in the 1990s, although the media depiction was criticised by academics such as Peter Roach[90] and Peter Trudgill[91] and the term is now less common. In this region, there was previously Essex dialect, Kentish dialect, Sussex dialect and Surrey dialect, but these are now rarely heard except amongst very elderly residents. Mockney is a term used in popular media for a deliberate affectation of the working-class London (Cockney) accent by middle-class people to gain "street credibility". However, phoneticians regard the infusion of Cockney features into Received Pronunciation among younger speakers to be a natural process. Multicultural London English (abbreviated MLE), colloquially called Jafaican, is a dialect (and/or sociolect) of English that emerged in the late-twentieth century, and is used mainly by young, inner-city, working-class people in inner London. It is said to contain many elements from the languages of the Caribbean (Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago), South Asia (Indian subcontinent), and West Africa,[92] as well as remnants of traditional Cockney.[92] Norfolk English Suffolk English Heraldry, aristocracy and social class [edit] Main article: Heraldry Historically and still today, the traditional upper class is identified as the aristocracy, and social climbers tend to aspire for their descendants to be eventually absorbed by it. The aristocracy can be broadly divided into two categories: the peerage and the gentry. The peerage consists of Peers of the Realm (i.e., holders of the substantive aristocratic titles Baron, Lord of Parliament, Viscount, Earl, Marquess or Duke) and, arguably, their wives and immediate families. English Peers of the Realm and Scottish representative peer were previously entitled to sit in the House of Lords by right, now a smaller number are elected to sit in the Lords by fellow peers. Baronets, Knights, Lairds, Esquires and Gentlemen form the gentry. Members of the gentry enjoy preferential social status but no significant legal privileges. Legally considered "commoners," they could stand for election to the House of Commons. Substantive titles are distinct from courtesy styles of address, more so in the United Kingdom than in some continental systems. In the United Kingdom only the peer is said to be titled, while his wife and children may enjoy courtesy titles or styles. For example, a peer's eldest son may use one of the peer's subsidiary titles (if any) by courtesy but is not considered the substantive holder of that title. Younger children my also enjoy courtesy styles such as "Lord," "Lady," or "The Honourable." Outside of the peer's immediate family, male-line descendants of a previous holder of the peerage (e.g., a male-line cousin) are generally considered to belong to the upper class. A noted example would be Winston Churchill, whose father Lord Randolph Churchill was a younger son of John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough. Lord Randolph carried a courtesy title but was legally a commoner and therefore sat in the House of Commons. Being further removed from the dukedom, Winston Churchill was not entitled to any title or style by birthright but, as the grandson (and subsequently nephew and cousin, as the title descended) of a duke, was still considered a member of the upper class. An English citizen with arms registered in the College of Arms, or a Scottish citizen in the Lyon Court, can be referred to as armigerous and is considered (at least) a member of the untitled nobility, a Gentleman. Any British citizen can apply for arms from their respective authority but only those of sufficient social standing, those who are already Gentlemen through means other than armigerousness, would be granted arms.[93] Typically, wealth alone is not seen as a reason to grant arms. Arms in and of themselves are imperfectly aligned with social status, in that many of high status will have no right to arms whilst, on the other hand, those entitled to arms by descent can include branches of families from anywhere on the social scale. Nevertheless, a right to bear arms under the Law of Arms is, by definition, linked either to the personal acquisition of social status, inspiring application for a personal grant of arms, or to descent from a person who did so in the past. Rightly or wrongly, therefore, the use of a coat of arms is linked to social prestige. Technically, a grant of arms is a confirmation of gentility or nobility, which must be acquired either through a military commission or one of the offices that traditionally come with personal gentility, or through extraordinary achievements or proving a lifestyle befitting to the traditional gentry. Nevertheless, as many people who would not be considered traditional landed gentry (yet) are granted arms, it can be said that a grant of arms is comparable to an act of ennoblement as it is practised in Liechtenstein, Belgium or Spain, despite coming not from the Monarch directly but from one of the two supreme heraldic officers – Garter King of Arms, or Lord Lyon King of Arms. Britain is unique in the fact that it is possible to acquire social nobility - a kind of noblesse d'apparence - solely by demonstrating social standing and an appropriate lifestyle, and thus, the rank of gentleman can be accorded to a non-armiger not holding a traditionally ennobling office, something that generally has been made impossible on the Continent at the end of the Middle Ages. Until arms are granted, gentility can be challenged and derogated if social status is lost. In the early twentieth century, it was argued by heraldic writers such as Arthur Charles Fox-Davies that only those with a right to a coat of arms could correctly be described (if men) as gentlemen and of noble status; however, even at the time this argument was controversial, and it was rejected by other writers such as Oswald Barron and Horace Round. Rather, it can be said that not all gentlemen are armigers, but all armigers are (at least) gentlemen. Thus, apart from receiving a peerage, baronetcy or a knighthood, it is possible to grow into the traditional British nobility by maintaining status for several generations ("It takes three generations to make a gentleman") or extraordinary achievement, usually in combination with acquiring a traditional country house with land. The process is completed by the acquisition of arms. In the Order of Malta, where proof of technical nobility is a requirement of certain grades of membership, British members must still base their proof upon an ancestral right to a coat of arms. CILANE, the European federation of nobility associations, also considers all British armigers as noble and the granting of arms in Britain as an act of ennoblement or confirmation of nobility. The relationship between armigerousness and nobility is evidenced in frequent intermarriage between the peerage and the untitled gentry, and by the fact that the younger son of a younger son of a younger son of a Duke and an armiger with a new grant of arms share the same rank - that of gentleman. Because of the unique British system of aristocracy, it can be said that Britain lacks an established explicitly non-noble upper class (haute bourgeoisie or patriciate), as families that would fall into this category on the Continent are absorbed into the aristocracy in Britain. Until the 20th century, feudal titles – Lordships of the Manor in England and Feudal Baronies in Scotland - were largely owned by the traditional nobility, and many are still in the hands of the landed gentry, of Peers and even of the Royal Family. They are incorporeal hereditaments just like hereditary peerages, baronetcies and coats of arms but can, unlike them, be freely bequeathed to an appointed heir or even sold. In the late 20th century, it became fashionable for foreign businessmen without a social or historical connection to the British upper class, often without any connection to Britain at all, to purchase them solely with the intent to use the title. This development was accelerated by the Abolition of Feudal Tenure Act in Scotland, which came into force in 2004 and detached Scottish feudal baronies from the manorial houses, the rights and the lands they were attached to (an analogous separation had already occurred in England centuries before). Thus, in the opinion of some commentators feudal titles can not be regarded a mark of nobility by themselves any more, unless they are held under the same conditions as they were in feudal society. However, other commentators point out that feudal titles were often bought, sold or exchanged throughout their history by those seeking to elevate their status, and recent developments simply allow the tradition to continue. Criticisms [edit] In 1941, George Orwell wrote that Britain was "the most class-ridden society under the sun." [94] In an interview in 1975 Helmut Schmidt, the then Chancellor of West Germany, stated that: If one asks oneself what are the true reasons for the differentiated development of societies and economies between the British and most ones on the Continent, I think it has something to do with the fact that British society, much more than the Scandinavian, German, Austrian, and Dutch societies, is characterised by a class-struggle type of society. This is true for both sides of the upper class as well as for the working classes. I think that the way in which organised labour on the one hand and industrial management on the other had dealt with their problems is outmoded. Later in the same interview, Schmidt noted that[95] You have to treat workers as equal members of society. You have to give them the self-esteem which they can only have if they acquire responsibility. Then you will be able to ask the trade unions to behave and to abstain from those idiotic policies. Then they will accept some guidance from outsiders—from the government or the party or whatever it is. But as long as you maintain the damned class-ridden society of yours you will never get out of your mess. See also [edit] British nobility Landed Gentry British Royal Family The Forsyte Saga Hereditary peer Income in the United Kingdom Mosaic (geodemography) – system designed to classify Britain by postcode, into 11 main groups and 61 types. Peerage Poverty in the United Kingdom Toffs and Toughs UK social stereotypes [edit] Chav, charver (South/North-East England and Yorkshire), scally (North West England), Ned (Scotland) or Spide (Northern Ireland) Essex man Hooray Henry Plebs Rah Sloane Ranger Toff White van man Citations [edit] General and cited references [edit] Jilly Cooper. Class, A view from Middle England, Eyre Methuen, 1979, ISBN 0-552-11525-8 Kate Fox. Watching the English, Nicholas Brealey Pub., 2004, ISBN 1-85788-508-2 Further reading [edit] Benson, John. The Working Class in Britain 1850–1939 (I. B. Tauris, 2003). Bukodi, Erzsébet, et al. "The mobility problem in Britain: new findings from the analysis of birth cohort data." British Journal of Sociology 66.1 (2015): 93–117. online Giddens, Anthony. "Elites in the British class structure." Sociological Review 20.3 (1972): 345–372. Goldthorpe, John H., and Colin Mills. "Trends in intergenerational class mobility in Britain in the late twentieth century." in Social mobility in Europe (2004): 195–224. Goldthorpe, John H., and David Lockwood. "Affluence and the British class structure." Sociological Review 11.2 (1963): 133–163. Goldthorpe, John H. "Sociology and Statistics in Britain: The Strange History of Social Mobility Research and Its Latter-Day Consequences." in Plamena Panayotova ed., The History of Sociology in Britain (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019). 339–387. Gregg, Pauline. A Social and Economic History of Britain: 1760–1950 (1950) online Henz, Ursula, and Colin Mills. "Social Class Origin and Assortative Mating in Britain, 1949–2010." Sociology 52.6 (2018): 1217–1236. online Holmwood, John, and John Scott, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Sociology in Britain (Springer, 2014). Li, Yaojun, and Anthony Heath. "Class matters: A study of minority and majority social mobility in Britain, 1982–2011." American Journal of Sociology 122.1 (2016): 162–200. online Miles, Andrew, and Mike Savage. (2013) The remaking of the British working class, 1840-1940 (Routledge, 2013). Robson, David (7 April 2016). "How important is social class in Britain today?". BBC News . Savage, Mike. Social class in the 21st century (Penguin UK, 2015). Savage, Mike, et al. "A new model of social class? Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey experiment." Sociology 47.2 (2013): 219–250. Thompson, E.P. The Making of the English Working Class (1968)
4591	dbpedia	1	72	https://profjoecain.net/publications-eugenics-laboratory/eugenics-laboratory-memoirs/	en	Eugenics Laboratory - Professor Joe Cain	https://profjoecain.net/…e-1024x614-1.jpg	https://profjoecain.net/…e-1024x614-1.jpg	[ "https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?w=2560&ssl=1 2560w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?resize=300%2C91&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?resize=1024%2C310&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C232&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?resize=1536%2C464&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?resize=2048%2C619&ssl=1 2048w", "https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C774&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?w=2560&ssl=1 2560w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?resize=300%2C59&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?resize=1024%2C200&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C150&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?resize=1536%2C300&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?resize=2048%2C400&ssl=1 2048w", "https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?resize=2560%2C500&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/eugenics-laboratory-memoirs-titleplate-1024x614-1.jpg?resize=737%2C415&ssl=1 737w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/eugenics-laboratory-memoirs-titleplate-1024x614-1.jpg?resize=355%2C200&ssl=1 355w", "https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/eugenics-laboratory-memoirs-titleplate-1024x614-1.jpg?resize=737%2C415&ssl=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-06-24T08:51:30+00:00	Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs series was published 1907-1966, including 42 numbers, of which 18 were unique. Listing here.	en	https://i0.wp.com/profjo…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	Professor Joe Cain	https://profjoecain.net/publications-eugenics-laboratory/eugenics-laboratory-memoirs/	The Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs series was published 1907-1966. It included 42 numbers, of which 18 were unique, and 24 were co-published as numbers within The Treasury of Human Inheritance series. Nearly all Pearson-era Memoirs reported on research undertaken either by Pearson or by GLNE employees. David Heron was Francis Galton Fellow in National Eugenics. Ethel M. Elderton was Francis Galton Scholar. Amy Barrington was Computer. Edgar Schuster was the first Francis Galton Fellow in Eugenics Laboratory’s predecessor, the Eugenics Record Office. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs series Schuster, Edgar and Elderton, Ethel Mary. 1907. The Inheritance of Ability: Being a Statistical Study of the Oxford Class Lists and of the School Lists of Harrow and Charterhouse (London: Dulau and Co.). 42 pp. Includes an appendix by Karl Pearson, ‘Influence of Academic Selection on Correlation Coefficients’, pp. 41–42. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 1. Heron, David. 1907. A First Study of the Statistics of Insanity and the Inheritance of the Insane Diathesis (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 2. Schuster, Edgar. 1907. The Promise of Youth and the Performance of Manhood, being a Statistical Inquiry into the Question Whether Success in the Examination for the B.A. Degree at Oxford is Followed by Success in Professional Life (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 3. Elderton, Ethel Mary. Assisted by Karl Pearson. 1907. On the Measure of the Resemblance of First Cousins (London: Dulau and Co.). 53 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 4. Barrington, Amy and Pearson, Karl. 1909. A First Study of the Inheritance of Vision and of the Relative Influence of Heredity and Environment on Sight (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 5. Pearson, Karl (ed.). 1909. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Parts I and II (double part, ‘Pedigrees of physical, psychical, and pathological characters in Man’): Prefatory Note by Francis Galton; Preface by Karl Pearson; ‘Diabetes insipidus’ (by W. Bulloch); ‘Split-Foot’ (by T. Lewis); ‘Polydactylism’ (by T. Lewis); ‘Brachydactylism’ (by T. Lewis); ‘Pulmonary Tuberculosis’ (by W. Bulloch and W. C. Rivers); ‘Deaf-Mutism’ (by Johnson Horne and the Eugenics Laboratory); ‘Legal Ability’ (by the Eugenics Laboratory); and ‘Chronic Hereditary Trophoedema’ (by W. Bulloch) (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 6. Rhodes, Edmund Cecil. 1921. On the Relationship of the Condition of the Teeth in Children to Factors of Health and Home Environment (London: Cambridge University Press). 80 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 7. Prefatory Note by Karl Pearson, pp. v–vi. This project was undertaken by Rhodes in 1911–12, and Pearson’s preface stresses the value of slow project development. Memoir 7 is frequently recorded wrongly. This is because Pearson advertised a different publication as Memoir 7 ‘shortly’ to appear in endpapers from 1910 (i.e. Memoir 8) through 1920 (i.e. Lecture 12). That missing publication was Ethel Mary Elderton (1909) ‘The Influence of Parental Occupation and Home Conditions on the Physique of the Offspring’. This was not published as such, but elements were published as Memoir 10. Heron, David. 1910. The Influence of Defective Physique and Unfavourable Home Environment on the Intelligence of School Children, Being a Statistical Examination of the London County Council Pioneer School Survey (London: Dulau and Co.). 60 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 8. Pearson, Karl (ed.). 1909. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Part III. ‘Angioneurotic Oedema’ (by W. Bulloch); ‘Hermaphrodisism’ (by W. Bulloch); ‘Insanity’ (by A. R. Urquhart and the Eugenics Laboratory); ‘Deaf-Mutism’ (by the Eugenics Laboratory); ‘Ability’ (by the Eugenics Laboratory) (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 9. Elderton, Ethel Mary, assisted by Karl Pearson. 1910. A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Intelligence of the Offspring (London: Dulau and Co.). Second edition also is 1910. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 10. Pearson, Karl (ed.). 1910. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Part IV. Section XII, ‘Hare-Lip and Cleft Palate’. Section VIbeta, ‘Deaf-Mutism’. Section XIII, ‘Congenital Cataract’ [authors not specified] (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 11. Pearson, Karl (ed.). 1911. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Section XIV, ‘Haemophilia’ (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 12. Pearson, Karl, and Elderton, Ethel Mary. 1910. A Second Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring. Being a Reply to Certain Medical Critics of the First Memoir and an Examination of the Rebutting Evidence Cited by Them (London: Dulau and Co.). 35 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 13. Barrington, Amy, and Pearson, Karl, assisted by David Heron. 1910. A Preliminary Study of Extreme Alcoholism in Adults (London: Dulau and Co.). 55 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 14. Pearson, Karl (ed.). 1912. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Section XV, ‘Dwarfism’ (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 15. Pearson, Karl (ed.). 1912. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Name and Subject Indices to Volume I. With Frontispiece Portraits of Sir Francis Galton and Ancestry (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 16. Heron, David. 1912. A Second Study of Extreme Alcoholism in Adults, with Special Reference to the Home-Office Inebriate Reformatory Data (London: Dulau and Co.). 95 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 17. Elderton, Ethel Mary, Amy Barrington, H. Gertrude Jones, Edith M. M. de G. Lamotte, H. J. Laski, and Karl Pearson. 1913. On the Correlation of Fertility with Social Value. A Co-Operative Study (London: Dulau and Co.). 72 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 18. Elderton, Ethel Mary. 1914. Report on the English Birthrate: Part I. England, North of the Humber (London: Dulau and Co.). 246 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 19-20. No masthead on this publication. Number 19 in the series is advertised in some endpapers as ‘A First Report on the Condition of the People from the Standpoint of National Eugenics’. The multiple numeration for 19–20 is confirmed in later endpapers (e.g. Memoir 39). Bell, Julia. 1922. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume II. Part I. ‘Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Diseases’, ‘Congenital Stationary Night-Blindness’, ‘Glioma Retinae’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Also listed as Treasury 2:1. Includes: Karl Pearson. 1922. Prefatory Note, pp. v–vii; and J. B. Lawford. 1922. ‘A Memoir of Edward Nettleship’, pp. ix–xv. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 21. Stocks, Percy, and Amy Barrington. 1925. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume III. Part I. ‘Hereditary Disorders of Bone Development’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 22. Also listed as Treasury 3:1. Bell, Julia. 1926. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume II. Part II. ‘Colour-Blindness’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 23. Also listed as Treasury 2:2. Bell, Julia. 1928. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume II. Part III. ‘Blue Sclerotics and Fragility of Bone’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 24. Also listed as Treasury 2:3. Elderton, Ethel Mary. 1928. On the Relative Value of the Factors which Influence Infant Welfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 307 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 25. Bell, Julia. 1931. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume II. Part IV. ‘Hereditary Optic Atrophy’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 26. Also listed as Treasury 2:4. Bell, Julia. 1932. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume II. Part V. ‘On Some Hereditary Structural Anomalies of the Eye and On the Inheritance of Glaucoma’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 27. Also listed as Treasury 2:5. Bell, Julia. 1933. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume II. [Part VI.] Name and Subject Index to Volume II (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 28. Also listed as Treasury 2:6. Bell, Julia. 1934. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume IV. Part I. ‘Huntington’s Chorea’ (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 29. Also listed as Treasury 4:1. Bell, Julia. 1935. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume IV. Part II. ‘On The Peroneal Type of Progressive Muscular Atrophy’ (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 30. Also listed as Treasury 4:2. Bell, Julia, assisted by E. Arnold Carmichael. 1939. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume IV. Part III. ‘On Hereditary Ataxia and Spastic Paraplegia’. (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 31. Also listed as Treasury 4:3. Bell, Julia. 1943. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume IV. Part IV. ‘Pseudohypertrophic and Allied Types of Progressive Muscular Dystrophy’ (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 32. Also listed as Treasury 4:4. Bell, Julia, with Clinical Notes by J. Purdon Martin. 1947. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume IV. Part V. ‘Dystrophia Myotonica and Allied Diseases’ (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 33. Also listed as Treasury 4:5. Bell, Julia. 1948. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume IV. [Part VI.] Name and Subject Index to Volume IV (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 34. Also listed as Treasury 4:6. Bell, Julia. 1951. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume V. Part I. ‘On Brachydactyly and Symphalangism’ (London: Cambridge University Press). 36 pp. Trevor, Jack Carrick. 1953. ‘Race Crossing in Man. The Analysis of Metrical Characters’ (London: Cambridge University Press). 45 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 35. Also listed as Treasury 5:1. Trevor, Jack Carrick. 1953. Race Crossing in Man. The Analysis of Metrical Characters (London: Cambridge University Press). 45 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 36. Harris, Harry. 1953. An Introduction to Human Biochemical Genetics (London: Cambridge University Press). 96 pp. Foreword by L. S. Penrose. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 37. Bell, Julia, and Lionel S. Penrose. 1953. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume V. Part II. ‘On Syndactyly and Its Association with Polydactyly’ (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 38. Also listed as Treasury 5:2. Bell, Julia. 1958. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume V. Part III. ‘The Laurence-Moon Syndrome’ (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 39. Also listed as Treasury 5:3. Veale, Arthur Milton Oliver. 1965. Intestinal Polyposis (London: Published for the Galton Laboratory, University College London, by the Cambridge University Press). 104 pp. Preface by L. S. Penrose. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 40. Moran, Patrick Alfred Pierce, and Cedric Austen Bardell Smith. 1966. Commentary on R. A. Fisher’s Paper on ‘The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance’ [published in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 52 (1918), 399–433] (London: Published for the Galton Laboratory, University College London, by the Cambridge University Press). 62 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 41. Preface by L. S. Penrose. Court Brown, William Michael, Patricia A. Jacobs, Karin E. Buckton, Ishbel M. Tough, E. V. Kuenssberg, and J. D. E. Knox. 1966. Chromosome Studies on Adults (London: Cambridge University Press, for the Galton Laboratory, University College London). 91 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 42. Preface by L. S. Penrose.
4591	dbpedia	3	84	https://www.edfringe.com/experience/how-to-plan/visiting	en	Edinburgh Festival Fringe	https://www.edfringe.com…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.edfringe.com…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.edfringe.com/uploads/media/Masthead_mobile/0001/01/thumb_182_Masthead_mobile_default.jpeg", "https://www.edfringe.com/uploads/media/default/0001/01/ac93413a151e2e244d5e54b71892fb892b548708.png", "https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.corethree.lothianbuses&hl=en_GB", "https://www.edfringe.com/uploads/media/default/0001/01/22daf381afaf7f272fc79e0600666422f6ea02d1.png", "https://www.edfringe.com/uploads/media/default/0001/01/c4864198c38fe35028231931610d51edb6724249.jpeg", "https://www.edfringe.com/build/assets/images/sponsors/jw.svg", "https://www.edfringe.com/build/assets/images/sponsors/jw.svg" ]	[ "https://www.stay22.com/embed/624c63e0e2d4b70015b29427?disableservices=restaurant,experience\n" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Official website of Edinburgh Festival Fringe, one of the greatest celebrations of arts and culture in the world. Find everything you need, whether you want to take part or book tickets.	en	/build/assets/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png	Edinburgh Festival Fringe	null	About the city Edinburgh, Scotland’s capital city, is a historical city situated on the east coast of Scotland on the Firth of Forth. Edinburgh has been the Scottish capital since the 15th century. It has two distinct areas, both UNESCO listed World Heritage Sites: the Old Town, dominated by Edinburgh Castle, and the neoclassical New Town. Home of the Scottish Parliament, Edinburgh is enriched with culture and literature, fine architecture, beautiful parks and galleries, including the National Gallery of Scotland, and has a small city centre that’s easily walkable. Well-known visitor attractions include Edinburgh Castle and the Palace of Holyrood House, separated by the historical Royal Mile; there's also the Royal Yacht Britannia, the Scott Monument, the National Museum of Scotland and the Royal Botanic Garden. With a population of almost 500,000, Edinburgh is Scotland's second-largest city after Glasgow. A festival city, Edinburgh hosts 11 festivals each year, including the Fringe: Edinburgh Science Festival, Edinburgh International Children's Festival, Edinburgh International Film Festival, Edinburgh Jazz & Blues Festival, Edinburgh Art Festival, Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo, Edinburgh International Festival, Edinburgh International Book Festival, Edinburgh International Storytelling Festival and Edinburgh's Hogmanay. More information is available at edinburghfestivalcity.com. Getting here We know that the Fringe will leave you wanting more, but the journey to and from Edinburgh is part of the fun too. Whether travelling by rail or road, via the Highlands or the Borders, the landscape is spectacularly breathtaking. Your travel to Edinburgh has an impact on the environment and flying from cities in the UK can take as long as travelling by train when you consider check-in times, so why not consider coming by train or bus? By rail Waverley station (Edinburgh’s main railway station) is ideally positioned in the heart of the city, close to most festival destinations and the many bus routes servicing Princes Street (the main shopping street). For more information visit: LNER CrossCountry Trains ScotRail (a festival timetable is normally available in August). TransPennine Express (north-west England) Caledonian Sleeper (overnight services from London) National Rail (for updates on network maintenance) Be sure to plan your journeys in advance as cheaper advance tickets from many UK destinations go on sale 12 to 24 weeks in advance of travel. Please note: due to engineering works there will be no direct trains to London Kings Cross on Sunday 25 August 2024; please check with National Rail for the latest information. By road The journey to Edinburgh is a scenic treat by either car or bus. Edinburgh is connected to the UK’s east coast via the A1(M); a short trip to Glasgow on the M8 connects you to most cities in the west via the M6 and the Lake District. Coach services run directly to Edinburgh from throughout Scotland and the rest of the UK. Start planning your journey: Google Maps City Link FlixBus Megabus National Express Car share A great green initiative, car-sharing is one of the best options for travelling to Edinburgh. You save on costs while saving the planet, and get to know some of your fellow Fringe-goers en route. BlaBlaCar GoCarShare TripshareEdinburgh By air Edinburgh International Airport is served by most domestic carriers and several international operators. The airport is easy to reach from the city, located just eight miles (12km) west of Edinburgh city centre. Edinburgh Airport Transport for Edinburgh Accommodation Book accommodation using Stay22 We’ve partnered with Stay22 to provide this interactive map of accommodation options in Edinburgh during the Fringe. You can zoom in and out to check prices and availability in different areas of the city, and use filters such as date, budget and number of guests to find the most relevant results for you. If you see an option that catches your eye, simply click on it to find out more and arrange your stay. Playbill's FringeShip Our friends at Playbill are offering accommodation on board their cruise liner in Leith Docks between 08 and 15 August 2024. FIND OUT MORE AND BOOK A CABIN Getting around Walking Edinburgh is a compact city and most venues are located within easy walking distance of each other. During August, the quickest way to get between venues can often be on foot. Some venues are within a stone’s throw of one another – particularly in the Old Town, where you wouldn’t need more than five to ten minutes to walk from the Royal Mile to many Old Town venues. Cycling Edinburgh has plenty of cyclists, so if you’re thinking of bringing your bike along you will be in good company. But remember the city is quite hilly! You can find a complete cycling map of Edinburgh on innertubemap.com. Buses Edinburgh’s Lothian bus network is excellent, covering not just the city but also its outskirts including Queensferry, East Lothian and Midlothian; most venues have a bus stop near by. Single fares cost £2 but if you’re taking three or more journeys in a day then a Lothian Dayticket (£5) or a LATEticket (£4.50) are the best value for you. Please note: unless you're using a Ridacard, contactless payment or the Lothian Bus M-Tickets App, you'll need to provide the exact fare on the bus, as drivers don't have access to cash to give change. For more information on routes and timetables visit lothianbuses.com and download the Transport for Edinburgh App, for real time bus information and journey planning. If you need any help you can visit any of Lothian’s Travelshop or tweet @on_lothianbuses. Trams There's a tramline running direct from Edinburgh Airport to Newhaven via Princes Street, St Andrew Square and Leith. You can choose from several ticketing options which work on both trams and buses. Timetable information can be found at Transport for Edinburgh, and also on the Transport for Edinburgh app. Please note: you must buy your tram ticket before you board, via ticketing machines on the tram platform. Taxis There are a variety of taxi ranks dotted around central Edinburgh. Look for the unmistakable black cabs: an orange light on top means the taxi is available for hire. Rickshaws Edinburgh at festival time wouldn’t be Edinburgh without the athletic rickshaw drivers who cycle around the city. It’s a fun, unmissable experience – but remember to always agree the price of your fare in advance. Cars If you’re bringing your own car, please beware that Edinburgh has limited parking and strict restrictions in place. In the city centre the vast majority of parking is pay and display – always check the instructions on the meter and carry plenty of coins with you, or register with RingGo and pay over the phone or via app. Safety information Contacting the NHS If you have an urgent illness or injury while you are in Edinburgh, telephone NHS24 on 111 to speak to a health professional. Calling 111 will direct you to the Right Care in the Right Place and will ensure that you are cared for as quickly as possible. NHS24 also offers an interpretation service. Please don’t go to a hospital unless you need emergency life-saving care. If you have a minor illness, a pharmacy is the first place you should go for advice alongside visiting NHS Inform for more information on Right Care in the Right Place. If it's a critical emergency, always call 999. Covid guidance at the Fringe In line with Scottish Government guidance, there is currently no legal requirement for Fringe venues to observe covid safety measures such as compulsory face coverings, minimum social distancing, etc. However, we recognise that covid and other illnesses are still a serious concern for people who are clinically vulnerable. If you'd like to visit the Fringe but have health concerns, please get in touch with our access bookings team on [email protected] and we'll explore what options are available to make your visit as safe as possible. A Distance Aware scheme, run by the Scottish Government, uses a badge or lanyard to show if someone needs more space or care. Find out more: Distance Aware badge or lanyard. Police Scotland The safety of everyone at the Fringe is our number one priority, and we work with Police Scotland to ensure the festival remains welcoming to all. Police Scotland offer specific advice for attendees of festivals and other major events, including: Plan your travel before you go. Traffic can be heavy. Leave enough time to get there. Only take what you need. Don’t leave valuables or anything with your identity on it unattended. Beware of pickpockets. Don’t flash your valuables. Only carry what cash you need. Stay alert when getting money out of cash machines. Respect local residents and other festival-goers. Don’t place yourself or anybody else in danger when you’re having fun. Fringe-goers have a vital role by remaining vigilant and reporting anything that doesn’t feel right. Tell a police officer immediately or call 101, the non-emergency number. In an emergency, always dial 999. Don’t leave it to someone else to report it.
4591	dbpedia	2	27	https://www.stir.ac.uk/news/2023/march-2023-news/new-fellows-elected-to-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh/	en	New fellows elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://www.stir.ac.uk/m…och-1200x630.jpg	https://www.stir.ac.uk/m…och-1200x630.jpg	[ "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/dist/css/images/logos/logo.svg", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/stirling/events/calendar-of-events/images/generic/university-campus-wallace-monument-1920x689.jpg", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/stirling/news/news-centre/2023/march/Professor-Leigh-Sparks.jpg", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/stirling/news/news-centre/2023/march/Professor-Rachel-Norman.jpg", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/stirling/news/news-centre/2023/march/Ms-Cathy-Gallagher.jpg", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/stirling/news/news-centre/2023/march/Dr-Alan-Simpson.JPG", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/dist/css/images/maps/footer-map-scotland.svg", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/dist/images/accreditations/accreditations-cluster.png", "https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/dist/images/btd-strap-energy.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Dr Alan Simpson" ]	2023-03-21T00:00:00	New fellows elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Find out more.	en	/favicon.ico	University of Stirling	https://www.stir.ac.uk/news/news-archive/../2023/march-2023-news/new-fellows-elected-to-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh/	Three senior staff at the University of Stirling and a former Chair of University Court have been elected to the prestigious Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE), it has been announced. Professor Leigh Sparks, Deputy Principal (Education and Students); Professor Rachel Norman, Dean for Research Engagement and Performance; and Ms Cathy Gallagher, Executive Director of Sport, have been made Fellows of Scotland’s National Academy. They are joined by Dr Alan Simpson OBE, the Lord Lieutenant for Stirling and Falkirk, who served as the University’s Chair of Court – the governing body of the University – for eight years and is also an honorary graduate of Stirling. Professor Sir Gerry McCormac, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Stirling, said: “On behalf of the university community, I send our warmest congratulations to Lord Lieutenant Alan Simpson, Professor Leigh Sparks, Professor Rachel Norman, and Ms Cathy Gallagher on being elected Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh. “This is prestigious recognition from an internationally-renowned organisation, which celebrates excellence across Scottish society; we are incredibly proud of Alan, Leigh, Rachel and Cathy's achievements.” Outstanding Professor Sir John Ball, President of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, said: “It is a great privilege to welcome our new Fellows – they represent outstanding commitment and achievement at the highest level across a diverse range of sectors. From scientific advancement that changes lives to leading business innovation recognised across the world, the RSE welcomes the best minds to harness their unique insight and make knowledge useful for the greater good.” The RSE – Scotland’s National Academy – was established in 1783 for “the advancement of learning and useful knowledge”, and its mission remains to deploy knowledge for the public good. It has around 1,800 Fellows, who provide independent expert advice to policymakers and inspire the next generation of innovative thinkers. The Fellows’ knowledge contributes to the social and economic wellbeing of Scotland, its people and the nation’s wider contribution to the global community. Professor Leigh Sparks In addition to his Deputy Principal role, Professor Sparks is a Professor in Retail Studies at the University. He is an internationally leading researcher in aspects of spatial-structural change in retailing. Among his many external roles, Professor Sparks has served as Board Chair of Scotland’s Towns Partnership since 2013 and as Chair of the Review of the Town Centre Action Plan for the Scottish Government. He was workstream leader on the Government’s Retail Strategy, and is currently on the Expert Advisory Group examining the economic effects of minimum unit pricing of alcohol, and the Board for the ‘Go Local’ project, a collaboration between the Scottish Grocers Federation, Scotland Food and Drink and the Scottish Government. Professor Sparks said: “I am obviously personally delighted by the honour of election to Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. “The role of place, towns, retailing and communities has been a focus of much of my work at the University of Stirling and through being Chair of Scotland’s Towns Partnership. I hope that my work has made and will continue to make a difference to improving Scotland’s places and communities.” Professor Rachel Norman Professor Norman joined the University of Stirling in 1996 and, as a Professor of Food Security and Sustainability, she uses mathematics to solve real-world problems. In her institutional role, Professor Norman is pivotal in the development, promotion, and enhancement of research culture across the University, and is actively involved in public engagement around research. Professor Norman, who is also President of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, said: “It is a real honour to have been elected as a fellow and I am looking forward to contributing to the work of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. “I was nominated thanks to the championing of an external colleague which was unexpected and has demonstrated to me the importance and value of mentoring and championing others. I plan to pay that forward.” Ms Cathy Gallagher Ms Gallagher has led sport at the University for the past seven years. She has overseen the delivery of the University’s redeveloped £20 million Sports Centre, which supports the health and wellbeing of students, staff and the wider community, and the continuing success of its high-performance sports programmes, which have seen Stirling athletes showcase their talents and win a plethora of medals on the world stage, including at the Olympics and the Commonwealth Games. Ms Gallagher is a current Board Member of British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) and is Chair of the BUCS Senior Managers Network. She is also a member of the Scottish Student Sport Executive Committee and is Chair of the National Representatives Forum of the European Network of Academic Sport Services (ENAS). She said: “The role of sport and physical activity is of paramount importance in the health and wellbeing of all communities, populations and societies. I look forward to working collaboratively with Fellows from across the RSE to help unlock further benefit and I am privileged to be elected to such a prestigious body.”
4591	dbpedia	1	25	https://kids.kiddle.co/Cargill_Gilston_Knott	en	Cargill Gilston Knott facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…Gilson_Knott.JPG	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…Gilson_Knott.JPG	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/3/3a/Cargill_Gilson_Knott.JPG", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/a/aa/42_Upper_Gray_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/300px-42_Upper_Gray_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn Cargill Gilston Knott facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/Cargill_Gilston_Knott	Cargill Gilston Knott FRS, FRSE LLD (30 June 1856 – 26 October 1922) was a Scottish physicist and mathematician who was a pioneer in seismological research. He spent his early career in Japan. He later became a Fellow of the Royal Society, Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and President of the Scottish Meteorological Society. Biography Knott was born in Penicuik, Midlothian, the son of Pelham Knott, an agent for a paper manufacturer and his wife Ellen. His paternal uncle was the artist Tavernor Knott. He was educated at Arbroath High School in Angus, and attended the University of Edinburgh, where he studied alongside James Alfred Ewing. He worked on various aspects of electricity and magnetism, obtaining his doctorate in 1879. He was appointed as an assistant in Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in 1879, and held this post until 1883, when he left to take up a post at Tokyo Imperial University. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1880 after being proposed by Peter Guthrie Tait, Alexander Crum Brown, John Gray McKendrick, and Alexander Buchan. He won the Society's Keith Prize for the period 1893-95. He served as Secretary 1905-1912 and General Secretary 1912-1922. He was also a founder of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, taking the chair for its first meeting on Friday 2 February 1883. Career in Japan Japan's Public Works was found in October 1871 with 11 departments, one of which was the engineering institution. Yamao Yozo, head of the institution asked William Rankine and Lord Kelvin to send proper teaching staffs to the technical school through Hugh Mateson, and hired 6 instructors lead by Henry Dyer as a principal, John Milne a Professor of Geology and Mining, and James Alfred Ewing Professor of Physics and Engineering at Tokyo Imperial University from 1878. When Ewing returned to Scotland in 1883, the rector of Tokyo Imperial University wrote to Lord Kelvin, asking for his recommendation for a successor, Lord Kelvin recommended Knott, and the recommendation was supported by Ewing. Thus, Knott replaced Ewing as Professor of Physics and Engineering at Tokyo Imperial University. For the next nine years, he worked closely with Milne, Gray and the Japanese seismologist Fusakichi Omori in establishing a network of recording seismometers across the Japanese Empire. Knott also taught courses in mathematics, acoustics, and electromagnetism at the Tokyo Imperial University. Knott also undertook the first geomagnetic survey of Japan, assisted by Japanese geophysicist Tanakadate Aikitsu, from which was developed the first earthquake hazard map of Japan. Knott's key contribution was his background in mathematics and data analysis. One of his innovations was to apply the technique of Fourier analysis to the occurrence of earthquakes. Two chapters in his 1908 book The Physics of Earthquake Phenomena were devoted to this subject, which Knott hoped would enable him to deduce the probability of when future earthquakes would occur. Cargil Knott married Mary Dixon in 1885, becoming the brother-in-law of the literary scholar James Main Dixon. On the conclusion of his stay in Japan in 1891, he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun by Emperor Meiji. Return to Edinburgh On his return to Edinburgh, Knott took up the position of a Reader in Applied Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, holding the post until his death in 1922. While in Japan, Knott began to develop mathematical equations describing how seismic vibrations are reflected and transmitted across the boundary between seawater and seabed. After returning to the University of Edinburgh in 1892, he expanded upon this research to describe the behaviour of earthquake waves at the interface between two different types of rock. Knott's equations, derived in terms of potentials, were the first to describe the amplitudes of reflected and refracted waves at non-normal incidence and together with the Zoeppritz equations are now the basis for modern reflection seismology – an important technique in hydrocarbon exploration. Knott continued his work as a mathematician, including quaternion methods of his professor and mentor Peter Guthrie Tait. When the tight constraints of a single linear algebra began to be felt in the 1890s, and revisionists began publishing, Knott contributed the pivotal article "Recent Innovations in Vector Theory". As Michael J. Crowe describes, this paper set straight wayward theorists that expected to find associativity in systems like hyperbolic quaternions. Knott wrote: [T]he assumption that the square of a unit vector is positive unity leads to an algebra whose characteristic quantities are non-associative. Evidently Knott overlooked the existence of the ring of coquaternions. Nevertheless, Crowe states that Knott "wrote with care and thoroughness" and that "only Knott was well acquainted with his opponents system". For a textbook on quaternions, lecturers and students relied on Tait and Kelland's Introduction to Quaternions which had editions in 1873 and 1882. It fell to Knott to prepare a third edition in 1904. By then the Universal Algebra of Alfred North Whitehead (1898) presumed some grounding in quaternions as students encountered matrix algebra. In Knott's introduction to his textbook edition he says "Analytically the quaternion is now known to take its place in the general theory of complex numbers and continuous groups,...". Thus he was aware of the diversity to be encountered in modern mathematical structures, and that quaternions stand as a milestone on the way to others. He became more active in the Royal Society of Edinburgh, serving on the Council from 1894 to 1905, moving up to a Secretary to Ordinary Meetings in 1905 and finally becoming its general secretary in 1912 until his death in 1922. Knott also took an active social role in his community including Sunday school teaching and church affairs with the United Free Church of Scotland. He was finally elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1920 and was also a member of the Scottish Meteorological Society. He died at his home at 42 Upper Gray Street, Newington, Edinburgh, on 26 October 1922. Family In 1885, Cargill married Mary Dixon, sister of James Main Dixon. See also
4591	dbpedia	2	71	https://www.amadeuscapital.com/the-rse-announces-2021-fellows/	en	The RSE Announces 2021 Fellows	https://www.amadeuscapit…835319_iOS-2.png	https://www.amadeuscapit…835319_iOS-2.png	[ "https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=5257236&fmt=gif", "https://www.amadeuscapital.com/wp-content/themes/amadeuscapital/img/icon_search.png", "https://www.amadeuscapital.com/wp-content/themes/amadeuscapital/img/amadeus-logo.png", "https://www.amadeuscapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/AG-Lon-Office-March-2021-20210324_151835319_iOS-2-432x432-1617036730.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Sophie Kulik" ]	2021-03-29T23:01:48+00:00	87 new Fellows revealed from across sciences, arts, education, business and public life A number of the new Fellows have played a vital role during the pandemic The RSE (Royal Society of Edinburgh), Scotland’s national academy, has revealed its newly selected 2021 Fellows. These new Fellows will join the RSE’s current roll of [...]	en	https://www.amadeuscapital.com/wp-content/themes/amadeuscapital/favicon.ico?v=1		https://www.amadeuscapital.com/the-rse-announces-2021-fellows/	87 new Fellows revealed from across sciences, arts, education, business and public life A number of the new Fellows have played a vital role during the pandemic The RSE (Royal Society of Edinburgh), Scotland’s national academy, has revealed its newly selected 2021 Fellows. These new Fellows will join the RSE’s current roll of around 1,600 leading thinkers and practitioners from Scotland and beyond, whose work has a significant impact on our nation. This year’s cohort includes many new Fellows who have made a positive impact during the global Covid-19 pandemic: either as a result of their academic research or through their contribution to arts or for the role they have played in communicating complex information with the public. Those who are elected to the Fellowship have undergone a rigorous assessment of their achievements, professional standing and the contribution they and their work make to wider society. The list includes many leading academics such as Professor Devi Sridhar, Chair of Global Public Health and Director of Global Health Governance Programme at Edinburgh University. Professor Sridhar, whose research considers the effectiveness of public health interventions, has become a household name in the last 12 months as a public health expert during the coronavirus pandemic. Also becoming a Fellow is Louise Macdonald OBE, who has been instrumental in helping to shape Scotland’s future for young people through her work as CEO at Young Scot, and has recently been appointed as National Director of IoD (Institute of Directors) Scotland. She has also co-chaired the RSE Post Covid-19 Futures Commission’s Public Debate and Participation Working Group and the First Minister’s National Advisory Council on Women and Girls. Professor of Infection at the University of Dundee, and Chair of the Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group Dilip Nathwani, has also been elected. Professor Nathwani is a global leader in advocating for the pivotal role that healthcare professionals have in dealing with the global pandemic of antimicrobial resistance, supporting their education in understanding how antibiotics work and improving their prescribing behaviour, a situation which has been exacerbated by the current Covid-19 crisis. Professor Devi Sridhar commented, “It is a great honour to have been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The Society has a long and esteemed history, but I’m particularly supportive of their recent work in raising the profile of women scientists. Scientists have played a vital role in tackling the Covid-19 pandemic and it is scientific advances which will ultimately provide the path out of the pandemic.” Louise Macdonald OBE said: “I am honoured to have been selected as an RSE Fellow alongside so many remarkable people doing such extraordinary work here in Scotland and around the globe. I look forward to being actively involved in the work of the RSE, and in particular sharing its work and creating new opportunities for collaboration with a wider audience, including diverse young people.” Alongside the 79 Ordinary Fellows, is Honorary Fellow Baroness Onora O’Neill of Bengarve, who is known globally for her work in political philosophy and ethics, and seven Corresponding Fellows from across the world. While these Fellows are not based in Scotland, their work is vital in addressing the most important challenges facing our country. One such Fellow is Dr Mhoia Leng, who was Scotland’s first palliative care consultant and is now a lead advisor on palliative care for international agencies including the World Health Organisation. Professor Dame Anne Glover, President of The Royal Society of Edinburgh said: “As Scotland’s national academy we recognise excellence across a diverse range of expertise and experience, and its effect on Scottish society. This impact is particularly clear this year in the latest cohort of new Fellows which includes scientists who are pioneering the way we approach the coronavirus; those from the arts who have provided the rich cultural experience we have all been missing, and some who have demonstrated strong leadership in guiding their organisations and communities through this extraordinary time. “Through uniting these great minds from different walks of life, we can discover creative solutions to some of the most complex issues that Scotland faces. A warm welcome is extended to all of our new Fellows.” Ends Issued by Clark For The RSE. For further information, contact: Lisa@clarkcommunications.co.uk / 07711 476772 Full List of Fellows HONORARY Baroness Onora O’Neill of Bengarve CH, CBE, HonFRS, FBA, FMedSci, MRIA Philosopher and Crossbench Life peer, House of Lords CORRESPONDING Professor Kofi Anyidoho FGA University of Ghana, Professor of Literature and Poet (Ewe-English) Professor Philip Cotton Mastercard Foundation, Head, Scholars Program Professor Ryan Gilmour FRSC University of Münster, Chair of Organic Chemistry & CiMIC Professor of Chemical Biology Professor Alan Irvine MRIA Trinity College Dublin, Professor of Dermatology Professor Juergen Kurths Humboldt University of Berlin, Professor in Nonlinear Dynamics Dr Mhoira Leng FRCPE, FRCPSG Makerere University Palliative Care Unit, Uganda, Cairdeas International Palliative Care Trust, Scotland, Global health and palliative care specialist physician Dr James Rautio Sonnet Software Inc., CEO, President and Founder
4591	dbpedia	0	87	https://profjoecain.net/publications-eugenics-laboratory/eugenics-laboratory-memoirs/	en	Eugenics Laboratory - Professor Joe Cain	https://profjoecain.net/…e-1024x614-1.jpg	https://profjoecain.net/…e-1024x614-1.jpg	[ "https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?w=2560&ssl=1 2560w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?resize=300%2C91&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?resize=1024%2C310&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C232&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?resize=1536%2C464&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?resize=2048%2C619&ssl=1 2048w", "https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/puffin-lunga-scotland-britain-uk-profjoecain-2024-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C774&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?w=2560&ssl=1 2560w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?resize=300%2C59&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?resize=1024%2C200&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C150&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?resize=1536%2C300&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?resize=2048%2C400&ssl=1 2048w", "https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/legacies-of-eugenics-project-investigating-around-ucl-header-1024x200-1-scaled.jpg?resize=2560%2C500&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/eugenics-laboratory-memoirs-titleplate-1024x614-1.jpg?resize=737%2C415&ssl=1 737w, https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/eugenics-laboratory-memoirs-titleplate-1024x614-1.jpg?resize=355%2C200&ssl=1 355w", "https://i0.wp.com/profjoecain.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/eugenics-laboratory-memoirs-titleplate-1024x614-1.jpg?resize=737%2C415&ssl=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-06-24T08:51:30+00:00	Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs series was published 1907-1966, including 42 numbers, of which 18 were unique. Listing here.	en	https://i0.wp.com/profjo…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	Professor Joe Cain	https://profjoecain.net/publications-eugenics-laboratory/eugenics-laboratory-memoirs/	The Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs series was published 1907-1966. It included 42 numbers, of which 18 were unique, and 24 were co-published as numbers within The Treasury of Human Inheritance series. Nearly all Pearson-era Memoirs reported on research undertaken either by Pearson or by GLNE employees. David Heron was Francis Galton Fellow in National Eugenics. Ethel M. Elderton was Francis Galton Scholar. Amy Barrington was Computer. Edgar Schuster was the first Francis Galton Fellow in Eugenics Laboratory’s predecessor, the Eugenics Record Office. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs series Schuster, Edgar and Elderton, Ethel Mary. 1907. The Inheritance of Ability: Being a Statistical Study of the Oxford Class Lists and of the School Lists of Harrow and Charterhouse (London: Dulau and Co.). 42 pp. Includes an appendix by Karl Pearson, ‘Influence of Academic Selection on Correlation Coefficients’, pp. 41–42. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 1. Heron, David. 1907. A First Study of the Statistics of Insanity and the Inheritance of the Insane Diathesis (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 2. Schuster, Edgar. 1907. The Promise of Youth and the Performance of Manhood, being a Statistical Inquiry into the Question Whether Success in the Examination for the B.A. Degree at Oxford is Followed by Success in Professional Life (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 3. Elderton, Ethel Mary. Assisted by Karl Pearson. 1907. On the Measure of the Resemblance of First Cousins (London: Dulau and Co.). 53 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 4. Barrington, Amy and Pearson, Karl. 1909. A First Study of the Inheritance of Vision and of the Relative Influence of Heredity and Environment on Sight (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 5. Pearson, Karl (ed.). 1909. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Parts I and II (double part, ‘Pedigrees of physical, psychical, and pathological characters in Man’): Prefatory Note by Francis Galton; Preface by Karl Pearson; ‘Diabetes insipidus’ (by W. Bulloch); ‘Split-Foot’ (by T. Lewis); ‘Polydactylism’ (by T. Lewis); ‘Brachydactylism’ (by T. Lewis); ‘Pulmonary Tuberculosis’ (by W. Bulloch and W. C. Rivers); ‘Deaf-Mutism’ (by Johnson Horne and the Eugenics Laboratory); ‘Legal Ability’ (by the Eugenics Laboratory); and ‘Chronic Hereditary Trophoedema’ (by W. Bulloch) (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 6. Rhodes, Edmund Cecil. 1921. On the Relationship of the Condition of the Teeth in Children to Factors of Health and Home Environment (London: Cambridge University Press). 80 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 7. Prefatory Note by Karl Pearson, pp. v–vi. This project was undertaken by Rhodes in 1911–12, and Pearson’s preface stresses the value of slow project development. Memoir 7 is frequently recorded wrongly. This is because Pearson advertised a different publication as Memoir 7 ‘shortly’ to appear in endpapers from 1910 (i.e. Memoir 8) through 1920 (i.e. Lecture 12). That missing publication was Ethel Mary Elderton (1909) ‘The Influence of Parental Occupation and Home Conditions on the Physique of the Offspring’. This was not published as such, but elements were published as Memoir 10. Heron, David. 1910. The Influence of Defective Physique and Unfavourable Home Environment on the Intelligence of School Children, Being a Statistical Examination of the London County Council Pioneer School Survey (London: Dulau and Co.). 60 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 8. Pearson, Karl (ed.). 1909. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Part III. ‘Angioneurotic Oedema’ (by W. Bulloch); ‘Hermaphrodisism’ (by W. Bulloch); ‘Insanity’ (by A. R. Urquhart and the Eugenics Laboratory); ‘Deaf-Mutism’ (by the Eugenics Laboratory); ‘Ability’ (by the Eugenics Laboratory) (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 9. Elderton, Ethel Mary, assisted by Karl Pearson. 1910. A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Intelligence of the Offspring (London: Dulau and Co.). Second edition also is 1910. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 10. Pearson, Karl (ed.). 1910. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Part IV. Section XII, ‘Hare-Lip and Cleft Palate’. Section VIbeta, ‘Deaf-Mutism’. Section XIII, ‘Congenital Cataract’ [authors not specified] (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 11. Pearson, Karl (ed.). 1911. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Section XIV, ‘Haemophilia’ (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 12. Pearson, Karl, and Elderton, Ethel Mary. 1910. A Second Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring. Being a Reply to Certain Medical Critics of the First Memoir and an Examination of the Rebutting Evidence Cited by Them (London: Dulau and Co.). 35 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 13. Barrington, Amy, and Pearson, Karl, assisted by David Heron. 1910. A Preliminary Study of Extreme Alcoholism in Adults (London: Dulau and Co.). 55 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 14. Pearson, Karl (ed.). 1912. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Section XV, ‘Dwarfism’ (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 15. Pearson, Karl (ed.). 1912. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Name and Subject Indices to Volume I. With Frontispiece Portraits of Sir Francis Galton and Ancestry (London: Dulau and Co.). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 16. Heron, David. 1912. A Second Study of Extreme Alcoholism in Adults, with Special Reference to the Home-Office Inebriate Reformatory Data (London: Dulau and Co.). 95 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 17. Elderton, Ethel Mary, Amy Barrington, H. Gertrude Jones, Edith M. M. de G. Lamotte, H. J. Laski, and Karl Pearson. 1913. On the Correlation of Fertility with Social Value. A Co-Operative Study (London: Dulau and Co.). 72 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 18. Elderton, Ethel Mary. 1914. Report on the English Birthrate: Part I. England, North of the Humber (London: Dulau and Co.). 246 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 19-20. No masthead on this publication. Number 19 in the series is advertised in some endpapers as ‘A First Report on the Condition of the People from the Standpoint of National Eugenics’. The multiple numeration for 19–20 is confirmed in later endpapers (e.g. Memoir 39). Bell, Julia. 1922. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume II. Part I. ‘Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Diseases’, ‘Congenital Stationary Night-Blindness’, ‘Glioma Retinae’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Also listed as Treasury 2:1. Includes: Karl Pearson. 1922. Prefatory Note, pp. v–vii; and J. B. Lawford. 1922. ‘A Memoir of Edward Nettleship’, pp. ix–xv. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 21. Stocks, Percy, and Amy Barrington. 1925. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume III. Part I. ‘Hereditary Disorders of Bone Development’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 22. Also listed as Treasury 3:1. Bell, Julia. 1926. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume II. Part II. ‘Colour-Blindness’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 23. Also listed as Treasury 2:2. Bell, Julia. 1928. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume II. Part III. ‘Blue Sclerotics and Fragility of Bone’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 24. Also listed as Treasury 2:3. Elderton, Ethel Mary. 1928. On the Relative Value of the Factors which Influence Infant Welfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 307 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 25. Bell, Julia. 1931. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume II. Part IV. ‘Hereditary Optic Atrophy’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 26. Also listed as Treasury 2:4. Bell, Julia. 1932. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume II. Part V. ‘On Some Hereditary Structural Anomalies of the Eye and On the Inheritance of Glaucoma’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 27. Also listed as Treasury 2:5. Bell, Julia. 1933. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume II. [Part VI.] Name and Subject Index to Volume II (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 28. Also listed as Treasury 2:6. Bell, Julia. 1934. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume IV. Part I. ‘Huntington’s Chorea’ (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 29. Also listed as Treasury 4:1. Bell, Julia. 1935. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume IV. Part II. ‘On The Peroneal Type of Progressive Muscular Atrophy’ (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 30. Also listed as Treasury 4:2. Bell, Julia, assisted by E. Arnold Carmichael. 1939. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume IV. Part III. ‘On Hereditary Ataxia and Spastic Paraplegia’. (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 31. Also listed as Treasury 4:3. Bell, Julia. 1943. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume IV. Part IV. ‘Pseudohypertrophic and Allied Types of Progressive Muscular Dystrophy’ (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 32. Also listed as Treasury 4:4. Bell, Julia, with Clinical Notes by J. Purdon Martin. 1947. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume IV. Part V. ‘Dystrophia Myotonica and Allied Diseases’ (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 33. Also listed as Treasury 4:5. Bell, Julia. 1948. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume IV. [Part VI.] Name and Subject Index to Volume IV (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 34. Also listed as Treasury 4:6. Bell, Julia. 1951. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume V. Part I. ‘On Brachydactyly and Symphalangism’ (London: Cambridge University Press). 36 pp. Trevor, Jack Carrick. 1953. ‘Race Crossing in Man. The Analysis of Metrical Characters’ (London: Cambridge University Press). 45 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 35. Also listed as Treasury 5:1. Trevor, Jack Carrick. 1953. Race Crossing in Man. The Analysis of Metrical Characters (London: Cambridge University Press). 45 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 36. Harris, Harry. 1953. An Introduction to Human Biochemical Genetics (London: Cambridge University Press). 96 pp. Foreword by L. S. Penrose. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 37. Bell, Julia, and Lionel S. Penrose. 1953. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume V. Part II. ‘On Syndactyly and Its Association with Polydactyly’ (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 38. Also listed as Treasury 5:2. Bell, Julia. 1958. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Volume V. Part III. ‘The Laurence-Moon Syndrome’ (London: Cambridge University Press). Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 39. Also listed as Treasury 5:3. Veale, Arthur Milton Oliver. 1965. Intestinal Polyposis (London: Published for the Galton Laboratory, University College London, by the Cambridge University Press). 104 pp. Preface by L. S. Penrose. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 40. Moran, Patrick Alfred Pierce, and Cedric Austen Bardell Smith. 1966. Commentary on R. A. Fisher’s Paper on ‘The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance’ [published in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 52 (1918), 399–433] (London: Published for the Galton Laboratory, University College London, by the Cambridge University Press). 62 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 41. Preface by L. S. Penrose. Court Brown, William Michael, Patricia A. Jacobs, Karin E. Buckton, Ishbel M. Tough, E. V. Kuenssberg, and J. D. E. Knox. 1966. Chromosome Studies on Adults (London: Cambridge University Press, for the Galton Laboratory, University College London). 91 pp. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs 42. Preface by L. S. Penrose.
4591	dbpedia	1	24	https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Stewart,_Balfour	en	Dictionary of National Biography, 1885	https://en.wikisource.org/static/favicon/wikisource.ico	https://en.wikisource.org/static/favicon/wikisource.ico	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/18px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikisource.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikisource.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2010-06-08T17:54:27+00:00		en	/static/favicon/wikisource.ico		https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Stewart,_Balfour	STEWART, BALFOUR (1828–1887), physicist and meteorologist, born at Edinburgh on 1 Nov. 1828, was son of William Stewart, a tea merchant of Leith, and his wife Jane, daughter of the Rev. William Clouston, for sixty years minister of Stromness, Orkney. William Stewart belonged to the Stewarts of Brough, Orkney, who at one time owned the Fair Isle and other land. This property was subsequently left by a cousin of Balfour Stewart to charities, and formed ‘the Stewart Endowment,’ of which Sir Walter Scott was a trustee. According to family tradition, Scott took the characters of Minna and Brenda in the ‘Pirate’ from Jane Clouston and her sister. A brother, the Rev. Charles Clouston of Sandwick, Orkney, was a meteorologist. Balfour Stewart's grandmother belonged to the family of Balfours of Balfour. A younger brother, William Clouston Stewart, well known in Scotland as an expert angler, was the author of the ‘Practical Angler,’ first published in 1857, and of other works on angling, and inventor of the ‘Stewart tackle’ (see Brit. Mus. Cat.) Balfour Stewart went to school in Dundee, then for a short time to the university of St. Andrews, and then to Edinburgh, where he attended the class of James David Forbes [q. v.], the professor of natural philosophy, in 1845–6. On leaving the university at the age of 18, he entered the office of a cousin, James Balfour, a Leith merchant. He went to Australia on business about 1855, and his taste for physical science developed. His first two papers—‘On the Influence of Gravity on the Physical Condition of the Moon's Surface’ and ‘On the Adaptation of the Eye to the Rays which emanate from Bodies’—were contributed in 1855 to the Philosophical Society of Victoria (Transactions, i. 92, 95). On his return he gave up business, and in February 1856 joined the staff of Kew observatory as assistant observer to John Welsh [q. v.] In October 1856 he became assistant to his former teacher, Forbes, at Edinburgh. Stewart at this time also worked at pure mathematics with Professor Philip Kelland, and in 1856 wrote a paper on a theorem in the theory of numbers (Trans. Royal Society of Edinburgh, xxi. 407), his only contribution to mathematics, for which he then showed distinct aptitude (Tait). In 1857 he published an interesting paper on the relation between the density and composition of sulphuric acid solutions, deducing therefrom the existence of definite compounds of the acid and water (Proc. Royal Society of Edinburgh, iii. 482; a preliminary abstract appeared in 1855, Brit. Assoc. Report, pt. ii. p. 70). Mr. Spencer Umfreville Pickering and others have since employed Stewart's method of research. It was under Forbes's influence that Stewart undertook the researches on radiant heat which form his most important contribution to physical science, and for which in 1868 he was awarded the Rumford medal by the Royal Society. Stewart extended the ‘theory of exchanges’ due to Pierre Prevost (1751–1839) of Geneva, and proved, in opposition to the view of Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768–1830), that radiation is not a surface phenomenon; that it depends on the thickness of the radiating body, and in general that at any given temperature ‘the absorption of a plate equals its radiation, and that for every description of heat’ (Trans. Royal Soc. of Edinburgh, xxi. 1 sqq., read 15 March 1858); and that thus ‘the streams of radiant heat crossing any point of an enclosure of uniform temperature are not altered by the interposition of a body, whether opaque or transparent.’ It is remarkable, since Forbes had proved the similarity of radiant heat to light, that Stewart did not at once extend his results to optics. He also found out later that, cæteris paribus, the internal radiation in different substances varies as the square of the refractive index (Brit. Assoc. Report, 1861, i. 107), correcting an erroneous statement made by himself previously. Meanwhile Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887) arrived independently at results which included those of Stewart, and led to the explanation of the dark lines in the solar spectrum as due to the absorption by layers of the vapours of various elements, and to the foundation by himself and Robert Wihelm Bunsen of spectrum analysis—one of the greatest discoveries of the century (Berichte der preussischen Akad. der Wissenschaften, 11 Dec. 1859). Stewart had been pushing on in the same direction, but more slowly. In 1860 he showed by experiments on tourmaline, of which the experimental arrangement was suggested by Professor (afterwards Sir George Gabriel) Stokes, that his law held good for polarised rays of light (Proc. Royal Soc. x. 503, read 22 May 1860). In the same year he also showed that red glass, when raised to a sufficiently high temperature to emit light on its own account, gives out greenish light, and similarly that a piece of platinum foil blackened appears, when so heated, brighter in the blackened part than elsewhere (ib. x. 385, read 7 Feb. 1860). In May 1861 (ib. x. 193) he wrote a paper on the theory of internal radiation in uniaxal crystals, which was developed in the same year by Stokes (ib. p. 537). By this time, however, Kirchhoff had practically exhausted the subject for the time being. On 1 July 1859 Stewart had been appointed director of the Kew observatory in succession to John Welsh, and henceforward he devoted himself mainly to meteorology, and especially to the phenomena of terrestrial magnetism. In 1861 he was appointed additional examiner in mathematics at Edinburgh University for five years, and there made the acquaintance of his future collaborator, Professor Peter Guthrie Tait. In August and September 1859 there had been a great magnetic disturbance, accompanied by auroral displays and by marked changes in sun-spots; the analysis of the photographic records of the magnetic storm at Kew directed Stewart's attention to the subject. General Edward Sabine [q. v.] had previously shown a connection between the occurrence of sun-spots and magnetic disturbances. Stewart now put forward the view that auroræ, magnetic storms, and earth-currents are due to variations in a primary electric current in the sun (Phil. Trans. 1861, p. 423). In 1862 he was elected F.R.S., and in the same year he suggested that the ‘red prominences’ are really solar auroræ (Phil. Mag. [4] xxiv. 302). In 1863 he made a careful investigation of the increase of pressure of a given volume of air between 32° F. and 212° F., his result for this important constant agreeing closely with that of Victor Regnault (1810–1878). In 1866 he redetermined the density of mercury at 32° F. with great accuracy. As it could be shown that the law of radiation of Stewart and Kirchhoff does not hold for a moving body in an enclosure of constant temperature, he made, in conjunction with Professor Tait between 1865 and 1873, a number of experiments on the heating of a disc by rapid rotation in vacuo, the apparatus for which was designed by R. Beckley, engineer to the Kew observatory. The experiments have been discussed by James Clerk Maxwell [q. v.], Professor Ludwig Boltzmann, and others, but no adequate explanation of the heating effect has yet been given. In 1865–1868 Stewart published, in conjunction with Warren de la Rue [see Rue] and Benjamin Loewy, a long series of investigations on sunspots, the variation of which they attempted, though without decided success, to trace to changes in planetary configuration. Stewart showed, however, that the daily range of magnetic variation appeared to be connected with these changes. He spent much effort from this time until his death on the discovery of certain periodic inequalities in terrestrial and solar phenomena, and attempted to deduce causes for these inequalities; but these deductions, as Stewart knew, can only be regarded as valid when based on an extremely large number of observations (Schuster); and, together with William Dodgson, William Lant Carpenter, and other coadjutors, he spent a large amount of labour on the necessary calculations. On 1 Jan. 1867 he was appointed secretary to the government meteorological committee, and in this and the following year he supervised the installation of meteorological stations all over the kingdom. He resigned the post in 1869. On 7 July 1870 Stewart was appointed professor of natural philosophy in the Owens College, Manchester, a post which he retained till his death. He continued, however, to act as superintendent of Kew observatory till 1871. In one of his journeys from London, in November 1870, he met with a railway accident in which his thigh was crushed, and for nine months lay ill at Harrow, in the course of which he passed from ‘vigorous activity … to a grey-headed old age,’ although his mental powers remained unimpaired. In April 1875 was published anonymously a book called ‘The Unseen Universe’ by Stewart and his friend Professor Tait, in which the authors aimed at deducing from the combination of a number of theological postulates with current scientific doctrines the existence of the soul and of a transcendental universe. The book is written in a popular and picturesque style, and excited much attention, running through fourteen editions in thirteen years. The authors avowed their identity in the fourth edition (April 1876). Professor William Kingdon Clifford (1845–1879) made an attack on the book from the heterodox point of view in the ‘Fortnightly Review’ (June 1875), to which a reply was offered in the preface to the second edition. A sequel published in 1878 by the same authors, dedicated to the members of the Paradoxical Society, and entitled ‘Paradoxical Philosophy,’ portraying in dialogue form the conversion of a cynical and heterodox German mathematician to religious and social orthodoxy, proved less successful. Stewart, who was a devoted and fervent churchman, was elected by a conference held at Lambeth Palace on 7 Jan. 1881 as member of a committee for promoting interchange of views between scientific men of orthodox views in religious matters. He was also one of the founders of the Society for Psychical Research, in whose investigations he took a deep interest; he made several short contributions to its proceedings, and was president of the society from 1885 till his death. In February 1887 he was elected president of the Physical Society, and also of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He died on 19 Dec. 1887 of apoplexy, at Ballymagarvey, a small estate near Drogheda, which he had inherited and whither he had gone to spend his Christmas vacation. He married, on 8 Sept. 1863, Katharine, only daughter of Charles Stevens, a lawyer in London. Two sons and a daughter survived him. Stewart was a man of exceptionally modest, gentle, and kindly nature. A photograph of him is in the common-room of the Owens College. According to the bibliography by Professor Schuster in the ‘Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society,’ Stewart published about sixty-seven papers of his own composition exclusively. In collaboration with others, he published two papers with J. Brito Capello, astronomer at Lisbon, three with W. L. Carpenter, ten with De la Rue and B. Loewy, two with the Rev. Father Walter Sidgreaves of Stonyhurst, two with Professor Tait, four with William Dodgson, one with Morisabro Hiraoka, three with B. Loewy, one with Father Stephen Joseph Perry [q. v.] on the comparison of magnetic observations at Kew and Stonyhurst, and one with (Sir) Henry Enfield Roscoe. He also contributed various reports to the British Association. In addition to the papers and books already mentioned, Stewart published a number of successful text-books, which are not only in general conscientious and accurate, but show considerable power of picturesque illustration. Their titles are: ‘Treatise on Heat,’ 1866; 3rd edit. 1866; 5th edit. 1888. ‘Lessons in Elementary Physics,’ 1870. ‘The Conservation of Energy,’ 1872, a popular exposition, translated into French, German (1875), and Czech (1885). ‘Lessons in … Practical Physics,’ in conjunction with Mr. William Haldane Gee, assistant lecturer in the Owens College, vol. i. 1885; vol. ii. 1887; ‘the most complete exposition of experimental methods in physics which has been written’ (Schuster). ‘Lessons in Practical Physics for Schools,’ 1888, also in conjunction with Mr. Gee. He also contributed an important article on ‘Terrestrial Magnetism’ to the ninth edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica.’ In 1874 Stewart edited, jointly with his colleague, Professor Adolphus William Ward (later principal of the college), a series of ‘Essays and Addresses by Professors and Lecturers of the Owens College.’ He was joint-editor with Professors Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895) and (Sir) Henry Enfield Roscoe of a valuable series of science primers published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co., for which Stewart wrote the ‘Primer of Physics’ (1872). [Besides the sources mentioned, see Manchester Guardian, 20 and 24 Dec. 1887; Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, i. 35, iii. 64, iv. 42, 262, v. 1; Thompson's The Owens College, passim; Men and Women of the Time, 12th edit. (from notes by Stewart); obituaries in Nature, xxxviii. 202, and Proc. Royal Society, xlvii. p. ix, by P. G. Tait; Memoirs of Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society [4] i. 253, and Monthly Notices of Royal Astron. Society, xlviii. 166, by Professor Arthur Schuster, F.R.S.; Proc. of the Physical Society for 1887–8, p. 10, see also p. 6; Proc. Roy. Soc. xlv. 85, xxxix. 37 et seq. (Hist. of the Kew Observatory by R. H. Scott, F.R.S.); Roscoe and Schuster's Spectrum Analysis, passim; Life and Letters of J. D. Forbes, pp. 367, 391 (a communication from Stewart); Brit. Mus. Cat.; private information from Mrs. Balfour Stewart (his widow) and Professor Schuster; Stewart's own works, and personal knowledge. Stewart published an historical account of the theory of exchanges (including spectrum analysis) in the Brit. Assoc. Report for 1861, i. 97 &c. Kirchhoff published in Poggendorff's Annalen for 1862 (vol. xviii.) an historical account of the history of spectrum analysis, containing a somewhat grudging estimate of Stewart's work.]
4591	dbpedia	2	26	https://www.napier.ac.uk/about-us/news/bill-buchanan-rse-fellow-2024	en	Professor Bill Buchanan awarded RSE Fellowship for outstanding cybersecurity work	https://www.napier.ac.uk…sign/favicon.png	https://www.napier.ac.uk…sign/favicon.png	[ "https://www.napier.ac.uk/-/media/images/logos/harrietenu_logo_866x245.ashx?h=245&w=866&hash=6B7A69210835CD7430236569E85DF3CA", "https://www.napier.ac.uk/-/media/images/logos/harrietenu_logo_866x245.ashx?h=245&w=866&hash=6B7A69210835CD7430236569E85DF3CA", "https://www.napier.ac.uk/theme/assets/img/design/small-Logo.jpg", "https://www.napier.ac.uk/-/media/images/news/bill-buchanan-rse/bill-buchanan.ashx?h=333&w=500&hash=F9218814815796A2D6456700E5BCD2BD", "https://www.napier.ac.uk/-/media/images/news/bill-buchanan-rse/mike-welch.ashx?h=524&w=350&hash=5466414AADEC16E9EBE3A68C97415B37", "https://www.napier.ac.uk/-/media/images/logos/enu_logo_white_240_60_nico.ashx?h=60&w=240&hash=4A765719E816FE46FC5FDAEB3B2FDA48" ]	[]	[]	[ "Bill Buchanan", "cybersecurity", "computer science", "computing", "Edinburgh", "Royal Society of Edinburgh", "Armando Iannucci", "Sally Magnusson" ]	null	[]	null	Edinburgh Napier University cybersecurity expert Professor Bill Buchanan has been named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh	en	/theme/assets/img/design/favicon.png	Napier	https://www.napier.ac.uk/about-us/news/bill-buchanan-rse-fellow-2024	Edinburgh Napier University (ENU) cybersecurity and cryptography expert Professor Bill Buchanan has described it as an honour to be named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE). The organisation, which is dubbed ‘Scotland’s National Academy’, has announced its 2024 cohort of inductees. This year 57 individuals have been nominated for their excellence in a wide range of fields, including physics, chemistry, informatics, literature, law, social sciences, and business. Professor Buchanan (pictured right) is joined on this year’s list by ENU honorary graduate Dr Mike Welch, as well as notable figures such as Armando Iannucci and Sally Magnusson. ENU academics who have been named RSE Fellows in recent years include Professor Lis Neubeck, Professor Emma Hart, and Professor Mark Huxham. The Fellowship is the latest in a series of accolades awarded to Bill Buchanan for his research and teaching with ENU’s School of Computing & the Built Environment. Bill was made an OBE in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to cybersecurity, while more recently he won Most Innovative Teacher of the Year at the 2023 Times Higher Education (THE) Awards. He has also been behind several successful ENU spin-out companies, such as Zonefox, Cyacomb, Symphonic and Memcrypt. Bill said: “It is such an honour to be acknowledged by an organisation which prides itself on recognising the finest scientific and technological minds in our country. “Scotland is a land of innovation and enterprise. It has built its reputation on its excellence in education, enterprise, and industry. “I believe this honour has been fully enabled through the positiveness of my University and by the City of Edinburgh. “At every crucial part of our work, the University and city have been there – and have thus built collaborations and partnerships that would not be possible in other parts of the world. “My love for innovation, research, and, especially, teaching will never leave me. I feel honoured to teach and research the topics that I care deeply about and to live and work in one of the most beautiful, cultured and educated cities on the planet. “Scotland is truly the best place in the world to build the future, and our four amazing cybersecurity spin-outs are a testament to this.” Mike Welch Alongside Professor Buchanan, tyre entrepreneur and philanthropist Dr Mike Welch (pictured right at his honorary graduation) is among the inductees to the RSE. He studied Business Management at ENU, before being awarded an honorary Doctor of Enterprise in 2016. Also an OBE, Mike founded Blackcircles.com, the world’s first ‘click to fit’ online tyre retailer in 2002, selling the business to Michelin in 2015. Mike established The Welch Trust in 2015 to support children and young people in need of adoption and fostering, as well as kids with critical and terminal illnesses. He said: ““Becoming a fellow is an incredible honour, and means I am following in the footsteps of two iconic figures to me. “Robert William Thomson, the Scottish inventor who dreamt up and patented the pneumatic tyre in 1847, in the very same street that we have our home in Edinburgh. “And Sir Tom Farmer, one of the world's foremost retailers of tyres, who mentored me and brought me to the great city of Edinburgh at the advent of the internet to build Kwik-Fit online. “Through their example and the privilege of becoming a fellow, I feel humbled and motivated to continue my work as an entrepreneur and philanthropist.” The Royal Society of Edinburgh – 2024 Fellows This year’s inductees join an esteemed group of 1,800 current Fellows of the RSE. Emmy-winning satirist Armando Iannucci and award-winning journalist and charity founder Sally Magnusson are among the latest cohort. You can see the full list of fellows here. The RSE described itself as an organisation which recognises, supports, and mobilises expertise from across academia, business, and public service for the benefit of Scotland and the wider world. President of the RSE, Professor Sir John Ball PRSE, said: “It is an immense honour to extend a warm welcome to each of our distinguished new Fellows. “Individually, they embody exceptional dedication and accomplishment spanning multiple sectors and disciplines. Collectively, they demonstrate a profound commitment and determination to make meaningful contributions through their endeavours. “From groundbreaking research that redefines our understanding to the creative pursuits that inspire and enrich our cultural landscape, the RSE proudly embraces the brightest minds, leveraging their unique expertise and perspectives for the betterment of society. “As Scotland’s National Academy, we remain committed to mobilising a diverse array of expertise to confront society's most pressing challenges, and I am certain that our new Fellows will prove invaluable assets to the RSE.”
4591	dbpedia	3	85	https://www.investopedia.com/updates/adam-smith-economics/	en	Adam Smith: Who He Was, Early Life, Accomplishments and Legacy	https://www.investopedia…a298858eb4bb.png	https://www.investopedia…a298858eb4bb.png	[ "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/oxkERp4OTFJQEGx0vsFD4_WkWYo=/90x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/profilepic__rakesh_sharma-5bfc262dc9e77c00517eda0b.jpg 90w", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/WM3IAYMyXEgVXpNh0TtCVNR6K7E=/90x200/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/profilepic__rakesh_sharma-5bfc262dc9e77c00517eda0b.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/0yPT7GHossEzyqXlttjirnsL7TM=/90x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CSP_ER9-ErikaR.-dce5c7e19ef04426804e6b611fb1b1b4.jpg 90w", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/nTQ8gkm1U0HKME6GioWErcwOZAY=/90x200/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CSP_ER9-ErikaR.-dce5c7e19ef04426804e6b611fb1b1b4.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/5mW5IB9BobHXJ7XWOUsjsk0VGBI=/90x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/YariletPerez-d2289cb01c3c4f2aabf79ce6057e5078.jpg 90w", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/q-NudbPA-6T3EaVYLf7zSPiwNZ8=/90x200/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/YariletPerez-d2289cb01c3c4f2aabf79ce6057e5078.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/SeJSFfKReRV4YGqDAUe77VnjLPE=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/adam-smith-economics_final2-261ec50cfb04406585d7a298858eb4bb.png", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/SeJSFfKReRV4YGqDAUe77VnjLPE=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/adam-smith-economics_final2-261ec50cfb04406585d7a298858eb4bb.png", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/RWc2K9Hoy-2Ln6kT34obsXvT2vg=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Self-interest_final-60e0c9c84c1044a694a6b06407a7f74e.png", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/RWc2K9Hoy-2Ln6kT34obsXvT2vg=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Self-interest_final-60e0c9c84c1044a694a6b06407a7f74e.png", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/yoWcmskpJqZPIbk-wjj-j_2DF-Q=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1150608158-18cc1672d56f4e4cba409da7be265ca9.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/yoWcmskpJqZPIbk-wjj-j_2DF-Q=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1150608158-18cc1672d56f4e4cba409da7be265ca9.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/BSKea4XuhieL5CsaKcRheY8UDTY=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/milton-friedman_final2-613bbde5209748cd98efea90c3682e1d.png", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/BSKea4XuhieL5CsaKcRheY8UDTY=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/milton-friedman_final2-613bbde5209748cd98efea90c3682e1d.png", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/otgAVGf0bcr9H5IshlQ-bcJZGj4=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Havingahealthinsuranceclaimdeniedandhowtoappeal-5bcde88b46e0fb0051f784fb.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/otgAVGf0bcr9H5IshlQ-bcJZGj4=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Havingahealthinsuranceclaimdeniedandhowtoappeal-5bcde88b46e0fb0051f784fb.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/HiXdXWH1k2NPDeZHFuvOX1GywbM=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/JohnLocke-1eb4cc6c4ac84f01a2a10a73478bedee.png", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/HiXdXWH1k2NPDeZHFuvOX1GywbM=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/JohnLocke-1eb4cc6c4ac84f01a2a10a73478bedee.png", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/b45Ao7BZ00gvigndvevZnr0QqBw=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1278753800-7f7f4081a1c74753910603577eab6031.jpg", "https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/b45Ao7BZ00gvigndvevZnr0QqBw=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1278753800-7f7f4081a1c74753910603577eab6031.jpg", "https://privacy-policy.truste.com/privacy-seal/seal?rid=f8e1238d-6371-460f-8ea0-1b8cad9e9c4b" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Rakesh Sharma" ]	2016-09-07T17:14:00-04:00	Adam Smith is considered the father of modern economics for his work in pioneering ideas such as free trade and the gross domestic product (GDP).	en	/static/2.113.0/icons/favicons/anniversary/favicon.ico	Investopedia	https://www.investopedia.com/updates/adam-smith-economics/	Adam Smith was an 18th-century Scottish economist, philosopher, and author who is considered the father of modern economics. Smith argued against mercantilism and was a major proponent of laissez-faire economic policies. In his first book, "The Theory of Moral Sentiments," Smith proposed the idea of an invisible hand—the tendency of free markets to regulate themselves using competition, supply and demand, and self-interest. Smith is also known for creating the concept of gross domestic product (GDP) and for his theory of compensating wage differentials. According to this theory, dangerous or undesirable jobs tend to pay higher wages to attract workers to these positions. Smith's most notable contribution to the field of economics was his 1776 book, "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations." Early Life The recorded history of Smith's life begins at his baptism on June 5, 1723, in Kirkcaldy, Scotland; his exact birthdate is undocumented, but he was raised by his mother, Margaret Douglas, after the death of his father, Adam Smith. He attended the University of Glasgow at the age of 13 and attended Balliol College at Oxford University, where he studied European literature. He returned home and delivered a series of well-received lectures at Glasgow University, which appointed him first as the chair of logic in 1751 and then chair of moral philosophy in 1752. After returning to Scotland, Smith held a series of public lectures at the University of Edinburgh. The success of his lecture series helped him earn a professorship at Glasgow University in 1751. He eventually earned the position of Chair of Moral Philosophy. During his years spent teaching and working at Glasgow, Smith worked on getting some of his lectures published. His book "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" was eventually published in 1759. Smith moved to France in 1763 to accept a more remunerative position as a personal tutor to the stepson of Charles Townshend, an amateur economist and the future Chancellor of the Exchequer. During his time in France, Smith counted as his contemporaries Benjamin Franklin and the philosophers David Hume and Voltaire. Notable Accomplishments and The Wealth of Nations During his years spent teaching and working at Glasgow, Smith worked on getting some of his lectures published. His book "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" was eventually published in 1759. Smith published his most important work, "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (shortened to "The Wealth of Nations"), in 1776 after returning from France and retiring to his birthplace of Kirkcaldy, Scotland. In his book, Smith popularized many of the ideas that form the basis for classical economics. Other economists built on Smith's work to solidify classical economic theory, the dominant school of economic thought through the Great Depression. Smith's ideas are evident in the work of David Ricardo and Karl Marx in the 19th century and John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedman in the twentieth century. Smith's work discusses the evolution of human society from a hunter stage without property rights or fixed residences to nomadic agriculture with shifting residences. The next stage is a feudal society where laws and property rights are established to protect privileged classes. Finally, modern society is characterized by laissez-faire or free markets, where new institutions are established to conduct market transactions. Smith's work addresses the idea of the "economic man," defined as someone who pursues their self-interested goals and interests, which impacts their behavior in economics. The Philosophy of Free Markets The philosophy of free markets emphasizes minimizing the role of government intervention and taxation in the free markets. Although Smith advocated for a limited government, he did see the government as responsible for the education and defense sectors of a country. From Smith comes the idea of the "invisible hand" that guides the forces of supply and demand in an economy. According to this theory, by looking out for themselves, every person inadvertently helps create the best outcome for all. A hypothetical butcher, brewer, and baker in this economy hope to make money by selling products that people want to buy. If they are effective in meeting the needs of their customers, they will enjoy financial rewards. While they are engaging in enterprise to earn money, they also provide products that people want. Smith argued that this kind of system creates wealth for the butcher, brewer, and baker and creates wealth for the entire nation. The Invisible Hand Theory According to Smith's beliefs and theory, a wealthy nation is one that is populated with citizens working productively to better themselves and address their financial needs. In this kind of economy, according to Smith, a man would invest his wealth in the enterprise most likely to help him earn the highest return for a given risk level. The invisible-hand theory is often presented in terms of a natural phenomenon that guides free markets and capitalism in the direction of efficiency, through supply and demand and competition for scarce resources, rather than as something that results in the well-being of individuals. For Smith, an institutional framework is necessary to steer humans toward productive pursuits that are beneficial to society. This framework consists of institutions like a justice system designed to protect and promote free and fair competition. However, there must be competition undergirding this framework, and competition is the "desire that comes with us from the womb, and never leaves us, until we go into the grave." Wealth and Production of Goods The ideas promoted by "The Wealth of Nations" generated international attention and were a motivating factor in the evolution from land-based wealth to wealth created by assembly-line production methods made possible by the division of labor. Smith used the example of the labor required to make a pin to illustrate the effectiveness of this method. If one person were to undertake the 18 steps required to complete the tasks, they could only make a handful of pins per week. However, if the 18 tasks were completed in assembly-line fashion by 10 individuals, production would jump to thousands of pins per week. Smith argued that the division of labor and resulting specialization produces prosperity. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The ideas in "The Wealth of Nations" provided the genesis for the concept of gross domestic product (GDP) and transformed the importing and exporting business. Before the publication of "The Wealth of Nations," countries declared their wealth based on the value of their gold and silver deposits. However, Smith was highly critical of mercantilism; he argued that countries should be evaluated based on their levels of production and commerce. This concept was the basis for creating the GDP metric for measuring a nation's prosperity. When "The Wealth of Nations" was published, many countries were hesitant to trade with other countries. Smith argued that a free exchange should be created because both countries are better off from the exchange. As a result of this shift in attitudes toward trading, there was an increase in imports and exports. Smith also argued for legislation that would make trading as easy as possible. Legacy Smith's most prominent ideas—the "invisible hand" and division of labor—are now foundational economic theories. His theories on economics continue to live on in the 21st century in modern economic theory. Smith was a proponent of the belief that the labor of the poor is a key measure of how an economy performs, but Smith was known for being concerned with inequality itself. Karl Marx, a political economist and social philosopher like Smith, was greatly inspired by "The Wealth of Nations" and built greatly upon Smith's works. However, while Smith wrote that capitalism was an ideal state for economic growth, Marx believed that capitalism led to greed and inequality among citizens, and would ultimately lead itself to collapse. Adam Smith's writings influence economics today as he believed wealth is created via labor, and self-interest spurs people to use their resources to earn money. Smith's theories that economies thrive with competition, capitalism, and a free market are alive and well in the 21st century. Honors and Awards In 2007, the Bank of England placed Smith's image on the £20 note. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and several buildings in Scotland are named after him. An award in his name, the Adam Smith Award, is the highest honor bestowed by The Association of Private Enterprise Education. The University of Glasgow has a chair, library, research center, and building in his name. The Bottom Line
4591	dbpedia	2	30	https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/sustainable-construction-pioneer-gabriela.htm	en	Sustainable construction pioneer Gabriela Medero receives Royal Society of Edinburgh Fellowship	https://www.hw.ac.uk/new…riela_Medero.jpg	https://www.hw.ac.uk/new…riela_Medero.jpg	[ "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/img/clearing-2024-card_rdax_546x307p.jpg", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/img/students-walking-960x480px_rdax_546x273s.jpg", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/img/accommodation-pg.jpg", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/img/jean-muir-student-village-2019_rdax_546x282s.jpg", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/img/edinburgh-campus-aerial.jpg", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/img/research-promo.png", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/img/mercedes-maroto-valer-480x240.jpg", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/img/partner-suite_rdax_546x364s.jpg", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/img/sustainability-hover-nav.png", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/img/st-cecilia-hall-school-of-arts-480x240.jpg", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/img/future_rdax_546x307s.jpg", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/img/Scaled_Gabriela_Medero.jpg", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/legacy/img/logos/map.svg", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/legacy/img/logos/map-overlay.svg", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/legacy/img/logos/athena-swan-bronze_2x.png", "https://www.hw.ac.uk/legacy/img/logos/armed-forces-covenant-gold-award.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Heriot-Watt University" ]	2024-04-09T00:00:00	Civil engineer Professor Gabriela Medero has been named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.	en	/legacy/img/icons/favicon-32x32.png		https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2024/sustainable-construction-pioneer-gabriela.htm	Civil engineer Professor Gabriela Medero, inventor of the K-Briq â a sustainable building brick made almost entirely of construction waste â has been named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Professor Medero is Associate Principal for Business and Enterprise at Heriot-Watt University and a Professor in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering at the Universityâs School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society. I am deeply honoured to be elected as a Fellow to the Royal Society of Edinburgh and humbled to be joining such a prestigious group of great minds Professor Gabriela Medero The Royal Society of Edinburgh was established in 1783 to deploy knowledge for public good, including helping to tackle the worldâs toughest challenges. Its Fellowships recognise individual excellence in fields including physics, chemistry, informatics, literature, law, social sciences, and business. Professor Medero will join a cohort of 1,800 Fellows described as âamong the most distinguished in their fields.â âI am deeply honoured to be elected as a Fellow to the Royal Society of Edinburgh and humbled to be joining such a prestigious group of great minds,â Professor Medero said. âI am also excited for the further recognition this brings to our important work in sustainable construction.â Originally from Brazil, Professor Medero started exploring sustainable construction materials almost 15 years ago. âSo much waste was being produced in the construction industry, I started to look at whether some of it could be recycled and reused,â she explained. This led to the creation in 2019 of KENOTEQ, a clean tech spin-out company based at Heriot-Wattâs Edinburgh campus and with a factory in East Lothian. Its first product is the K-Briq, an unfired construction brick made from 95% recycled material that produces less than a tenth of the CO2 emissions of a traditional clay brick. The product has received worldwide acclaim, including international design awards, and is being incorporated into a growing number of statement projects. More than 200,000 K-Briqs have been produced so far, recycling 440 tonnes of construction and demolition waste. Professor Medero has Master of Engineering and Master of Science degrees in Civil Engineering from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil and joined Heriot-Watt University in 2006 as a Lecturer in Civil Engineering. Her new Fellowship is one of 57 being announced today by the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Other recipients include satirist Armando Iannucci; journalist and charity founder Sally Magnusson; entrepreneur and philanthropist Dr Michael Welch OBE; Leonie Bell, Director of the V&A Dundee; public health advocate Professor Jason Gill and Professor Elham Kashefi, a world leader in the field of quantum computing. President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Professor Sir John Ball PRSE, said: âIt is an immense honour to extend a warm welcome to each of our distinguished new Fellows. âIndividually, they embody exceptional dedication and accomplishment spanning multiple sectors and disciplines. Collectively, they demonstrate a profound commitment and determination to make meaningful contributions through their endeavours. âFrom groundbreaking research that redefines our understanding to the creative pursuits that inspire and enrich our cultural landscape, the RSE proudly embraces the brightest minds, leveraging their unique expertise and perspectives for the betterment of society. âAs Scotlandâs National Academy, we remain committed to mobilising a diverse array of expertise to confront society's most pressing challenges, and I am certain that our new Fellows will prove invaluable assets to the RSE.â
4591	dbpedia	0	29	https://www2.clarku.edu/faculty/djoyce/piltdown/map_prim_suspects/KEITH/Keith_prosecution/apprais_Keith.html	en	An Appraisal of the Case Against			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Sir Arthur Keith 1 Phillip V. Tobias Current Anthropology June 1992 [243] A review of the Piltdown "discoveries" (1912-15), the revelation of the Piltdown fraud (1953-55), and the search for the perpetrators (1955-91). The evidence supports the inference that Charles Dawson and a scientist-accomplice were responsible. The identity of the scientist-accomplice is reappraised, and evidence is adduced that substantially weakens Goulds case against Teilhard de Chardin. New lines of argument against Arthur Keith, coupled with those of Langham and Spencer, lead to the conclusion that, of all the proposals as to the identity of Dawsons scientist-accomplice, the Langham-Spencer hypothesis incriminating Keith is supported by the greatest body of evidence. A hidden agenda emerges to explain Keiths vehement and sustained opposition to the acceptance of Darts and Brooms claims for Australopithecus : if Australopithecus represented a hominid ancestor, Piltdown could not have been, and its bona fides would have been suspect from 1925. Between 1925 and 1947 no scientist more authoritatively advanced the claims of Piltdown or more authoritatively rejected Australopithecus than Arthur Keith. Philip V. Tobias is Professor of Anatomy and Human Biology and Director of the Palaeo-anthropology Research Unit at the University of the Witwatersrand (7 York Rd., Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa). Born in 1925, he was educated at the University of the Witwatersrand (B.Sc., 1946; B.Sc., Hons., 1947; M.B .B.Ch., 1950; Ph.D., 1953; D.Sc., 1967). His research interests are hominid evolution, the history of bioanthropology, modern human variability in Africa, human genetics, and growth and the secular trend. Among his many publications are Olduvai Gorge, vols. 2 (The Cranium and Maxillary Dentition of Australopithecus (Zinjanthropus) boisei) and 4 (The Skulls, Endocasts and Teeth of Homo habilis) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967, 1991), The Brain in Hominid Evolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971), The Meaning of Race (Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1972), and Dart, Taung, and the "Missing Link" (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1984). The present paper was submitted in final form 4 x 91. 1. My esteem and gratitude are extended to Frank Spencer and I salute the memory of the late Ian Langham, who did not live to see all that has followed on our late-night conversation in 1984. Appreciation and grateful thanks are owing to my doughty assistant, Heather White, E. Langstroth, K.A.R. Kennedy, S.L. Washurn, A. Montagu, and the Secretary of the Royal Society (London). Fraud in science seems to have become more frequent (Broad and Wade, 1982, Jones 1990). According to Science (1991), "Fraud is a growth industry, if a spate of conferences on the topic . . . is a fair index of whats to come in 1991." No fewer than five conferences on scientific misconduct were sponsored by the U.S. National Institutes of Health between February and April 1991. As Kohn 11986:1) states, "The exponential growth of science and the increase in the number of practicing scientists [have] been accompanied by the appearance of individuals whose actions do not conform with the ethical standards of the scientific community." It would be wrong, however, to consider that breaches of the overriding normative rule of trustworthiness in scientific endeavour are a recent development. One of the most remarkable and most evil frauds, that of Piltdown, was perpetrated 80 years ago. What was remarkable about it was that it deceived many scholars for 40 years before the hoax was uncovered. What was evil was that the imposture was a major factor in holding up the advance of a branch of science, palaeoanthropology, for over a quarter of a century. As Campbell \|199I:2I7) has put it, "The hoax occupied and misled anthropologists, stifled research, and seriously damaged British anthropology." Ever since the fraud was exposed by Weiner, Oakley, and Clark 1953. 1955 ), professional and amateur sleuths have sought clues to the identity of the forger(s). Some have wondered whether the continued quest for the identity of the perpetrator is worthwhile, since the exposure of the hoax effectively removed the troublesome Piltdown remains from the stockpile of hominid fossils. Thus Chippindale (1990) deprecates "yet more raking of old gravel" and asks, "Who still cares, in the year 1990, who dunit?" The criticism of the search for the culprits seems not unreasonable, but there are very good reasons for pursuing such investigations. First, the search for the perpetrator(s), for example, by Spencer (1990a), has furnished countless insights into aspects of the scientific process and the role of honesty in scientific endeavour and has enabled us to see the events centred around Piltdown from a philosophical perspective. Such aspects are addressed as the motives of scientists and the degree to which a prevailing paradigm may influence and even dominate not only thinking but even discovery. The quest for the forger(s) has placed Piltdown as an episode in the history and philosophy of science. Secondly, as Clark (1968:211) has stressed, detailed enquiry is necessary "not so much because it is important to know who was the culpnt, but because it obviously is a matter of importancein order completely to exonerate others of all trace of suspicionto know who could not have been the culprits." Thirdly, the search for the culprit(s) has shown us that "it is as important to look at people's theories as a reaction to the intellectual currents of their time as it is to look at the fossils which formed the basis for their ideas" (Shipman 1990:54). Closely related is Trinkaus's belief (quoted by Shipman 1990) that Spencers work has [244] changed physical anthropology in the United States of America for the better: "Frank [Spencer! has given the history of human evolution respectability; . . . he has . . . made us more aware of the changing contexts of ideas." Fourthly, the investigation sheds new light on the factors determining acceptance and rejection and conversion in science (Tobias1985, 1991a , b ). Piltdown has taught us that dishonesty and fraud have to be included among the agencies promoting rejection or retarding acceptance of a new discovery or concept, as, for example, we have seen in regard to the largely hostile reception accorded to such African fossils as the Kanam mandible and the australopithecines. These and other reasons thoroughly justify the rigour and diligence with which the enquiry has been and continues to be prosecuted. Langdon (1991) has recently claimed that "Eoanthropus" was "merely an imitation fossil that an amateur with common sense might have devised," while Kennedy (1991) has suggested that the hoax was not beyond the capacities of one man {Charles Dawson). In contrast, many, probably most, investigators have seen the full scope of the forgery (which went far beyond linking an ape jaw to a human cranium) as intricate, involved, and calling for expertise in a number of fieldsin Campbell's (1991) words, "a complex and sophisticated fraud." These conflicting views demand another look at the fraud in all its ramifications. Although Daniel (1985) has hailed Costello's (1985) case against Samuel Woodhead as "the proper and final solution," other investigators have held that "the best case to date has been made against Teilhard de Chardin" (e.g., Campbell 1991). While Robert Essex and L. S. B. Leakey believed that Teilhard was responsible for the Piltdown hoax, it is Gould (1980, 198I) who has presented the most systematic and carefully analysed case against Teilhard, and his main arguments deserve reexamination. The most detailed and penetrating analyses of the Piltdown forgery and of those possibly inculpated have been those of the late Ian Langham and of Frank Spencer, the results of which have been presented in two comprehensive and scholarly volumes by Spencer (1990 a b). These two scholarsone a historian and the other an anthropologistwere independently drawn to the same surprising conclusion, namely, that it is most likely that the scientist-member of the team of forgers was none other than Sir Arthur Keith. The evidence on which they based their claim and one of the motives proposed have been contested by several eminent authorities, including Zuckerman ( 1990, 1991), Grigson (1990b ), and Smith (1990). Examination of their criticisms and of the main bases of the case against Keith has, however, led me to conclude that ( I ) the forgery was wide-ranging, for the most part elegant and even magisterial, intricate, and predicated upon specialised knowledge in a number of fields, (2) Gould's case against Teilhard is seriously flawed; (3 the Langham- Spencer case against Keith is logical convincing, and indeed the case is even stronger than present it; and (4) the incrimination of Keith provides an explanation of the hidden agenda behind his 22 years of vocal, vigorous, and authoritative rejection of Dart's (I925) claims for Australopithecus. Piltdown and Human Evolution On December 18, 1912, a historic meeting was held in the rooms of the Geological Society of Great Britain, in Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. At this meeting, Arthur Smith Woodward and Charles Dawson revealed to an expectant audience what was taken to be the first important discovery in England of a fossil skull bearing on human evolution. France and Belgium had long boasted their Neandertal skeletons; from Germany there had come the original Neandertal cranium and the Mauer mandible. England, however, had been barren of fossil men, and much sadness there had been over this lack. The Piltdown skull laid bare at that meeting of the Geological Society was hailed as England's first great and historic find in palaeoanthropology and as the world's earliest man. Forty-one years later, it was revealed as "a fantastic piece of forgery," "an incredible imposture," and probably "the greatest archaeological hoax of its kind ever perpetrated" (Clark 1968:210-11). It may well be enquired, "How came it that so many distinguished scientists were deluded for so many years?" (Clark 1968:2II). There are many reasons for my interest in Piltdown. One of them has to do with the Taung skull of Australopithecus africanus and its prolonged rejection by the world of science. Why was Taung not accepted when Dart published the first account of the epochal discovery in 1925? Washburn (1985) has drawn attention to the sharp contrast between the hostile reception accorded Taung and the enthusiastic welcome given to Peking man (Homo erectus pekinensis ) Was Australopithecus simply a premature discovery, in the sense described by Stent (1972:84), namely, that "its implications cannot be connected by a series of simple logical steps to canonical, or generally accepted, knowledge"? Or was there another factor militating against the acceptance of Dart's claims for Taung? It has long been plain to me that, as Leakey and Goodall (1969), Halstead (1978), and Washburn (1985) held, the Piltdown "remains" had much to do with the rejection of Taung. Piltdown fulfilled the expectations of the day for at least some influential anthropologists. In his preface to Jones's (1990) Fake? The Art of Deception Wilson states, "Fakes are not always acquired as the result of greed; they are also brought into a collection as the result of preconceived theory or expectationthe Piltdown Skull is a case in point" (p. 9). As Keith (1915:459) commented, "That we should discover such a race [as that of Piltdown], sooner or later, has been an article of faith in the anthropologist's creed ever since Darwin's time." Taung was at variance with this prevailing theory. If Piltdown portrayed what had happened in human evolution, then there was no room for such as Australo 245]pithecus in the human ancestry. If Taung was indeed something more hominid-related rather than an unusual ape, then Piltdown would have been suspect. The Piltdown "Discoveries" The discovery of the Piltdown remains has been described so often (Dawson and Woodward 1913; Keith 1915; Woodward 1948; Weiner, Oakley, and Clark 1953; Weiner 1955; Vere 1I955, 1959; Zuckerman 1970; Millar 1972; Costello 1985; Blinderman 1986; Spencer 1990a; Thomson 1991a ) that only a summary need be given here. 1911 (or perhaps 1908) and 1915, some supposedly very ancient hominid remains were found in a gravel pit at Piltdown in Sussex. Most of them were found by Dawson, who practiced as a solicitor in Uckfield. They comprised parts of a modem- human-looking calvaria and the broken right half of a very apelike mandible. He drew his finds to the attention of Smith Woodward, who was the keeper of geology at the British Museum (Natural History). Together the two men explored the gravel pit during 19I2, being joined on a few occasions by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, who was then at the Jesuit seminary Ore Place at Hastings and who was later to become a professional palaeontologist. A great age for the gravel deposit seemed to be testified to by associated prehistoric finds, including isolated teeth of a mastodon, a stegodon, a beaver, and a hippopotamus and flint and bone implements. A reconstruction of the skull was prepared by Smith Woodward and his assistant Frank Barlow, the cranium and mandible being combined as though they were parts of the same skull. As only two molar teeth were in position in the mandible, the restoration included models of the missing teeth. Most of these materials were revealed to that packed meeting of the Geological Society on December 18, 1912. Smith Woodward proposed that the skull represented a new hominid genus and species, to which he gave the name Eoanthropus dawsoni ("the dawn man of Dawson"). In August 19I3, Dawson found a pair of fragmentary nasal bones and nasal conchae at Piltdown, while Teilhard de Chardin, on a return visit to Hastings from Paris, recovered an isolated, worn apparent canine tooth resembling in form the right lower canine that Smith Woodward and Barlow had modelled. Although Smith Woodward and Keith accepted that the tooth was a canine belonging to the Piltdown mandible, Osborn (1921) and some other investigators considered it an upper canine and Weidenreich (1I943:2I6) denied that it belonged to the Piltdown jaw or even was the lower canine of an anthropoid: "Its real nature remains to be determined." Whereas Smith Woodward, Keith, and some other scientists were convinced that the cranial pieces, the mandible, and the canine tooth belonged to the same individual, others were at pains to point out the apelike features of the jaw and the human characteristics of the calvaria (Montagu 1951a )). Among those who considered the mandible to be that of an anthropoid ape there were two schools of thought, one seeing chimpanzee affinities and he other orang-utan traits. The chimpanzee school included D. Waterston 1913), professor of anatomy at King's College, London, M. Boule of Paris, author of Les rommes fossiles (1921), M. Ramstrom (19I9) of Uppsala, Sweden, and Gerrit S. Miller of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Miller \|(1915, 19I8) went so far as to claim that the mandible represented a new species of chimpanzee, which he proposed to name Pan vetus. Exponents of the orang-utan school included Weidenreich (1943) as well as Frasetto (1977) and Friederichs (1932). The argument put forward by these investigators whom Spencer (1990a ) has dubbed the "dualists") was that both a hominid and an ape were represented in the Piltdown gravel; we have no evidence that any of them seriously doubted that they were dealing with genuine fossil specimens reflecting creatures that had lived in the Weald of Sussex a long time ago. On July 3, 19I3, Dawson wrote to tell Smith Woodward that he had that day picked up "the frontal part of a human skull" in a gravel about 40 to 50 ft. above the present River Ouse. This second locality was "a long way from Piltdown." It was later presumed to have been the site of Barcombe Mills, some 6.5 km south-west of Piltdown (Oakley, entries under Royaume-Uni in Vallois and Movius 1952). Dawson showed the frontal bone to Smith Woodward a day or two later, but curiously the specimen was ignored. After Dawson's death in 19I6, a cluster of specimens were found in his collection under the label "Barcombe Mills." They comprised two modem human calvarial fragments (frontal and parietal), a molar tooth, and two zygomatic bones of a second individual (Montagu 1931b ). The picture was complicated when, early in 1913, Dawson reported finding human remains at a third site, presumed to be Sheffield Park, some 3.2 km north-west of Barkham Manor. This find comprised two parts of a brain-case (frontal and occipital) and a mandibular molar tooth, as well as the tooth of an archaic rhinoceros. For some palaeoanthropologists, such as Boule (1I923), the doubts they had entertained that the cranium and jaw of Piltdown I belonged to the same species and individual were lessened if not entirely dispelled by this discovery of a supposedly second individual of Eoanthropus , subsequently designated Piltdown II. Following Dawson's death on August 10, 1916, Smith Woodward made further excavations at the Piltdown sites, but nothing more was ever found there. Although Dawson's name had been given to the proposed new species from Piltdown, he "died too soon to be given any special award from a scientific body" (Weiner 1055:17), such as a fellowship of the Royal Society of London. However, his discoveries were commemorated in 1938 when Smith Woodward erected a monument to mark the site of the discovery at Piltdown. On July 22, 1938, it was unveiled by Sir Arthur Keith, who had been vigorously involved in the debates on Piltdown ever since 19I7. The inscription read: "Here in the old river gravel Mr. Charles Dawson, F.S.A., found the fossil skull of Piltdown Man, 19I2-19I3. The discovery was [246] described by Mr. Charles Dawson and Sir Arthur Smith Woodward in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 193-1915." In his address, Keith paid glowing tribute to the "wonderful achievement" of Dawson which he likened to the discovery of the French lock-keeper, Boucher de Perthes, who in the 19th century had first recognised the flint hand-axes of the Somme as products of human handiwork (Weiner 1955) Piltdown was still considered fairly respectable when I was a student and a young staff member under R. A Dart, familiarising myself with fossil men and women in the late 1940s. For example, the genus Eoanthropus was listed among the genera of the family Hominidae (Simpson 1945), and Piltdown was included in the Catalogue des hommes fossiles edited by Vallois and Movius (1952'). In 1953 nine talks on "Africa's Place in the Human Story" were presented by the South African Broadcasting Corporation with Dart (1954) as editor of the series. My talk, the sixth in the series, dealt with "The Very Ancient Human Inhabitants of Africa," and it was broadcast on June 14, 1953. I compared the African fossils with some from Europe and Asia, and so it came about that I made what may have been one of the last published statements about the Piltdown remains before Joseph Weiner came to suspect that a hoax had been perpetrated (Tobias 1954): some anatomists say the jaw belongs to a fossil ape which somehow became mixed up in the gravel deposit with the human skull fragments. Quite recently, Dr. Kenneth Oakley has found that the fluorine content in both the skull and the jaw are virtually identical and this indicates that the bones are of the same age. Of course, this does not prove that the two bones belonged to the same individual and so, even today, the 40-year-old puzzle of Piltdown Man remains unsolved. If the jaw really belongs to the skull, it is a most unexpected combination; if it does not belong to the skull, it is an almost unbelievable coincidence that the human and the ape cranial bones should have remained so close together in the same gravel patch! The Hoax Suspected and Uncovered Only 46 days later, on July 30, 1953, the participants in a Wenner-Gren Foundation conference on early man in Africa visited the British Museum (Natural History) and there, in the Geology Department, viewed the celebrated Piltdown remains. Among those who saw them for the first time was a Pretoria-born man who had completed his earliest degree under Dart at the University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Joseph Weiner. Sitting at dinner in the evening with Oakley and Washburn, he found himself increasingly worried by the puzzle of Piltdown. Back at Oxford, he could not sleep that night, and, weighing up all the possible explanations, came to the realisation that the mandible must have been forged. There followed several months of intense study by him, his head of department at Oxford, Sir Wilfrid Edward LeGros Clark, and Kenneth Oakley of the British Museum (Natural History). On November 11, 1953, the proofs of a hoax were announced. There were clear scratch marks on the molars and the canine. Both molars had sharp margins instead of the bevelled edges which usually accompany attrition or the crown surfaces. Both the first and second molars showed, unusually, the same degree of occlusal wear (usually the first molar is more worn than the second) The medial part of the crown surface of both molars was more worn than the lateral part, the opposite of the usual pattern. Although the canine was heavily worn on the crown surface, the X-rays showed that the pulp cavity was wide open, as in a young tooth, and quite unlike what would be expected in so heavily worn a tooth. Tests of the amount of fluorine and nitrogen in the various bones showed that the mandible and canine were essentially recent, whereas the cranium was older. Signs were detected that the mandible and canine had been artificially stained to make them similar in colour to the cranium. Treatment of the stone implements likewise was exposed, whilst a bone implement in form like a cncket bat showed signs of having been shaped by an even-edged metal blade. The animal bones recovered from Piltdown proved to have been treated and planted at the site. Refined uranium testing of the elephant molar showed that it was chemically indistinguishable from a molar tooth recovered from a site near Bizerta in Tunisia but differed from all others with which it was compared. The Mastodon and Rhinoceros molars from Piltdown matched in colour, degree of mineralisation, and uranium content fossil bones from the Red Crag of East Anglia. It now seemed that every single bone found at Piltdown was an importation to the site. Although Weiner's initial hypothesis that a forgery had been perpetrated had applied only to the mandible and canine, it emerged that the cranium, also, had been artificially stained to match the colour of the Piltdown gravels and that this applied not only to Piltdown I but to Piltdown II. In other words, the full extent of the Piltdown forgery was far greater than had at first been suspected, and the newer findings were made public on June 30 1954. Finally, there did not appear to be a single specimen in the entire Piltdown collection of hominoid bones, associ'ated fauna, and cultural remains that had genuinely originated from Piltdown (Weiner, Oakley, and Clark 1955). This was true of the specimens from Piltdown, Sheffield Park, and Barcombe Mills. The mandible was later proved by radio-immunoassay to have belonged to an orang-utan {Lowenstein, Molleson, and Washburn 1982). It had been treated by removal of two of the most telltale anatomical parts, namely, the mandibular head bearing the condyle and most of the region of the symphysis mandibulae. The removal by the forger(s} of the condylar process was necessary because the left temporal bone of the cranium was present, including its mandibular fossa, with which the mandibular condyle articulates. Had the orang mandible's head been left [247] intact, the incongruency between the condyle and the fossa would immediately have been detected, and this would have nullified the illusion that the cranium and the mandible belonged to the same individual. Subsequent to the exposure of the forgery, several reports came to light of earlier suspicions that mischief had been afoot. W. K. Gregory, in his 1914 review, had referred to the possibility of a hoax, a suggestion that he had apparently picked up at the British Museum (Natural History) on a visit there in 19I3: the hint was that "a negro skull and a broken ape jaw" had been "artificially fossilized" and "planted in the gravel-bed to fool the scientists." Gregory had dismissed the possibility in view of the circumstances of the discovery. A curious claim had appeared in the former Johannesburg morning newspaper the Rand Daily Mail on March 2, 1925. It was just over four weeks after the revelation of the Taung skull, and repercussions were still appearing in the correspondence columns of the daily press. Over the name A. W. Baker, of P.O. North Rand, in the midst of a letter in which the author inveighed against the idea of evolution, there appeared these sentences: I suppose the correspondent who cites the Piltdown man as one of the links in the assured facts of modem scientific discovery is aware that this wonderful man is a fake. Part of a frontal bone, part of a jawbone, and one tooth, found in a quarry, sufficed. With these the scientists built up all the rest of a body to suit their theory, making it as like as possible to what they conceived a missing link ought to be.... Although several distinguished scientists have declared that the tooth and the jaw do not belong to the same creature as the frontal bone, this colossal fake is still exhibited in the name of modern science. According to Oakley (1979), the first man to be sure in his own mind that the Piltdown skull had been forged was Gerrit S. Miller, who in 1915 had created the new species Pan vetus to accommodate the Piltdown mandible. He is said to have realised quite suddenly in 1930 that the Piltdown remains were forgeries but to have been dissuaded by his colleagues in the United States from publishing this conclusion without adducing proof. When C. S. Coon visited the British Museum (Natural History) in 1951, he noted striae on the grinding surfaces of the molars that looked "suspicious," but he informed only his wife (Oakley 1979). Apart from these few exceptions and some suspicions and rumours, no documentation has come to light that anyone knew or suspected that a deliberate forgery had been perpetrated. The hoaxer(s) had got away with it, and for 40 years most scholars were taken in. The Search for the Perpetrator(s) For the almost 40 years since the hoax was uncovered, amateur and professional sleuths, scientists, historians, and others have been searching for evidence to reveal the identity of the forger(s). At least 21 suspects have at one time or another been inculpated on circumstantial evidence of varying degrees of confidence. Whoever did it would have needed to have motivation and opportunity, the knowledge and the skill to plan and perpetrate the deed, and access to the materials that were planted. The following summary covers 11 of the suspects named during the period 1955 to 1991: 1. Charles Dawson. Weiner (1955) built a strong case against Dawson, who had found most of the Piltdown "specimens" from all three sites. He left open the question of whether Dawson could have had access to the planted specimens and whether he possessed the requisite knowledge and skill. He raised the possibility that Dawson might have had a scientist-accomplice but did not pursue it. Although not everyone was convinced that Dawson was guilty, an overwhelming majority of those who have studied the question accept Weiner's case against him. He had a powerful motive and abundant opportunity, but many scholars question whether he possessed the materials, the knowledge, or the skill. Thos e desiderata, in the minds of a number of scholars, lead to the inference that a scientist must have been involved, either solo or as Dawson's accomplice. A1though some aspects of the faking were sloppy or clumsy, many others are so intricate and the totality, embracing far more than the breaking and staining of a cranium and a jaw, is so elaborate as to point to the involvement of the brain and eye of a specialist. 2. Teilhard de Chardin. Teilhard has been inculpated by various scholars in at least four different ways. It has been suggested that he was solely responsible, that he was the scientist-accomplice of Dawson and the mastermind behind the operation, that he planted the "canine" tooth that he found, perhaps in an endeavour to force the hoax into the open, and that he knew that a forgery had been perpetrated but was not personally responsible. Among those who tried to draw the heat off Dawson was "Francis Vere'' (nom de guerre of Bannister, according to Mabel Kenward, cited by Spencer 1990a :239). In his 1955 book The Piltdown Fantasy, Vere pointed an accusatory finger at Teilhard, as did Essex (1955, cited by Spencer 1990a ). At the time of the 1911-12 discoveries, Teilhard, while studying at the Jesuit seminary at Hastings, had been befriended by Dawson and had several times searched in the Piltdown gravels with him and Smith Woodward. Thus he had had the opportunity to devise and plant the fakes. Indeed, he is reported to have found, in addition to the canine, a flint implement and part of an elephant tooth. L. S. B. Leakey was convinced that Teilhard had been responsible. He had a long list of items of circumstantial evidence and was planning to write a book on the case against Teilhard, but his wife deterred him (Cole 1975, Tobias 1990). He told me that he had discussed Weiner's inculpation of Dawson with Teilhard and that Teilhard had said, "I know who was responsible for the Piltdown hoax, and it was not Charles Dawson" (Leakey, personal communication). The weakest part of Leakey's case was [248] his proposal of a motive: according to him, Teilhard as a young man had been known as a practical joker. (I have found no independent corroboration for this.) It is doubtful, moreover, whether Teilhard at the time had the knowledge or experience in human and primate anatomy, palaeoanthropology and palaeontology, geology, and archaeology which the intricacies of this elaborate hoax demanded. Dodson (1981) has reminded us that it was only after Teilhard had completed his training in theology at Hastings that he returned to Paris to study mammalian, primate, and human fossils systematically under the critical supervision of Boule. That was late in 19I2, though Teilhard returned for a retreat at Ore Place in 19I3. Bowden (1977) and Gould (1980, 198I) later espoused the case against Teilhard. The most important foundation of Gould's case was furnished by certain apparent errors or inconsistencies in three letters written by Teilhard to Oakley on November 28, 1953, January 29, 1954, and March 1, 1954, supported by the contents of a letter from Teilhard to Mabel Kenward on March 2, 1954. These letters betray apparently confused memories of an eventTeilhard's visit to "the second site"some 40-41 years earlier. A careful reading of the passages quoted by Gould from these letters does not seem to me to betray a pattern running through them (as Gould repeatedly claims). What impresses me in these letters is that they betray the foggy, confused mind and memory of an aging man. Teilhard's health was declining from early 1954 (Barbour 1956), and the letters in question were written 16-1/2 to 13 months before his death. This aspect alone seriously weakens Gould's case. Is it possible that, 40 years after the events and under the influence of aging, Teilhard confused the second and third sites in the Uckfield area? In the 1953-54 letters to Oakley, he refers to his being shown "the second site" by Dawson during his 19I3 retreat at Ore Place. Gould (1981) assumes that this second site was Piltdown II (Sheffield Manor)which Dawson reportedly "discovered" only in 1915, when Teilhard was serving with the French forces in World War I. It is, however, a matter of historical record that the second site at which Dawson "found" hominoid remains was Barcombe Mills, and that site "yielded" its first human bone (a frontal) to Dawson on July 3, 1913, about a month before Teilhard arrived back at Hastings. We know that Teilhard spent a few days in August 19I3 with his friend Dawson and that they were in the field for much of the time. It would be surprising if Dawson had not shown that second site {Barcombe Mills) to Teilhard. In fact, Teilhard tells Oakley in his letter of January 29, 1954, that, on the occasion of his visit to England in 19I3, he did visit "site no. II" with Dawson. He does not use the names Barcombe Mills or Sheffield Park.. 2 In the letter of November 28, 1953, Teilhard writes, "He [Dawson1 just brought me to the site of locality II and explained me that he had found the isolated molar and the small pieces of skull in the heaps of rubble and pebbles...." Apparently, Teilhard did not see the bones themselves on that visit (Blinderman I986: 136-37). Lukas (1981b ) also argued that Barcombe Mills was the site to which Teilhard must have been referring in his 1953 letter to Oakley. In that event, Teilhard's memory of the date of his visit to "the second site" was approximately correct. Gould (198I:30) rebutted Lukas's claim in these words: "each of three times that Teilhard mentions this second find, he refers to it explicitly as the place 'where the two small fragments of skull and the isolated molar were supposedly found in the rubble.' Only one place yielded two skull fragments and a molar: the second site, "discovered' by Dawson in 19I5." Strictly speaking, Gould is wrong in this latter statement, for the Barcombe Mills remains also comprised two cranial fragments and an isolated molar; in addition, they included two zygomatic bones (Montagu 1951a, b; Oakley in Vallois and Movius 1952). Thus it is very likely that Teilhard was referring to Barcombe Mills but that he omitted to mention the zygomatic bones either because he had forgotten about them or because they were "discovered" only after Teilhard's visit, sometime between September 1913 and Dawson's death in August 19I6. If Barcombe Mills was the second site referred to by Teilhard in his letters to Oakley, as now seems highly likely, the major basis of Gould's case against Teilhard falls away. The letters of Teilhard's last year and a half (he died on April 11, 1955) were called to the witness box not to support a case based primarily on other evidence but to constitute Gould's strongest evidence against Teilhard. A failing memory, clouded by deteriorating health, would surely suffice to explain Teilhard's replying about Barcombe Mills (the historically correct second site) when Oakley was enquiring about Piltdown II or Sheffield Park (historically, the third site) and omitting mention of the two zygomatic bones. Teilhard recognised that his memory was clouded when he wrote, "Concerning the point of 'history' you ask me, my 'souvenirs' are a little vague: . . . my visit . . . to the second site . . . must have been in late July 19I3" (letter to Oakley, January 29, 1954, cited by Gould 1980:18). Gould's second most important line of "evidence" against Teilhard was the latter's lifelong silence about Piltdown, save for a short article in 1920 and rare, scattered references in his extensive oeuvre scientifique. An alternative explanation for his silence, as Dodson (198I) points out and Gould (198I) agrees, is that Teilhard knew that Piltdown was a fake but did not participate in the forgery himself. Gould (198I) acknowledges that this line of "evidence" is not as strong as that of the 1953-54 letters: "The silence indicates his knowledge of fraud; had I found this alone, I would not have implicated iTeilhard] directly" (p. 28). As to Teilhard's supposed motive, Gould suggests that this was "a joke to see how far a gullible professional [ 249] could be taken"and "a wonderful joke for a Frenchman, for England at the time boasted no human fossils at all" (Gould 1980:28). I doubt whether this proposed motive is strong enough to have led the culprit to think out, plan, and execute the elaborate forgery. From this rather weak motive, from the above attenuation of Gould's main evidence against Teilhard, and because it is doubtful whether, in 1911 or earlier, Teilhard had the requisite knowledge, I conclude that the case that Teilhard was Dawson's co-conspirator is not strong. Another scenario involves minimal involvement of Teilhard in the fraud. Both Matthews (198I) and Thomson (1991a ) believe that M. A. C. Hinton of the British Museum (Natural History) filed and stained the canine tooth and persuaded Teilhard to plant it and "discover" it in August 19I3. Hinton's motive, it is suggested, was to force the hoax into the open. By this palpably ham-handed modification of the canine and the use of Vandyke brown to darken it (in contrast with all the other planted specimens, which had been stained with potassium bichromate), he hoped to expose the forgery which he either suspected or knew had been committed. On this view, Teilhard was persuaded by such a seemingly laudable purpose and agreed to be the conveyer, planter, and "discoverer" of the canine. Save for the known facts that Teilhard did find the canine and that it had been coloured by a different stain, the rest of this story, devised with great ingenuity by Matthews, is "all fiction" (Blinderman 1986:152). Thomson's recent revival of a modified version of Matthews's scheme involves Teilhard as well, in two scenarios as carrier, planter, and "discoverer" and in a third as a co-conspirator not with Hinton but with Dawson. Entertaining and even amusing as these diabolical schemes are, the complete lack of evidence is the missing link. Although discussion on the role of Teilhard continues, the available testimony does not convince me that he was implicated as a member of the conspiracy of forgers. However, the evidence makes it likely that he knew a fraud had been committed. 3. Grafton Elliot Smith.. A case against Elliot Smith, who had described the endocranial cast of Piltdown (in Dawson and Woodward 19I3), was put forward by Millar (1972) and Langham (1978, 1979). Few were convinced, and Langham abandoned the case some years later in favour of another suspect. 4. William /. Sollas. This professor of geology at Oxford was inculpated in a tape-recording left by his successor in the chair at Oxford, J. A. Douglas, and the case was vigorously promoted by Halstead (1978, 1979) and supported by von Koenigswald (1I98I) and, to a degree, by Dodson (198I). The evidence is tenuous. 5. Arthur Smith Woodward. The case for Smith Woodward's having been involved as "a willing accomplice" was briefly explored by Weiner (1955) and Langham (1979) and then dropped. It was mooted also by J. C. Trevor in an unpublished and apparently ill-informed letter in 1967 (Spencer 1990a ::232). Most scholars of the subject feel that Smith Woodward was the innocent dupe, to be pitied rather than deprecated, though it is not impossible that he suspected that some of the Piltdown specimens had been planted (Bowden 1977:23- 24). 6. Arthur Conan Doyle. Lukas (1981a ) and Winslow and Meyer (1983) put forward the possibility that Conan Doyle might have been involved. He lived nearby at Crowborough, knew the Dawsons, and was interested in human evolution. The case has been dismissed by most critics as far-fetched. 7. Samuel Allison Woodhead. Woodhead was public analyst at Lewes as well as a consulting analyst and bacteriologist, and he was once, it seems, consulted by Dawson on how to stain bones. Costello's (1985) case against him was supported by Daniel (1985) as "the most convincing of all." This version lays the entire blame at Woodhead's door and makes Dawson an innocent dupe. For a motive it is suggested that Woodhead, a devout Presbyterian, hoped that exposure of the hoax would destroy the theory of evolution (Blinderman 1986). Costello's projected book on the evidence against Woodhead has not yet seen the light of day: until it does we have only a shaky basis on which to appraise Woodhead's possible role in the Piltdown affair. 8. William James Lewis Abbott. Abbott was a jeweller from Hastings, and Blinderman (1986) has found circumstantial factors to suggest that he was involved. 9. Martin Hinton. The case against Hinton put forward by Matthews (1I98I) and lately supported by Zuckerman (1990) has been mentioned above. Hinton was a voluntary worker in the British Museum (Natural History) who was later to become keeper of zoology. Hinton was said to have been a prankster, and in Who's Who he stated that he was interested in hoaxes, of which he had "studied many"a point considered of great moment by Zuckerman. Moreover, Hinton might have borne a grudge against Smith Woodward. Although he might have had knowledge, materials, and opportunity, the suggested motive seems trivial and evidence is lacking. 10. Frank Barlow. Working as assistant to Smith Woodward, Barlow, the preparator in the Geology Department of the British Museum (Natural History), madeand soldcasts of the Piltdown remains and was described by Keith as "a prince of modellers." Grigson (1990a ) has proposed that Barlow was the man in the museum, with access to fossil bones and with the necessary skills to have prepared the "specimens" with which the gravel pit at Piltdown was salted. Did he have the considerable knowledge of anatomy, palaeontology, archaeology, geology, and geochronology which the totality of the hoax presupposed? It is doubtful, and this, together with a lack of evidence, seriously weakens Barlow's candidature. 11. William Ruskin Butterfield. The curator of the Hastings Museum, according to a letter from Teilhard de Chardin, was upset to learn that iguanodon bones found near Hastings had been sent by Dawson to Smith Woodward rather than to the Hastings Museum, of whose association Dawson was a member. On the basis of Butterfield's supposed desire for revenge, van Esbroeck (1972) built an ingenious case that Butterfield was the hoaxer, the digger Venus Hargreaves his courier [250] and planter, and Dawson an innocent dupe. Evidence is totally lacking, and the proposal has been disregarded. Moreover, it is doubtful whether Butterfield had the skill or knowledge required. Several theories involve a conspiracy involving two or even more of these persons. If Dawson is accepted on overwhelming evidence as a forger and three of the five desiderata demand that we posit the participation of a well- qualified savant as co-perpetrator, was he any one of the ten other suspects listed above? ' Or was he another, hitherto unsuspected personage? In April 1984, I received a telephone call from Ian Langham in the Department of History at the University of Sydney. This was followed up by a letter on April 26, 1984: he was leaving that night for London and wished to visit me on his return, en route back to Australia. In that letter he wrote: My current research projects are (1) a biographical work on Sir Arthur Keith; (2) a revaluation of the events surrounding the Piltdown forgery. Project (2) is the thing that is burning a hole in my brain at present, as I have amassed evidence relating to the culpability question which is, I believe, an order of magnitude "harder" and less circumstantial than anything that anyone else has managed to come up with so far. And before I bring the wrath of God down upon myself by publishing it, I would like to first check it out with the cognoscenti. So it came about that Langham and I, in Johannesburg, spent Thursday afternoon and evening, May 24, 1984, in a seven-to-eight-hour conversation on Piltdown and related matters. During this chat Langham divulged his theory of the identity of the scientist-member of the two-man team of forgers he was postulating. It struck me that as far as I knew this was about the only one of all of the "Piltdown men" who had not so far been incriminated. I subjected his proposal to stringent criticism, on the one hand, and enthusiastic encouragement, on the other. I drew attention to the dangers inherent in a two-person theory: each could have betrayed the other, and the great man would have exposed himself to enormous danger. "And," I speculated, "would there not have been some passing reference in some letter or diary entry, by one or the other7" I urged him to continue with his researches and write up the fruits of his labours on original unpublished archival material in London, including the Keith papers. As I was convinced that the acceptance of Piltdown by leading figures in British anthropology had played a major part in delaying the acceptance of Dart's (1925) claims for the Taung child, I invited Langham to attend the international symposium I was organising, which was to take place early in 1985, on the 60th anniversary of Dart's announcement of the discovery of Australopithecus africanus. Langham's next letter to me, dated May 3I, 1984, after his return to Australia, intimated that he would be delighted to give a paper on "the history of hominid studies, with special reference to Piltdown and how it caused the African finds to be misinterpreted." He added, "My Piltdown revelations should have appeared in print by then and I imagine that your Symposium would represent an unequalled opportunity to get oral feedback from the leading practitioners of the discipline." In a subsequent letter to me, Langham withdrew from the Taung Jubilee Symposium, as he was not able to raise sufficient funds to cover the high cost of the airfare. He agreed on the difficulties I had raised about a two-man team of forgers and commented, "Actually I think I can show that the dynamics of the two-man system were unstable, and very nearly led to one man giving the game away." In the same letter a few alarm signals appeared: "I feel wretched about doing this [withdrawing from the Taung meeting].... my writing up of the Piltdown article has been going falteringly.... this is being written under conditions of stress." It was the last letter I received from him. His tragic death occurred on July 20, 1984. The subject of Taung and Piltdown did come up for discussion at the Taung Diamond Jubilee International Symposium. I briefly discussed the historical relationship between Taung and the Piltdown forgery (Tobias 1985:37- 38), though I did not divulge Langham's suspicions as to the identity of the hoaxer. Inter alia, I said, "The exposure of the Piltdown remains as fraudulent dealt a final, fatal blow to the notion that the increase of absolute brain-size had been first in the field. Piltdown had helped to delay the acceptance of Dart's claims for Australopithecus. In some people's minds, it produced a hold-up of 28 yearsfrom 1925 to 1953!" By coincidence, at the same meeting Washburn (1985), in the 23d Raymond A. Dart lecture, made some penetrating comments on the same topic, including this one: "it is of interest to note that some of the strongest critics of Dart were advocates of the forgery known as Eoanthropus [Piltdown}.. If one believed that the large human braincase came first in evolution, then there was no place for Taung" (Washburn 1985:5). Nearly a year after Langham's death I received letters from Kathie Langham, Peter Cochrane, and Tim Murray asking my views on their choice of Frank Spencer of Queens College, the City University of New York, to bring Langham's researches on the Piltdown forgery to completion. Having known and admired Spencer's (1979) two- volume study Ales' Hrdlicka, M.D., 1869-1943, I had no hesitation whatever in replying that Mrs. Langham and Ian's Australian colleagues could not have chosen a more reliable, conscientious, and scholarly person than Spencer to develop, write up, and publish Langham's incomplete work on the Piltdown forgery. Moreover, Mrs. Langham gave me permission to pass on to Spencer the correspondence that had passed between her late husband and myself. Spencer took on the task: but here it must be noted that his own historical researches on the life and correspondence of Hrdlicka had already led him to become heavily immersed in the London documents related to Piltdown, housed in the British Museum (Natural History) and in the Royal College of Surgeons, as well as [251] the correspondence and diaries of Sir Arthur Keith. Duriing the course of these researches he had been led independently to the same conclusion Langham had reached, namely, that the scientist-accomplice of Dawson had been none other than Sir Arthur Keith. The books that Spencer produced were Piltdown: A Scientific Forgery (1990a ) and The Piltdown Papers (1990b ). The former is a closely reasoned analysis and a work of profound scholarship. The latter presents a minutely catalogued, meticulously indexed, and comprehensive compilation of all the relevant documents of which either Langham or Spencer or both had studied the originals. By placing these on record, Spencer has made it possible and easy for other scholars to examine the evidence for themselves and either corroborate the Langham-Spencer hypothesis or reach other conclusions. In Piltdown: A Scientific Forgery, Spencer has produced a penetrating study of Piltdown as an episode in the history of science, based partly on Langham's unpublished notes and largely on his own researches on the Piltdown papers in the British Museum (Natural History), on the Keith Papers in the Royal College of Surgeons, and on other original sources. Not content with recounting the facts and the theories about Piltdown, he analysed the prevailing paradigm in the early part of the 20th century and the discoveries and hypotheses which, during the previous century, had led up to that state of knowledge. Eiseley (1956), in reviewing Weiners (1955) book, had written, "It is . . . a pity that as part of the story something more of the general intellectual climate of the period might not have been analyzed. This sort of effort takes time, however, and the time unfortunately was not available." This lacuna Spencer's book has superbly filled. In skillfully limning this conceptual background, Spencer has enabled us to see the events centred around Piltdown in historical and philosophical perspective. His searching account of the response to Piltdown reveals it as a case study in the sometimes subtle and often blatant interaction of personalities, motives, and events, theories, facts, and supposed facts, reputations and egos, enmities and fair-weather friendships, simulations and dissimulations. He shows us that a paradigm can be so powerful as to dictate the course of discovery, interpretation, and scientific history and that it may, in the event, delay progress in a field of research by years and even decades. Although Kuhn (1962) has argued strongly for the relatively non-rational basis of revolutions in scientific thought, the Piltdown history shows that it was the sheer weight of newly discovered evidence that made it impossible to sustain the Piltdown paradigm after 1950 and led to its replacement. The hoax could succeed in hoodwinking and convincing many scientists in 1912, before Africa had thrown its ancient hominid fossil surprises into the scale-pan and perhaps when, as Zuckerman (1970:73) observes, "anatomists were . . . deluding themselves about their capacity to diagnose marginal human and ape-like characters in bones and teeth." It had become untenable by 1950, when men like Clark had come to accept the hominid status of the australopithecine fossils from South Africa. The total incompatibility between the newly emerging paradigm of the1950s and the Piltdown concept forced the pace in the reexamination of the Piltdown remains. It was against this background that Weiner, a member of Clark's Department of Human Anatomy at Oxford, had come up with the hypothesis that a forgery had been effected. As Bronowski (195I) and others have pointed out, the assumption of truthfulness in science is the very leitmotif, almost the religion, of the scientist. We may think our colleagues have been mistaken, foolish, ignorant, ill-advised, pig-headed or simple-minded, but the very last thing we tend to suspect them of is dishonesty. Langham scoured the original sources for evidence, probably more thoroughly than had ever been done before his time. As a result he came up with the most surprising, indeed shocking, and at the same time most seemingly logical conclusion as to the identity of the scientist-member of the team of forgers. I believe that Spencer has done full justice to Langham's work and reasoning in presenting his brief on the hoaxer's identity. Spencer has thoroughly reworked all of the original source material over a number of years, and therefore his presentation of Langham's theory is informed by his own researches and reasoning. Indeed, his powerful commitment to Langham's brief is based not on loyalty to a "friend," as one critic avers (Zuckerman 1990)for Spencer (1990a ) tells us that he had met Langham but once, though they had kept up a correspondencebut on his earlier readings of the Hrdlicka-Keith papers, which had independently aroused his own suspicion that Keith was the scientist-forger. From my short acquaintance with Langham and his thinking in the last months of his life, I cannot help believing that he would have approved warmly of the critical, objective yet supportive treatment that his brief is accorded in Spencer's book. Nine Pointers to Keith's Guilt A number of items have been uncovered some of which individually could have had an innocent explanation, such as a lapse of memory, but which collectively point in the same directionnamely, to a determined effort by Keith to cover up any suspicion of his acquaintance or familiarity with Dawson, the Piltdown site, or the "specimens" in the period when the "specimens" were first being uncovered. To distance himself he resorted to several apparent lies and misleading statements. The following lines of evidence fall into place as parts of such a pattem. 1 What he revealed in the British Medical Journal. Part I of an unsigned article on the Piltdown meeting appeared in the British Medical Journal three days later, on December 21, 1912. It has been claimed that the article revealed details about Piltdown which were not ventilated at the meeting (Spencer 1990a ). The authorship of that articlewhich betrayed that its writer had a [252] thorough acquaintance with the Piltdown site remained unknown until Langham discovered an entry in Keith's diary to the effect that he, Keith, had written an article on Piltdown for the British Medical Journal on Monday night, December 16, two days before the meeting. The reference is undoubtedly to the article in question. As Zuckerman (I99I) has indicated, there was a continuation of the article in the following week's issue of the journal. Thus, part 2 of the anonymous article could have been written after the meeting on December 18. However, the critical point is that Keith had sufficient knowledge of the site and the history of the discovery to have written at least part I of the article before the meeting, although both Grigson (1990b ) and Zuckerman (1990) have countered Langham's point by suggesting that Keith must have added to the article after the meeting. I am inclined to agree with Zuckerman and Grigson on this point after my own study of the articles in the British Medical Journal and in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. There remain, however, some difficulties which Grigson's and Zuckerman's suggestion does not adequately explain. Zuckerman and Grigson claim that full details of the whereabouts of the site were revealed at the meeting of December 18, which details Keith could have added to his article or to the proofs after the meeting. However, their claim is not corroborated by Dawson and Woodward's (1913) article: no specific description of the location of the site is given, the only clues being a plan of the basin of the Sussex Ouse, a diagrammatic section of the Weald, some vague general remarks by Dawson ("a gravel-bed on the farm"; "about 4 miles north of the limit where the occurrence of flints overlying the Wealden strata is recorded"), and a brief acknowledgement in a footnote of the courtesy of G. M. Maryon-Wilson, the lord of the manor, and Robert Kenward, tenant of the farm, in granting permission to excavatethough the farm and manor house (Barkham Manor) are not named in the acknowledgement or anywhere else in the article. Indeed, it is clear that neither Dawson nor Smith Woodward revealed the exact locality at the meeting. On the contrary, they appear to have gone out of their way not to betray the whereabouts of the site. Thus, Mabel Kenward, the tenant's daughter, wrote to Smith Woodward on January 3, 19I3, "In spite of the actual spot not being mentioned we have had several visitorsand one local shopkeeper is doing a great trade in postcards" (Spencer 1990b :49). On February 5, 1913, Dawson wrote to Maryon-Wilson, "So far, I have not mentioned the ownership of the land or the exact spot because I did not wish Mr. R. Kenward to be troubled by trespassers" (Spencer 1990b :50). It seems reasonable to infer that the references to the locality given in the published version of the Dawson and Woodward report were deliberately vague and faithfully reflect the minimal amount of information which was given at the meeting on December 18. This controverts Zuckerman's and Grigson's unsupported assertions"All had been revealed in detail at the meetingmaps and all" (Zuckerman 1990:14) and "It had been described at the meeting" (Grigson 1990b :1343). Zuckerman's reference to "maps and all" is not accurate: figure I in the Dawson and Woodward (19I3) article is the only map I have found in the Quarterly Journal, and it shows the position of Piltdown near the centre of an area of the south of England which is 24 miles east-west and 28 miles north-south. A map on that scale could scarcely be said to show in detail the location of "a little roadside pit" (Woodward 1948:6). Nor is Dawson's text any more informative. Moreover, we have no evidence whether or not the map in question was shown at the meeting. The only other relevant illustration in the Dawson and Woodward article (which might have led Zuckerman to use the term "maps and all") was their figure 2, not a map at all but a diagrammatic north-south section of the Weald from Tatsfield to Newhaven, a distance of some 38 miles. The position of Piltdown is shown just over one-third of this distance north of Newhaven hardly a precise localisation. There is every reason to infer that, at the Burlington House meeting, Dawson and Smith Woodward were at pains to reveal no more detail of the locality than subsequently appeared in print. Now let us examine how precise were the details given in [Keith's] article in the British Medical Journal. Here are his ipsissima verba (1912:1719): The scene of this "find" lies some nine miles north of Lewes, in the valley of the Sussex Ouse, which, rising in the Weald, breaks through the South Downs at Lewes, and enters the sea at Newhaven. After flowing eastwards past Sheffield Park the Ouse bends southward. On the north bank, at the bend, about a mile from the river and on a flat field near Piltdown Common, in the parish of Fletching, situated 80 ft. above the level of the river, there is a superficial bed of gravel 4 ft. thick. It is in this bed of gravel that the fossil bones were found by Mr. Charles Dawson of Lewes.... A punctilious reading reveals that much of the information here is to be found in Dawson's account. The stated height of the gravel above the nver level (80 ft.) is as given by Dawson. According to Dawson, the gravel bed varies in thickness from 3 to 5 ft.; [Keith] gives the middle value, 4 ft. However, [Keith's] statements (1) that the site was "some nine miles north of Lewes," (2) that the gravel lay "about a mile from the river," and (3) that the gravel lay "on a flat field" do not match anything in Dawson's article. The former two statements could perhaps have been estimated from detailed measurements on the map, if the map as published had been available at the meeting. In respect of the site, [Keith's] description is clearer, more detailed, and more precise. The facts given in [Keith's] account are thus in part closely related to those in Dawson's article. When Keith wrote this part of the British Medical Journal article, he clearly either had access to Dawson's manuscript and map, possibly in advance of the meeting, or had personally been to the site beforehand. On either explanation, collusion [253] between Keith and Dawson may be inferred. The only other possible inference, namely, that Keith at the meeting made detailed and almost verbatim notes and took measurements on the map of the scale and of the distance between the river and the Piltdown gravel pit, is highly improbable. A noteworthy difference between [Keith's1 and Dawson's articles is the inclusion by the former of the tale of a "thing like a cocoa-nut" having been dug out by farm labourers "four years ago." The pieces were said to have been thrown on a rubbish heap nearby, and "it was from this rubbish heap that Mr. Dawson recovered the greater part of the skull" ([Keith] 19I2:I7I9). According to the account published in the Quarterly Journal, this story was not told at the Burlington House meeting, and its inclusion in [Keith's] article could well point to prior collusion between Keith and Dawson. Smith Woodward's curiosity was aroused sufficiently to lead him to make enquiries about the authorship of the British Medical Journal article. One of these was addressed to A. S. Underwood, whose help in the initial study of the Piltdown remains Smith Woodward acknowledged (Dawson and Woodward 19I3 139) and who published an account of the Piltdown mandible in the British Dental Journal (19I3): Underwood replied on December 30, 1912 "No I didn't do the BMJ" (Spencer 1990b :47). From this restudy of the critical question that had aroused Langham's suspicions, I have pinpointed several items related to Keith's description in the British Medical Journal of the locality and site and of the history of the discovery which Keith almost certainly did not glean from the meeting on December 18, 1912. The only likely source of these items of information would have been Dawson himself, colluding with Keith, or prior knowledge of the site gained from an earlier visit by Keith to the site. On either interpretation, strength is given to Langham's contention that Keith had had additional and prior knowledge of the site and its history. The anonymity of the article in the Journal is not a serious point, save in one respect. The fact that the article was accorded the status of the "main weekly editorial" and that such editorials were customarily unsigned, as Zuckerman (1990) points out, afforded Keith the cloak of anonymity that, on the Langham-Spencer hypothesis, he required. 2,. His apparent inability to find Piltdown. A diary entry for January 4, 1913, describes a visit Keith and his wife paid that day to the Piltdown area. The diary conveys the impression that they could not find the Piltdown site and had to ask some boys: then Keith recorded, "didn't see the gravel bed anywhere," and they returned home. Langham believed that this was deliberately misleading: it is strange, indeed, to imagine the Keiths going all the way from London and turning back within a few metres of their goal. Yet we can be reasonably sure that Keith knew where the site was, either from what was revealed at the meeting (on Zuckermans unsupported assertion) or from what Keith already knew when he wrote his article for the British Medical Journal. . It seems to me to be even stranger that Keith have gone there without making a prior arrangement with either Dawson, the man on the spot, or Smith Woodward, who with Dawson had "scientific ownership" of the site. On the Langham-Spencer hypothesis, Keith went through the charade of getting lost when he took his wife to see the site as another attempt to create a smokescreen and to distance himself from giving the impression that he had prior knowledge of the site. 3. His account of his supposed first meeting with Dawson. In his Autobiography Keith (1950:378) appears to go out of his way to create the impression that he first met Dawson early in 19I3, after the Burlington House meeting: It may not be amiss if I recall now some of the happy sequelae which came out of the Piltdown controversy. One morning early in 19I3, when I entered my office at College [the Royal College of Surgeons], I found a gentleman waiting for me. He introduced himself as Mr. Charles Dawson. We had a pleasant hour together. His open, honest nature and his wide knowledge endeared him to me. He quite appreciated the attention I was giving to his own special childPiltdown man! There seems little doubt that Keith must have met Dawson previously on several occasions. First, in July 1911 Keith had taken part in an excursion, as a guest of honour, to Hastings, hosted by W. R. Butterfield, Dawson, and Lewis Abbott: it is inconceivable that Keith, one of three guests of honour, and Dawson, one of three hosts, would have failed to meet. Secondly, there must have been at least one or two meetings in connection with the occurrence of a 13th thoracic vertebra in a small number of human skeletons in Keith's collection at the Royal College of Surgeons. On this subject Dawson wrote a paper (1912). One does not study and write a paper on specimens in another scientist's collection without first obtaining explicit permission from the scientist in question. Therefore, it must be assumed that this study was not made behind Keith's back and that, when Dawson visited the Royal College, it was with Keith's blessing and that he met Keith on such occasions. Thirdly, Keith was present and took part in the discussion at the Burlington House meeting at which Dawson and Smith Woodward presented their account of Piltdown and the "remains." Thus it seems amazing that Keith (who kept not one but two diaries) should have tried to convey the impression that he first met Dawson early in 1913. It is astonishing, moreover, that he should have underlined his prior supposed unfamiliarity with Dawson by stating that "he introduced himself as Mr. Charles Dawson"as if Keith did not know who he was. On one occasion Keith's guard appears to have dropped momentarily. After the uncovering of the hoaxer in 1953, Weiner and Oakley interviewed Keith at Downe, Kent. In reply to their direct question as to the date of Keith's first meeting with Dawson, Sir Arthur first replied "Before the famous meeting of 1912." Then suddenly he corrected himself and said, "No, it was in [ 254] fact afterwards, at the time when I was on bad terms with Smith Woodward" (Spencer 1990a::193). ). What is more, Keith went to the trouble, the next day, to write to Weiner to say that he had searched amongst his papers and found "a sort of manual I made entries in." He had noted that he had first met Dawson on "January 28, 1913. All of this evidencethe entry in the Autobiography, the ignoring of the earlier occasions of almost certain encounters, and the correcting of the slip of the tongue both orally and in writingshows how far Keith went to create the impression that he had not known Dawson prior to January 1913, despite much evidence to the contrary. 4. His prevarication to Hrdlicka. Spencer uncovered another inconsistency or prevarication. On October 28, 1912, Hrdlicka had written to Keith asking him for information about the Piltdown "discovery." Keith replied only on December 23, 1912, explaining that he had not replied earlier as he had not been permitted to see the material until it was made public on December 18 at Burlington House. We know that this was untruethat Keith had been shown the material at the British Museum (Natura1 History) on two occasions, on December 3, 1912, and "a week before the famous meeting on December 18" (Keith's letter to Weiner, November 22, 1953, cited by Spencer 1990a :193)). Either Keith's statement to Hrdlicka was a "white lie" or it is to be seen as part of the pattern carefully created by Keith to distance himself from Piltdown, from the "remains," and from Dawson pnor to December 1912. 5. His destruction of his correspondence with Dawson.. Keith, who was such a meticulous archivist and diarist, had nonetheless destroyed all of his correspondence with Dawson, as well as all of his notes related to Piltdown and Dawson. Both Oakley and Weiner noted, in their respective reports on their interview with Keith at Downe on November 21, 1953, that Keith told them that all his letters from Dawson had been destroyed "by himself in a bonfire some years ago" (cited in Spencer 1990b :207, 220). This destruction of the Dawson-Keith correspondence was apparently so thorough that when Spencer, between 1983 and 1986, catalogued all of Keith's pnvate and professional papers in the library of the Royal College of Surgeons, he failed to unearth any surviving correspondence between Keith and Dawson (Spencer 1990b :2-8) though hundreds of other letters and notes survived. The completeness and the evident selectivity {Spencer 1990b ) of Keith's destruction of the Dawson correspondence are remarkable and most suspicious. 6. A tale of 13 vertebrae. An extraordinarily convoluted pathway of association between Keith and Dawson is suggested by the story of the 13th thoracic vertebra referred to above. We know that Dawson had been visiting the Royal College of Surgeons prior to May 12, 1912, on which date he wrote to Smith Woodward telling him so. We know also that, although it seems that Dawson had no prior record in human anatomy, he was apparently permitted to studywith a view to publicationcertain human skeletons in Keith's collection. It is, as I have said, inconceivable and would have been scientifically improper for Dawson to have studied and tried to publish upon materials in Keith's charge without Keith's having determined his credentials to do the work in question and given consent. Yet we find Dawson, in his May 12 letter to Smith Woodward accompanying the manuscript of his paper on the 13th vertebra, declaring, "I am very anxious to get it placed at once because I have had to work the photographs under the nose of Keith and his assistant. I gather from the latter that Keith is rather puzzled what to make of it all, and I want to secure the priority to which I am entitled" (Spencer 1990a :195). Since we must assume that Keith gave permission for Dawson's study, this strange statement is clearly a blind on Dawson's part, evidently designed to conceal the prior acquaintance and collusion between himself and Keith. It is difficult to understand why Dawson had been visiting the College in the first place unless it was to have discussions with Keith and, possibly also, to obtain materials with which to salt the Piltdown gravel. Moreover, it is most difficult to comprehend how Dawson came to be counting vertebrae in human skeletons in Keith's collectionsuch a study could not conceivably have arisen out of Dawson's previous archaeological and palaeontological collecting in Sussexunless Keith had put Dawson onto the project of examining human skeletons with 13 thoracic vertebrae. Why should Keith have done this? Perhaps, thought Langham, the project of the 13th vertebra provided the alibi needed to explain Dawson's several or repeated visits to the Royal College. In submitting his paper to Smith Woodward, Dawson said, "if you think well enough of it I should be very much obliged if you would introduce the paper for me at the Royal Society" (Spencer 1990a :194-95). It is possible that by encouraging Dawson to undertake the study and to believe that it might be presented to the Royal Society, Keith was playing upon Dawson's passionate desire to become a Fellow of the Royal Society and conveying to Dawson that he was prepared to help advance this aim. Thereby Keith would have been buying Dawson's loyalty. If Keith had planned to provide Dawson with an alibi, why did he choose the project of the 13th vertebra? Langham brought to light an interesting item of information which he believed might help to explain this. Earlier in 1912, the Royal Anthropological Institute had sent Keith a copy for review of Le Double's Variations de la colonne vertebrale de l'homme (1912) In that work Le Double wrote about, inter alia, human skeletons with supernumerary vertebrae, including 13 thoracic vertebrae. This might have suggested the project to Keith, especially as there were five such skeletons in the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College. He might even have lent the review copy of the book to Dawson (who was proficient in French). In this regard, it is interesting that Keith "sat on" the Le Double book for three years before submitting a ten-line review to the An[ 255]thropological Institute. Was this another set of coincidencesperhaps one coincidence too many? 7. His repeated assertion that "Dawson was an honest man." In reading the writings of Keith, I have been struck by the frequency with which he refers to Dawson's "honesty" and "sterling" personal qualities. For instance, in his Antiquity of Man (1925), he refers to "the sterling ability and unselfish personality" of Dawson (p. 486). We recall his spirited encomium to Dawson at the unveiling of the Piltdown monument in 1938, and we have seen the description in his Autobiography (1950) of their purported first meeting, citing Dawson's "open, honest nature." Again in the same work, Keith describes how, in the early days of the Piltdown discovery, he and Smith Woodward were open antagonists "enemies, I might almost say" (p. 654)but that "as years went by we were gradually drawn together by two circumstances: he and I never differed as to the genuineness and importance of the discovery made at Piltdown; and we had both the same love and respect for Charles Dawson" (p. 654). Yet a further illustration of Keith's seeming preoccupation with Dawson's integrity is furnished in Oakley's report on the meeting of himself and Weiner with Keith on November 21, 1953. Oakley writes, "Dawson had seemed to him [Keith] a quiet, respectable, honest man" (cited in Spencer 1990b :207). Weiner's separate report on that interview cited Keith as saying that Dawson was "an open, honest chap." Why does Keith seek so assiduously to be supportive of Dawson? One is reminded of Hamlet's mother's words, "The lady doth protest too much, methinks." Was Keith trying to uphold Dawson's reputation not simply out of loyalty to an old friend but as part of the camouflage, the "cover-up"? Keith's reasoning could have been along these linesthe more honest Dawson was seen to be, the less likely it was that the legitimacy of Dawson's "own special child," Piltdown, would be called into question. 8. His protests of Piltdowns genuineness. Keith seems also to have been preoccupied with asserting the genuineness or authenticity of the Piltdown remains; something one does not find in the writings of Smith Woodward. Indeed, he sometimes interprets investigators' doubts whether the cranium and mandible be longed to the same species as attacks on the "authenticity" of the specimens. For example, in A New Theory of Human Evolution (1948) Keith states that Weidenreich (1943) had proposed "to deny the authenticity of the Piltdown fossil remains." However, a careful perusal of the full discussion (jpp. 216-20) shows that Weidenreich did not question whether the Piltdown hominoid specimens were authentic. On the contrary, he questions the compatibility of the cranium, the mandible, and the supposed lower canine with one another: this human vault, simian mandible, and anonymous "canine," he averred, could not possibly have belonged to one and the same form. Their combination into a single individual dubbed Eoanthropus, had created a chimaeraand "the sooner the chimaera 'Eoanthropus' is erased from the: list of human fossils, the better for science" (Weidenreich 1943:220). This is not to question the authenticity (as Keith states) if by "authentic" we understand "trustworthy" or "genuine." Again, on p. 654 of An Autobiography, we have already seen Keith's statement that he and Smith Woodward "never differed as to the genuineness . . . of the discovery made at Piltdown." Why was Keith at pains so often to stress that the Piltdown remains were "genuine" or "authentic"? It could be argued that nobody wrote more often about Piltdown or at greater length than Keith didPiltdown occupied ten chapters filling 204 pages of The Antiquity of Man 1915)and that his references to the genuineness of the Piltdown remains were by happenstance alone. On the other hand, in the context of all the other lines of evidence assembled here it is pertinent to suggest that Keith animadverted to the authenticity of the remains so frequently because he either suspected or knew that they were not authentic. His reasoning could then have been that the more the remains were said and believed to be trustworthy and of undisputed origin, the less likely it was that the fake would be uncovered. 9. His misrepresentation of Shattock's results. One further highly relevant untruth has been discovered by me. While Keith was conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, S. G. Shattock (1857-1924) was in charge of the largest section of the museum, that on pathological lesions of the human body. When the 17th International Congress of Medicine met in London in July 1913, Shattock presided over its Pathological Section. He presented a lengthy disquisition on cranial thickening in modem human subjects and in "certain Pleistocene crania." Naturally he commented on the very thick Piltdown cranium: it was only seven months since Smith Woodward had drawn attention to this thickening of the vault bones as the only significant feature of the specimen which would not be expected among modem human crania (Dawson and Woodward 1913). An interesting feature of the thickening of the Piltdown calvaria was described by Smith Woodward: "The thickening is due to the great development of the cancellated diploe, the outer and inner tables of the bone being everywhere comparatively thin" (Dawson and Woodward 1913:124). Such thickening of the diploe is feature of certain pathological conditions (Shattock (1914), Weidenreich (1943), including some binopathies (Adeloye, Kattan, and Silverman 1975). As Weidenreich (1943:164) has pointed out, it sharply with the form of thickening found in Peking man. In the latter hominid, "all three constituents of the bone take equal part in the thickening, the two tables slightly more than the diploe." The structure in the Piltdown bones would thus point strongly to the original skull's having been pathological. Oakley (1960) has mentioned two recent crania in the British Museum (Natural History), one of an Ona from Tierra del Fuego, and the other of a Bronze Age person from Sutton Courtenay in Berkshire, England, which show thickening similar to that of Piltdown I. Shattock's paper was published in the proceedings of [256] the Congress in 1914. Applying the criteria set forth in his treatise to Piltdown, Shattock felt he could exclude syphilis, osteitis deformana, osteomalacia, leontiasis, acromegaly, pulmonary osteoarthropathy, and "thickening in the insane." He could not, however, exclude "a past rachitis that has been followed by a reconstruction of the bone" such as he had diagnosed on a "thickened mediaeval English skull from Gloucestershire" (P 44). From, first, the peculiar pattern of the thickening in the Piltdown cranium, second, the presence of elevated patches on the inner surface of certain of the fragments, and, third, the presence of what he took to be early synostosis which had here and there taken place at the sutures, Shattock concluded, "Without making any dogmatic statement, certain details of the Piltdown calvaria . . . suggest the possibility of a pathological process having underlain the thickened condition" (P. 46). Both from his inability to exclude a rachitic history and from his conclusion, the only possible reading of Shattock's paper is that he pointed unequivocally to the possibility that the thickening and some other features of the Piltdown I calvaria had been produced by some previous morbid condition. At no point did he refer to its being definitely normal. Despite these statements in Shattock's 44-page article, where Keith refers in The Antiquity of Man (1915)) to the "surprisingly thick" Piltdown bones he makes the following assertion: "The bone is naturally formed; there can be no question of disease. My colleague Mr. Shattock definitely settled this point" (Keith 1915:320, italics mine). The accompanying footnote refers to Shattock's contribution to the Pathological Section of the International Medical Congress that had been held in London in August 1913. Keith's untruthful assertion is repeated in his second edition, where he uses the words "The late Professor Shattock definitely settled this point" (Keith 1925). We may be certain that Keith knew of Shattock's study: they worked in the same institution; Keith (1925) cited Shattock's supposed opinion on Piltdown and gave the reference to Shat tock's publication in a footnote (p. 370). Yet Keith's statement, published in both editions of his book, is clearly a misrepresentation of Shattock's position. This provides one example of the lies of which both Elliot Smith and Sollas accused Keith (see below). The first and more obvious reason Keith was at such pains to deny any possibility that the Piltdown calvari was pathological seems to me to be that, if some feature of Piltdown I had been the outcome of earlier pathology the cranium might have been unsuitable to provide direct fossil evidence for Keith's particular theory of the pattern of hominid evolutionone of the motives that. have been suggested for the forgery. The second is that if the Piltdown calvaria had been pathological, it would have pointed to a link with the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. It is known that the museum had a fine collection of anomalous and pathological skeletons, including the Gloucestershire specimen and others described by Bamard Davis in his Thesaurus Craniorum (1867). ). I have already referred to the five skeletons with supernumerary vertebrae. Field (1953) commented on this treasury of specimens when describing his first visit to Keith at the Royal College in 1921: "he showed me around. Here was the world's finest collection of acromegalic casts of faces, hands, and feet.... Here were the dwarfs, their casts and skeletons . . . at the opposite extreme of endocrine disorder, we came to the giants . . " (pp. 36-37). On this reasoning, if the specimen were indeed shown to be pathological, other scholars might infer that it was highly likely to have stemmed from the Royal College, and exposure would have been on the cards. It was most important, therefore, for Keith to assert that, despite its thickness, the Piltdown specimen was nominal, even if this meant his resorting to false presences in respect of Shattock's view. The following scenario proposes itself: it would have been relatively easy for Keith to select an old, thickboned cranium (?another mediaeval cranium from Gloucestershire or elsewhere) from the museum's immense collection of specimens as the counterfeit evidence to be planted, after due treatment, at Piltdown. At the time the cranium was chosen (?1911 or earlier), neither Keith, Dawson, nor anyone else would have known the results of Shattock's great study on calvarial thickening. The choice of a thick calvaria was deliberate; early hominid crania were generally thick. However, the choice of this particular thick cranium proved to be a mistake because of its probably pathological character. As though to cover up this mistake, we find Keith not acknowledging what Shattock really said but asserting that Shattock had "definitely settled" the normality and freedom from disease of the Piltdown calvaria. Whether anyone, including Shattock, ever pointed out Keith's "mistake" to him we do not know, but it is alarming to find the same false assertionso necessary to Keith's casebeing repeated in the second edition of The Antiquity of Man, ten years later, after Shattock had died. The list of nine lines of evidence against Keith is not exhaustive. The present analysis includes topics (items 7, 8, and 9) over and above those adduced by Spencer and Langham, new validations of item 1, which has been questioned by two of Spencers critics, and item 3, and fresh perspectives on items 2 and 6. Collectively, these items all point in the same direction: (1) that Keith knew about and had been involved in the goings-on centred upon the site of Piltdown; (2) that, to cover his tracks, he took every possible measure to convey the impression that he had had no acquaintance with the site, the Piltdown "remains," or Charles Dawson prior to December 1912; (3) that he sustained this misleading and camouflaging pose right up to the time when he wrote his Autobiography (1950) and, apart from a momentary slip in his old age, even when he was visited by Weiner and Oakley on November 21, 1953; (4) that he took every opportunity to attest to the integrity of Dawson and the genuineness of the Piltdown "discoveries"; (5) that he vouched for the normality or freedom from pathology of the Piltdown hominoid "remains," even to the point of outright imposture. On some of the [257] above lines above lines of reasoning and yet others, Spencer, from his own lengthy and scholarly analysis, and Langham, from his, were drawn to the same conclusion, namely, that Keith resorted to all of these "cover-up" actions, evasions, and misrepresentations because he was indeed the scientist-member of the team of forgers. Evidence as to Keith's Character Although at the time Keith was becoming one of the great names in anthropology and anatomy in Great Britain, a number of his colleagues distrusted him. Several examples suffice to make the point: On April 8, 1914, Grafton Elliot Smith wrote to A. C. Haddon about inter alia "Keith's game of deliberately fouling the pitch" and his tendency "to publish stuff which he (knew) to be false" (Spencer 1990b :3.1.13). In May 1925, William J. Sollas wrote to Robert Broom (during the height of the altercation that followed Dart's publication of the Taung child), "Keith may be keeping things back." In July 1925, Sollas wrote again about Keith, "who is indeed the most arrant humbug and artful climber in the anthropological world.... He makes the rashest statements in the face of evidence. Never quotes an author but to misrepresent him, generalises on single observations, and indeed there is scarcely a single crime in which he is not adept.... He has gone up like a rocket, and will come down like the stick" (Findlay 1972:53). As a member of the last Medical B.Sc class at the University of the Witwatersrand to receive lectures from Robert Broom, in 1945, I often heard Broom inveighing against Keith in censorious and some times unprintable terms. We know of the bitter personal enmity that subsisted for long periods between Keith, on the one hand, and both Elliot Smith and Smith Woodward, on the other as Keith attests in his Autobiography j (1950). Are these simply instances of professional jealousy, or was there fire behind the smoke of his colleagues' suspicions? We have seen instances of such "fire" among the nine pointers enumerated above. In fairness to Keith, it may be mentioned that he had and still has his supporters and admirers. For example Henry Field, in his autobiography The Track of Man 1953) wrote, "Since 1931, when I first met Sir Arthur in the Royal College of Surgeons, I had been under the spell of his charm and encyclopedic knowledge on anatomy and physical anthropology. For thirty-two years I have been encouraged by his sincere interest in my work. If I had to designate 'the greatest living anthropologist' it would be Sir Arthur (Keith), and most of my colleagues would concur (p. 137). T. D. McCown, who collaborated closely with Keith in the study of the Mount Cammel remains in the 1930s, spoke well of him and seems to have enjoyed a happy relationship with him, according to Elizabeth Langstroth (McCowns widow) and K. A. R. Kennedy (a former student of McCowns) (personal communications). Motives The Langham-Spencer hypothesis includes Dawson as a johnny-on-the-spot member of a team of two forgers.. It is important to point this out because Zuckerman (I990:I4) has quite erroneously stated that Spencer has exonerated Dawson.) An overweening desire for recognition and to become a Fellow of the Royal Society is adduced by Spencer as Dawson's motive. There is evidence that Dawson craved such recognition. Indeed, he achieved nomination for election to the fellowship of the Royal Society in 1913, and his candidature was renewed each year until 1916, though without success up to the time of his death (Spencer 1990b :103). On Spencer's (1990a) analysis, two principal motives governed Keith's participation in the fraud: one was the materialisation of a particular concept of human evolution, the other career advancement and ambition. A few critics have denied the validity of the second motive. Keith (1915, 1925) held to the view that ancestral hominids were men with essentially modem-looking crania, and he agreed with Elliot Smith that they would have possessed an essentially modem form and size of brain. He held further that creatures with such modern-looking crania were of great antiquity. The human cranium that was doctored and planted at Piltdown was of this nature, while the planted fossils of the associated fauna pointed to a Tertiary or Pliocene age. In other words, the planted specimens placed an essentially modem human cranium in an ostensibly most ancient, supposedly Tertiary deposit. The choice of specimens with which the gravel was salted provided the veriest transmogrification into "hard facts" of Keith's theory about the evolution of the cranial vault and brain. The skull vault whose parts were planted in the Piltdown gravel was in all respects similar to the same parts of a modem human cranium save for the "surprisingly thick" calvarial bones (Dawson and Woodward 1913; Keith 1915, 1925; Boule 1973; Weidenreich 1943). Smith Woodward drew attention to this feature in his initial description of Piltdown I, citing values of 8-12 mm for the thickness in different parts of the calvaria (Dawson and Woodward 1913). These values were repeated by Keith (1915, 1925), and the point of the "extraordinary thickness" was stressed again by Weidenreich (1943), who had had the opportunity to study the original Piltdown specimens. Keith held that "in no normal modem skull are all the bones so uniformly thick as in this recently discovered specimen," whereas this feature characterises many "ancient skulls" (Keith 1915:320) and "primitive skulls" (Sollas 1924:186). Therefore, I put the case that a thick-boned skull was deliberately chosen with two closely related designs in mind. First, while the modernity of the fomm and size of the cranium was in keeping with Keith's preconceived idea of hominid evolution, the thickness if considered normal) offered support for the great antiquity of the specimen to which the "associated" faunal remains tes[258]tified. Secondly, the supposedly archaic feature of marked cranial thickness helped to avert any inference that the otherwise essentially modem-looking cranium was simply that of a recent or present-day subject whose body or bones had become incorporated into the "ancient" gravels. If the desire to show the great antiquity of a mainly modern-looking cranium and brain were the intellectual part of Keith's motive, why then was the mandible chosen to accompany the cranium that of an ape? I think the principal reason for this was given away by part of Keith's comments in the discussion following Dawson' and Smith Woodward's papers at the Burlington House meeting, as faithfully recorded in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society (Dawson and Woodward 1913:I48, italics mine): [Prof A. Keith] agreed that the reconstruction of the skull had been executed with great skill, the only point in the restoration about which he was not convinced being the chin-region of the mandible and the form of the incisor, canine, and premolar teeth. The restoration approached too nearly the characters of the chimpanzee. The very simian characters of the sub-symphysial region of the mandible, the undoubtedly large anterior teeth, the primitive characters of the skull and brain, seemed to him altogether incompatible with the Chellean age assigned by the Authors. In his opinion the skull must be assigned to the same age as the mammalian remains, which were admittedly Pliocene. In the speaker's opinion, tertiary man had thus been discovered in Sussex. In coming to this conclusion the speaker was influenced by the fact that in the Heidelberg jaw, which was of early Pleistocene date, the symphysial region of the jaw was essentially human in its markings and characters; whereas the same features in the [Piltdown] remains just described were simian, and therefore presumably much earlier. In other words, had a modem type of mandible been included, it would have been reasonable to conclude that the entire skull (cranium and jaw) was no older than that of Heidelberg, that is, of the Pleistocene epoch. It might even have been averred that the Piltdown remains represented a morphologically modern man of later or recent times whose bones were intrusive into the supposedly very early or Pliocene beds. By the choice of so "archaic-looking" or "simian" a mandible, the case was strengthened that Piltdown man was presumably much earlier than Heidelberg man from Germany. This argument, inferred from the "apelike" jaw, was restated and developed by Keith in The Antiquity of Man (1925: 507-8). He summed up with the statement that the simian chin region of the Piltdown mandible (in contrast with what he called the human-like chin region of the Heidelberg jaw) "suggests that Piltdown man represents, as the animal remains accompanying him suggest, a Pliocene form. I am of the opinion that future discoveries will prove that the remains found at Piltdown represent the first trace yet found in Europe of Pliocene man" (Keith 1925:508). Secondly, a somewhat different aspect, namely, the influence of the mandible on the inferred place of Piltdown in hominid evolution, was stressed by Keith in New Discoveries Relating to the Antiquity of Man (1931): "It must be remembered that if we had found only the cranial parts of the Piltdown man we should never have hesitated in regarding him as the direct ancestral type of modern man; the simian features of his lower jaw and of his teeth led us to exclude him from this position" (pp. 455-56). A third reason for the choice of an ape mandible to accompany the manifestly human skull was to create the impression that here, at last, was the long-sought part-ape, part-human being envisaged as an ancestor. In Keith's (1925:503) own words, "the skull thus reconstructed by Sir A. Smith Woodward was a strange blend of man and ape. At last, it seemed, the missing form the link which early followers of Darwin had searched forhad really been discovered." One of Keith's major motives, on this scenario, was to establish the case for a particular kind of human ancestor, as conceived by him, but also a fossil man whose provenance and morphology showed that it was earlier and therefore more important than any other fossil hominid then known, at least in Europe. The second suggested motive was Keith's powerful ambition and strong desire for career advancement. With hindsight, there is little doubt that of all the Piltdown men it was Keith whose career benefitted most from Piltdown. The trend started, perhaps, with Keith's very words at the Burlington House meeting: "Prof. A. Keith regarded the discovery of fossil human remains just announced as by far the most important ever made in England, and of equal, if not of greater consequence than any other discovery yet made, either at home or abroad" (Dawson and Woodward 1913:148). Of the various discussants whose views were cited in the Quarterly Journal, Keith alone greeted the discovery with unalloyed enthusiasm. He maintained his almost effusive and exaggeratedly fervid estimation of it in The Antiquity of Man (Keith 1925), in which he called the skull "the most important and instructive of all ancient human documents yet discovered in Europe" (p. 486} and "one of the most remarkable discoveries of the twentieth century" (p. 501). Since the publication of Spencer's books, the claim that Keith was actuated by ambition has been vigorously opposed. Thus it has been suggested that Keith "was not 'one of the most eminent anthropologists,' he was the foremost anthropologist of his time. He had already achieved this position at the time of the Piltdown discovery and he had no need to 'boost his own career'!" and that "Keith had reached the top of the tree" [Smith 1990). Similarly, Kennedy (1991:309) holds that, when the fossil hoax was manufactured, Keith was "at the apex of his career." If we look at the facts, however, we note that, at the time of the Piltdown discovery, and a fortiori when the hoax was being prepared and the gravel salted, Keith had not yet been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and his candidature had twice been rejected; his first great book on human evolution, The [ 259] Antiquity of Man, had not been started, and his contributions had not been recognised with a knighthood. These three marks of attainment to a pinnacle of achievement were still in the future: Keith's F.R.S. came in the spring of 1913, his Antiquity of Man was to appear in 1915, and his knighthood was to be attained in 1921 (Keith 1950). From his Weekly Diaries (1I907-70) and from his Autobiography we know that Keith's candidature for fellowship of the Royal Society had been rejected in 1911I and again in 1912. Thus, on March 25, 1911, this entry appears in the Weekly Diaries: "The Royal Society gave me a slap in the face by rejecting me as a prospective fellow...." Again, on March 3, 191(2, Keith writes, "Royal Society still left me out so I have made up my mind to be content without it. Rather foolish a man at 46 needing qualifications and fellowships. Besides I don't think the men already elected are really quite capable of judging good and bad work" (Spencer, personal communication). However, in the Autobiography, Keith makes clear how much he had craved a fellowship (p. 363, italics mine): In the spring of 1913 there came to me an honour for which I had waited impatiently . . . election to the Royal Society. Perhaps my impatience at being kept waiting so long ... was unreasonable.... The note which I made in my diary when rejected in 1911 reads thus: "So I have made up my mind to be content without the fellowship; it is rather foolish for a man at the age of forty-six to be in need of qualif
4591	dbpedia	3	9	https://science-engineering.ed.ac.uk/news-events/current-year/new-fellows-royal-society-edinburgh	en	Newly elected Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://science-engineer…entred-black.png	https://science-engineer…entred-black.png	[ "https://science-engineering.ed.ac.uk/themes/upstream/wpp_theme/images/logo.png", "https://science-engineering.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/banner_315x70/public/banner/satellite-earth-1500x275_0.jpg?itok=TXLfNhev", "https://science-engineering.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/conchur_o_bradaigh-500.jpg", "https://science-engineering.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/karen_lab_2023_500px.jpg", "https://science-engineering.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/spoel_potrait1_500px.jpg", "https://science-engineering.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/isla-crop.jpg", "https://science-engineering.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/rse_kenny-600.jpg", "https://science-engineering.ed.ac.uk/themes/upstream/wpp_theme/images/footer-affiliations.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-05-20T12:24:02+01:00	Eight College of Science and Engineering colleagues elected as fellows to the Royal Society of Edinburgh.	en	/themes/upstream/wpp_theme/images/favicon.ico	The University of Edinburgh	https://science-engineering.ed.ac.uk/news-events/current-year/new-fellows-royal-society-edinburgh	The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE), Scotland’s National Academy, has announced its 2023 intake of Fellows, with 91 names representing science, arts, business, sports, civil society and academia from across Scotland and beyond. A total of 18 of those have come from the University of Edinburgh with eight coming from the College of Science and Engineering. The newly elected fellows from the College of Science and Engineering: Professor Conchúr Ó Brádaigh Professor Conchúr Ó Brádaigh is the current Head of the School of Engineering and Chair of Materials Engineering. He is a leading international authority on composite materials, specialising in research in the design and manufacture of fibre-reinforced composite materials. Professor Ó Brádaigh has developed innovative materials and processes for use in the aerospace and renewable energy sectors, including cryogenic fuel tanks and blades used in wind turbines and tidal stream turbines. More on Professor Conchúr Ó Brádaigh’s election to the FRSE Professor Karen Halliday Professor Karen Halliday, is Chair of Systems Physiology and Dean of Systematic Inclusion at the School of Biological Sciences. She studies how plants sense their environment and the molecular pathways that translate light cues into adaptive physiological responses that influence plant growth using systems approaches to biological problems, conducting cross-disciplinary research spanning molecular-genetics, mathematics, computational science, the humanities and social sciences. Professor Halliday also has longstanding involvement in equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI), internally and externally, and is currently College Dean for Systematic Inclusion. More on Professor Karen Halliday’s election to the FRSE Professor Steven Spoel Professor Steven Spoel, is Head of the Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences at the School of Biological Sciences. Professor Spoel’s research aims to improve plant health in an ever-changing environment. This is vital for the sustainable future of agriculture and for establishing food security for a growing global population. Steven is also passionate about linking frontier science with industrial research and innovation. In his scientific advisory and consultancy roles he aims to provide strategic solutions and establish inclusive environments that promote innovative thinking to tackle challenges across the plant science and Agri-Tech sectors. More on Professor Steven Spoel’s election to the FRSE Professor Isla Myers-Smith Professor Isla Myers-Smith, is a Chancellor's Fellow and Chair of Climate Change Ecology at the School of GeoSciences. Professor Myers-Smith is a global change ecologist from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. She studies plants in the Arctic and beyond and how ecosystems are responding as the planet warms. She works with her research group Team Shrub using tools from measuring tapes to drones to capture Arctic change in the Yukon territory in northwest Canada and around the tundra biome. In particular, her research investigates the spread of willows and other shrub species into arctic and alpine tundra. Shrubs have the potential to restructure tundra ecosystems by changing ecosystem functions and creating feedbacks to climate warming that could further the increase of shrubs. She collaborates with researchers working at sites around the circumpolar Arctic to synthesise their combined data to better understand vegetation change in tundra ecosystems. Professor Isla Myers-Smith's staff profile Professor Martin Evans Professor Martin Evans is Professor of Statistical Physics at the School of Physics and Astronomy. Professor Evans' research interests focus on the statistical mechanics of non-equilibrium systems. Such systems are all-pervasive in nature since the classical assumptions of thermal equilibrium do not apply to most real-world systems. Professor Evans has contributed to establishing a now vibrant and expanding field by elucidating the properties of simple mathematical models through various analytical and numerical techniques. More on Professor Martin Evans' election to the FRS Professor Alex Lascarides Alex Lascarides is Professor of Semantics in the School of Informatics. Professor Lascarides' research is in theoretical and computational linguistics and AI. Her research aims to model the semantics and pragmatics of communicative actions in conversation, mainly focussing on text and speech but also analysing non-verbal actions such as hand gestures. Professor Lascarides also has an ongoing interest in developing machine learning methods for learning optimal strategies, particularly for complex games such as Settlers of Catan, or for decision problems where the agent starts out unaware of possible states and/or actions that are critical to task success. Professor Ross Anderson Professor Ross Anderson is currently working between University of Cambridge where he is Professor of Security Engineering, and School of Informatics, the University of Edinburgh where he’s a Chair in Security Engineering. His mission is to develop the discipline of security engineering, which investigates how systems can be made robust in the face of malice, error and mischance. He has made pioneering contributions to many subdisciplines, including peer-to-peer-networks, hardware tamper resistance and cryptographic protocols. Professor Anderson was a designer of the block cipher Serpent, and he has worked on many applications with diverse protection requirements such as payment networks, power-line communications, goods vehicle tachographs and clinical information systems. Dr Fiona McNeill Dr Fiona McNeill is a Reader of Computing Education at the School of Informatics. Her research interest is in STEM education particularly in access to education and how certain groups - especially women and young people from disadvantaged backgrounds - can be excluded and marginalised in STEM and Computer Science. She has been involved in developing national policy, for example through the BCS Scottish Computing Education Committee, which she currently co-chairs, the RSE's Learned Society Group and the BCS Academy.
4591	dbpedia	3	93	https://actuaries.org.uk/	en	Institute and Faculty of Actuaries	https://actuaries.org.uk…/favicon-196.png	https://actuaries.org.uk…/favicon-196.png	[ "https://actuaries.org.uk/Assets/Images/logo-IFoA.png", "https://actuaries.org.uk/Assets/Images/logo-IFoA-mobile.png", "https://actuaries.org.uk/media/i3ii4sqj/dei-news-924x560.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=436&height=280&rnd=133693243133570000", "https://actuaries.org.uk/media/nrrppbqd/ey.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=436&height=280&rnd=133692341701130000", "https://actuaries.org.uk/media/gtydd14w/new-look-member-portal-for-mobile-924x560.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=436&height=280&rnd=133687071338800000", "https://actuaries.org.uk/Assets/Images/logo-IFoA-small.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "actuary", "actuaries", "ifoa", "actuarial" ]	null	[]	null	The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (IFoA) is the UK's only chartered professional body dedicated to educating, developing and regulating actuaries based both in the UK and internationally.	en	/Assets/Images/favicon/favicon-196.png	Institute and Faculty of Actuaries	https://actuaries.org.uk/	How to become an Actuary What is an Actuary? How do I become one? Do I qualify to become an Actuary?
4591	dbpedia	1	65	https://www.amacad.org/news/noteworthy-20	en	Noteworthy	https://www.amacad.org/profiles/contrib/lightning/favicon.ico	https://www.amacad.org/profiles/contrib/lightning/favicon.ico	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2019-03-08T07:00:00-05:00	Select Prizes and Awards to Members	en	/profiles/contrib/lightning/favicon.ico	American Academy of Arts & Sciences	https://www.amacad.org/news/noteworthy-20	Anant Agarwal (Massachusetts Institute of Technology; edX) was awarded the Yidan Prize for Education Development. C. David Allis (The Rockefeller University) received the 2018 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award. He shares the prize with Michael Grunstein (University of California, Los Angeles). James P. Allison (University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center) was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He shares the prize with Tasuku Honjo (Kyoto University). Angelika Amon (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) was awarded a 2019 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences. Frances Arnold (California Institute of Technology) was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. She shares the prize with George P. Smith (University of Missouri) and Gregory P. Winter (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology). James Arthur (University of Toronto) was named a Companion of the Order of Canada. Jacqueline Barton (California Institute of Technology) received the 2019 National Academy of Sciences Award in Chemical Sciences. Adriaan Bax (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) is the recipient of the 2018 Robert A. Welch Award in Chemistry. Mary Beard (University of Cambridge) was awarded a 2019 J. Paul Getty Medal. Charles Bernstein (University of Pennsylvania) was awarded the 2019 Bollingen Prize for American Poetry. Emery N. Brown (Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital) was awarded the 2018 Dickson Prize in Science, given by Carnegie Mellon University. Lonnie G. Bunch III (Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture) is the recipient of the Phi Beta Kappa Society’s Award for Distinguished Service to the Humanities. Jocelyn Bell Burnell (University of Oxford; The Royal Society of Edinburgh) was awarded the 2018 Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics. Federico Capasso (Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences) was awarded the 2018 Enrico Fermi Prize of the Italian Physical Society. He was also elected a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors. John Carlson (Yale University) received the Arthur Kornberg and Paul Berg Lifetime Achievement Award in Biomedical Sciences. Jeff Cheeger (New York University) was awarded the 2019 Leroy P. Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement by the American Mathematical Society. Kenneth Chenault (General Catalyst) is the recipient of a W.E.B. Du Bois Medal given by the Hutchins Center for African & African American Research at Harvard University. Ta-Nehisi Coates (New York University) was awarded the 2018 Dayton Literary Peace Prize for nonfiction for We Were Eight Years in Power. J.M. Coetzee (University of Adelaide, Australia) received the Mahindra Award for Global Distinction in the Humanities from Harvard University. Kenneth A. Dill (Stony Brook University) was awarded the 2019 Max Delbrück Prize in Biological Physics by the American Physical Society. Rita Dove (University of Virginia) received the 2018 Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement. Carol Dweck (Stanford University) is the recipient of the 2018 SAGE-CASBS Award, given by Sage Publishing and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. Felton Earls (Harvard University) received the 2018 Leon Eisenberg Award from Boston Children’s Hospital and the Frances Bonner Award from Massachusetts General Hospital. Deborah Estrin (Cornell Tech) was awarded a 2018 MacArthur fellowship, by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Amy Finkelstein (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) was awarded a 2018 MacArthur fellowship, by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. David D. Ginty (Harvard Medical School) was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Philip Glass (New York, NY) was named a 2018 Kennedy Center honoree. Thelma Golden (The Studio Museum in Harlem) was awarded a 2018 J. Paul Getty Medal. Jeffrey I. Gordon (Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis) received a 2018 Luminary Award from the Precision Medicine World Conference. Annette Gordon-Reed (Harvard University) received the 2018 Ruth Ratner Miller Award for Excellence in American History. Jorie Graham (Harvard University) was awarded the 2018 Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry. Michael Grunstein (University of California, Los Angeles) received the 2018 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award. He shares the prize with C. David Allis (The Rockefeller University). Agnes Gund (Museum of Modern Art) was awarded a 2018 J. Paul Getty Medal. Naomi Halas (Rice University) was awarded the 2019 ACS Award in Colloid Chemistry by the American Chemical Society. Stephen C. Harrison (Harvard Medical School) received the 48th Rosenstiel Award for Distinguished Work in Basic Medical Research. Timothy Heckman (Johns Hopkins University) was awarded the 2018 Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Larry V. Hedges (Northwestern University) was awarded the Yidan Prize for Education Research. Stephen Heintz (Rockefeller Brothers Fund) received the 2018 Distinguished Service Award from the Council on Foundations. Geoffrey Hinton (University of Toronto) was named a Companion of the Order of Canada. Shirley Ann Jackson (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) is the recipient of a W.E.B. Du Bois Medal given by the Hutchins Center for African & African American Research at Harvard University. Paula A. Johnson (Wellesley College) received the 2018 Social Justice Award, given by Eastern Bank. Carl June (University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine) is the recipient of the 2018 Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research. Thomas Kailath (Stanford University) received the Simon Ramo Founders Award, given by the National Academy of Engineering. Robert Kraft (The Kraft Group) was awarded the 2019 Genesis Prize. Adrian R. Krainer (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) was awarded a 2019 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences. Kurt Lambeck (Australian National University) was awarded the 2018 Australian Prime Minister’s Prize for Science. Gregory Lawler (University of Chicago) was awarded the 2019 Wolf Prize in Mathematics. He shares the prize with Jean-François Le Gall (Université Paris-Sud). Lewis Lockwood (Harvard University) was elected an Honorary Member of the Verein Beethoven-Haus in Bonn. Trudy Mackay (Clemson University) was awarded the 2018 Dawson Prize in Genetics. M. Cristina Marchetti (University of California, Santa Barbara) was awarded the inaugural Leo P. Kadanoff Prize by the American Physical Society. Eve Marder (Brandeis University) is the recipient of the 2019 National Academy of Sciences Award in the Neurosciences. N. Scott Momaday (University of Arizona) is the recipient of the 2019 Ken Burns American Heritage Prize. Toshiko Mori (Toshiko Mori Architect) was awarded the 2019 AIA/ACSA Topaz Medallion for Excellence in Architectural Edu-cation. Toni Morrison (Princeton University) received a Lifetime of Excellence in Fiction honor from the Center for Fiction. Venkatesh Narayanamurti (Harvard University) received the Arthur M. Bueche Award, given by the National Academy of Engineering. William D. Nordhaus (Yale University) was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. He shares the prize with Paul M. Romer (New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business). Sigrid Nunez (New York, NY) received the 2018 National Book Award for the novel The Friend. Martha C. Nussbaum (University of Chicago) was awarded the 2018 Berggruen Prize for Philosophy & Culture. Eugene Parker (University of Chicago) was honored by NASA. The Parker Solar Probe is named after Dr. Parker and is the first NASA spacecraft that is named for a living person. James Peacock (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) is among the recipients of the 2018 William Richardson Davie Award, given by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Board of Trustees. Nicholas A. Peppas (University of Texas at Austin) is the recipient of the 2018 Distinguished Pharmaceutical Scientist Award, given by the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists. Robert D. Putnam (Harvard University) has been chosen as one of the 2018 – 2019 Faculty Fellows of the Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas a&m University. Rebecca Richards-Kortum (Rice University) was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Gene Robinson (Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois) was elected to the National Academy of Medicine. Paul M. Romer (New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business) was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. He shares the prize with William D. Nordhaus (Yale University). Ed Ruscha (Los Angeles, CA) was awarded a 2019 J. Paul Getty Medal. Helmut Schwarz (Technische Universität Berlin) was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Rays by the Government of Japan. Richard Serra (New York, NY) was awarded a 2018 J. Paul Getty Medal. Thomas Shenk (Princeton University) was elected a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors. Wayne Shorter (University of California, Los Angeles) was named a 2018 Kennedy Center honoree. Lorna Simpson (Lorna Simpson Studio) was awarded a 2019 J. Paul Getty Medal. Jorge Soberón (University of Kansas) received the Distinguished Mexicans Award, presented by the Consulate of Mexico in Kansas City, Missouri. Joan Steitz (Yale School of Medicine) is the recipient of the 2018 Lasker-Koshland Award for Special Achievement in Medical Science. Bryan Stevenson (Equal Justice Initiative) is the recipient of a W.E.B. Du Bois Medal given by the Hutchins Center for African & African American Research at Harvard University. Natasha Trethewey (Northwestern University) was named a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets. Darren Walker (The Ford Foundation) received the 2018 Director’s Award of the National Design Awards. David Walt (Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Wyss Institute at Harvard) was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Isiah Warner (Louisiana State University) received the Nature Award for Mentoring in Science from Nature. Warren M. Washington (National Center for Atmospheric Research) was awarded the 2019 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement. He shares the award with Michael E. Mann (Penn State University). Michael Waterman (University of Southern California) was elected a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors.
4591	dbpedia	2	67	https://www.myscience.org/news/wire/the_royal_society_of_edinburgh_2024_new_fellows_announced-2024-glasgow	en	The Royal Society of Edinburgh 2024 new Fellows announced	https://www.myscience.or…avicon-16x16.png	https://www.myscience.or…avicon-16x16.png	[ "https://www.myscience.org/image/icon/login.svg", "https://www.myscience.org/image/myscience.svg", "https://www.myscience.org/image/share/linkedin.png", "https://www.myscience.org/image/share/facebook.png", "https://www.myscience.org/image/share/whatsapp.png", "https://www.myscience.org/image/share/email.png", "https://www.myscience.org/image/share/linkedin.png", "https://www.myscience.org/image/share/facebook.png", "https://www.myscience.org/image/share/whatsapp.png", "https://www.myscience.org/image/share/email.png", "https://www.myscience.org/news/2024/medical_imaging_aims_to_bring_the_invisible_to_light-2024-epfl/image_h200.jpg", "https://www.myscience.org/news/2024/why_a_spider_is_scarier_in_the_cellar_than_in_the_therapy_room-2024-rub/image_h200.jpg", "https://www.myscience.org/news/wire/courtroom_victory_for_mock_trial_club-2024-waterloo/image_h200.jpg", "https://www.myscience.org/image/logo_myScience_square.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "University of Glasgow" ]	2024-04-09T00:00:00		en	/image/favicons/favicon.ico		null	The Royal Society of Edinburgh has announced this year’s cohort of new Fellows, and among the names are nine University of Glasgow academics covering all four Colleges. Nominated for their individual excellence in a wide range of fields such as physics, chemistry, informatics, literature, law, social sciences, and business, they will be joining the 1,800 current Fellows of the RSE, Scotland’s National Academy. Among the 57 new Fellows elected to the Society from the University of Glasgow are: Professor Emma Thomson - Professor in Infectious Diseases (Virology), School of Infection & Immunity Professor Fiona Leverick - Professor of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, School of Law Professor Jason Gill - Professor of Cardiometabolic Health, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health Professor Kirsteen McCue - Professor of Scottish Literature and Song Culture, School of Critical Studies Professor Nicole Busby - Professor of Human Rights, Equality and Justice, School of Law Professor Ross Forgan - Professor of Supramolecular and Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry Professor Sayantan Ghosal - Adam Smith Chair in Political Economy, Adam Smith Business School Professor Sonja Franke-Arnold - Professor in Atom and Quantum Optics, School of Physics & Astronomy Professor Tom Guzik - Regius Chair of Physiology and Cardiovascular Pathobiology, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health President of the RSE, Professor Sir John Ball PRSE, said: "It is an immense honour to extend a warm welcome to each of our distinguished new Fellows. "Individually, they embody exceptional dedication and accomplishment spanning multiple sectors and disciplines. Collectively, they demonstrate a profound commitment and determination to make meaningful contributions through their endeavours. "From groundbreaking research that redefines our understanding to the creative pursuits that inspire and enrich our cultural landscape, the RSE proudly embraces the brightest minds, leveraging their unique expertise and perspectives for the betterment of society. "As Scotland’s National Academy, we remain committed to mobilising a diverse array of expertise to confront society’s most pressing challenges, and I am certain that our new Fellows will prove invaluable assets to the RSE." Armando Iannucci was elected as an Honorary Fellow, known for award-winning satirical films and programmes such as The Death of Stalin and The Thick of It. Alongside Armando Iannucci was another Honorary Fellow, health and social care expert, chair of both the Royal College of Physicians and Dementia UK, Professor David Croisdale-Appleby. Broadcaster and journalist Sally Magnusson was also elected for her charity work and her own dementia charity Playlist for Life. About the RSE The Royal Society of Edinburgh recognises, supports, and mobilises expertise from across academia, business, and public service for the benefit of Scotland and the wider world. Our 1,800 Fellows from across disciplines are among the most distinguished in their fields. We engage and connect nationally and internationally to share knowledge and tackle the most pressing challenges of the modern world. Advert
4591	dbpedia	1	32	https://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toc/notes-rec-r-soc-lond.html	en	Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London			[ "https://ftp.math.utah.edu/images/valid-html32.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Table of contents for issues of Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Last update: Wed May 1 07:54:17 MDT 2024 Volume 1, Number 1, April, 1938 Volume 1, Number 2, October, 1938 Volume 2, Number 1, April, 1939 Volume 2, Number 2, November, 1939 Volume 3, Number 1, April, 1940 Volume 4, Number 1, April, 1946 Volume 4, Number 2, October, 1946 Volume 5, Number 1, October, 1947 Volume 5, Number 2, April, 1948 Volume 6, Number 1, December, 1948 Volume 6, Number 2, May, 1949 Volume 7, Number 1, December, 1949 Volume 7, Number 2, April, 1950 Volume 8, Number 1, October, 1950 Volume 8, Number 2, April, 1951 Volume 9, Number 1, October, 1951 Volume 9, Number 2, May, 1952 Volume 10, Number 1, October, 1952 Volume 10, Number 2, April, 1953 Volume 11, Number 1, January, 1954 Volume 11, Number 2, March, 1955 Volume 12, Number 1, August, 1956 Volume 12, Number 2, December, 1957 Volume 13, Number 1, June, 1958 Volume 13, Number 2, November, 1958 Volume 14, Number 1, June, 1959 Volume 14, Number 2, June, 1960 Volume 15, Number 1, July, 1960 Volume 16, Number 1, April, 1961 Volume 16, Number 2, November, 1961 Volume 17, Number 1, May, 1962 Volume 17, Number 2, December, 1962 Volume 18, Number 1, June, 1963 Volume 18, Number 2, December, 1963 Volume 19, Number 1, June, 1964 Volume 19, Number 2, December, 1964 Volume 20, Number 1, June, 1965 Volume 20, Number 2, December, 1965 Volume 21, Number 1, June, 1966 Volume 21, Number 2, December, 1966 Volume 22, Number 1--2, September, 1967 Volume 22, Number 1/2, September, 1967 Volume 23, Number 1, June, 1968 Volume 23, Number 2, December, 1968 Volume 24, Number 1, June, 1969 Volume 24, Number 2, April, 1970 Volume 25, Number 1, June, 1970 Volume 25, Number 2, December, 1970 Volume 26, Number 1, June, 1971 Volume 26, Number 2, December, 1971 Volume 27, Number 1, August, 1972 Volume 27, Number 2, February, 1973 Volume 28, Number 1, June, 1973 Volume 28, Number 2, April, 1974 Volume 29, Number 1, October, 1974 Volume 29, Number 2, March, 1975 Volume 30, Number 1, July, 1975 Volume 30, Number 2, January, 1976 Volume 31, Number 1, July, 1976 Volume 31, Number 2, January, 1977 Volume 32, Number 1, July, 1977 Volume 32, Number 2, March, 1978 Volume 33, Number 1, August, 1978 Volume 33, Number 2, March, 1979 Volume 34, Number 1, July, 1979 Volume 34, Number 2, February, 1980 Volume 35, Number 1, July, 1980 Volume 35, Number 2, December, 1980 Volume 36, Number 1, August, 1981 Volume 36, Number 2, February, 1982 Volume 37, Number 1, August, 1982 Volume 37, Number 2, March, 1983 Volume 38, Number 1, August, 1983 Volume 38, Number 2, March, 1984 Volume 39, Number 1, September, 1984 Volume 39, Number 2, April, 1985 Volume 40, Number 1, November, 1985 Volume 40, Number 2, May, 1986 Volume 41, Number 1, October, 1986 Volume 41, Number 2, June, 1987 Volume 42, Number 1, January, 1988 Volume 42, Number 2, July, 1988 Volume 43, Number 1, January, 1989 Volume 43, Number 2, July, 1989 Volume 44, Number 1, January, 1990 Volume 44, Number 2, July, 1990 Volume 45, Number 1, January, 1991 Volume 45, Number 2, July, 1991 Volume 46, Number 1, January, 1992 Volume 46, Number 2, July, 1992 Volume 47, Number 1, July, 1993 Volume 47, Number 2, July, 1993 Volume 48, Number 1, January, 1994 Volume 48, Number 2, July, 1994 Volume 49, Number 1, July, 1995 Volume 49, Number 2, July, 1995 Volume 50, Number 1, January, 1996 Volume 50, Number 2, July, 1996 Volume 51, Number 1, January 22, 1997 Volume 51, Number 2, July 22, 1997 Volume 52, Number 1, January 22, 1998 Volume 52, Number 2, July 22, 1998 Volume 53, Number 1, January 22, 1999 Volume 53, Number 2, May 22, 1999 Volume 53, Number 3, September 22, 1999 Volume 54, Number 1, January 22, 2000 Volume 54, Number 2, May 22, 2000 Volume 54, Number 3, September 22, 2000 Volume 55, Number 1, January 22, 2001 Volume 55, Number 2, May 22, 2001 Volume 55, Number 3, September 22, 2001 Volume 56, Number 1, January 22, 2002 Volume 56, Number 2, May 22, 2002 Volume 56, Number 3, September 22, 2002 Volume 57, Number 1, January 22, 2003 Volume 57, Number 2, May 22, 2003 Volume 57, Number 3, September 22, 2003 Volume 58, Number 1, January 22, 2004 Volume 58, Number 2, May 22, 2004 Volume 58, Number 3, September 22, 2004 Volume 59, Number 1, January 22, 2005 Volume 59, Number 2, May 22, 2005 Volume 59, Number 3, September 22, 2005 Volume 60, Number 1, January 22, 2006 Volume 60, Number 2, May 22, 2006 Volume 60, Number 3, September 22, 2006 Volume 61, Number 1, January 22, 2007 Volume 61, Number 2, May 22, 2007 Volume 61, Number 3, September 22, 2007 Volume 62, Number 1, March 20, 2008 Volume 62, Number 2, June 20, 2008 Volume 62, Number 3, September 20, 2008 Volume 62, Number 4, December, 2008 Volume 63, Number 1, March 20, 2009 Volume 63, Number 2, June 20, 2009 Volume 63, Number 3, September 20, 2009 Volume 63, Number 4, December 20, 2009 Volume 64, Number S1, September 20, 2010 Volume 64, Number 1, March 20, 2010 Volume 64, Number 2, June 20, 2010 Volume 64, Number 3, September 20, 2010 Volume 64, Number 4, December 20, 2010 Volume 65, Number 1, March 20, 2011 Volume 65, Number 2, June 20, 2011 Volume 65, Number 3, September 20, 2011 Volume 65, Number 4, December 20, 2011 Volume 66, Number 1, March 20, 2012 Volume 66, Number 2, June 20, 2012 Volume 66, Number 3, September 20, 2012 Volume 66, Number 4, December 20, 2012 Volume 67, Number 1, March, 2013 Volume 67, Number 2, June, 2013 Volume 67, Number 3, September, 2013 Volume 67, Number 4, December, 2013 Volume 68, Number 1, March, 2014 Volume 68, Number 2, June, 2014 Volume 68, Number 3, September, 2014 Volume 68, Number 4, December, 2014 Volume 69, Number 1, March 20, 2015 Volume 69, Number 2, June 20, 2015 Volume 69, Number 3, September 20, 2015 Volume 69, Number 4, December 20, 2015 Volume 70, Number 1, March 20, 2016 Volume 70, Number 2, June 20, 2016 Volume 70, Number 3, September 20, 2016 Volume 70, Number 4, December 20, 2016 Volume 71, Number 1, March 20, 2017 Volume 71, Number 2, June 20, 2017 Volume 71, Number 3, September 20, 2017 Volume 71, Number 4, December 20, 2017 Volume 72, Number 1, March 20, 2018 Volume 72, Number 2, June 20, 2018 Volume 72, Number 3, September 20, 2018 Volume 72, Number 4, December 20, 2018 Volume 73, Number 1, February 6, 2019 Volume 73, Number 2, June 8, 2019 Volume 73, Number 3, September 20, 2019 Volume 73, Number 4, December 20, 2019 Volume 74, Number 1, March 20, 2020 Volume 74, Number 2, June 20, 2020 Volume 74, Number 3, September 20, 2020 Volume 74, Number 4, December 20, 2020 Volume 75, Number 1, March 20, 2021 Volume 75, Number 2, June 20, 2021 Volume 75, Number 3, September ??, 2021 Volume 75, Number 4, December ??, 2021 Volume 76, Number 1, March 20, 2022 Volume 76, Number 2, June ??, 2022 Volume 76, Number 3, September ??, 2022 Volume 76, Number 4, December ??, 2022 Volume 77, Number 1, March ??, 2023 Volume 77, Number 2, June ??, 2023 Volume 77, Number 3, September ??, 2023 Volume 77, Number 4, December ??, 2023 Volume 78, Number 1, March ??, 2024 Volume 78, Number 2, June ??, 2024 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 1, Number 1, April, 1938 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--7 A. V. H. The Pilgrim Trust Lecture . . . . . . . 8--8 Anonymous The National Academy of Sciences . . . . 9--10 John Simon The anniversary dinner . . . . . . . . . 11--20 C. S. S. The Society's library . . . . . . . . . 21--27 H. G. L. A fragment of history . . . . . . . . . 28--31 A. C. S. Notes on the foundation and history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . 32--36 J. D. G. D. The arms of the Society . . . . . . . . 37--39 H. G. L. The growth of the Fellowship . . . . . . 40--48 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 1, Number 2, October, 1938 Albert C. Seward Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 49--55 Albert C. Seward The dedication of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania in honour of Benjamin Franklin . . . . . . . . . . 55--60 J. Graham Kerr Societas Scientiarum Fennica . . . . . . 60--62 C. F. Arden Close The International Geographical Congress at Amsterdam, July 1938 . . . . . . . . 62--64 H. J. Fleure The International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences at Copenhagen, August 1938 . . 65--65 G. T. Bennett Pepys' annual Commemoration Service . . 65--67 Anonymous The Conversaziones in 1938 . . . . . . . 67--69 M. H. Gordon Letter to the Editor: Jenner and Napoleon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69--69 M. Greenwood The first life table . . . . . . . . . . 70--72 H. G. Lyons The Society's finances --- Part I --- 1662--1830 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73--87 H. G. Lyons The landed property of the Royal Society 88--91 H. W. Robinson Gleanings from the library --- I . . . . 92--95 H. G. Lyons The Anniversary Dinner . . . . . . . . . 96--103 S. W. Kemp The Bermuda Oceanographical Committee 104--112 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 2, Number 1, April, 1939 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--1 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 2--10 A. J. Clark and F. G. Donnan Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft: Report to the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . 11--11 Kingsley Wood and Irving Langmuir and D'Arcy Thompson The Anniversary Dinner . . . . . . . . . 12--24 C. G. Darwin The `reading' of papers at meetings of Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25--27 J. Reid Moir A pioneer in palaeolithic discovery . . 28--31 Anonymous A portrait of Joseph Priestley, F.R.S., by James Millar, 1789 . . . . . . . . . 32--33 H. G. Lyons Two hundred years ago, 1739 . . . . . . 34--42 H. G. Lyons The Society's first bequest . . . . . . 43--46 H. G. Lyons The Society's finances. Part II --- 1831--1938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47--67 H. W. Robinson Gleanings from the library --- II: The Board of Longitude and the Royal Society 68--70 A. V. Hill Age of election to the Royal Society . . 71--73 G. Undy Yule John Wallis, D.D., F.R.S., 1616--1703 74--82 Anonymous Portrait of Sir Joseph Banks . . . . . . 83--83 Anonymous Recommendation from the Physics Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84--84 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 2, Number 2, November, 1939 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 85--91 H. G. Lyons One hundred years ago. 1839 . . . . . . 92--107 H. G. Lyons The composition of the Fellowship and the Council of the Society . . . . . . . 108--126 Anonymous The Conversaziones of 1939 . . . . . . . 127--139 J. Proudman The association of the Royal Sociey with progress in knowledge of oceanic tides 140--143 Anonymous The record of the Royal Society . . . . 144--148 J. Stanley Gardiner Biological expeditions . . . . . . . . . 149--159 F. W. Oliver Libyan flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160--172 Wilfred Trotter The mind in war . . . . . . . . . . . . 173--175 Anonymous The Royal Society and the Central Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176--178 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179--182 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 3, Number 1, April, 1940 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 2--10 Anonymous Visit of French scientists . . . . . . . 11--21 H. W. Turnball Early Scottish relations with the Royal Society I. --- James Gregory, F.R.S. (1635--1675) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22--38 H. C. Plummer Jeremiah Horrocks and his \booktitleOpera Posthuma . . . . . . . . 39--52 Jocelyn Thorpe Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S. 1677--1761 53--63 W. H. Hatfield The association of the Royal Society with the iron and steel industry . . . . 64--79 H. G. Lyons The Fairchild Trust . . . . . . . . . . 80--84 J. D. Griffith Davies The Banks family . . . . . . . . . . . . 85--87 Anonymous Biographical Notes --- Francis Ashton, 1645--1715 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88--92 H. G. Lyons Biographical Notes --- Richard Waller (about 1650--1715) . . . . . . . . . . . 92--94 H. G. Lyons Biographical Notes --- John Lewis Guillemard (1764--1844) . . . . . . . . 95--96 Anonymous Letter to the editor . . . . . . . . . . 96--96 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 97--104 Anonymous Gift from the American Philosophical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105--106 Dr Frank Aydelotte Science and politics . . . . . . . . . . 107--109 H. G. Lyons John Winthorp (Junior), F.R.S., Governor of Connecticut 1660 to 1676 . . . . . . 110--115 H. G. Lyons The officers of the Society (1662--1860) 116--140 Albert C. Seward Christ's hospital and the Royal Society 141--145 H. G. Lyons Charles Babbage and the Ophthalmoscope 146--148 Ll. S. Lloyd Musical theory in the early \booktitlePhilosophical Transactions . . 149--157 Anonymous The President's New Year message to French scientists . . . . . . . . . . . 158--158 R. Fitzgibbon Young The visit of Comenius to London in 1641--1642 and its bearing on the origins of the Royal Society . . . . . . 159--160 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 4, Number 1, April, 1946 Anonymous The activities of the Society . . . . . 1--15 Anonymous Conversazione . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16--18 Attlee The Anniversary Dinner . . . . . . . . . 19--35 J. D. G. D. Officers of the Royal Society in the House of Commons . . . . . . . . . . . . 36--37 Anonymous Pepys's Commemoration Service . . . . . 38--38 Anonymous Admission of women into the Fellowship of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . 39--40 E. N. da C. A. The Presidential portraits . . . . . . . 41--42 E. N. da C. A. The Röntgen celebrations, November 1945 43--44 Anonymous The Vignoles snuff-box . . . . . . . . . 45--48 Sir Joseph Banks A letter of Sir Joseph Banks . . . . . . 49--50 Mr R. G. Casey Presentation to the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal of letters from Sir Joseph Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51--57 L. L. F. The bicentenary of the birth of Sir William Jones, F.R.S., founder of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal . . . . 58--62 Anonymous Visit to India by the Biological Secretary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63--64 Anonymous Anniversaries of foreign Academies and Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65--68 Anonymous Correspondence with foreign Academies, Societies and other bodies . . . . . . . 69--81 Anonymous Visits to liberated countries by representatives of the Royal Society . . 82--99 Anonymous A gift by Thomas Hunt Morgan, For. Mem. R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100--100 Professor A. V. Hill Address of welcome to the members of the Executive Commitee of the International Council of Scientific Unions meeting in the rooms of the Royal Society on 4 December 1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101--102 Sir Henry Tizard Lord Rutherford . . . . . . . . . . . . 103--108 H. W. R. Alfred George Hastings White (1859--1945) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109--112 P. D. R. Robert William Frederick Harrison (1858--1945) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113--120 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 121--132 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 4, Number 2, October, 1946 A. V. Hill Notes and records of the Royal Society of London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133--145 Henry Dale Isaac Newton: 1642--1727 . . . . . . . . 146--161 Anonymous The Royal Society Empire Scientific Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162--167 F. J. M. Stratton International Council of Scientific Unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168--173 Clifford Dobell, F.R.S. The Kincardine papers . . . . . . . . . 174--178 John D. Griffith Davies The homes of the Society . . . . . . . . 179--192 H. W. Robinson The administrative staff of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193--205 President Robert Robinson Anniversaries of other academies and societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206--211 Anonymous News of other Scientific Academies and Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212--215 Anonymous Charles Stewart Middlemiss . . . . . . . 215--215 G. R. De Beer Rodolph Valltravers, F.R.S. . . . . . . 216--226 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 227--228 Anonymous Röntgen Celebrations: Corrigendum . . . . 228--228 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records Volume, 4, 1946 . . . . . . . . . . . . 229--230 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 5, Number 1, October, 1947 Anonymous The activities of the Society: British National Committee for Co-operation with UNESCO in Scientific Affairs . . . . . . 1--4 Stafford Cripps Anniversary Dinner 1946 . . . . . . . . 5--26 Anonymous The Indian Science Congress --- Delhi Meeting, 1--8 January 1947 . . . . . . . 27--31 Anonymous The Chemical Society centenary celebrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32--33 A. E. Richardson and H. W. Robinson Woolsthorpe Manor House . . . . . . . . 34--36 F. Sherwood Taylor An early satirical poem on the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37--46 H. W. Robinson Denis Papin (1647--1712) . . . . . . . . 47--50 A. J. H. Goodwin, Hon.General Secretary News of other scientific academies and societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51--62 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 63--64 Anonymous Volume Information . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 5, Number 2, April, 1948 Robert Robinson Message to H. M. the King on the occasion of the marriage of Her Royal Highness the Princess Elizabeth, F.R.S. 65--66 Anonymous Conversazione . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67--71 Anonymous Reception on 17 July 1947 . . . . . . . 72--73 Anonymous Isaac Newton Observatory . . . . . . . . 74--74 Miss R. H. Syfret The origins of the Royal Society . . . . 75--137 H. W. Robinson A preliminary note on the Blagden manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137--139 President Robert Robinson Anniversaries of other academies and societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140--143 J. C. Eccles News of other scientific academies and societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144--155 Anonymous Sir Charles Sherrington's ninetieth birthday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156--156 C. S. Sherrington Sir Charles Sherrington's first use of diphteria antitoxin made in England . . 156--159 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 160--161 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Vol. 5, 1947--1948 . . . . . . . . . . . 162--163 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 6, Number 1, December, 1948 Anonymous The Scientific Information Conference 1--7 Anonymous UNESCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8--11 James Fisher `Rockall' and `Seal' flights 1947 . . . 12--17 Pierre Humbert Pour le tricentenaire de l'expérience du Puy de Dôme. (French) [For the tercentenary of the Puy de Dòme experiment] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18--27 McKie Douglas The arrest and imprisonment of Henry Oldenburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28--47 H. W. Robinson Robert Hooke as a Surveyor and Architect 48--55 G. R. De Beer Johann Gaspar Scheuchzer, F.R.S. 1702--1729 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56--66 Anonymous Rutherford Commemoration, Paris, 7 and 8 November 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67--68 Sir Charles Darwin and Professor E. N. da C. Andrade Address given by Sir Charles Darwin at the Max Planck memorial service held on 23 April 1948 in the aula of the University of Göttingen . . . . . . . . . 69--70 Anonymous Retirement of Mr. H. W. Robinson, Librarian to the Society . . . . . . . . 71--72 Anonymous News of other scientific Academies and Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73--77 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 78--80 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 6, Number 2, May, 1949 Anonymous Defence Services Research Facilities Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81--81 Herbert Morrison Anniversary Dinner 1948 . . . . . . . . 82--103 Bernard Gagnebin Book Review: \booktitleDe la cause de la pesanteur. Mémoire de Nicolas Fatio de Duillier présenté \`a la Royal Society le 26 février 1690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105--124 Nicolas Fatio De Duillier Texte: \booktitleDe la cause de la pesanteur par Nicolas Fatio De Duillier, de la Société Royale D'Angleterre . . . . 125--160 Harold Hartley The Berzelius centenary celebrations . . 161--165 Robert Robinson Langevin--Perrin commemoration . . . . . 166--166 D. C. M. Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 167--170 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Vol. 6, 1948-1949 . . . . . . . . . . . 171--171 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 7, Number 1, December, 1949 Douglas Mckie Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, F.R.S., 1743--1794 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--41 Anonymous A problem picture . . . . . . . . . . . 42--42 G. R. Cameron, F.R.S. Edward Jenner, F.R.S., 1749--1823 . . . 43--53 Anonymous Conversaziones 1949 . . . . . . . . . . 54--60 Redcliffe N. Salaman, F.R.S. Jews in The Royal Society: A Problem in Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61--67 H. W. Robinson An unpublished letter of Dr Seth Ward relating to the early meetings of the Oxford Philosophical Society . . . . . . 68--70 G. R. De Beer, F.R.S. The Malady of Edward Gibbon, F.R.S. . . 71--80 Sir John Graham Kerr, F.R.S., M.P. The Scottish Marine Biological Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81--96 Anonymous The Society's Portraits . . . . . . . . 97--107 Anonymous News of other Scientific Academies and Societies --- National Institute of Sciences of India . . . . . . . . . . . 108--112 Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, F.R.S. and Professor W. E. Garner, F.R.S. and Professor H. D. Kay, F.R.S. Reports of Celebrations, Meetings and Conferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113--117 D. A. S. and G. R. de B. and D. Mck. Notes of publications relating to the history of the Society . . . . . . . . . 118--125 Robert Robinson Anniversaries of other institutions . . 126--127 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 128--131 Anonymous Volume Information . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 7, Number 2, April, 1950 Anonymous The pilot catalogue of the Royal Society Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133--134 G. M. Trevelyan Anniversary Dinner 1949 . . . . . . . . 135--157 F. G. Donnan, F.R.S. The Scientific Relief Fund and its Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158--171 E. S. De Beer The earliest Fellows of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172--192 Anonymous John Evelyn's plan for a library . . . . 193--194 G. R. De Beer, F.R.S. Some Letters of Thomas Hobbes . . . . . 195--206 Miss R. H. Syfret Some early reactions to the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207--258 F. W. Gibbs Cromwell Mortimer, F.R.S. . . . . . . . 259--263 G. R. De Beer, F.R.S. H.-B. De Saussure's election into the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264--267 L. L. F. Notices of publications relating to the history of the Society . . . . . . . . . 268--271 Anonymous News of other scientific academies and societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272--274 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 275--275 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Vol. 7, 1949--1950 . . . . . . . . . . . 276--277 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 8, Number 1, October, 1950 Angus Armitage René Descartes (1596--1650) and the early Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--19 Miss R. H. Syfret Some early critics of the Royal Society 20--64 G. R. De B. The diary of Sir Charles Blagden . . . . 65--89 Anonymous The Rumford medallists of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . . . . . . 90--94 M. Caullery, For.Mem.R.S. Les stations françaises de biologie marine. (French) [French stations of marine biology] . . . . . . . . . . . . 95--115 G. R. De B. Rodolph Valltravers, F.R.S. (Addendum) 116--119 E. D. Adrian, For.Sec.R.S. Celebrations: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas . . . . . . 120--121 A. V. Hill and Edwin G. Conklin, President Darwin's letters to Lyell . . . . . . . 122--124 G. R. de B. Notice of a publication relating ro the history of the Society, William Stukeley 125--126 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 127--130 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 8, Number 2, April, 1951 Viscount Simon and E. D. Adrian Anniversary Dinner 1950 . . . . . . . . 131--148 I. Kaye Unrecorded early meetings of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149--166 A. R. Hall Robert Hooke and Horology . . . . . . . 167--177 Raymond Phineas Stearns Colonial Fellows of the Royal Society of London, 1661--1788 . . . . . . . . . . . 178--246 G. R. De Beer, F.R.S. Voltaire, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . 247--252 G. R. de B. Some letters of Sir Charles Blagden . . 253--260 W. E. Swinton Gideon Mantell and the Maidstone Iguanodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261--276 Reinhard Dohrn Stazione Zoologica Napoli . . . . . . . 277--282 Anonymous Dedication of the Parsons Memorial Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283--290 Anonymous Congress: National Congress of Chemistry organized by the Italian Chemical Society jointly with the International Congress of Applied Chemistry . . . . . 291--292 John D. Griffith Davies Ronald Winckworth 1884--1950 . . . . . . 293--296 G. R. de B. Notices of publications relating to the history of the Society . . . . . . . . . 297--304 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 305--305 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Vol. 8, 1950--1951 . . . . . . . . . . . 306--306 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 9, Number 1, October, 1951 R. E. W. Maddison Studies in the life of Robert Boyle, F.R.S. Part I. Robert Boyle and some of his foreign visitors . . . . . . . . . . 1--35 Dr W. H. van Seters Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in Amsterdam . . 36--45 D. Mckie and G. R. De Beer Newton's apple . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46--54 Thomas D. Cope and H. W. Robinson Charles Mason, Jeremiah Dixon and the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55--78 Théodore Aubert Alexander Aubert, F.R.S. Astronome, 1730--1805 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79--95 G. R. De Beer, F.R.S. John Strange, F.R.S., 1732--1799 . . . . 96--108 H. Charles Cameron, M.D., F.R.C.P. The last of the alchemists . . . . . . . 109--114 F. W. Gibbs John Gillies, M.D., traveller and botanist, 1792--1834 . . . . . . . . . . 115--136 Anonymous Election of his Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G. . . . . . . . . . . . 137--137 Anonymous Conversaziones 1951 . . . . . . . . . . 138--143 Anonymous Pepys's commemoration service . . . . . 143--143 G. R. de B. Notices of publications relating to the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . 144--147 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 148--151 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 9, Number 2, May, 1952 E. D. Adrian and O. P. Dawnay Death of His Majesty King George VI . . 153--154 Portal and E. D. Adrian Anniversary Dinner 1951 . . . . . . . . 155--163 Jean Jacquot Thomas Harriot's reputation for impiety 164--187 Jean Jacquot Notes on an unpublished work of Thomas Hobbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188--195 R. E. W. Maddison Studies in the life of Robert Boyle, F.R.S. Part II. Salt water freshened . . 196--216 G. R. Cameron, F.R.S. The life and times of Giambattista Morgagni, F.R.S. 1682--1771 . . . . . . 217--243 G. R. De Beer, F.R.S. The relations between Fellows of the Royal Society and French men of science when France and Britain were at war . . 244--299 Gordon Manley The weather and diseases: some eighteenth-century contributions to observational meteorology . . . . . . . 300--307 Jessie M. Sweet Benjamin Franklin's purse . . . . . . . 308--309 L. F. Gilbert W. H. Wollaston MSS. at Cambridge . . . 311--332 D. Mckie and G. R. De Beer, F.R.S. Newton's apple --- an addendum . . . . . 333--335 R. C. Punnett, F.R.S. William Bateson and Mendel's principles of heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336--347 R. A. McCance, F.R.S. An interesting but forgotten publication of Frederick Gowland Hopkins, F.R.S. . . 348--352 Anonymous Award of the Franklin Medal to Sir James Chadwick, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . 353--355 D. C. Martin Visit by the Assistant Secretary to some North American scientific institutions 356--364 Anonymous Facilities for research in the University College of the West Indies 365--377 G. R. de B. Notices of publications relating to The Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378--380 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 381--384 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Vol. 9, 1951--52 . . . . . . . . . . . . 386--387 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 10, Number 1, October, 1952 Anonymous Conversaziones 1952 . . . . . . . . . . 1--5 Anonymous The President's broadcast on 6 March 1952 on Sir Charles Sherrington (1857--1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6--7 G. R. De Beer, F.R.S. Andreas and Joseph Planta, FF.R.S. . . . 8--14 R. E. W. Maddison Studies in the life of Robert Boyle, F.R.S. Part III. The charitable disposal of Robert Boyle's residuary estate . . . 15--27 A. N. L. Munby The distribution of the first edition of Newton's Principia . . . . . . . . . . . 28--39 A. N. L. Munby The Keynes Collection of the works of Sir Isaac Newton at King's College, Cambridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40--50 D. McKie A Note on Priestley in America . . . . . 51--59 Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. Richard Owen and William Clift . . . . . 60--62 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 63--63 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 10, Number 2, April, 1953 Robert Robinson Anniversary Dinner 1952 . . . . . . . . 65--70 Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. The Ramsay Centenary . . . . . . . . . . 71--80 G. R. De Beer, F.R.S. Sir Hans Sloane, F.R.S. 1660--1753 . . . 81--84 Jean Jacquot Sir Hans Sloane and French men of science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85--98 Jessie M. Sweet Sir Hans Sloane's metalline cubes . . . 99--100 G. H. Turnbull Samuel Hartlib's influence on the early history of The Royal Society . . . . . . 101--130 A. D. Atkinson Dr Johnson and The Royal Society . . . . 131--138 Derek J. Price The Cavendish Laboratory Archives . . . 139--147 G. R. De Beer, F.R.S. John Morgan's visit to Voltaire . . . . 148--158 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society or its Fellows . . . . . . 159--160 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 161--164 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Vol. IO, 1952--53 . . . . . . . . . . . 165--166 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 11, Number 1, January, 1954 Anonymous Conversaziones 1953 . . . . . . . . . . 1--5 Marquess of Salisbury Anniversary Dinner 1953 . . . . . . . . 6--13 A. V. Hill, F.R.S. Age of election to the Royal Society . . 14--16 Edward Salisbury The place of biology in modern education. Address by Sir Edward Salisbury, C.B.E., D.Sc., LL.D., V.P.R.S., at the opening of the new Hatherly Biological Laboratories, Exeter, on 23 April 1953 . . . . . . . . 17--21 W. H. G. Armytage The Royal Society and the Apothecaries 1660--1722 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22--37 R. E. W. Maddison Studies in the life of Robert Boyle, F.R.S.: Part IV. Robert Boyle and some of his foreign visitors . . . . . . . . 38--53 W. H. G. Armytage Sir Godfrey Copley, F.R.S., 1653--1709: Some Tercentenary Glimpses through Letters to his Friends . . . . . . . . . 54--74 Raymond Phineas Stearns Fellows of The Royal Society in North Africa and the Levant, 1662--1800 . . . 75--90 R. E. W. Maddison and Raymond E. Maddison Spring Grove, the country house of Sir Joseph Banks, Bart, P.R.S. . . . . . . . 91--99 R. E. W. Maddison A note on the correspondence of Martin Folkes, P.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100--109 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society or its Fellows . . . . . . 110--110 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 111--111 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 11, Number 2, March, 1955 Anonymous Conversaziones 1954 . . . . . . . . . . 113--119 R. A. Butler Anniversary Dinner 1954 . . . . . . . . 120--128 A. V. Hill, F.R.S. J. D. Griffith Davies 1899--1953 (Assistant Secretary of the Royal Society, 1937--1946) . . . . . . . . . . 129--133 J. T. MacGregor-Morris Sir Ambrose Fleming (Jubilee of the Valve) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134--144 William P. D. Wightman Aberdeen University and the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145--158 R. E. W. Maddison Studies in the life of Robert Boyle, F.R.S. --- Part V. Boyle's operator: Ambrose Godfrey Hanckwitz, F.R.S. . . . 159--188 Professor C. Harrison Dwight Count Rumford . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189--201 F. M. Beatty The scientific work of the third Earl Stanhope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202--221 F. J. Cole, F.R.S. Bell's law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222--227 W. H. G. Armytage G. W. Featherstonhaugh, F.R.S., 1780--1866, Anglo--American scientist 228--235 Sir Gavin de Beer, F.R.S. and Max H. Hey, M.A., D.Sc. The first ascent of Mont Blanc . . . . . 236--255 L. F. Gilbert The election to the presidency of the Royal Society in 1820 . . . . . . . . . 256--279 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 280--283 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society or its Fellows . . . . . . 284--285 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Vol. 11, 1954--5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 287--288 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 12, Number 1, August, 1956 Winthrop W. Aldrich Anniversary Dinner 1955 . . . . . . . . 1--8 Anonymous Conversaziones 1955 . . . . . . . . . . 9--20 R. K. Bluhm A guide to the archives of the Royal Society and to other manuscripts in its possession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21--39 A. D. Atkinson The Royal Society and English vocabulary 40--43 Sir Geoffrey Taylor, F.R.S. George Boole, F.R.S., 1815--1864 . . . . 44--52 W. Kneale Boole and the algebra of logic . . . . . 53--63 W. H. G. Armytage Charles Watson-Wentworth, second Marquess of Rockingham, F.R.S. (1730--1782): some aspects of his scientific interests . . . . . . . . . . 64--76 Sir Gavin De Beer, F.R.S. and R. M. Turton John Turton, F.R.S., 1735--1806 . . . . 77--97 R. E. W. Maddison and Francis R. Maddison Joseph Priestley and the Birmingham riots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98--113 Douglas McKie Priestley's laboratory and library and other of his effects . . . . . . . . . . 114--136 Anonymous The Royal Society Antarctic expedition 137--138 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 139--145 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society or its Fellows . . . . . . 146--148 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 12, Number 2, December, 1957 Anonymous Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149--149 Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, F.R.S. Anniversary Dinner 1956: Speech by the President, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, at the Anniversary Dinner, Dorchester Hotel, 30 November 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150--153 Anonymous Conversaziones 1956 and 1957 . . . . . . 154--159 D. C. M. The inauguration of the International Geophysical Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 160--162 Anonymous Her Majesty the Queen Honours the Society's I.G.Y. Antarctic Expedition 163--165 Sir Edward Bullard, F.R.S. and Colin A. Ronan The exhibition to commemorate Edmond Halley 1656--1742 . . . . . . . . . . . 166--167 S. Chapman, F.R.S. Edmund Halley, F.R.S. 1656--1742 (A commemorative lecture given on 21 November 1956, at the Royal Society's celebration of Halley's tercentenary) 168--174 Sir Harold Spencer Jones, F.R.S. Halley as an astronomer . . . . . . . . 175--192 Douglas McKie Bernard Le Bovier De Fontenelle, F.R.S., 1657--1757 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193--200 George Thomson and Joan Thomson J. J. Thomson as we remember him . . . . 201--210 Lord Adrian, O.M., F.R.S. Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, O.M. 1857--1952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211--215 J. C. Eccles, F.R.S. Some aspects of Sherrington's contribution to neurophysiology . . . . 216--225 W. H. G. Armytage Science and education: a note . . . . . 226--229 For. Sec. R. S. H. G. Thornton A note on the visit to Russia of the Royal Society delegation in 1956 . . . . 230--236 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 237--241 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Vol. 12, 1956--57 . . . . . . . . . . . 243--244 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 13, Number 1, June, 1958 Cyril Hinshelwood Anniversary Dinner 1957 . . . . . . . . 1--5 Douglas McKie James, Duke of York, F.R.S. . . . . . . 6--18 H. W. Jones Sir Christopher Wren and natural philosophy: with a checklist of his scientific activities . . . . . . . . . 19--37 L. L. Whyte R. J. Boscovich, S.J., F.R.S. (1711--1787), and the mathematics of atomism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38--48 R. J. Pumphrey, F.R.S. The forgotten man --- Sir John Lubbock, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49--58 Denis I. Duveen Lavoisier writes to Fourcroy from prison 59--60 R. K. Bluhm A note on the origin of the Society's conversaziones . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61--63 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 64--68 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society or its Fellows . . . . . . 69--72 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 13, Number 2, November, 1958 Anonymous The Darwin--Wallace Conversazione . . . 73--74 Anonymous Conversaziones 1958 . . . . . . . . . . 75--81 R. K. Bluhm Remarks on the Royal Society's finances 1660--1768 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82--103 Robert Birley Robert Boyle's Head Master at Eton . . . 104--114 Richard A. Hunter and Ida MacAlpine William Harvey and Robert Boyle . . . . 115--127 R. E. W. Maddison A tentative index of the correspondence of the Honourable Robert Boyle, F.R.S. 128--201 C. N. Hinshelwood Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 202--202 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society or its Fellows . . . . . . 203--205 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Vol. 13, 1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207--207 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 14, Number 1, June, 1959 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--1 D. Heathcoat-Amory Anniversary Dinner 1958 . . . . . . . . 2--11 Gavin de Beer Some Unpublished Letters of Charles Darwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12--66 C. F. A. Pantin Alfred Russel Wallace, F.R.S., and His Essays of 1858 and 1855 . . . . . . . . 67--84 Nora Barlow Erasmus Darwin, F.R.S. (1731--1802) . . 85--98 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Anonymous Anniversary Dinner 1958: Speech by the Rt Hon. D. Heathcoat-Amory, Chancellor of the Exchequer, at the Anniversary Dinner, Dorchester Hotel, 1 December 1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2--11 Anonymous Some unpublished letters of Charles Darwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12--66 C. F. A. Pantin, F.R.S. Alfred Russel Wallace, F.R.S., and his essays of 1858 and 1855 . . . . . . . . 67--84 Nora Barlow Erasmus Darwin, F.R.S. (1731--1802) . . 85--98 H. J. Habakkuk Thomas Robert Malthus, F.R.S. (1766--1834) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99--108 W. B. Turrill Joseph Dalton Hooker, F.R.S. (1817--1911) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109--120 Sir Edward Bailey, F.R.S. Charles Lyell, F.R.S. (1797--1875) . . . 121--138 Sir Edward Salisbury, F.R.S. Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139--141 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 142--146 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society or its Fellows . . . . . . 147--150 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 14, Number 2, June, 1960 Viscount Chandos of Aldershot Anniversary Dinner 1959 . . . . . . . . 151--155 Cyril Hinshelwood President's Speech, 1959 . . . . . . . . 156--159 Anonymous Visit of His Excellency the Soviet Ambassador, 19 November 1959 . . . . . . 160--162 Charles Thomas Rees Wilson, C.H., F.R.S. Reminiscences of my early years . . . . 163--173 R. E. W. Maddison The accompt of William Balle from 28 November 1660 to 11 September 1663 . . . 174--183 R. I. Page William Nicolson, F.R.S. and the runes of the Bewcastle Cross . . . . . . . . . 184--190 Robert Birley Robert Boyle at Eton . . . . . . . . . . 191--191 Anonymous Society's Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 192--195 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196--198 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Vol. 14, 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199--199 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 15, Number 1, July, 1960 H. H. Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0--0 Douglas McKie The origins and foundation of the Royal Society of London . . . . . . . . . . . 1--37 E. S. de Beer King Charles II, Fundator et Patronus (1630--1685) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39--45 Dr E. J. Bowen, F.R.S. and Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. The Right Reverend John Wilkins, F.R.S. 47--56 J. F. Scott The Reverend John Wallis, F.R.S. (1616--1703) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57--67 W. S. C. Copeman Dr Jonathan Goddard, F.R.S. . . . . . . 69--77 Sir Irvine Masson, F.R.S. and A. J. Youngson Sir William Petty, F.R.S. (1623--1687) 79--90 Sir Charles Symonds Thomas Willis, F.R.S. (1621--1675) . . . 91--97 Sir John Summerson and P. R. S. Sir Christopher Wren Sir Christopher Wren, P. R. S. (1632--1723) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99--105 Derek T. Whiteside Wren the mathematician . . . . . . . . . 107--111 C. A. Ronan Laurence Rooke (1622--1662) . . . . . . 113--118 John F. Fulton The Honourable Robert Boyle, F.R.S. (1627--1692) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119--135 E. N. da C. Andrade, F.R.S. Robert Hooke, F.R.S. (1635--1703) . . . 137--145 J. F. Scott and Sir Harold Hartley F. R. S. William, Viscount Brouncker, P.R.S. (1620--1684) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147--157 C. A. Ronan and F. R. S. Sir Harold Hartley Sir Paul Neile, F.R.S. (1613--1686) . . 159--165 Angus Armitage William Ball. F.R.S. (1627--1690) . . . 167--172 R. E. W. Maddison Abraham Hill, F.R.S. (1635--1722) . . . 173--182 R. K. Bluhm Henry Oldenburg, F.R.S. (c. 1615--1677) 183--197 John F. Fulton Sir Kenelm Digby, F.R.S. (1603--1665) 199--210 L. M. Payne and Leonard G. Wilson and F. R. S. Sir Harold Hartley William Croone, F.R.S. (1633--1684) . . 211--219 C. H. Josten Elias Ashmole, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . 221--230 E. S. De Beer John Evelyn, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . 231--238 D. C. Martin Sir Robert Moray, F.R.S. (1608?--1673) 239--250 A. J. Youngson Alexander Bruce, F.R.S., second Earl of Kincardine (1629--1681) . . . . . . . . 251--258 The Editor Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259--264 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 16, Number 1, April, 1961 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i--v H. W. Florey Foreword by the President . . . . . . . vii--vii Queen Elizabeth II and Cyril Hinshelwood and D. Graffi and M. Jean Lecomte and John Eccles The formal opening of the Tercentenary Celebrations by Her Majesty The Queen, Patron, at the Royal Albert Hall on 19 July 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--12 Cyril Hinshelwood The Tercentenary Address by the President of the Royal Society, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, O.M., at the formal opening ceremony in the Royal Albert Hall, Tuesday 19 July 1960 . . . . . . . 13--24 Anonymous The Tercentenary Conversazione, 23 July 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25--30 Harold Macmillan and Cyril Hinshelwood Tercentenary Banquet, Grosvenor House, Tuesday 26 July 1960. The Toast of the Royal Society proposed by The Rt. Hon. Harold Macmillan, M. P. Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury . . . . . 31--37 Lord Adrian and F. Cyril James and A. H. T. Theorell Tercentenary Banquet, Grosvenor House, Tuesday 26 July 1960: The Toast of the Guests Proposed by Lord Adrian F.R.S. 38--43 C. D. Darlington, F.R.S. The chromosomes and the Theory of Heredity: Tercentenary Lecture delivered by C. D. Professor Darlington, F.R.S., at 10.15 a.m. on Wednesday 20 July 1960 at the Royal Institution . . . . . . . . 44--48 Sir Arnold Hall, F.R.S. Trends in aeronautical science and engineering: Tercentenary lecture delivered by Sir Arnold Hall, F.R.S., at 10.15 a.m. on Monday 25 July 1960 at the Royal Institution . . . . . . . . . . . 49--50 Sir Christopher Hinton, F.R.S. The evolution of nuclear power plant design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51--56 Professor A. L. Hodgkin, F.R.S. The physics and chemistry of nervous conduction: Tercentenary Lecture delivered by Professor L. Hodgkin, F.R.S., at 2.30 p.m. on Wednesday 20 July 1960 at the Royal College of Surgeons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57--59 Dr Dorothy Hodgkin, F.R.S. Molecules in crystals . . . . . . . . . 60--64 Professor A. C. B. Lovell, F.R.S. The investigation of the Universe by radio astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . 65--68 Professor P. B. Medawar, F.R.S. The problems of transplantation . . . . 69--71 C. F. Powell, F.R.S. The study of nuclear interactions at very great energies: Tercentenary Lecture delivered by Professor C. F. Powell, F.R.S., at 2.30 p.m. on Wednesday 20 July 1960 at Beveridge Hall, University of London . . . . . . . 72--76 Sir Alexander Todd, F.R.S. New horizons in organic chemistry . . . 77--80 Professor V. B. Wigglesworth, F.R.S. The Metamorphosis of Insects: Tercentenary Lecture delivered by Professor V. B. Wigglesworth, F.R.S., at 10.15 a.m. on Saturday 23 July 1960 at the Royal College of Surgeons . . . . . 81--84 Anonymous Receptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85--85 Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and King Gustav VI Adolf Honorary Degree Ceremonies . . . . . . . 86--89 Anonymous Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90--91 Anonymous Luncheon at the London County Council 92--92 Cyril Hinshelwood Premi\`ere of films arranged by the Shell International Petroleum Company 93--94 W. R. Matthews Service at St. Paul's Cathedral . . . . 95--99 Anonymous Special exhibitions . . . . . . . . . . 100--100 Anonymous Special broadcast programmes . . . . . . 101--101 Anonymous Special publications . . . . . . . . . . 102--102 Anonymous Congratulatory Addresses presented to the Royal Society on the occasion of its Tercentenary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103--113 Anonymous Gifts presented to the Royal Society on the occasion of its tercentenary . . . . 114--116 Wilder Penfield A Canadian table for the mace of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117--117 Anonymous The official representatives who attended the Royal Society Tercentenary Celebrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118--122 Anonymous The Council of the Royal Society 1960 123--124 Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. and Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, P.R.S. Gresham College and the Royal Society 125--135 Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. The debt of engineering to Fellows of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . 136--140 Anonymous Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141--142 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 16, Number 2, November, 1961 Viscount Slim Anniversary Dinner 1960 . . . . . . . . 143--150 A. V. Hill, F.R.S. Age of election to the Royal Society . . 151--153 M. L. Wolbarsht and D. S. Sax Charles II, a royal martyr . . . . . . . 154--157 L. G. Wilson William Croone's theory of muscular contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158--178 H. E. Bell The Savilian professors' houses and Halley's observatory at Oxford . . . . . 179--186 S. Ross Faraday consults the scholars: the origins of the terms of electrochemistry 187--220 L. Pearce Williams The Royal Society and the founding of the British Association for the Advancement of Science . . . . . . . . . 221--233 R. E. Threlfall Sir Richard Threlfall, G.B.E., F.R.S. (1861--1932): some personal memories . . 234--242 E. N. da C. Andrade, F.R.S. Henry William Robinson . . . . . . . . . 243--246 Anonymous Visit of Major Yuri Gagarin . . . . . . 247--247 Anonymous IX General Assembly of the International Council of Scientific Unions . . . . . . 248--250 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 251--255 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256--260 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 16, Number 2, 1961 . . . . . . . 261--261 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 17, Number 1, May, 1962 Lord James Anniversary Dinner 1961 . . . . . . . . 1--8 Sir Anthony Wagner, K.C.V.O. The Royal Society's Coat of Arms . . . . 9--14 Sir Patrick Linstead, Rector, For.Sec.R.S. The Prince Consort, F.R.S. and the founding of the Imperial College . . . . 15--31 Marie Boas Hall What happened to the Latin edition of Boyle's \booktitleHistory of Cold? . . . 32--35 Charles H. Gibbs-Smith Sir George Cayley `Father of aerial navigation' (1773--1857) . . . . . . . . 36--56 Roger Sharrock The chemist and the poet: Sir Humphry Davy and the preface to \booktitleLyrical Ballads . . . . . . . 57--76 Donald McDonald Smithson Tennant, F.R.S. (1761--1815) 77--94 Anonymous Dr Bruno Stulz, Assistant Librarian, 1943--46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95--95 Anonymous Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 96--99 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100--104 Anonymous Volume Information . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 17, Number 2, December, 1962 J. A. G. and Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. Conversaziones, 1962 . . . . . . . . . . 105--109 Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. Reception to mark the tercentenary of the granting of the Society's first Charter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110--110 Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. The tercentenary of the Royal Society's Charter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111--116 Dr Joseph Needham, F.R.S. and Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O.M., F.R.S. (1861--1947) Centenary Lecture held on 20 November 1961 in the University of Cambridge . . . . . . . . 117--162 Dr Wilder Penfield, O.M., F.R.S. and Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. Sir Charles Sherrington, O.M., F.R.S. (1857--1952): An Appreciation . . . . . 163--168 Sir Lawrence Bragg, F.R.S. and Mrs G. M. Caroe (Gwendolen Bragg) and Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. Sir William Bragg, F.R.S. (1862--1942) 169--182 Fred. Somkin and Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. The Contributions of Sir John Lubbock, F.R.S. To \booktitleThe Origin of Species. Some annotations to Darwin . . 183--191 Dr Adalbert J. Brauer and Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. Professor Johann Burchard Mencke, F.R.S. (1674--1732) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192--197 Kenneth Dewhurst and Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. Locke's contribution to Boyle's researches on the air and on human blood 198--206 Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. Addendum and Errata . . . . . . . . . . 207--207 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 17, 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . 208--208 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 18, Number 1, June, 1963 The Earl Mountbatten of Burma Anniversary Dinner 1962 . . . . . . . . 1--9 Richard S. Westfall Short-writing and the state of Newton's Conscience, 1662 . . . . . . . . . . . . 10--16 The Lord Adrian, O.M., F.R.S. Newton's rooms in Trinity . . . . . . . 17--24 George Watson Dryden and the scientific image . . . . 25--35 Frank H. Ellis The author of Wing C6727: Daniel Coxe, F.R.S., or Thomas Coxe, F.R.S. . . . . . 36--38 Marie Boas Hall Henry Miles, F.R.S. (1698--1763) and Thomas Birch, F.R.S. (1705--66) . . . . 39--44 Dr John Thomas Josiah Wedgwood's portrait medallions of Fellows of the Royal Society . . . . . . 45--53 P. I. Dee, F.R.S. and T. W. Wormell An Index to C. T. R. Wilson's laboratory records and notebooks in the Library of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . 54--66 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 67--71 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72--76 Anonymous Corrigendum: Notes and Records, volume 17, number 2, page 111 . . . . . . . . . 76--76 Anonymous Volume Information . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 18, Number 2, December, 1963 Anonymous Conversaziones and Receptions, 1963 . . 77--81 Professor E. N. da C. Andrade, F.R.S. Samuel Pepys and the Royal Society . . . 82--93 A. Rupert Hall and Marie Boas Hall Some hitherto unknown facts about the private career of Henry Oldenburg . . . 94--103 R. E. W. Maddison Studies in the life of Robert Boyle, F.R.S. --- Part VI. The Stalbridge Period, 1645--1655, and the Invisible College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104--124 K. Theodore Hoppen The Royal Society and Ireland --- William Molyneux, F.R.S. (1656--1698) 125--135 Sir John Craig Isaac Newton and the counterfeiters . . 136--145 Colonel H. Quill John Harrison, Copley Medallist, and the \pounds 20\,000 longitude prize . . . . 146--160 Stephen G. Brush The Royal Society's first rejection of the kinetic theory of gases (1821), John Herapath versus Humphry Davy . . . . . . 161--180 N. A. W. Le Grand The Society's Scientific Research in Schools Committee . . . . . . . . . . . 181--184 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 185--186 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187--191 C. G. Addendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192--192 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 18, 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . 193--194 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 19, Number 1, June, 1964 The Rt Hon.The Lord Robens of Woldingham Anniversary Dinner, Dorchester Hotel, 30 November 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--9 Sir Henry Dale, O.M., G.B.E., F.R.S. Sir Michael Foster, K.C.B., F.R.S. --- a Secretary of the Royal Society . . . . . 10--32 S. Z. De Ferranti Pioneer of electric power transmission: An account of some of the early work of Sebastian Ziani De Ferranti, D.Sc., F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33--41 William R. Le Fanu Sir Benjamin Brodie, F.R.S. (1783--1862) 42--52 D. T. Whiteside Isaac Newton: birth of a mathematician 53--62 D. V. Glass John Graunt and his Natural and political observations . . . . . . . . . 63--100 J. J. Lawrie Visit of Mrs Valentina Nikolaeva-Tereshkova . . . . . . . . . . 101--101 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 102--106 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107--111 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 19, Number 2, December, 1964 Anonymous Conversaziones and Receptions, 1964 . . 113--118 Anonymous Conversazione to mark the quater-centenary of the birth of Galileo 119--119 Professor E. N. da C. Andrade, F.R.S. Galileo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120--130 I. Bernard Cohen `Quantum in Se Est': Newton's concept of inertia in relation to Descartes and Lucretius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131--155 Sir John Craig The Royal Society and the Royal Mint . . 156--167 R. Robson and Walter F. Cannon William Whewell, F.R.S. (1794--1866) . . 168--191 Sir Gavin De Beer Mendel, Darwin, and Fisher (1865--1965) 192--226 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 227--227 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228--231 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 19, 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . 232--233 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 20, Number 1, June, 1965 John Wolfenden Anniversary Dinner 1964 . . . . . . . . 1--8 E. N. da C. Andrade, F.R.S. The birth and early days of the \booktitlePhilosophical Transactions . . 9--27 Margaret Deacon Founders of marine science in Britain: the work of the early Fellows of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28--50 R. E. W. Maddison Studies in the life of Robert Boyle, F.R.S. Part VII. The Grand Tour . . . . 51--77 K. Theodore Hoppen The Royal Society and Ireland. II . . . 78--99 John R. Levene Nevil Maskelyne, F.R.S., and the discovery of Night Myopia . . . . . . . 100--108 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 109--113 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114--118 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 20, Number 2, December, 1965 Anonymous Conversaziones, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . 119--124 J. A. Lohne Isaac Newton: the rise of a scientist 1661--1671 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125--139 A. Rupert Hall Wren's Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140--144 W. E. Knowles Middleton A footnote to the history of the barometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145--151 James L. Axtell Locke's review of the Principia . . . . 152--161 T. E. Allibone, F.R.S. The diaries of John Byrom, M.A., F.R.S., and their relation to the pre-history of the Royal Society Club . . . . . . . . . 162--183 Sydney Ross The search for electromagnetic induction, 1820--1831 . . . . . . . . . 184--219 Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. A letter from Richard Phillips, F.R.S. (1778--1857) to Michael Faraday, F.R.S. (1791--1867) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220--223 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 224--224 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225--230 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 20, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . 231--232 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 21, Number 1, June, 1966 Harold Wilson Anniversary Dinner 1965 . . . . . . . . 1--11 W. D. M. P. Conversazione to mark the 300th anniversary of the publication of the \booktitlePhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Hooke's \booktitleMicrographia, and Evelyn's \booktitleSylva . . . . . . . . . . . . 12--19 For. Mem. R. S. E. Fauré-Fremiet Les Origines de L'Académie des Sciences de Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20--31 D. T. Whiteside Newton's marvellous year: 1666 and all that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32--41 H. A. Feisenberger The Libraries of Newton, Hooke and Boyle 42--55 Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. Stanislao Cannizzaro, F.R.S. (1826--1910) and the first International Chemical Conference at Karlsruhe in 1860 56--63 Sir Gavin de Beer, F.R.S. Mendel, Darwin, and Fisher: Addendum . . 64--71 Anonymous Erratum: Gavin de Beer, \booktitleMendel, Darwin, and Fisher (1865--1965), Notes and Records \bf 19(2) 192--226 (p. 212) . . . . . . . . 71--71 N. S. Exchange of delegations between the Royal Society and The U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . 72--79 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 80--85 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86--92 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93--93 Anonymous Volume Information . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 21, Number 2, December, 1966 Anonymous Conversaziones and Reception, 1966 . . . 95--101 E. N. da C. Andrade, F.R.S. The preservation of scientific manuscripts and records . . . . . . . . 102--107 J. E. McGuire and P. M. Rattansi Newton and the `Pipes of Pan' . . . . . 108--143 Robert E. Schofield The Lunar Society of Birmingham; A bicentenary appraisal . . . . . . . . . 144--161 W. H. Brock The selection of the authors of the \booktitleBridgewater Treatises . . . . 162--179 John R. Levene Sir George Biddell Airy, F.R.S. (1801--1892) and the discovery and correction of astigmatism . . . . . . . 180--199 D. M. Smith, F.R.S. Henry Lewis Guy, F.R.S., 1887--1956, Turbine designer and engineering administrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200--206 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 207--207 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207--211 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 21, 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . 212--213 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 22, Number 1--2, September, 1967 Anonymous Anniversary Dinner 1966 . . . . . . . . 1--11 D. C. Martin Former homes of the Royal Society . . . 12--19 Sir John Summerson Carlton House Terrace . . . . . . . . . 20--22 Lord Holford The new home of the Royal Society . . . 23--36 The Editor Britain's heritage of scientific and technological records and manuscripts and of historic scientific instruments 37--39 Arnold Thackray `In praise of famous men' --- the John Dalton bicentenary celebrations, 1966 40--44 Henry Guerlac Newton's optical aether: his draft of a proposed addition to his \booktitleOptiks . . . . . . . . . . . . 45--57 Christoph J. Scriba A tentative index of the correspondence of John Wallis, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . 58--93 Asit K. Biswas The automatic rain-gauge of Sir Christopher Wren, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . 94--104 G. L'e. Turner A portrait of James Short, F.R.S., attributable to Benjamin Wilson, F.R.S. 105--112 W. A. Smeaton Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, F.R.S. (1737--1816) and his relations with British scientists . . . . . . . . . . . 113--130 F. F. Cartwright The association of Thomas Beddoes, M.D. with James Watt, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . 131--143 Barbara M. D. Smith and J. L. Moilliet James Keir of the Lunar Society . . . . 144--154 J. A. Chaldecott Contributions of Fellows of the Royal Society to the fabrication of platinum vessels: some unpublished manuscripts 155--172 N. G. Coley The Animal Chemistry Club; assistant society to the Royal Society . . . . . . 173--185 T. E. Allibone, F.R.S. The Club of the Royal College of Physicians, the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers and their relationship to the Royal Society Club . . . . . . . 186--192 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 193--197 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198--206 Anonymous Corrigenda for Hartley, McGuire and Rattansi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207--207 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 22, Number 1/2, September, 1967 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 22, 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . 209--210 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 23, Number 1, June, 1968 Queen Elizabeth and Lord Florey The Formal Opening of the Society's new home at 6 Carlton House Terrace by Her Majesty The Queen, Patron, on 21 November 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--10 Lord Holford Notes on the decoration of the main features of 6 to 9 Carlton House Terrace 11--13 Kenneth Wheare Anniversary Dinner 1967 . . . . . . . . 14--20 Harold Hartley Address at the memorial service for Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, O.M., F.R.S. at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton Road, London on 20 November 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . 21--22 Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. The exhibition of Sir Cyril Hinshelwood's paintings at Goldsmiths' Hall on 20 March, 1968 . . . . . . . . . 23--28 Lord Adrian Address at the Memorial Service for Lord Florey, of Adelaide and Marston, O.M., F.R.S., at Westminster Abbey on 28 March 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29--30 Robert Spence Address at the Service of Memorial and Thanksgiving for Sir John Cockcroft, O.M., K.C.B., F.R.S. at Westminster Abbey on 17 October 1967 . . . . . . . . 31--32 A. Rupert Hall and Marie Boas Hall Further notes on Henry Oldenburg . . . . 33--42 + 2 J. D. Holland An eighteenth-century pioneer Richard Price, D.D., F.R.S. (1723--1791) . . . . 43--64 Nellie B. Eales A satire on the Royal Society, dated 1743, attributed to Henry Fielding . . . 65--67 G. de Beer The Darwin letters at Shrewsbury School 68--85 Sir John Eccles, F.R.S. Two hitherto unrecognized publications by Sir Charles Sherrington, O.M., F.R.S. 86--100 Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. Professor Douglas McKie, F.R.S.E. . . . 101--103 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 104--108 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109--118 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 23, Number 2, December, 1968 Anonymous Conversaziones, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . 119--126 Lord Todd Address at the Memorial Service for Lord Fleck, of Saltcoats, K.B.E., Treas. R.S., at St Columba's Church of Scotland, London, on 23 September 1968 127--128 P. M. Rattansi The intellectual origins of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129--143 Christopher Hill The intellectual origins of the Royal Society-London or Oxford? . . . . . . . 144--156 A. Rupert Hall and Marie Boas Hall The intellectual origins of the Royal Society --- London and Oxford . . . . . 157--168 J. A. Lohne Experimentum crucis . . . . . . . . . . 169--199 Joan L. Hawes Newton's revival of the aether hypothesis and the explanation of gravitational attraction . . . . . . . . 200--212 Albert Van Helden Christopher Wren's \booktitleDe corpore Saturni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213--229 David Layton Lord Wrottesley, F.R.S., pioneer statesman of science . . . . . . . . . . 230--246 E. N. da C. Andrade, F.R.S. Some Reminiscences of Ernest Marsden's Days with Rutherford at Manchester . . . 247--250 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 251--252 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253--259 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 23, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . 260--262 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 24, Number 1, June, 1969 P. M. S. Blackett Opening of the Cook Gallery at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, on 17 July 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--4 Anonymous Captain Cook bicentenary commemorative presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5--6 I. Kaye Captain James Cook and The Royal Society 7--18 Sir Richard Woolley, F.R.S. Captain Cook and the transit of Venus of 1769 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19--32 G. E. R. Deacon, F.R.S. and Margaret Deacon Captain Cook as a navigator . . . . . . 33--42 Egon H. Kodicek and Frank G. Young, F.R.S. Captain Cook and scurvy . . . . . . . . 43--63 William T. Stearn A Royal Society appointment with Venus in 1769: the voyage of Cook and Banks in the Endeavour in 1768--1771 and its botanical results . . . . . . . . . . . 64--90 G. L'E. Turner James Short, F.R.S., and his contribution to the construction of reflecting telescopes . . . . . . . . . 91--108 D. J. Bryden Note on a further portrait of James Short, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109--112 J. A. Chaldecott Cromwell Mortimer, F.R.S. (c. 1698--1752) and the invention of the metalline thermometer for measuring high temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113--135 Edward Short Anniversary Dinner 1968 . . . . . . . . 136--144 Lord Adrian Address at the Memorial Service for Sir Henry Dale, O.M., G.B.E., F.R.S. at Westminster Abbey on 11 October 1968 . . 145--145 D. C. Martin and Harold Hartley The Royal Society Club Dinner on 14 November 1968 in celebration of the 90th Birthday of Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. 146--155 Gillian Hammill The Society's portraits and busts . . . 156--168 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 169--174 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175--180 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 24, Number 2, April, 1970 Anonymous Conversaziones, 1969 . . . . . . . . . . 181--186 Anonymous Reception in honour of the memory of Captain James Cook, R.N., F.R.S. . . . . 187--188 C. A. Fleming, F.R.S. James Cook bicentenary celebrations in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189--193 R. V. Jones, F.R.S. The `plain story' of James Watt. The Wilkins Lecture, 1969 . . . . . . . . . 194--220 Eric Robinson James Watt, engineer and man of science 221--232 Robert Fox Watt's expansive principle in the work of Sadi Carnot and Nicolas Clément . . . 233--253 Richard L. Hills Sir Richard Arkwright and his patent granted in 1769 . . . . . . . . . . . . 254--260 D. J. Bryden The Jamaican observatories of Colin Campbell, F.R.S. and Alexander Macfarlane, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . 261--272 W. S. C. Copeman William Prout, M.D., F.R.S., Physician and Chemist (1785--1850) . . . . . . . . 273--280 W. H. Brock William Prout and Barometry . . . . . . 281--294 David F. Larder Thomas Thomson's activities in Edinburgh, 1791--1811 . . . . . . . . . 295--304 Roy M. MacLeod The X-Club. A social network of science in late-Victorian England . . . . . . . 305--322 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 323--323 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324--329 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 24. 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . 330--332 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 25, Number 1, June, 1970 H. B. G. Casimir Anniversary Dinner 1969. Speech by Professor H. B. G. Casimir at the Anniversary Dinner, The Dorchester, 1 December 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--7 John Maddox and Harold Macmillan The \booktitleNature Centenary Dinner 9--15 Christoph J. Scriba The autobiography of John Wallis, F.R.S. 17--46 Asit K. Biswas Edmond Halley, F.R.S., Hydrologist Extraordinary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47--57 Frank N. Egerton Richard Bradley's Relationship With Sir Hans Sloane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59--77 J. R. M. Setchell The friendship of John Smeaton, F.R.S., with Henry Hindley, instrument and clockmaker of York and the development of Equatorial mounting telescopes . . . 79--86 G. N. Cantor Thomas Young's lectures at the Royal Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87--112 Trevor H. Levere Friendship and influence --- Martinus Van Marum, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . 113--120 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 121--125 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127--133 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 25, Number 2, December, 1970 Anonymous Conversaziones, 1970 . . . . . . . . . . 135--142 P. D. Lawrence and A. G. Molland David Gregory's inaugural lecture at Oxford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143--178 T. L. Underwood Edward Haistwell, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . 179--187 J. R. M. Setchell Further information on the telescopes of Hindley of York . . . . . . . . . . . . 189--192 David F. Larder An unpublished chemical essay of James Watt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193--210 J. T. Lloyd Background to the Joule--Mayer Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211--225 Edmund J. Bowen, F.R.S. The Balliol--Trinity Laboratories, Oxford, 1853--1940 . . . . . . . . . . . 227--236 Sir George Thomson, F.R.S. An unfortunate experiment, Hertz and the nature of cathode rays . . . . . . . . . 237--242 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 243--243 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245--250 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 25, 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . 251--252 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 26, Number 1, June, 1971 R. V. J. and W. D. M. P. Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. An appreciation on his retirement from the editorship of \booktitleNotes and Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--2 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3--3 The Lord Boyle Anniversary Dinner 1970, Speech by The Rt Hon. The Lord Boyle at the Anniversary Dinner, The Dorchester, 30 November 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5--14 Paul A. Tunbridge Jean André De Luc, F.R.S. (1727--1817) 15--33 W. A. Smeaton Some comments on James Watt's published account of his work on steam and steam engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35--42 J. B. Morrell Professors Robison and Playfair, and the \booktitleTheophobia Gallica: Natural philosophy, religion and politics in Edinburgh, 1789--1815 . . . . . . . . . 43--63 Lise Wilkinson William Brockedon, F.R.S. (1787--1854) 65--72 T. E. Allibone, F.R.S. The Thursday's Club called the Club of the Royal Philosophers, and its relation to the Royal Society Club . . . . . . . 73--80 Roy M. Macleod Of medals and men: a reward system in Victorian science, 1826--1914 . . . . . 81--105 Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. Viscount Grey of Fallodon, K.G., F.R.S. 107--110 Anonymous Visit of a scientific delegation from Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111--111 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 113--118 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119--123 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 26, Number 2, December, 1971 Anonymous Conversaziones, 1971 . . . . . . . . . . 125--133 A. W. Skempton, F.R.S. The publication of Smeaton's Reports . . 135--155 Sir Raphael Cilento Sir Joseph Banks, F.R.S. and the naming of the Kangaroo . . . . . . . . . . . . 157--161 W. D. Hackmann The design of the triboelectric generators of Martinus van Marum, F.R.S.: a case history of the interaction between England and Holland in the field of instrument design in the eighteenth century . . . . . . . . . . . 163--181 Lise Wilkinson Three drawings of Fellows by William Brockedon, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . 183--187 J. S. Rowlinson, F.R.S. The theory of glaciers . . . . . . . . . 189--204 Otto Mayr Victorian physicists and speed regulation: An encounter between science and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205--228 Paul A. Tunbridge A letter by William Thomson, F.R.S., on the `Thomson effect' . . . . . . . . . . 229--232 T. M. Charlton Maxwell, Jenkin and Cotterill and the theory of statically-indeterminate structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233--246 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 247--247 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249--254 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 26, 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . 255--258 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 27, Number 1, August, 1972 Anonymous Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--3 Anonymous Rutherford Centenary Celebrations . . . 5--5 Sir Mark Oliphant, F.R.S. Some Personal Recollections of Rutherford, the Man . . . . . . . . . . 7--23 Sir Harrie Massey, Sec.R.S. Nuclear Physics Today and in Rutherford's Day . . . . . . . . . . . . 25--44 N. Feather, F.R.S. Rutherford --- Faraday --- Newton . . . 45--55 Lord Blackett, F.R.S. Rutherford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57--59 W. Bennett Lewis, F.R.S. Some Recollections and Reflections on Rutherford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61--63 Sir Nevill Francis Mott, F.R.S. Rutherford and Theory . . . . . . . . . 65--66 P. P. O'Shea Ernest Rutherford. His Honours and Distinctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67--74 J. B. Adams, F.R.S. Four generations of nuclear physicists 75--94 The Lord Denning Anniversary Dinner 1971 . . . . . . . . 95--102 N. S. Hetherington The Hevelius--Auzout controversy . . . . 103--106 J. A. Bennett Wren's last building? . . . . . . . . . 107--118 A. W. Slater Luke Howard, F.R.S. (1772--1864) and his relations with Goethe . . . . . . . . . 119--140 John R. Levene Benjamin Franklin, F.R.S., Sir Joshua Reynolds, F.R.S., P.R.A., Benjamin West, P.R.A. and the invention of bifocals . . 141--163 Edward Salisbury The retirement of Mr I. Kaye, Librarian to the Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165--165 Anonymous The Society's Notes . . . . . . . . . . 167--171 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173--176 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 27, Number 2, February, 1973 Alan Hodgkin Address at the memorial service for Sir Frederick Bawden, Treas. R.S. at the Church of St James, Piccadilly on 16 March 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177--180 R. V. Jones Address at the memorial service for Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S. at Westminster Abbey on 17 October 1972 . . . . . . . . 181--184 Anonymous Conversaziones, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . 185--192 Robert G. Frank, Jr. John Aubrey, F.R.S., John Lydall, and Science at Commonwealth Oxford . . . . . 193--217 Jeanne Bolam The botanical works of Nehemiah Grew, F.R.S. (1641--1712) . . . . . . . . . . 219--231 A. W. Skempton, F.R.S. and Joyce Brown John and Edward Troughton, mathematical instrument makers . . . . . . . . . . . 233--249 A. W. Skempton, F.R.S. and Joyce Brown Addendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249--262 Paul A. Tunbridge Faraday's Genevese friends . . . . . . . 263--298 W. V. Farrar Andrewy Ure, F.R.S. and the philosophy of manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . 299--324 David Martin The retirement of Mr J. C. Graddon, Assistant Editor to the Society . . . . 325--326 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 327--327 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329--334 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 27, 1972--3 . . . . . . . . . . . 335--337 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 28, Number 1, June, 1973 Margaret Thatcher Anniversary Dinner 1972: Speech by the Rt Hon. Margaret Thatcher, M.P., Secretary of State for Education and Science, at the Anniversary Dinner, The Dorchester, 30 November 1972 . . . . . . 1--9 Anonymous Celebration of the quincentenary of the birth of Nicolaus Copernicus . . . . . . 11--13 John R. Millburn Benjamin Martin and the Royal Society 15--23 V. Gold, F.R.S. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the appointment of J. F. Daniell, F.R.S., as Professor of Chemistry at King's College London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25--29 N. G. Coley Henry Bence-Jones, M.D., F.R.S. (1813--1873) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31--56 R. V. Jones, F.R.S. James Clerk Maxwell at Aberdeen, 1856--1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57--81 Sir Hans Krebs, F.R.S. Two letters by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen . . 83--92 Sir John Boyd, F.R.S. Sleeping sickness. The Castellani--Bruce controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93--110 W. D. M. Paton, F.R.S. and C. G. Phillips, F.R.S. E. H. J. Schuster (1897--1969) . . . . . 111--117 Eric G. Forbes The library of the Rev. John Flamsteed, F.R.S., first Astronomer Royal . . . . . 119--143 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 145--149 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151--154 Anonymous Bibliography of Recent Books and Articles Dealing with the History of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151--155 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 28, Number 2, April, 1974 Anonymous Conversaziones, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . 157--166 J. Buchanan-Brown The books presented to the Royal Society by John Aubrey, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . 167--193 T. E. Allibone, F.R.S. Edmond Halley and the Clubs of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195--205 Paul A. Tunbridge Franklin's pointed lightning conductor 207--219 Averil M. Lysaght Joseph Banks at Skara Brae and Stennis, Orkney, 1772 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221--234 E. L. Scott Edward Jenner, F.R.S. and the cuckoo . . 235--240 A. Gibson and W. V. Farrar Robert Angus Smith, F.R.S. and `sanitary science' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241--262 Gail Ewald Scala An index of proper names in Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society (London, 1756--1757) . . . . . . . . . . 263--329 Anonymous Lt Cdr George R. Lush, M.B.E., R.N., 1 April 1919 to 14 July 1973 . . . . . . . 331--332 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 333--334 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335--339 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 28. 1973--4 . . . . . . . . . . . 341--343 Anonymous Errata: James Clerk Maxwell at Aberdeen, 1856--1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344--344 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 29, Number 1, October, 1974 Alan Bullock Anniversary Dinner 1973: Speech by Sir Alan Bullock at the Anniversary Dinner, The Dorchester 30 November 1973 . . . . 1--9 H. R. H. The Prince Philip Research and Prediction: The inaugural Hartley Lecture delivered at the Royal Society, 21 May 1974 . . . . . . . . . . 11--27 A. Rupert Hall Newton and his editors: The Wilkins Lecture, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29--52 + 4 G. L'E Turner Henry Baker, F.R.S.: Founder of the Bakerian Lecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 53--79 R. W. Home Some manuscripts on electrical and other subjects attributed to Thomas Bayes, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81--90 Averil M. Lysaght Some early letters from Joseph Banks to William Phelp Perrin . . . . . . . . . . 91--99 T. M. Charlton Professor Bertram Hopkinson, C.M.G., M.A., B.Sc., F.R.S. (1874--1918) . . . . 101--109 D. J. H. Griffin The Aldabra Research Station . . . . . . 111--119 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 121--125 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127--133 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 29, Number 2, March, 1975 Alan Hodgkin and Harrie Massey and David Martin and G. P. S. Occhialini and Bernard Lovell and C. H. Waddington and C. C. Butler and S. K. Runcorn and M. G. K. Menon Memorial meeting for Lord Blackett, O.M., C.H., F.R.S. at the Royal Society on 31 October 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . 135--162 Anonymous Conversaziones 1974 . . . . . . . . . . 163--171 Marie Boas Hall The Royal Society's role in the diffusion of information in the seventeenth century. I . . . . . . . . . 173--192 J. R. Philip, F.R.S. Samuel Johnson as antiscientist . . . . 193--203 Garland Cannon Sir William Jones, Sir Joseph Banks, and the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . 205--230 Martin Rudwick Charles Lyell, F.R.S. (1797--1875) and his London lectures on geology, 1832--33 231--263 J. G. O'Hara George Johnstone Stoney, F.R.S. and the concept of the electron . . . . . . . . 265--276 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 277--277 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279--284 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285--286 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 30, Number 1, July, 1975 Lord Todd Address at the Memorial Service for Sir Robert Robinson, O.M., F.R.S. at Westminster Abbey on 29 April 1975 . . . 1--3 Thomas Brimelow Anniversary Dinner 1974: Speech by Sir Thomas Brimelow at the Anniversary Dinner, The Dorchester, 30 November 1974 5--14 John R. Levene Sir G. B. Airy, F.R.S. and the Symptomatology of migraine . . . . . . . 15--23 A. E. Gunther The Darwin letters at Shrewsbury School 25--43 C. E. R. Sherrington Charles Scott Sherrington (1857--1952) 45--63 A. V. Hill, F.R.S. Jewels in my acquaintance with C. S. Sherrington, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . 65--68 Sir John Eccles, F.R.S. Letters from C. S. Sherrington, F.R.S., to Angelo Ruffini Between 1896 and 1903 69--88 I. Grattan-Guinness The Royal Society's financial support of the publication of Whitehead and Russell's \booktitlePrincipia mathematica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89--104 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 105--109 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111--116 Anonymous Errata: The Royal Society's Role in the Diffusion of Information in the Seventeenth Century (1) . . . . . . . . 116--116 Anonymous Volume Information . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 30, Number 2, January, 1976 Anonymous Conversaziones and Reception, 1975 . . . 117--126 Bernard Lovell Address at Westminster Abbey, on the occasion of the tercentenary of the Royal Greenwich Observatory . . . . . . 127--132 W. H. McCrea, F.R.S. The Royal Observatory and the study of gravitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133--140 + 2 J. M. Edmonds and J. A. Douglas William Buckland, F.R.S. (1784--1856) and an Oxford geological lecture, 1823 141--167 T. M. Charlton Contributions to the science of bridge-building in the nineteenth century by Henry Moseley, Hon. Ll.D., F.R.S. and William Pole, D.Mus., F.R.S. 169--179 J. Vernon Jensen Thomas Henry Huxley's `baptism into oratory' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181--207 M. J. Bartholomew The Award of the Copley Medal to Charles Darwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209--218 Sir John Eccles, F.R.S. From electrical to chemical transmission in the central nervous system: The closing address of the Sir Henry Dale Centennial Symposium Cambridge, 19 September 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219--230 W. D. M. Paton, F.R.S. Sir Henry Dale (1875--1968). Some letters and papers . . . . . . . . . . . 231--248 S. Chandrasekhar, F.R.S. Verifying the theory of relativity . . . 249--260 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 261--261 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263--266 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 30, 1975--6 . . . . . . . . . . . 267--269 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 31, Number 1, July, 1976 R. L\ust Anniversary Dinner 1975 . . . . . . . . 1--8 Michael Hunter The social basis and changing fortunes of an early scientific institution: an analysis of the membership of the Royal Society, 1660--1685 . . . . . . . . . . 9--114 B. R. Singer Robert Hooke on memory, association and time perception (I) . . . . . . . . . . 115--131 T. L. Underwood Quakers and the Royal Society of London in the seventeenth century . . . . . . . 133--150 Bernard Norton and E. S. Pearson, F.R.S. A note on the background to, and refereeing of, R. A. Fisher's 1918 paper: ``On the correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance'' (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh \bf 52 (1918/19), 399--434) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151--162 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 163--168 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169--173 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 31, Number 2, January, 1977 Anonymous Editorial: The American Bicentenary and Anglo--American intellectual relations 177--177 Bernard Bailyn 1776: The British Dimension . . . . . . 179--199 R. V. Jones, F.R.S. Benjamin Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . 201--225 J. H. Plumb, F.B.A. Britain and America --- The cultural tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227--243 Anonymous Conversaziones 1976 . . . . . . . . . . 245--253 J. V. Beckett Dr William Brownrigg, F.R.S.: Physician, Chemist and Country Gentleman . . . . . 255--271 W. V. Farrar Edward Schunck, F.R.S., a pioneer of natural-product chemistry . . . . . . . 273--296 Charles H. Cotter The Royal Society and the deviation of the compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297--309 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 311--311 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313--322 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volumes 21 to 30 (1966 to 1975) . . . . 323--356 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 32, Number 1, July, 1977 P. R. S. Lord Todd Address at the memorial service for Sir David Christie Martin (1914--1976) at St Columba's Church of Scotland, London on 9 February 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--3 Philip Handler Anniversary Dinner 1976: speech by Dr Philip Handler, President of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences, The Dorchester, 30 November 1976 . . . . . . 5--11 W. E. Knowles Middleton What did Charles II call the Fellows of the Royal Society? . . . . . . . . . . . 13--16 Simon Schaffer Halley's Atheism and the end of the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17--40 Trevor H. Levere Dr Thomas Beddoes and the establishment of his Pneumatic Institution: a tale of three Presidents . . . . . . . . . . . . 41--49 James R. Moore On the education of Darwin's sons: the correspondence between Charles Darwin and the Reverend G. V. Reed, 1857--1864 51--70 Margaret Gowing Science, technology and education: England in 1870. The Wilkins Lecture, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71--90 J. D. McGee, F.R.S. The contribution of A. A. Campbell Swinton, F.R.S. to television . . . . . 91--105 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 107--112 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113--117 Anonymous Volume Information . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 32, Number 2, March, 1978 Alan Hodgkin Address at the memorial service for Lord Adrian, O.M., F.R.S., at Westminster Abbey on 18 October 1977 . . . . . . . . 119--121 Peter Brimblecombe Interest in air pollution among early Fellows of the Royal Society . . . . . . 123--129 Jeffrey M. N. Boss A collection of some observations on bills of mortality & parish registers: An unpublished manuscript by Stephen Hales, F.R.S. (1677--1761) . . . . . . . . . . 131--147 Roy A. Rauschenberg John Ellis, F.R.S. Eighteenth century naturalist and Royal Agent to West Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149--164 Seymour L. Chapin Lalande and the longitude: A little known London voyage of 1763 . . . . . . 165--180 R. I. Ruggles Governor Samuel Wegg, intelligent layman of the Royal Society, 1753--1802 . . . . 181--199 Robert A. Bayliss The travels of Joseph Beete Jukes, F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201--212 H. C. Bolton and W. C. Price, F.R.S. The Date of Birth of James Clerk Maxwell 213--214 R. A. Buchanan Science and engineering: a case study in British experience in the mid-nineteenth century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215--223 N. Feather, F.R.S. Isotopes, isomers and the fundamental law of radioactive change . . . . . . . 225--231 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 233--233 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235--239 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 32, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . 241--243 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 33, Number 1, August, 1978 Ian Adamson The Royal Society and Gresham College 1660--1711 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--21 Charles H. Cotter The mariner's sextant and the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23--36 R. V. Jones, F.R.S. Through music to the stars. William Herschel, 1738--1822 . . . . . . . . . . 37--56 Sir Bernard Lovell, F.R.S. Herschel's work on the structure of the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57--75 Sydney Ross John Herschel on Faraday and on science 77--82 R. B. Freeman Darwin's negro bird-stuffer . . . . . . 83--86 William McGucken The Royal Society and the genesis of the Scientific Advisory Committee to Britain's War Cabinet, 1939--1940 . . . 87--115 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 117--122 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123--132 Anonymous Volume Information . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 33, Number 2, March, 1979 A. A. Mills and P. J. Turvey Newton's telescope, an examination of the reflecting telescope attributed to Sir Isaac Newton in the possession of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . 133--155 W. E. Knowles Middleton Some Italian visitors to the early Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157--173 Geoffrey Fryer, F.R.S. John Fryer, F.R.S. and his scientific observations, made chiefly in India and Persia between 1672 and 1682 . . . . . . 175--206 A. E. Gunther The Royal Society and the foundation of the British Museum, 1753--1781 . . . . . 207--216 D. R. Oldroyd and D. W. Hutchings The chemical lectures at Oxford (1822--1854) of Charles Daubeny, M.D., F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217--259 John Shorter Humphrey Owen Jones, F.R.S. (1878--1912) chemist and mountaineer . . . . . . . . 261--277 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 279--279 Anonymous Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281--285 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 33, 1978--9 . . . . . . . . . . . 287--288 Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 34, Number 1, July, 1979 L. W. Johnson and M. L. Wolbarsht Mercury poisoning: A probable cause of Isaac Newton's physical and mental ills 1--9 P. E. Spargo and C. A. Pounds Newton's `derangement of the intellect'. New light on an old problem . . . . . . 11--32 J. M. Edmonds The founding of the Oxford Readership in Geology, 1818 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33--51 A. E. Gunther J. E. Gray, Charles Darwin, and the Cirripedes, 1846--1851 . . . . . . . . . 53--63 R. V. Jones, F.R.S. Alfred Ewing and `Room 40' . . . . . . . 65--90 Lawrence Badash British and American views of the German menace in World War I . . . . . . . . . 91--121 Margaret Gowing The Contemporary Scientific Archives Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123--131 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 133--137 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 34, Number 2, February, 1980 Gweneth Whitteridge Of the local movement of animals: The Wilkins Lecture, 1979 . . . . . . . . . 139--153 David A. Cumming John MacCulloch, F.R.S., at Addiscombe: The lectureships in chemistry and geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155--183 Joyce Brown A memoir of Colonel Sir Proby Cautley, F.R.S., 1802--1871, engineer and palaeontologist . . . . . . . . . . . . 185--225 G. Burniston Brown David Edward Hughes, F.R.S., 1831--1900 227--239 Peter Alter The Royal Society and the International Association of Academies 1897--1919 . . 241--264 Anonymous The Society's notes . . . . . . . . . . 265--265 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 34, 1979--80 . . . . . . . . . . 267--268 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 35, Number 1, July, 1980 R. W. Ditchburn, F.R.S. Newton's Illness of 1692--3 . . . . . . 1--16 D. R. Oldroyd Some `\booktitlePhilosophicall Scribbles' attributed to Robert Hooke 17--32 J. A. Bennett Robert Hooke as mechanic and natural philosopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33--48 Jillian F. Austin and Anita McConnell James Six F.R.S. --- Two hundred years of the Six's self-registering thermometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49--65 C. Domb, F.R.S. James Clerk Maxwell in London: 1860--1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67--103 + 1 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 35, Number 2, December, 1980 Marta Cavazza Bologna and the Royal Society in the Seventeenth Century . . . . . . . . . . 105--123 W. R. Sloan Sir Hans Sloane, F.R.S. Legend and lineage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125--129 A. P. Woolrich The printing of Smeaton's reports . . . 131--133 Diana E. Manuel Marshall Hall, F.R.S. (1790--1857), a conspectus of his life and work . . . . 135--166 Russell Moseley Government science and the Royal Society: the control of the National Physical Laboratory in the inter-war years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167--193 J. A. Witkowski W. T. Astbury and Ross G. Harrison: the search for the molecular determination of form in the developing embryo . . . . 195--219 Anonymous Index to \booktitleNotes and Records, Volume 35, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . 221--222 Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 36, Number 1, August, 1981 Anonymous Editorial Note: Newton's Rainbow . . . . 1--1 Roy L. Bishop and Isaac Newton Rainbow over Woolsthorpe Manor . . . . . 2--11 A. A. Mills Newton's prisms and his experiments on the spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13--36 Brian J. Ford The van Leeuwenhoek Specimens . . . . . 37--59 Charles H. Cotter Captain Edmond Halley R.N., F.R.S. . . . 61--77 Averil Lysaght A letter from Sydney Parkinson in Batavia to Dr John Fothergill . . . . . 79--81 Derek Flinn John MacCulloch, M.D., F.R.S., and his geological map of Scotland: His years in the Ordnance. 1795--1826 . . . . . . . . 83--101 Robert A. Bayliss and C. William Ellis Neil Arnott, F.R.S. Reformer, innovator and popularizer of science 1788--1874 103--123 Rose Scott-Moncrieff, (Mrs O.M.Meares) The classical period in chemical genetics, Recollections of Muriel Wheldale Onslow, Robert and Gertrude Robinson and J. B. S. Haldane . . . . . 125--154 Anonymous Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Anonymous Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Volume 36, Number 2, February, 1982 Penelope M. Gouk Acoustics in the early Royal Society 1660--1680 . . . .
4591	dbpedia	0	52	https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/biosciences/people/steve.harding	en	The University of Nottingham			[ "https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/SiteElements/Images/Base/logo.png", "https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/biosciences/people/staff-images/steveharding.jpg", "https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/SiteElements/Images/Icons/icon-facebook.png", "https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/SiteElements/Images/Icons/icon-twitter.png", "https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/SiteElements/Images/Icons/icon-youtube.png", "https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/SiteElements/Images/Icons/icon-linkedin.png", "https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/SiteElements/Images/Icons/icon-tumblr.png", "https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/SiteElements/Images/Icons/icon-instagram.png", "https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/SiteElements/Images/Icons/icon-weibo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	Current Research The NCMH (National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics): Developing and using hydrodynamic methods to study the sizes, shapes and interactions of macromolecules in solution Glycans and their uses in biomedicine Development of new bioinspired polymer consolidants for archaeological wood (Oseberg artefacts) and fabric (Oseberg tapestries) Stable isotope analysis for provenancing archaeological iron objects The Meols Boat project Current funded projects: 1. EPSRC (EP/S021434/1): High resolution, cryogenic analytical & transfer scanning electron microscope (HR-CAT-SEM). Khlobystov, Alexander, Scurr, Brown, Grant, Snape, Wright, Amabilino, Howdle, Parmenter, Rawson, Vandeginste, Harding & Arkill (1/2019 - 12/2024). 2. NFR (Norway): Virtual reconstruction, interpretation & preservation of the textile artefacts from the Oseberg find (TEXREC) Kutzke, Vedeler, Hardeberg, George, Harding, Herrmann & Geiger (9/2021 - 8/2025); 3. NERC/NEIF: Assessing isotopes as a means for the provenancing of ancient iron artefacts, Harding, Pearce, Jones & Evans (6/2022-12/2024); 5. BBSRC: Nanoscale Characterisation of Biological and Bioinspired Materials using an Integrated Fluidic Force - High-Resolution Confocal Microscopy. Yakubov, Chabarria, Sayers, Aylott, Jardie, Bennett, Pound, Camara Garcia, Alexander, Williams, Allen, Harding, Self (7/2022 - 10/2024)
4591	dbpedia	3	11	https://www.ed.ac.uk/usher/news-events/news-2020/academics-join-royal-society-of-edinburgh	en	Academics join Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://www.ed.ac.uk/sit…ng?itok=iwiVTWF2	https://www.ed.ac.uk/sit…ng?itok=iwiVTWF2	[ "https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/uoe/assets/logo.png", "https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/banner_breakpoints_theme_uoe_mobile_1x/public/banner/usher_web_banner_2023.png?itok=YtLTyTNd&timestamp=1681383750", "https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/footer/as_rgb_silver-award_80pxhighforfooter.png", "https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/footer/uoe_0.png", "https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/footer/ddi_1.png", "https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/footer/ukscotgov.png", "https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/footer/crd.png", "https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/uoe/assets/footer-affiliations.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-03-17T00:00:00	Two members of Usher Institute have been elected Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.	en	https://www.ed.ac.uk/sit…x32.png?t=shw8z1	The University of Edinburgh	https://www.ed.ac.uk/usher/news-events/news-2020/academics-join-royal-society-of-edinburgh	The Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland’s National Academy has announced its newly elected 2020 Fellows. These new Fellows comprise leading thinkers and experts from Scotland and around the world whose work has a significant impact on our nation. Two members of the Usher Institute join a prestigious Fellowship of more than 1,600 individuals from the UK and abroad who have demonstrated significant achievements in a broad range of fields. New Fellows The Usher Institute members included in the Royal Society of Edinburgh’s 2020 intake are: Professor Scott Murray MBE FRSE: Emeritus Professor of Primary Palliative Care, University of Edinburgh Professor Bruce Guthrie FRSE: Professor of General Practice, University of Edinburgh Professor Francisca Mutapi, Deputy Director of NIHR Global Health Research Unit 'TIBA' was also among the new Fellows. The diverse expertise and experience of our fellows, means that, as an organisation, we are well-placed to respond to the issues of the day with clear informed thinking free from commercial or political influence. Our new fellows, who we look forward to welcoming, not only hold vast knowledge but also deep experience, keen judgement, boundless enthusiasm and a passion for promoting societal development and change. By using their talents as a collective, we can often unlock or inspire new potential and unearth fresh solutions to some of the most complex issues Scotland’s society faces today. Professor Dame Anne GloverPresident of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Related links
4591	dbpedia	0	13	https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2005HisSc..43..415N	en	2005HisSc..43..415N Page 415			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
4591	dbpedia	2	0	https://rse.org.uk/eminent-cultural-and-scientific-figures-named-as-rse-fellows/	en	Eminent cultural and scientific figures named as RSE fellows in 2024	https://rse.org.uk/wp-co…transparent.webp	https://rse.org.uk/wp-co…transparent.webp	[ "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/RSE-New-Fellows-2024-SQ-collage-all-800x800.jpg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Iannucci-Armando-300x300.jpg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sally_Magnusson-300x300.jpeg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Prof-Jason-Gill-300x300.jpg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Prof-Elham-Kashefi-300x300.png", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/John_Ball-300x300.jpg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Peter-Orrell-Headshot-2-Cropped-600x400.jpg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Dinocephalosaurus-orientalis-600x400.jpeg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Rory-Duncan-Jellyfish-002-600x400.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "James Thomas" ]	2024-04-09T08:00:31+00:00	Knowledge made useful	en	/favicon.ico	Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://rse.org.uk/eminent-cultural-and-scientific-figures-named-as-rse-fellows/	The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) has announced the 2024 cohort of new Fellows, and among the names are BAFTA and Emmy-winning satirist Armando Iannucci and award-winning journalist and charity founder Sally Magnusson. Among the 57 Fellows on the list of those joining the RSE are entrepreneur and philanthropist Dr Michael Welch, Leonie Bell, Director of the V&A Dundee, public health advocate Professor Jason Gill, and Professor Elham Kashefi, a world leader in the field of quantum computing New Fellows have been elected from institutions from across the UK, including Dundee, Aberdeen, St Andrews, Stirling, Highlands and Islands, and from countries around the world including the Netherlands, Germany, USA, and China Nominated for their individual excellence in a wide range of fields such as physics, chemistry, informatics, literature, law, social sciences, and business, they will be joining the 1,800 current Fellows of the RSE, Scotland’s National Academy. Armando Iannucci was elected as an Honorary Fellow, known for award-winning satirical films and programmes such as The Death of Stalin and The Thick of It. He is vice president of the Royal Television Society and takes an active interest in political issues and the functioning of democracy. Armando Iannucci was elected alongside one other Honorary Fellow, health and social care expert, chair of both the Royal College of Physicians and Dementia UK, Professor David Croisdale-Appleby. Broadcaster and journalist Sally Magnusson was also elected for her charity work and her own dementia charity Playlist for Life. Among the 57 new Fellows elected to the Society is Professor Lorna Marson, an outstanding leader in surgery and surgical training. Already a Fellow of the Faculty of Surgical Trainers, she is the first woman to be appointed Professor of Transplant Surgery by the University of Edinburgh and the first woman to be elected President of the British Transplant Society, as well as being Chair of the UK Organ Donation and Transplantation Research Network. Professor Jason Gill, Professor of Cardiometabolic Health at the University of Glasgow, was elected for his major contributions to the prevention and management of vascular, metabolic, and chronic diseases. As well as influencing national health guidelines, he has contributed to the communication of these public health issues with a range of television programmes, broadcast on BBC1, BBC2, ITV, and Channel 4. Professor Donna Heddle of the University of Highlands and Islands (UHI) was elected for her own outstanding contributions to research. She set up and now leads the UHI’s Institute for Northern Studies, a world-leading establishment combining research, teaching, and community engagement. Professor Elham Kashefi of the University of Edinburgh and Chief Scientist at the UK National Quantum Computing Centre (NQCC) is a world-leader in her field. Among a raft of achievements, she developed the world’s first method for secure cloud quantum computing. She called her election “a thrilling opportunity.” BAFTA-winning Professor Paul Mealor is also on the list of newly elected Fellows. He is an internationally renowned composer as well as Professor of Composition at the University of Aberdeen. In 2020 Universal Music announced that he had made his way into the top ten “most performed living and recorded composers alive.” President of the RSE, Professor Sir John Ball PRSE, said: “It is an immense honour to extend a warm welcome to each of our distinguished new Fellows. View all 2024 Fellows in the directory The complete list of new Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh is below: RSE Honorary Fellows 2024 Professor David Croisdale-Appleby Chair, Healthwatch England Armando Iannucci Writer and political satirist RSE Corresponding Fellows 2024
4591	dbpedia	3	31	https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/arche/franz-berto-elected-as-a-fellow-of-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh/	en	Franz Berto – elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh			[ "https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/arche/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/archelogo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-03-22T00:00:00		en			https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/arche/franz-berto-elected-as-a-fellow-of-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh/	The RSE, Scotland’s national academy, announced today, Tuesday 22 March, Franz Berto as one of 80 new Fellows of which 4 are from the University of St Andrews. For more information see university news article or the RSE website.
4591	dbpedia	1	28	https://pages.uoregon.edu/jschombe/glossary/maxwell.html	en	Maxwell			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Maxwell, James Clerk : James Clerk Maxwell is regarded by most modern physicists as the scientist of the 19th century who had the greatest influence on 20th-century physics; he is ranked with Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein for the fundamental nature of his contributions. In 1931, at the 100th anniversary of Maxwell's birth, Einstein described the change in the conception of reality in physics that resulted from Maxwell's work as "the most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton." The concept of electromagnetic radiation originated with Maxwell, and his field equations, based on Michael Faraday's observations of the electric and magnetic lines of force, paved the way for Einstein's special theory of relativity, which established the equivalence of mass and energy. Maxwell's ideas also ushered in the other major innovation of 20th-century physics, the quantum theory. His description of electromagnetic radiation led to the development (according to classical theory) of the ultimately unsatisfactory law of heat radiation, which prompted Max Planck's formulation of the quantum hypothesis--i.e., the theory that radiant-heat energy is emitted only in finite amounts, or quanta. The interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter, integral to Planck's hypothesis, in turn has played a central role in the development of the theory of the structure of atoms and molecules. Maxwell came from a comfortable middle-class background. The original family name was Clerk, the additional surname being added by his father after he had inherited the Middlebie estate from Maxwell ancestors. James, an only child, was born on June 13, 1831, in Edinburgh, where his father was a lawyer; his parents had married late in life, and his mother was 40 years old at his birth. Shortly afterward the family moved to Glenlair, the country house on the Middlebie estate. His mother died in 1839 from abdominal cancer, the very disease to which Maxwell was to succumb at exactly the same age. A dull and uninspired tutor was engaged who claimed that James was slow at learning, though in fact he displayed a lively curiosity at an early age and had a phenomenal memory. Fortunately he was rescued by his aunt Jane Cay and from 1841 was sent to school at the Edinburgh Academy. Among the other pupils were his biographer Lewis Campbell and his friend Peter Guthrie Tait. Maxwell's interests ranged far beyond the school syllabus, and he did not pay particular attention to examination performance. His first scientific paper, published when he was only 14 years old, described a generalized series of oval curves that could be traced with pins and thread by analogy with an ellipse. This fascination with geometry and with mechanical models continued throughout his career and was of great help in his subsequent research. At the age of 16 he entered the University of Edinburgh, where he read voraciously on all subjects and published two more scientific papers. In 1850 he went to the University of Cambridge, where his exceptional powers began to be recognized. His mathematics teacher, William Hopkins, was a well-known "wrangler maker" (a wrangler is one who takes first class honours in the mathematics examinations at Cambridge) whose students included Tait, George Gabriel (later Sir George) Stokes, William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin), Arthur Cayley, and Edward John Routh. Of Maxwell, Hopkins is reported to have said that he was the most extraordinary man he had met with in the whole course of his experience, that it seemed impossible for him to think wrongly on any physical subject, but that in analysis he was far more deficient. (Other contemporaries also testified to Maxwell's preference for geometrical over analytical methods.) This shrewd assessment was later borne out by several important formulas advanced by Maxwell that obtained correct results from faulty mathematical arguments. In 1854 Maxwell was second wrangler and first Smith's prizeman (the Smith's prize is a prestigious competitive award for an essay that incorporates original research). He was elected to a fellowship at Trinity, but, because his father's health was deteriorating, he wished to return to Scotland. In 1856 he was appointed to the professorship of natural philosophy at Marischal College, Aberdeen, but before the appointment was announced his father died. This was a great personal loss, for Maxwell had had a close relationship with his father. In June 1858 Maxwell married Katherine Mary Dewar, daughter of the principal of Marischal College. The union was childless and was described by his biographer as a "married life . . . of unexampled devotion." In 1860 the University of Aberdeen was formed by a merger between King's College and Marischal College, and Maxwell was declared redundant. He applied for a vacancy at the University of Edinburgh, but he was turned down in favour of his school friend Tait. He then was appointed to the professorship of natural philosophy at King's College, London. The next five years were undoubtedly the most fruitful of his career. During this period his two classic papers on the electromagnetic field were published, and his demonstration of colour photography took place. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1861. His theoretical and experimental work on the viscosity of gases also was undertaken during these years and culminated in a lecture to the Royal Society in 1866. He supervised the experimental determination of electrical units for the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and this work in measurement and standardization led to the establishment of the National Physical Laboratory. He also measured the ratio of electromagnetic and electrostatic units of electricity and confirmed that it was in satisfactory agreement with the velocity of light as predicted by his theory. In 1865 he resigned his professorship at King's College and retired to the family estate in Glenlair. He continued to visit London every spring and served as external examiner for the Mathematical Tripos (exams) at Cambridge. In the spring and early summer of 1867 he toured Italy. But most of his energy during this period was devoted to writing his famous treatise on electricity and magnetism. It was Maxwell's research on electromagnetism that established him among the great scientists of history. In the preface to his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873), the best exposition of his theory, Maxwell stated that his major task was to convert Faraday's physical ideas into mathematical form. In attempting to illustrate Faraday's law of induction (that a changing magnetic field gives rise to an induced electromagnetic field), Maxwell constructed a mechanical model. He found that the model gave rise to a corresponding "displacement current" in the dielectric medium, which could then be the seat of transverse waves. On calculating the velocity of these waves, he found that they were very close to the velocity of light. Maxwell concluded that he could "scarcely avoid the inference that light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena." Maxwell's theory suggested that electromagnetic waves could be generated in a laboratory, a possibility first demonstrated by Heinrich Hertz in 1887, eight years after Maxwell's death. The resulting radio industry with its many applications thus has its origin in Maxwell's publications. In addition to his electromagnetic theory, Maxwell made major contributions to other areas of physics. While still in his 20s, Maxwell demonstrated his mastery of classical physics by writing a prizewinning essay on Saturn's rings, in which he concluded that the rings must consist of masses of matter not mutually coherent--a conclusion that was corroborated more than 100 years later by the first Voyager space probe to reach Saturn. The Maxwell relations of equality between different partial derivatives of thermodynamic functions are included in every standard textbook on thermodynamics. Though Maxwell did not originate the modern kinetic theory of gases, he was the first to apply the methods of probability and statistics in describing the properties of an assembly of molecules. Thus he was able to demonstrate that the velocities of molecules in a gas, previously assumed to be equal, must follow a statistical distribution (known subsequently as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law). In later papers Maxwell investigated the transport properties of gases--i.e., the effect of changes in temperature and pressure on viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion. Maxwell was far from being an abstruse theoretician. He was skillful in the design of experimental apparatus, as was shown early in his career during his investigations of colour vision. He devised a colour top with adjustable sectors of tinted paper to test the three-colour hypothesis of Thomas Young and later invented a colour box that made it possible to conduct experiments with spectral colours rather than pigments. His investigations of the colour theory led him to conclude that a colour photography could be produced by photographing through filters of the three primary colours and then recombining the images. He demonstrated his supposition in a lecture to the Royal Institution of Great Britain in 1861 by projecting through filters a colour photograph of a tartan ribbon that had been taken by this method. In addition to these well-known contributions, a number of ideas that Maxwell put forward quite casually have since led to developments of great significance. The hypothetical intelligent being known as Maxwell's demon was a factor in the development of information theory. Maxwell's analytic treatment of speed governors is generally regarded as the founding paper on cybernetics, and his "equal areas" construction provided an essential constituent of the theory of fluids developed by Johannes Diederik van der Waals. His work in geometrical optics led to the discovery of the fish-eye lens. From the start of his career to its finish his papers are filled with novelty and interest. He also was a contributor to the ninth edition of Encyclopfdia Britannica. In 1871 Maxwell was elected to the new Cavendish professorship at Cambridge. He set about designing the Cavendish Laboratory and supervised its construction. Maxwell had few students, but they were of the highest calibre and included William D. Niven, Ambrose (later Sir Ambrose) Fleming, Richard Tetley Glazebrook, John Henry Poynting, and Arthur Schuster. During the Easter term of 1879 Maxwell took ill on several occasions; he returned to Glenlair in June but his condition did not improve. He died after a short illness on Nov. 5, 1879. Maxwell received no public honours and was buried quietly in a small churchyard in the
4591	dbpedia	0	64	https://www.alc.manchester.ac.uk/about/people/staff-directory/history-staff/	en	School of Arts, Languages and Cultures			[ "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/corporate/images/design/icon-menu.gif", "https://humassets.manchester.ac.uk/rwd-assets/images/logo-university-of-manchester.png", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/corporate/images/design/icon-menu.gif", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/corporate/images/design/icon-search-mobile.png", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/phase1/templates/images/icon-facebook-50.png", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/phase1/templates/images/icon-x-twitter.svg", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/phase1/templates/images/icon-pinterest-red-white-50.png", "https://assets.manchester.ac.uk/phase1/templates/images/icon-youtube-50.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	//humassets.manchester.ac.uk/rwd-assets/favicon/favicon.ico		null	Search Search text Search type Website Staff directory School of Arts, Languages and Cultures
4591	dbpedia	2	92	https://m.facebook.com/UoECSE/photos/we-are-highlighting-the-achievement-of-some-of-our-colleagues-who-were-appointed/647860817342536/	en	Facebook	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	[ "https://facebook.com/security/hsts-pixel.gif?c=3.2" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Sieh dir auf Facebook Beiträge, Fotos und vieles mehr an.	de	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico		https://www.facebook.com/login/
4591	dbpedia	1	90	https://royalfamily.fandom.com/wiki/Charles_III	en	Charles III	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/royalfamily/images/c/c4/Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20061212180750	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/royalfamily/images/c/c4/Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20061212180750	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/royalfamily/images/c/c4/Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20061212180750", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Royal Family Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	Charles III, King of the United Kingdom (Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten-Windsor; born Windsor, 14 November 1948), is the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He acsended to the respective thrones of the United Kingdom and the other 15 Commonwealth...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Royal Family Wiki	https://royalfamily.fandom.com/wiki/Charles_III	Charles III King of The United Kingdom Spouse Diana, Princess of Wales (1981–1996[1]) Queen Camilla (2005) Issue Prince William of Wales Prince Henry of Wales Full name Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten-Windsor Titles HRH The Prince of Wales HRH The Duke of Rothesay HRH The Duke of Cornwall HRH Prince Charles of Edinburgh Royal House House of Windsor Father Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Mother Elizabeth II Born 14 November 1948 Buckingham Palace, London Baptised 15 December 1948 Buckingham Palace, London Charles III, King of the United Kingdom (Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten-Windsor; born Windsor, 14 November 1948), is the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He acsended to the respective thrones of the United Kingdom and the other 15 Commonwealth Realms following the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II. He has held the title of Prince of Wales since 1958, and is styled HRH The Prince of Wales, except in Scotland, where he is styled HRH The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay, and (unofficially) in Cornwall, where he is known as "The Duke of Cornwall". Constitutionally, he is the first in line to the throne, but third in order of precedence, following his parents. The Prince of Wales is well-known for his extensive charity work, particularly for the Prince's Trust. He also carries out a full schedule of royal duties and, increasingly, is taking on more royal roles from his ageing parents. The Prince is also well known for his marriages to the late Diana, Princess of Wales and, subsequently, to Camilla, The Duchess of Cornwall. Birth[] Charles III was born on 14 November 1948 at Buckingham Palace. His father is The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, eldest son of Prince Andrew of Greece and Princess Alice of Battenberg. At the time of his birth, his mother was The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, the elder daughter of King George VI and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon and his father was The Duke of Edinburgh (having not yet been created a Prince of the United Kingdom). His mother was Heiress Presumptive to the British throne at the time of the Prince's birth. The Prince was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 15 December 1948 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Geoffrey Fisher and his godparents were: King George VI, Queen Mary, Princess Margaret, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, Hon. David Bowes-Lyon, Lady Brabourne, King Haakon VII of Norway (for whom the Earl of Athlone stood proxy) and Prince George of Greece (for whom Prince Philip stood proxy). Under letters patent issued by the Prince's great grandfather, King George V, the title of a British prince and the style His Royal Highness was only available to the children and grandchildren in the male-line of the sovereign and the eldest son of the Prince of Wales. As Charles was a female-line grandchild of the sovereign, he would have taken his title from his father, The Duke of Edinburgh, and would have been styled by courtesy as Earl of Merioneth. However the title of Prince and Princess, with the style HRH was granted to all the children of Princess Elizabeth by new letters patent issued by King George VI. In this way the children of the heiress presumptive had a royal and princely status not thought necessary for the children of King George VI's other daughter, Princess Margaret. Thus from birth Charles was known as His Royal Highness Prince Charles of Edinburgh. Template:Infobox hrhstyles Early life[] In 1952, his mother assumed the throne, becoming Queen Elizabeth II. Prince Charles immediately became Duke of Cornwall under a charter of King Edward III, which gave that title to the Sovereign's eldest son, and was then referred to as HRH The Duke of Cornwall. He also became, in the Scottish Peerage, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick and Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. The Duke of Cornwall was now the heir apparent to the throne. He attended his mother’s coronation at Westminster Abbey, sitting with his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother and his aunt, The Princess Margaret. Education[] Template:British Royal Family School[] As with royal children before him, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed to look after the Prince. The governess was responsible for educating the Prince between the ages of 5 and 8. In a break with tradition, Buckingham Palace announced in 1955, that the Prince would attend school, rather than have a private tutor, the first heir apparent to do so. He first attended Hill House School in West London, and later the Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire which the Duke of Edinburgh also attended. The Prince finished his education at Gordonstoun, a private boarding school in the north east of Scotland. His father, the Duke of Edinburgh, had previously attended Gordonstoun, becoming head boy. It is often reported that the Prince despised his time at the school, where he was a frequent target for bullies. ("Colditz in kilts" he reportedly said.) The Prince would later send his own children to Eton College rather than Gordonstoun. In 1966 Charles spent two terms at Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia during which time he visited Papua New Guinea on a history trip with his tutor Michael Collins Persse. On his return to Gordonstoun he followed in his father's footsteps by becoming Head Boy. In 1967 he left Gordonstoun with two A levels, in history and French. University[] Traditionally, the heir to the throne would go straight into the military after finishing school. However, in a break with tradition, Charles attended university at Trinity College, Cambridge where he studied anthropology and archaeology, and later history, earning a 2:2 (lower second class degree). Charles was the first member of the British royal family to be awarded a degree. He also attended the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, where he went specifically in order to learn the Welsh language—the first English-born Prince (of Wales) ever to make a serious attempt to do so. Created Prince of Wales[] He was created The Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in 1958, though his actual investiture did not take place until 1 July 1969. This was a major ceremony, held at Caernarfon Castle in north Wales, a place traditionally associated with the creation of the title in the 13th century. Previous investitures had taken place at various locations, including the Palace of Westminster, the seat of Parliament. The Welsh borough of Swansea was granted city status to mark the occasion. The investiture also aroused considerable hostility among some Welsh nationalists, and there were threats of violence and a short bombing campaign, although these acts were generally more related to the greater nationalist campaign for Welsh independence and the rights of the Welsh language. The nationalist campaign against the investiture culminated with an attempted bombing by two members of the Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru on the eve of the investiture that resulted in the two bombers' deaths. In the late 1970s, The Prince of Wales established another first when he became the first member of the royal family since King George I to attend a British cabinet meeting, being invited to attend by Labour Prime Minister James Callaghan so as to see the workings of cabinet government at firsthand. In the early 1980s, Charles privately expressed an interest in becoming Governor-General of Australia. By this time, however, Australian opinion had shifted firmly behind the view that the Governor-General should be an Australian, and nothing came of the proposal.[2] If he ascends to the British throne after 20 September 2013, the Prince, who turned 58 in November 2006, would become the oldest successor to do so. Only William IV and Edward VII were older than Charles is now when they became the monarch of the United Kingdom. Romances[] The Prince of Wales's love life has always been the subject of speculation and press fodder. He has been linked to a number of women including Georgiana Russell (daughter of the British Ambassador to Spain), Lady Jane Wellesley (daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington), Davina Sheffield, Penthouse model Fiona Watson, actress Susan George, Lady Sarah Spencer, Princess Marie-Astrid of Luxembourg, The Lady Tryon (wife of the 3rd Baron Tryon), and divorcée Jane Ward, among others. Yet, none of them were ever considered marriage material, Template:Dubious with Princess Marie-Astrid barred from marriage to a member of the British Royal Family under British law due to her Roman Catholicism. As heir-apparent to the Throne, the Prince of Wales had to choose a bride who was both a virgin and a Protestant (ideally, a member of the Church of England) who had an impeccable background in terms of both lineage and comportment. Reportedly, it was Camilla Shand, later his second wife, who helped him select 19-year-old nursery assistant Lady Diana Spencer, daughter of the 8th Earl Spencer and younger sister of Lady Sarah Spencer. Buckingham Palace announced their engagement on 24 February 1981. First Marriage[] On 29 July 1981, The Prince of Wales and Lady Diana were married at St Paul's Cathedral before 3,500 invited guests and an estimated 750 million people around the world. All of Europe's crowned heads attended (except for Juan Carlos I of Spain, who was advised not to attend because the couple's honeymoon would involve a stop-over in the disputed territory of Gibraltar). So, too, did most of Europe's elected heads of state, with the notable exceptions of President of Greece Constantine Karamanlis, who declined to go because Greece's exiled King, Constantine II, a personal friend of the Prince, had been described in his invitation as "King of the Hellenes"[3] and the President of Ireland, Patrick Hillery, who was advised by taoiseach Charles Haughey, not to attend because of Britain's continued presence in Northern Ireland.[4] By marriage to the heir apparent, Lady Diana received both a title (the Princess of Wales) and the style of "Her Royal Highness". She was popularly known as Princess Diana, although her correct title was, until the couple's divorce, Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales. The couple made their home at Highgrove, near Tetbury in Gloucestershire and at Kensington Palace. Almost immediately, the Princess of Wales became a star attraction, chased by the paparazzi, her every move (including every change in hairstyle) closely followed by millions. However, the marriage soon became troubled. Critics of the Princess of Wales alleged that she was unstable and temperamental; one by one she sacked each of the Prince of Wales's longstanding staff members and fell out with numerous friends and members of her family (her father, her mother, her brother, The Duchess of York). Many of her own staff were reported to have left as well. The Prince of Wales, too, was blamed for the marital troubles, continuing his adulterous affair with Camilla Parker-Bowles, even hosting evenings at Highgrove with her as hostess, and refusing to treat Diana as an equal. Within five years of the wedding the fairytale marriage was already on the brink of collapse. Ironically, the Prince and Princess of Wales were similar in some respects: both had had troubled childhoods, both took their public roles seriously and devoted much of their time to charity work, becoming highly regarded for it. (The Princess of Wales notably devoted much time to helping AIDS sufferers, while The Prince of Wales devoted much effort to marginalised groups in urban centres through The Prince's Trust charity and to victims of mines). Though they remained publicly a couple, they had effectively separated by the late 1980s, he living in Highgrove, she in Kensington Palace. The media noted their increasing periods apart and their obvious discomfort at being in each other's presence. Evidence and recriminations of infidelity aired in the news media. By 1992, it was obvious that the marriage was over in all but name. The couple formally separated, with media sources taking different sides in what became known as the War of the Waleses. The marriage of The Prince and Princess of Wales formally ended in divorce on 28 August 1996. It had produced two sons, Prince William of Wales, and Prince Henry of Wales who is known as Harry. Death of Diana, Princess of Wales[] Diana, Princess of Wales was killed in a car accident while being chased by paparazzi in Paris in 1997. The Prince of Wales was praised by some for his handling of the events and their aftermath, in particular his over-ruling of palace protocol experts (and indeed the Queen) who argued that as Diana, Princess of Wales was no longer a member of the Royal Family, the responsibility for her funeral arrangements belonged to her blood relatives, the Spencers. The Prince of Wales, against advice, flew to Paris to accompany his ex-wife's body home and insisted that she be given a formal royal funeral; a new category of formal funeral was specially created for her. The role of a single father earned much sympathy, in particular in the way the Prince handled a crisis when it was revealed that his younger son, Prince Harry, was using illegal drugs. Relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles[] During a 1994 television interview Charles admitted that he had committed adultery "once it was clear the marriage had broken down". It was later confirmed that the third party was Camilla, ending years of speculation. In fact in 1993, the British tabloids got hold of tapes (still unexplained) of a 1989 mobile telephone conversation allegedly between Prince Charles and Mrs Parker Bowles, in which Prince Charles expressed regret for all the indignities she endured because of their relationship. After his divorce from Diana, Princess of Wales, The Prince of Wales's relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles eventually became openly acknowledged, and she became his unofficial consort. With the death of Diana in 1997, Camilla's gradual emergence in the public eye came to a temporary halt. However, in 1999, after a party celebrating the 50th birthday of Camilla's sister Annabel Elliott, Charles and Camilla were photographed in public together. Many saw this as a sign that their relationship was now regarded as "official". In a further effort to gain acceptance of the relationship, in June 2000 Camilla met the Queen. Eventually in 2003, Camilla moved into Charles' homes at Highgrove and Clarence House, although Buckingham Palace points out that public funds were not used in the decoration of her suites. Marriage remained elusive, with two main issues requiring resolution and acceptance. As future Supreme Governor of the Church of England, the prospect of his marrying Mrs Parker Bowles, with whom he had had a relationship while both were married, was seen as controversial by some. Both the Prince and Camilla had divorced their spouses, but as her former husband was still alive (although re-married to his long-time mistress), her remarriage was likely to be problematic. Over time, opinion—both public and within the Church—shifted somewhat to a point where a civil marriage would be acceptable. Second marriage[] Template:Seealso On 10 February 2005, it was announced by Clarence House [1] that the Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles would marry on 8 April of that year, in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing at the castle's St George's Chapel. Subsequently, the location was changed to the Guildhall in Windsor, possibly because of the discovery that Windsor Castle might have to become available for other people's weddings, should theirs be performed there. On Monday 4 April, it was announced that the wedding would be delayed for one day to 9 April to allow the Prince of Wales and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II. It was announced that, after the marriage, as the wife of the Prince of Wales, Mrs Parker Bowles would be styled Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall and that upon the Prince's accession to the throne, she would not be known as Queen Camilla but as Her Royal Highness The Princess Consort. This form of address is believed to be based on that used by Queen Victoria's husband Prince Albert, who was styled as Prince Consort. The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall spent their first wedding anniversary in Scotland. In Scotland they are styled the Duke and Duchess of Rothesay. Personal interests[] The Prince of Wales has a wide array of interests and activities, some of which have not been fully appreciated by the public. His popularity has fluctuated,[citation needed] but he is one of the most active Princes of Wales for centuries,[citation needed] and has devoted his time and effort to charity work and working with local communities. He is President of 16 charities, and raised over £100 million for charity in 2004. From February 1976 until December 1976 he served in the Royal Navy, commanding HMS Bronington, a minehunter. He is a watercolour artist and a published writer. He has exhibited and sold a number of paintings. The Prince's Trust, which he founded, is a charity that works mainly with young people, offering loans to groups, businesses and people (often in deprived areas) who had difficulty receiving outside support. Fundraising concerts are regularly held for the Prince's Trust, with leading pop, rock, and classical musicians taking part. The Prince grows and promotes organic food, although he drew some ridicule when he joked about sometimes talking to his houseplants[citation needed]. He is co-author, with Charles Clover, environment editor of the Daily Telegraph (London), of Highgrove: An Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming, published by Simon & Schuster in 1993. The Prince is also regarded by some as an effective advocate for the United Kingdom. On a visit to the Republic of Ireland, for example, he delivered a personally researched and written speech on Anglo-Irish affairs which was warmly received by Irish politicians and the media. Architecture[] He has not been shy about sharing his views about the built environment in public forums. In essence, these views might be thought of as being part of the intellectual tradition of English town planning that descends from Ebenezer Howard and Raymond Unwin.[citation needed] The Prince claims to "care deeply about issues such as the environment, architecture, inner-city renewal, and the quality of life" and is known for being an advocate of the neo-traditional ideas of architects such as Christopher Alexander and Leon Krier. In 1984 he delivered a blistering attack on the profession of architecture in a speech given to the Royal Institute of British Architects. Despite criticism from the mainstream architectural press, he has continued to put forward his views on traditional urbanism, human scale and green design in numerous speeches and articles. To put his ideas on architecture and town planning into practice, the Prince of Wales is developing the village of Poundbury in Dorset which is built from a master plan by Krier. Prior to commencing work on Poundbury he had published a book and produced a documentary entitled A Vision for Britain, both being a critique of modern architecture. In 1992 he also established The Prince of Wales Institute of Architecture and began the publication of a magazine dealing with architecture, but the latter has since ceased independent operation after being merged with another charity to create The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment in 2001. In November 2005, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall, visited the United States. Besides visiting Washington D.C. and President George W. Bush, the Prince and Duchess toured southern Mississippi and New Orleans to highlight the need for financial assistance in rebuilding these areas damaged by Hurricane Katrina. Prior to their visit to New Orleans, the Prince received National Building Museum’s Vincent Scully Prize in Washington D.C. The Prince donated $25,000 (£14,000) of the Scully Prize to help restore communities damaged by Hurricane Katrina. Tibet[] Charles is a supporter of the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan freedom movement, and publicly snubbed a state dinner for Chinese President Jiang Zemin in 1999 to protest the Chinese government's repressive policies in Tibet. Eastern Orthodox Church[] Prince Charles is also interested in Orthodoxy[5]. Each year he spends time in the monasteries of Mount Athos in Greece[6] and of Romania[7]. Together with his father Prince Philip, who was born and raised Greek Orthodox, he is a patron of the "The Friends of Mount Athos" organization. Prince Charles was also the patron of the "21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies"[8], a forum dedicated to the study of the history and art of the former Eastern Roman Empire, also known as Byzantine. Romania[] Prince Charles has a particular interest in Romania, with which he is said to be in love[9]. He has been interested in the Romanian countryside since the 1980s, when under the rule of the Communist dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu, Romanian villages were destroyed to move farmers to apartment buildings in cities. Since 1997 he has been visiting Romania regularly and has shown a great personal interest in Romania's Orthodox monasteries[10][11] as well as in the fate of the Saxon villages of Transylvania[12] [13] where he purchased a house[14][15]. He is patron to three organizations that are active in Romania: the Mihai Eminescu Trust[16], which manages the restoration of Romanian architecture, the FARA Foundation[17], which runs Romanian orphanages, and INTBAU (the International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture, and Urbanism), an advocate of architecture that respects cultural tradition and identity. Philosophy[] Another of the Prince's greatest areas of interest continues to be philosophy, especially the philosophy of Asian and Middle Eastern nations, as well as so-called New Age theology. He had a friendship with author Sir Laurens van der Post, whom outsiders called the "guru to Prince Charles," starting in 1977 until van der Post's death in 1996. Alternative medicine[] The Prince has recently become known to be interested in greater exploration of alternative medicine,[18] drawing fire from the medical establishment and those who consider such "complementary therapies" to be pseudoscience at best and outright fraud at worst. However, his charity The Prince’s Foundation for Integrated Health has been closely involved in a government drive to improve regulation and quality standards in the sector.[19] Automobiles[] The Prince is also known to have a keen interest in automobiles, particularly the British marque Aston Martin. He has collected numerous Aston models over the years and has tight connections with the brand, so much so that special "Prince of Wales" Edition Aston Martins have been created over the years, sporting his favourite colour and trim combinations. He is a frequent visitor to the factory and its service department, and has been a guest of honour at most of the companies special launch events. Commonwealth[] Canada[] Template:Cquote2 As Prince of Wales, Prince Charles has paid seventeen visits to Canada, beginning in 1970. Five years later, while serving aboard the HMS Hermes in Canadian waters, the prince spent a week in the Northwest Territories; the Canadian North remains an area that holds a special attraction to him. During Charles' tour of Canada in 1998, with his two sons, he participated in the ceremonies marking the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, a part of his desire that his visits help draw attention to relevant issues, including youth, the disabled, the environment, the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage conservation and education.[20] Further information: Royal visits to Canada Charles is also reportedly a fan of Canadian singer and song writer Leonard Cohen.[21] The Prince's involvement as Colonel-in-Chief of Canadian Forces regiments permits him to be informed of their activities and allows him opportunity to pay visits while visiting Canada. In 2001, The Prince placed a specially-commissioned wreath, made from vegetation taken from French battlefields, at Canada's Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. He is Colonel-in-Chief of the following Canadian regiments: Template:CAN - The Royal Canadian Dragoons Template:CAN - Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) Template:CAN - The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada Template:CAN - The Royal Regiment of Canada Template:CAN - The Royal Winnipeg Rifles Template:CAN - The Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Own) The Prince's keen interest in aboriginal peoples has been explored in Canada while meeting members of its First Nations community. In Winnipeg, Cree and Ojibway students named The Prince “Leading Star” in 1996, and in 2001 he was named Pisimwa Kamiwohkitahpamikohk, or “the sun looks at him in a good way” during his first visit to the province of Saskatchewan. The Prince also became patron of Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in 1981. Further information: List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage Military career[] The military training of the Prince of Wales took place in the early 1970s. It included helicopter flying and qualification as a fighter pilot. During the Prince's years in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy, he came to fly the following aircraft (the WWII vintage Spitfire arguably having more of a historical/symbolic value than practical importance): Chipmunk basic pilot trainer Harrier T Mk.4 V/STOL fighter BAC Jet Provost jet pilot trainer Nimrod maritime patrol aircraft F-4 Phantom II fighter jet Avro Vulcan jet bomber Spitfire classic WWII fighter Prince Charles served in the Royal Navy for five years: 1971–72: HMS Norfolk 1972–73: HMS Minerva 1974: HMS Jupiter 1974–75: Helicopter flying training at RNAS Yeovilton 1975: Pilot with 845 NAS on HMS Hermes 1976: Captain, HMS Bronington The Prince is now also Colonel-in-Chief of the following: Template:GBR - 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards Template:GBR - Royal Dragoon Guards Template:GBR - The 22nd (Cheshire) Regiment Template:GBR - The Parachute Regiment Template:GBR - Royal Gurkha Rifles Template:GBR - Army Air Corps Template:AUS - Royal Australian Armoured Corps Template:PNG - Royal Pacific Islands Regiment The Prince is also Air-Commodore-in-Chief of the following: Template:NZL - Royal New Zealand Air Force Royal Navy Commodore-in-Chief, Plymouth The Prince also holds the ranks of General (British Army), Admiral (Royal Navy) and Air Chief Marshal (Royal Air Force). He was most recently promoted, to these ranks, on his 58th birthday. Official residence[] The Prince of Wales's current official London residence is Clarence House, former London residence of the late Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (the eighteenth century building has undergone major restoration and renovation to equip it for use by him, his wife, and their personal and office staffs). His previous official residence was an apartment in St. James's Palace. He also has a private estate, Highgrove in Gloucestershire and in Scotland he has use of the Birkhall estate near Balmoral Castle which was previously owned by Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother. Some previous Princes of Wales resided in Marlborough House. It however is no longer used as a royal residence. Following the death in 1953 of Queen Mary, widow of King George V, its last royal resident, it was given by Queen Elizabeth II for use by the Commonwealth Secretariat. Principal title in use[] Template:Seealso From his birth until his mother's accession in 1952, he was known as: His Royal Highness Prince Charles of Edinburgh From his mother's accession until 1958, he was known as: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall (outside Scotland) His Royal Highness The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay (in Scotland) Since 1958, he has been known as: His Royal Highness The Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (outside Scotland) His Royal Highness The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay (in Scotland) In full (rarely used): His Royal Highness The Prince Charles Philip Arthur George, Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Chester, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, Great Master and First and Principal Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Member of the Order of Merit, Knight of the Order of Australia, Companion of the Queen's Service Order, Honorary Member of the Saskatchewan Order of Merit, Chief Grand Commander of the Order of Logohu, Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, Aide-de-Camp to Her Majesty. In Canada, the Inuit gave Prince Charles the honorific title Attaniout Ikeneego, meaning "The Son of the Big Boss."[22] The Cree and Ojibway in Winnipeg named Prince Charles Leading Star.[23] Upon the death of Elizabeth II, if Prince Charles keeps his given name he would become known as King Charles III. Prince Charles has however considered rejecting the title King Charles III when he accedes to the throne because of its associations with Britain's bloody past. The move away from Charles stems from its associations with Charles I, who was beheaded in 1649 following the English Civil War at the start of Oliver Cromwell's short-lived republic. The executed monarch's son, Charles II, spent 18 years in exile and returned to England in 1660 but was nicknamed "The Merry Monarch" because of his string of mistresses. Charles is also associated with the Catholic Bonnie Prince Charlie, an enduring Scottish romantic figure, who claimed the throne as Charles III (the very title Prince Charles would take) in the 18th century. The move would not be a first—three of the past six British monarchs chose regnal title different from their Christian name; for example, George VI was known as Prince Albert ('Bertie' to his family). The most discussed alternative has been George VII, in honour of Charles's grandfather.[24] Media and literature[] Charles appears in Tom Clancy's bestseller Patriot Games (1987) as the target of an assassination attempt. In the later film version however, the character was extensively rewritten with his name and rank changed to Lord Nottingham. He and Diana are the models for Mark Helprin's title characters in Freddy and Fredericka. In 2000, he made an appearance in the UK soap, Coronation Street, to celebrate the show's 40th anniversary on ITV1. [25] In 2005, Prince Charles appeared as himself in New Zealand adult cartoon series Bro'Town. The episode aired on TV3 on Wednesday 26 October and was the final episode in the second series of the popular show. Prince Charles agreed to record some impromptu audio for Series Two while attending a performance from the shows creators during a visit to New Zealand. After some enthusiastic encouragement from Prime Minister Helen Clark (who also appears in the episode), the Prince gave a royal rendition of the Bro'Town catch-cry "Morningside 4 Life!" In 2006, a court case was filed by Prince Charles against the Mail on Sunday after publication of his extracts from his personal journals. Lawyers for the Prince argued that he was as entitled to keep private documents as any other person. Various revelations were made including his opinions on the takeover of Hong Kong by the People's Republic of China in 1997, in which he described Chinese government officials as "appalling old waxworks". His ex-private secretary also alleged that the Prince considers himself a dissident, working against political opinion. [26] On Saturday 20 May 2006 ITV presented the 30th birthday of The Prince's Trust. It included songs from Embrace and their song World at our Feet and Annie Lennox with also an interview with Prince Charles, Prince Harry and Prince William from Ant and Dec. Prince Charles is sometimes referred to in the popular press as "Chazza" (along the lines of "Gazza", "Hezza" and similar coinages of the 1990s). Prince Charles has been criticized for publishing a memo on ambition and opportunity [27]. This memo was widely understood to criticize meritocracy for creating a competitive society, In humorist Lynn Truss's critique of British manners entitled "talk to the hand"[28], Charles's memo is evaluated with respect to the putative impact of meritocracy on British boorishness. Truss came to the conclusion that the prince might have a point, that the positive motivational impact of meritocracy might be balanced against the negative impact of a competitive society. See also[] List of titles and honours of Charles, Prince of Wales [] Template:Wikiquote Template:Wikisource author Official website of HRH The Prince of Wales Monarchy Wales - leading campaign organisation Military Career Family Ties to the Royal Wedding April 9th 2005 Official website of 'The Prince's Trust' View an image of an official portrait of Prince Charles by David Griffiths The Prince's Official Canadian Visit (2001) "Saskatchewan Honours Future King" (2001) Significance of Treaties Reaffirmed Through Historic Royal Visit (2001) View clip from Prince Charles interview by David Frost in 1969 Sympathetic appraisal of the Prince's contributions to architecture Text of the Prince's 1984 speech criticizing Modern architecture [] References[] Dimbleby, Jonathan. The Prince of Wales: A Biography. ISBN 0-316-91016-3 Paget, Gerald. The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales. 2v. Edinburgh: Charles Skilton, 1977. Pierce, Andrew & Gibb, Frances (Feb. 14, 2005). "Camilla might still become Queen". The Times. Template:Start box \|- ! colspan="3" style="background: #ccffcc;" \| Regnal Titles \|- \|width="30%" align="center" rowspan="{{{rows}}}"\|Vacant Title last held by Edward \|width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"\|Prince of Wales 1958 - \|width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"\|Succeeded by: Incumbent Likely William \|- Template:S-hon Template:Succession box \|-style="text-align: center; background: #cccccc;" \|align="center" colspan="3"\|Other Offices Template:Succession box Template:Succession box \|} Template:CPW Template:Princes of Wales Template:Dukes of Cornwall Template:Dukes of Rothesay
4591	dbpedia	1	86	https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb237-coll-389	en	Collection of Papers relating to William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824			[ "https://live.matomo.jisc.ac.uk/matomo.php?idsite=68&rec=1", "https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/hub-static-resources/images/jisc-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/ux.jisc.ac.uk/1.2.0/favicon.ico		http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb237-coll-389	William Thomson was born in Belfast on 26 June 1824. He was the son of James Thomson, Professor of Mathematics at Glasgow University. He was educated at Glasgow University and Peterhouse College, Cambridge. In 1846 he became Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow University, establishing his academic reputation in the field of thermodynamics. He put forward an absolute scale of temperature - known as the Kelvin scale - and formulated the laws of equivalence and of transformation. He also put forward the doctrine of available energy. Thomson was a practical scientist too, and worked on the development of electric telegraphy. In 1853 he put forward the theory of electric oscillations and then performed a number of experiments towards the creation of insulated electric telegraph cables. In 1856 he was a Director of the Atlantic Telegraph Company, and in the same year that he invented the mirror galvanometer - 1865-1866 - he supervised the laying of the transatlantic cable from Ireland to Newfoundland. He was also involved in the French Atlantic cable in 1869, the Brazilian River Plate cable in 1873, West Indian cables in 1875, and the Mackay-Bennett Atlantic cable in 1879. Thomson also invented an improved mariner's compass, a navigational sounding machine, a tide predictor, and many electrical measuring and telegraphic instruments. He was knighted in 1866 for his work on telegraphy and was created Baron Kelvin of Largs in 1892. In 1902 Kelvin became a Member of the Order of Merit and a Privy Councillor. William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, died on 17 December 1907. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. The local Indexes show other references to Lord Kelvin related material (check the Indexes for more details): letters to James Geikie and Sir Archibald Geikie, at Gen. 525; and, letter to Sir C. J. Pearson, Gen.756, no.136. In the Indexes too there are many items that mention Lord Kelvin: letter of Sir C. W. Thomson to Lady Thomson, at Gen. 1733/94; items at Gen. 2169/64, 69-70, 97, 183-225; items at Gen. 1730-1732; letters from P. G. Tait at Dc.2.76/16, ff.21-27; letters of M. Forbes to Sir A. Geikie, and Alexander Buchan to Geikie at Gen. 1426/118-119; and, letters of Lorimer and Milne to Geikie at Gen. 1425/289, 333. In addition, the UK National Register of Archives (NRA), updated by the Historical Manuscripts Commission, notes: correspondence and papers, Glasgow University Library, Special Collections Department, NRA 10032 Thomson, see Guide to Dept of Special Collections, 1989, and also lecture notes, 1849-1850, see Accessions to repositories 1969; business papers relating to patent compass, 1876-1918, Glasgow University Archive Services, Ref. UGD33 NRA 13691 Kelvin & Hughes, and also correspondence with David Reid, 1904-1905, see Accessions to repositories 1979; testamentary papers, 1905-1909, Glasgow City Archives, Ref. TD862 NRA 13033 Moncrieff, see NRAS 0415, and also letters relating to Atlantic telegraph cable, circa 1850-1859, Ref. TD1 NRA 20864 Smith, and correspondence with Walter Crum and the Crum family, 1855-1893, Ref. TD 1073 NRA 41114 Crum; letters (10) to David Thomson, 1841-1859, Aberdeen University, Special Libraries and Archives, NRA 28720 Thomson; letters (55) to James David Forbes, 1846-1865, St. Andrews University Library, NRA 13132 Forbes; correspondence with his instrument-makers, 1888-1906, National Library of Scotland, Manuscripts Division, Ref. Acc. 11793, see Annual return 1999, and also letters and notes to scientific instrument makers, 1888-1906, see Accessions to repositories 1989, and letters to Bottomley and Barlow families, Ref. Acc 11263, see Annual Return 1995; correspondence and papers, Cambridge University Library, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Ref. Add 7342, 7656 NRA 20700 Stokes, and also letters to his sister, Elizabeth King, 1836-1906, see Accessions to repositories 1990, and correspondence with James Clerk Maxwell (12 items), 1868-1879, Ref. Add 7655; scientific correspondence with Sir Joseph John Thomson, 1884-1906, Cambridge University, Trinity College Library, Ref. MSS H6 NRA 23828 Thomson; letters (12) to Sir John Conroy, 1884, Oxford University, Balliol College Library, NRA 22851 Conroy; correspondence with Frederick J. J. Smith, 1883-1911, Oxford University, Museum of the History of Science, NRA 9532 Oxford scientific; correspondence relating to laboratory supplies, 1846-1879, Private, Ref. NRAS 3061 NRA 35474 Thomson; letters and reports, 1905-1907, National Maritime Museum, Manuscripts Section, Ref. DRY, see Guide vol. 2; letters to Sebastian de Ferranti, 1882-1884, Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, Ref. A13 NRA 13215 Ferranti; letters (11) to Oliver Heaviside, 1888-1904, Institution of Electrical Engineers Archives Department, Ref. SC Mss 5 NRA 38781 Heaviside, and letters (21) to Sir William Henry Preece, 1870-1903, Ref. SC Mss 22/511-42 NRA 38907 Preece; letters (40) to Sir Oliver Lodge, 1884-1907, London University, University College London (UCL) Manuscripts Room, Ref. MS ADD 89 NRA 20647 Lodge; letters (19) to Silvanus Thompson, 1849-1907, London University, Imperial College Archives, Ref. B/THOMSON NRA 11421 Thompson; letters (37) to Royal Institution, Royal Institution of Great Britain; NRA 9522 Royal Institution; letters (12) to Sir Arthur Schuster, 1882-1904, Royal Society; correspondence with Balfour Stewart, 1860-1867, Public Record Office, Ref. BJ1 NRA 27990 Kew Observ.
4591	dbpedia	3	5	https://royalsociety.org/grants/university-research/	en	University Research Fellowship	https://royalsociety.org…research_4-5.jpg	https://royalsociety.org…research_4-5.jpg	[ "https://royalsociety.org/assets/images/logo@2x.png", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/grants/university-research-fellowship/amelie-saintonge.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/grants/university-research-fellowship/asel_sartbaeva.png", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/grants/university-research-fellowship/jon_agirre-350x280.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/grants/university-research-fellowship/lauren_hatcher-360x280.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/grants/university-research-fellowship/lynette-keeney.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/grants/university-research-fellowship/urf-rahul-nair.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/grants/university-research-fellowship/ross-forgan.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/grants/university-research-fellowship/toby-cubitt.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/grants/about-grants/grants-applications.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/grants/university-research-fellowship/university-research_4-5.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/-/media/grants/training-and-mentoring/planet_training_mentoring_2046x690.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/grants/university-research/url(/-/media/navigation/footer/logoalt2x.png)" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-07-11T00:00:00	This scheme is for outstanding scientists who are in the early stages of their research career and have the potential to become leaders in their field. These long-term fellowships provide the opportunity and freedom to build an independent research career in the UK or Republic of Ireland and pursue cutting-edge scientific research.	en	/assets/icons/favicon-16x16.png		https://royalsociety.org/grants/university-research/	Open date 11 July 2024 Close date 10 September 2024 Decision by 30 May 2025 See our tips for applicants to this scheme About the scheme The University Research Fellowship (URF) programme aims to support the next generation of research leaders to undertake cutting-edge research. The objectives of the URF programme are to enable outstanding early career scientists with the potential to become leaders in their field to: Build an independent research career at a UK university or research institution Gain the freedom, time, and long-term flexible support to pursue high-quality and innovative lines of scientific research Develop as research leaders by offering tailored high-quality professional development, networking and engagement opportunities. Fellowships are for eight years, with years six to eight being subject to satisfactory progress demonstrated in a mid-fellowship review at the start of year four. The Royal Society recognises that diversity is essential for delivering excellence in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), and wants to encourage applications from the widest range of backgrounds, perspectives and experiences to maximise innovation and creativity in science for the benefit of humanity. We regularly review and revise policies and processes to embed equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) principles in all aspects of the grant making process and ensure all talented applicants have an equitable chance to succeed as per the assessment criteria. See below for details of adjustments we can provide for disabled applicants. Changes to the scheme Host Organisation Support – More detailed guidance provided to host organisations regarding expectations of their support for the applicant. From this round onwards, the Head of Department statement of support will be visible to applicants. We recommend reading the information in full and contacting your host organisation Research Office in the first instance with any questions. What does the scheme offer? Applicants can apply for up to a maximum of £1.87 million over eight years. Funds can cover: Contribution to the award holder’s salary Indirect and estate costs Equipment costs and research expenses including consumables, travel, etc. Contribution towards research assistance salary and associated indirect and estate costs Support for a new four-year PhD studentship(s) Relocation and visa costs for the applicants and their dependants (partner and children). The total grant cap may be exceeded in order to cover relocation/visa costs if this is well justified in the application. Full funding details can be found in the scheme notes and in the Royal Society Funding Guidance. We provide flexibility to accommodate personal circumstances including part-time working, sabbaticals and secondments. There is provision for maternity, paternity, shared parental, adoptive or extended sick leave, as well as financial support for childcare costs that arise from attending conferences and research visits. Royal Society Research Fellows also have the opportunity to access a range of career development and engagement opportunities including training on leadership, science communication and public engagement, and activities coordinated by our science policy and schools engagement teams. For further detail on these additional benefits, read our opportunities page. Royal Society awards have made a significant impact on many researchers’ careers. Case studies from grant-holders can be found elsewhere on this page, or read an in-depth report on the careers of our alumni on our Career Pathway Tracker page. This scheme is for you if: You have between three and eight years of research experience, excluding career breaks, since the award of your PhD by the closing date of the round; please refer to the scheme notes for further detail about the review of career breaks You do not hold a permanent post (including proleptic appointment) in a university or not-for-profit research organisation You do not hold, or have not previously held, an equivalent fellowship that provides an opportunity to establish an independent research group and therefore independent researcher status Your research is within the Royal Society’s remit of natural sciences, which includes but is not limited to biological research and biomedical sciences, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and physics. For a full list, please see the breakdown of subject groups and areas supported by the Royal Society. Applicants can be of any nationality and those requiring a visa are eligible to apply for a Global Talent Visa under the fast-track process of endorsement. Read the scheme notes or FAQs (PDF) for further information on eligibility. Those applying from Ireland (ROI) are funded by Science Foundation Ireland and will need to read the eligibility requirements in the SFI-specific scheme notes. Please ensure that you meet all eligibility requirements before applying. You will apply through our application and grant management system, Flexi-Grant®. See the ‘Application and assessment process’ page for a general overview of the application and selection steps and below for details specific to this scheme. Assessment of your application will be overseen by one of our five Research Appointment Panels (Standing Committees) based on your research area: Ai: Astronomy, cosmology, physics, earth sciences, environmental physical sciences & geosciences Aii: Chemistry and engineering Aiii: Pure and applied mathematics, computer science, statistics, communications and computer engineering; the mathematical aspects of astronomy, physics, cosmology, gravitation, theoretical physics Bi: Molecular and cellular biology, zoology, plant sciences and physiology Bii: Biomedical Sciences Assessment of your application will be overseen by one of the five Research Appointment Panels. Following eligibility checks, applications are initially assessed by a minimum of two panel members who have the most appropriate scientific expertise. A longlist is drawn up, with longlisted applications subject to independent peer review. Following completion of independent peer review, a shortlist for interview is drawn up with oversight from the Panel Chairs. At the end of the interview stage, the Panels will confirm the recommendations for funding. Further detail on the application and review process is available in the scheme notes. The Royal Society welcomes applications from disabled scientists and provides support and adjustments to ensure that they can participate fully in the selection process. If you require support or an adjustment when accessing the application form, attending interview, or for any other part of the application process, please contact the Grants team at urf@royalsociety.org or call +44 20 7451 2666. All requests for adjustments are made in confidentiality. Any request for an adjustment will not normally be shared with panel members unless it becomes relevant to the selection process itself. If we need to share your request with anyone (for example if panel members are required to implement any adjustments during interviews), we will ask for your permission first. Adjustments can include, but are not limited to: Extension of the deadline Additional support to complete the application form Receiving the application form in a different format, such as on a Word document Support during interviews as required, including technical support for candidates requiring accessibility software or services Additional costs that candidates may incur on account of their particular disability to attend an interview. For the University Research Fellowship, shortlisted applicants will be invited to an in-person interview at the Royal Society. The aim of the interview is for you to demonstrate the importance and scientific validity of your work and for you to also describe how the award will lead to your scientific independence. If you have further questions regarding the scheme, please see the FAQs, contact the Grants team on urf@royalsociety.org or visit our contact us page. Case study: Dr Amelie Saintonge Case study: Dr Andy Buckley Case study: Dr Asel Sartbaeva Case study: Dr Jon Agirre Case study: Dr Lauren Hatcher Case study: Dr Lynette Keeney Case study: Professor Rahul Raveendran Nair Case study: Dr Ross Forgan Case study: Dr Toby Cubitt
4591	dbpedia	3	27	https://www.acronymfinder.com/Fellow-of-the-Royal-Society-of-Edinburgh-(FRSE).html	en	FRSE - Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://www.acronymfinder.com/favicon.ico	https://www.acronymfinder.com/favicon.ico	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	How is Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh abbreviated? FRSE stands for Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. FRSE is defined as Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh very frequently.	en	favicon.ico		https://www.acronymfinder.com/Fellow-of-the-Royal-Society-of-Edinburgh-(FRSE).html	This definition appears very frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories: Organizations, NGOs, schools, universities, etc. See other definitions of FRSE Other Resources: We have 3 other meanings of FRSE in our Acronym Attic Page/Link Page URL: HTML link: Citations MLA style: "FRSE." Acronym Finder. 2024. AcronymFinder.com 14 Aug. 2024 https://www.acronymfinder.com/Fellow-of-the-Royal-Society-of-Edinburgh-(FRSE).html Chicago style: Acronym Finder. S.v. "FRSE." Retrieved August 14 2024 from https://www.acronymfinder.com/Fellow-of-the-Royal-Society-of-Edinburgh-(FRSE).html APA style: FRSE. (n.d.) Acronym Finder. (2024). Retrieved August 14 2024 from https://www.acronymfinder.com/Fellow-of-the-Royal-Society-of-Edinburgh-(FRSE).html Samples in periodicals archive: She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and of the British Academy. He is also a professional fellow of King's College, Cambridge and fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. HRH Prince El-Hassan Bin Talal on Tuesday was formally admitted as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) for Aohis outstanding commitment to peace and human rightsAo.
4591	dbpedia	2	10	https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/headline_1062589_en.html	en	The Royal Society of Edinburgh 2024 new Fellows announced	https://www.gla.ac.uk/me…_786516_smxx.jpg	https://www.gla.ac.uk/me…_786516_smxx.jpg	[ "https://www.gla.ac.uk/3t4/img/cog-white.svg", "https://www.gla.ac.uk/3t4/img/ug-keyline.svg", "https://www.gla.ac.uk/3t4/img/ug-keyline-large.svg", "https://www.gla.ac.uk/3t4/img/marque.svg", "https://www.gla.ac.uk/3t4/img/fb.svg", "https://www.gla.ac.uk/3t4/img/tw.svg", "https://www.gla.ac.uk/3t4/img/inst.svg", "https://www.gla.ac.uk/3t4/img/yt.svg", "https://www.gla.ac.uk/3t4/img/svh.webp" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) has announced the 2024 cohort of new Fellows, and among the names are nine UofG academics.	en	/3t4/img/hd_hi.png		https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/headline_1062589_en.html	The Royal Society of Edinburgh has announced this year’s cohort of new Fellows, and among the names are nine University of Glasgow academics covering all four Colleges. Nominated for their individual excellence in a wide range of fields such as physics, chemistry, informatics, literature, law, social sciences, and business, they will be joining the 1,800 current Fellows of the RSE, Scotland’s National Academy. Among the 57 new Fellows elected to the Society from the University of Glasgow are: Professor Emma Thomson - Professor in Infectious Diseases (Virology), School of Infection & Immunity Professor Fiona Leverick - Professor of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, School of Law Professor Jason Gill - Professor of Cardiometabolic Health, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health Professor Kirsteen McCue - Professor of Scottish Literature and Song Culture, School of Critical Studies Professor Nicole Busby - Professor of Human Rights, Equality and Justice, School of Law Professor Ross Forgan - Professor of Supramolecular and Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry Professor Sayantan Ghosal - Adam Smith Chair in Political Economy, Adam Smith Business School Professor Sonja Franke-Arnold - Professor in Atom and Quantum Optics, School of Physics & Astronomy Professor Tom Guzik - Regius Chair of Physiology and Cardiovascular Pathobiology, School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health President of the RSE, Professor Sir John Ball PRSE, said: “It is an immense honour to extend a warm welcome to each of our distinguished new Fellows. “Individually, they embody exceptional dedication and accomplishment spanning multiple sectors and disciplines. Collectively, they demonstrate a profound commitment and determination to make meaningful contributions through their endeavours. “From groundbreaking research that redefines our understanding to the creative pursuits that inspire and enrich our cultural landscape, the RSE proudly embraces the brightest minds, leveraging their unique expertise and perspectives for the betterment of society. “As Scotland’s National Academy, we remain committed to mobilising a diverse array of expertise to confront society's most pressing challenges, and I am certain that our new Fellows will prove invaluable assets to the RSE.” Armando Iannucci was elected as an Honorary Fellow, known for award-winning satirical films and programmes such as The Death of Stalin and The Thick of It. Alongside Armando Iannucci was another Honorary Fellow, health and social care expert, chair of both the Royal College of Physicians and Dementia UK, Professor David Croisdale-Appleby. Broadcaster and journalist Sally Magnusson was also elected for her charity work and her own dementia charity Playlist for Life. About the RSE The Royal Society of Edinburgh recognises, supports, and mobilises expertise from across academia, business, and public service for the benefit of Scotland and the wider world. Our 1,800 Fellows from across disciplines are among the most distinguished in their fields. We engage and connect nationally and internationally to share knowledge and tackle the most pressing challenges of the modern world.
4591	dbpedia	1	12	https://mus3ums.com/en/united-kingdom/edinburgh-scotland/royal-society-of-edinburgh-edinburgh-scotlandunited-kingdom/	en	Welcome to the museum Royal Society of Edinburgh			[ "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/logo.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/en.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/fr.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/de.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/it.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/es.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/ru.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/cn.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/pt.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/ja.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/en.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/en.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/fr.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/de.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/it.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/es.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/ru.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/cn.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/pt.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/ja.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/logo.png", "https://mus3ums.com/media/Museum/2927.jpg", "https://mus3ums.com/media/Country-Thumb/1.jpg", "https://mus3ums.com/media/City-Thumb/82.jpg", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/footer_payment_1.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/footer_payment_2.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/footer_payment_3.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/footer_payment_5.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/facebook.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/twitter.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/instagram.png", "https://mus3ums.com/static/assets/images/pinterest.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Royal Society of Edinburgh", "Edinburgh", "United Kingdom" ]	null	[]	null	Welcome to the museum Royal Society of Edinburgh - (Edinburgh-United Kingdom) - Discover 58 paintings - Buy a painting reproduction - Take a 3D Virtual Tour		/static/favicon.png		null
4591	dbpedia	2	47	https://www.aai.org/About/History/Notable-Members/Nobel-Laureates/AlexanderFleming	en	The American Association of Immunologists	https://www.aai.org/favicon.ico	https://www.aai.org/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.aai.org/AAISite/media/Logo/AAI_FullLogo_Color_RGB_115.png", "https://www.aai.org/AAISite/media/HomePage/soc-fb-blue-58.png", "https://www.aai.org/AAISite/media/HomePage/soc-ig-gradient-58.png", "https://www.aai.org/AAISite/media/HomePage/soc-li-blue-58.png", "https://www.aai.org/AAISite/media/HomePage/soc-tt-black-58.png", "https://www.aai.org/AAISite/media/HomePage/soc-x-black-59.png", "https://www.aai.org/AAISite/media/HomePage/soc-yt-red-58.png", "https://www.aai.org/AAISite/media/About/History/Notable_Members/Nobel/Fleming_Alexander.jpg?ext=.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/favicon.ico		null	Sir Alexander Fleming, F.R.C.S. Brief Bio Alexander Fleming was born into a large farm family in Lochfield, Scotland, on August 6, 1881, Fleming was the youngest of eight children. After demonstrating scholarly promise early on, he left home at the age of 13 to live with an older brother in London to increase his educational opportunities. There, he attended Regent Street Polytechnic for three years before economic hardship forced him to leave school and work as a clerk for a shipping company. When he turned 20, Fleming received an inheritance from an uncle and decided to use this sum to attend medical school at St. Mary's Hospital. After completing his coursework at the top of his class in 1906, he began working as a research assistant under Wright, head of the Inoculation Department at St. Mary's. Fleming received his M.B., B.S. in 1908 and, unsure of his career path, prepared for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons exam while continuing to work in the Inoculation Department. Although he passed the exam and was accepted as a fellow in 1909, he chose to stay in Wright's laboratory and pursue research rather than become a practicing surgeon. Fleming remained at St. Mary's for the entirety of his career, absent from the hospital only during the First World War, when he served as a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps along with Wright and the rest of the Inoculation Department at a makeshift army laboratory in Boulogne, France. Upon Wright's retirement in 1946, Fleming became director of the department, which was renamed the Wright-Fleming Institute in 1947, following Wright's death. Fleming also taught bacteriology at the hospital's medical school from 1920 to 1948. In December 1954, he retired from his directorship of the institute, although he continued to visit the laboratory regularly until his death. Fleming died of a heart attack at his home in London on March 11, 1955, at the age of 73. His ashes were interred at St. Paul's Cathedral. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter Florey “for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.” AAI Service History Joined: 1914 Nobel Prize in Science Alexander Fleming was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter Florey "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases." The story of penicillin's discovery has long been mythologized as one of the most fortuitous "accidents" in the history of medicine. Chance, no doubt, played a large role, but, as the British Medical Journal pointed out at the time of Fleming's death, all of humanity has benefitted from the fact that this particular accident was observed by the "prepared mind" of Alexander Fleming in September 1928. Upon returning from vacation to his laboratory at St. Mary's Hospital, Fleming found that one of the staphylococcus cultures he had left out was contaminated by fungus. Fleming noted that a ring had formed around the fungus in which staphylococci did not grow. Curious, he began culturing the fungus, which he identified as Penicillium notatum, and called the antibacterial substance it produced "penicillin." After months of observation, Fleming discovered that penicillin continued to inhibit the growth of bacteria even when diluted up to 800 times. Moreover, unlike the antiseptics in use at the time, penicillin appeared to be nontoxic to animals, a property that led him to believe it might be used as a topical treatment to fight infection in humans. He reported these findings in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology in 1929, but the paper was largely ignored. Although he continued to cultivate Penicillium and provided samples to other laboratories, Fleming primarily used penicillin in the lab as a filtrate to isolate penicillin-insensitive from penicillin-sensitive bacteria in mixed cultures and did not pursue its use as a therapeutic. That line of investigation was left to Chain and Florey at the Department of Pathology at the University of Oxford. While surveying the literature on naturally produced antibacterial substances in 1938, Chain ran across Fleming's 1929 paper, which, according to him, "had been forgotten completely in the vast mass of scientific literature." Intrigued by Fleming's findings, in July 1939, Chain and Florey began working with a sample of Penicillium that Fleming had given one of their Oxford colleagues one decade before. Chain, a biochemist, succeeded in purifying penicillin in early 1940, and he and Florey reported its therapeutic value on mice later that year and on human volunteers in early 1941. That summer, Florey promoted the drug in the United States, and, by early 1942, American pharmaceutical companies were mass producing penicillin for distribution to Allied soldiers during the Second World War. By war's end, the supply was large enough to use the drug in the treatment of civilians. Together, Fleming, Chain, and Florey had discovered and developed the first antibiotic, providing physicians with what was colloquially called the "wonder drug" in the 1940s and 1950s for its ability to effectively treat previously fatal bacterial infections. Prior to his discovery of penicillin, Fleming had already enjoyed a successful career as an immunologist. Working under the guidance of Almroth Wright (AAI '14) in the Department of Inoculation at St. Mary's Hospital in London, Fleming established himself as a highly capable research scientist. His earliest accomplishments included making two improvements on methods for testing and treating syphilis. He simplified the Wassermann test so that it could be performed using a small blood sample derived from a finger prick rather than a vein. He also described an improved technique for treating syphilis patients with Salvarsan, or "606," the notoriously difficult-to-administer antisyphilis drug developed by Paul Ehrlich. More than just a technician who improved upon others' ideas, Fleming made many discoveries in his own right. While working at a makeshift laboratory in France during the First World War, Fleming and Wright demonstrated that the antiseptics used by surgeons in the field were more harmful than helpful: they were often more effective at killing the body's infection-fighting leukocytes than infection-causing bacteria. Thereafter, Fleming began searching for a nontoxic antibacterial substance, and, by November 1921, he had found one. Examining cultures of his own nasal mucus that he had made two weeks prior while suffering from a common cold, Fleming discovered that, although bacteria had formed colonies on parts of his cultures, they had not grown in or directly near the mucus. He coined the term "lysozyme" to describe the enzyme in mucus capable of inducing bacteriolysis and soon detected its presence in human tissues and secretions, including saliva and tears and, later, in egg whites. Although lysozyme's antibacterial properties proved considerably weaker against bacteria other than the airborne Micrococcus lysodeikticus that had colonized Fleming's cultures, he had nevertheless opened a new field in immunological research and renewed hopes about the possibility of finding a nontoxic antiseptic. Once penicillin was proven to be such a substance, Fleming devoted himself to furthering research on the drug and promoting its use. Because penicillin has saved countless lives, Fleming has been elevated to heights that few scientists reach. Upon Fleming's death, French Biologist Jean Rostand stated, "The world has lost its greatest scientific benefactor since Pasteur." The British Medical Journal concurred, calling Fleming "one of the immortals of medical history." Even world leaders recognized Fleming's accomplishments. While at the Potsdam Conference on postwar settlement in July 1945, U.S. President Harry Truman declared that Fleming was one individual to whom "the whole world owes a debt of gratitude difficult to estimate." Awards and Honors Fellow, Royal Society, 1943 Knighted by King George VI, 1944 John Scott Award, City of Philadelphia, 1944 Honorary fellow, Royal College of Physicians, 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1945 Cameron Prize, University of Edinburgh, 1945 Moxon Medal, Royal College of Physicians, 1945 Honorary fellow, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 1945 Commander, French Legion d'Honneur, 1945 Honorary foreign member, French Académie Nationale de Médecine, 1946 Honorary foreign member, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 1946 Albert Medal, Royal Society of Arts, 1946 Honorary Gold Medal, Royal College of Surgeons, 1946 Honorary fellow, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1947 Medal for Merit (U.S.), 1947 Gold Medal, Royal Society of Medicine, 1947 Institutional/Biographical Links
4591	dbpedia	2	51	https://www.renishaw.com/en/renishaw-employee-awarded-fellowship-by-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh--47448%3Fsrsltid%3DAfmBOorxTYc7Hyu3od9mZqkeOG0QxV8WjSaBeqkHRDZdjjagQzCSxQ3x	en	Error			[ "https://static.renishaw.net/resources/images/social/2014/Social-linkedin-32px.jpg", "https://static.renishaw.net/resources/images/social/2014/Social-twitter-32px.jpg", "https://static.renishaw.net/resources/images/social/2014/Social-youtube-32px.jpg", "https://static.renishaw.net/resources/images/social/2014/Social-facebook-32px.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Renishaw plc" ]	null	The site map describes the top level layout of renishaw.com. If you cannot find the area you are looking for in the site map below, or via our search facility (top right of page), please contact us.		https://static.renishaw.net/resources/images/favicon.ico		null	Sorry! Please let us know which page you were using, by contacting us and we can fix the problem.
4591	dbpedia	0	67	https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1913-9	en	Patterns of somatic structural variation in human cancer genomes	https://media.springerna…13_Fig1_HTML.png	https://media.springerna…13_Fig1_HTML.png	[ "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/nature.com/article&sz=728x90&c=81283890&t=pos%3Dtop%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41586-019-1913-9%26doi%3D10.1038/s41586-019-1913-9%26techmeta%3D23,45%26subjmeta%3D208,211,631,67,69%26kwrd%3DCancer+genomics,Genomic+instability", "https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/nature/header-86f1267ea01eccd46b530284be10585e.svg", "https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41568-022-00488-9/MediaObjects/41568_2022_488_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-020-14351-8/MediaObjects/41467_2020_14351_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-020-1969-6/MediaObjects/41586_2020_1969_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1913-9/MediaObjects/41586_2019_1913_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1913-9/MediaObjects/41586_2019_1913_Fig2_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1913-9/MediaObjects/41586_2019_1913_Fig3_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1913-9/MediaObjects/41586_2019_1913_Fig4_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1913-9/MediaObjects/41586_2019_1913_Fig5_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1913-9/MediaObjects/41586_2019_1913_Fig6_HTML.png", "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/nature.com/article&sz=300x250&c=1643716148&t=pos%3Dright%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41586-019-1913-9%26doi%3D10.1038/s41586-019-1913-9%26techmeta%3D23,45%26subjmeta%3D208,211,631,67,69%26kwrd%3DCancer+genomics,Genomic+instability", "https://www.nature.com/static/images/logos/sn-logo-white-ea63208b81.svg", "https://www.nature.com/static/images/logos/nature-briefing-logo-cancer-white-bc263e7d57.svg", "https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.png", "https://www.nature.com/d9a04608/article/s41586-019-1913-9" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Nicola D", "Jeremiah A", "Steven E", "Jan O", "James E", "Peter J" ]	2020-02-05T00:00:00	A key mutational process in cancer is structural variation, in which rearrangements delete, amplify or reorder genomic segments that range in size from kilobases to whole chromosomes1–7. Here we develop methods to group, classify and describe somatic structural variants, using data from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), which aggregated whole-genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types8. Sixteen signatures of structural variation emerged. Deletions have a multimodal size distribution, assort unevenly across tumour types and patients, are enriched in late-replicating regions and correlate with inversions. Tandem duplications also have a multimodal size distribution, but are enriched in early-replicating regions—as are unbalanced translocations. Replication-based mechanisms of rearrangement generate varied chromosomal structures with low-level copy-number gains and frequent inverted rearrangements. One prominent structure consists of 2–7 templates copied from distinct regions of the genome strung together within one locus. Such cycles of templated insertions correlate with tandem duplications, and—in liver cancer—frequently activate the telomerase gene TERT. A wide variety of rearrangement processes are active in cancer, which generate complex configurations of the genome upon which selection can act. Whole-genome sequencing data from more than 2,500 cancers of 38 tumour types reveal 16 signatures that can be used to classify somatic structural variants, highlighting the diversity of genomic rearrangements in cancer.	en	/static/images/favicons/nature/apple-touch-icon-f39cb19454.png	Nature	https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1913-9	Mutations that arise in somatic cells are the driving force of cancer development. Structural variation—in which genomic rearrangement acts to amplify, delete or reorder chromosomal material at scales that range from single genes to entire chromosomes—is an especially important class of somatic mutation. Previous analyses of both cancer and germline genomes have enabled the description of several distinctive patterns of structural variants1,2,3,4,5,6,7, and hypotheses about the underlying basis of several of these patterns have been proposed on the basis of their clustering, orientation and associated copy-number changes. Hypothesis-driven in vitro studies are now beginning to reveal some of the mechanistic processes that generate these structures9,10,11,12,13, and generate further predictions that can be assessed in the genomic data. However, the landscape of structural variation in human cancer remains incompletely mapped and there are many complex structures that elude formal description. The PCAWG Consortium aggregated whole-genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, generated by the ICGC and TCGA projects. These sequencing data were aligned to the human genome (reference build hs37d5) and analysed with standardized, high-accuracy pipelines to call somatic and germline variants of all classes8. Here, we analyse the patterns and signatures of structural variants across the PCAWG data. We propose a working classification scheme that encompasses known and newly identified classes of structural variants. We develop methods for annotating the observed structural variants in a given cancer genome, identifying a class of replication-based rearrangement processes that generate clusters of several structural variants. We explore the size, activity and genome-wide distribution of classifiable structural variant types across the cohort, using signature analysis to define how they correlate within patients. Other papers produced by PCAWG address complementary aspects of structural variants, including inference of positive selection acting on recurrently rearranged regions of the genome14, how structural variants affect the transcriptome15 and chromosome topology16, patterns of somatic retrotransposition17 and distribution of chromothripsis across cancer types18. A ‘structural variant’ manifests as a ‘junction’ between two ‘breakpoints’ in the genome (terms in inverted commas here and below refer to those defined in the glossary in Extended Data Table 1). Generally, there will be a change in copy number across a given breakpoint if only one side of the break is rescued by a structural variant; if both sides of a double-stranded DNA break are rescued, a ‘reciprocal’ or ‘balanced’ structural variant will result, without substantial copy-number change. We sometimes observe ‘clusters of structural variants’ in which several breakpoints occur close together, in time or in genomic space—usually both. Such spatial and/or temporal proximity generally, but not always, implies that the structural variants within a cluster are mechanistically linked. Clusters can be ‘phased’ (in which case all structural variants in the cluster resolve to a single derivative chromosome) or ‘unphased’, in which case the structural variants are carried on different derivative chromosomes. An example of the latter is a reciprocal translocation that results in two derivative chromosomes, each with a single interchromosomal breakpoint junction (Fig. 1). We recognize distinct ‘classes of structural variant’ from the orientation of the two segments at the junction and associated copy-number changes (Fig. 1, Supplementary Fig. 1). Some classes of structural variant (such as isochromosomes and rearrangements between extended, highly homologous sequences) are difficult to detect with short-read sequencing data; these classes are not considered further here. We propose categorizing classes of structural variant across two facets: the number of breakpoints involved (simple or complex) and by whether the patterns are likely to arise from ‘cut-and-paste’ or ‘copy-and-paste’ rearrangement processes. A cut-and-paste process generates a cluster of structural variants consistent with reshuffling or loss of extant genomic segments, and a copy-and-paste process is one in which copies of genomic ‘templates’ are newly replicated or synthesized and inserted during the rearrangement process. Deletions, reciprocal inversions, unbalanced translocations and reciprocal translocations are examples of simple cut-and-paste structural variants, as they can be reconstructed from the incorrect religation of chromosomal breaks. Tandem duplications are simple copy-and-paste structural variants, as they arise through the local insertion of a newly generated extra copy of a genomic template. More-complex cut-and-paste processes that produce structural variants also occur in cancer. ‘Breakage–fusion–bridge’ events result from cycles of DNA breakage, end-to-end sister chromatid fusions, mitotic bridges and further DNA breakage. These events manifest as one or a few proximate, inverted breakpoint junctions with associated copy-number change, which we call ‘fold-back inversions’1,2,19 (Fig. 1). ‘Chromoplexy’5,20—which is particularly frequent in prostate cancers—results from several simultaneous double-stranded DNA breaks in several chromosomes that are rejoined incorrectly, leading to balanced chains of rearrangements. ‘Chromothripsis’3, in which chromosome shattering and rearrangement occur in a single catastrophic event9,21, leads to a pattern of oscillating copy-number changes and localized clustering of tens to hundreds of breakpoints22. In the germline, more-complex copy-and-paste classes of structural variant have previously been described, which involve small duplications and triplications and are thought to arise from the stalling of the replication fork leading to template switching4,23,24. Here we describe a wide range of complex copy-and-paste types of somatic structural variant that occur in human cancers, and that are typically characterized by copy-number gains and frequent inverted rearrangements. We analysed 2,559 whole cancer genomes across 38 tumour types (alongside matched germline DNA) that passed the most stringent PCAWG quality-control criteria: 1 or more somatic structural variants were detected in 2,429 tumours8. As described in an accompanying Article8, structural variants were identified using aberrantly mapping and/or split reads in paired-end sequencing data25. We used four somatic structural-variant callers20,25,26,27, and the final structural-variant dataset comprised events that were returned by ≥2 callers, merged by a graph-based consensus method8. We consider only somatically acquired structural variants in this analysis, and exclude somatic retrotransposition events. Validation of structural-variant calls was undertaken using both manual inspection and pull-down with resequencing of breakpoints. With these approaches, we estimate the sensitivity of the consensus structural-variant call set to be 90% for true calls generated by any 1 of the 4 callers; specificity was estimated as 97.5%8. A mean of 3.22 algorithms of the 4 that we used called each structural variant in the consensus set genome-wide, and this differed little across repetitive elements: the mean for short interspersed nuclear elements was 3.22, and the mean for long interspersed nuclear elements was 3.21. Because the structural variants from a given cancer are often highly clustered, we grouped rearrangements into clusters on the basis of the proximity of breakpoints, the overall number of events in that genome and the size distribution of these events (Supplementary Methods). Essentially, a particular cluster contains structural variants that are significantly closer together than expected by chance, given the overall number and orientation of structural variants in that patient. Alongside the clustering, we computed an in silico library of all possible genomic configurations that result from sequential simple structural variants (deletions, tandem duplications, inversions, translocations, and chromosome duplications or losses), to a depth of five rearrangements. We could then compare the genomic configuration of each observed cluster of structural variants against the library to determine how it might have arisen. This methodology has the advantage that breakpoint junctions are classified according to the wider genomic context in which they occur. This means that, for example, true deletions will be identifiably different from breakpoint junctions that happen to have a deletion-type orientation but arise within (for instance) a chromothripsis event of markedly different mechanism and properties. Over half the breakpoint junctions that we observed arise within clusters of several or many structural variants (Fig. 2a): removing these junctions from the catalogues of true deletions, tandem duplications and inversions enables a more-precise description of the properties of simple structural variants. Among the classes of simple structural variants, deletion was the most common, followed by tandem duplication and then unbalanced translocation. Reciprocal translocations and reciprocal inversions were uncommon events (Fig. 2a). There was considerable variability in the overall numbers and distribution of classes of structural variant across tumour types and across patients within a given tumour type (Extended Data Fig. 1). For example, oesophageal adenocarcinomas were characterized by many deletions and a large number of complex clustered rearrangements (Fig. 2b), and ovarian cancers often carried high numbers of tandem duplications and/or deletions with moderate numbers of unbalanced translocations (Fig. 2c). We next examined clusters that contain 2–10 structural variants. One newly identified configuration consisted of several segments of copy-number gains, typically on different reference chromosomes, linked together through structural variants (Fig. 3, Extended Data Fig. 2). A sequential path through consecutive segments can be formed by following the breakpoint junctions, which suggests that each cluster represents a string of duplicated templates inserted into a single derivative chromosome, probably acquired concurrently. Although it is theoretically possible that the structural variants in such clusters are not phased on the same derivative chromosome or do not occur concurrently, we think this is unlikely for several reasons. First, we found examples of RNA transcripts that spliced together exons separated by two junctions in the structural-variant cluster (Supplementary Fig. 2), which suggests that they are phased on the same derivative chromosome. Second, long-read sequencing data (reported in an accompanying Article8) supported the phasing of structural variants that link templated insertions. Third, we found that the clonal fraction of tumour cells tended to be more similar for structural variants within these clusters than for randomly chosen structural variants in each patient (Supplementary Fig. 3), which suggests that they co-occur in evolutionary time. Fourth, the level of copy-number gain for individual segments in the cluster tended to be identical (Fig. 3, Extended Data Fig. 2). We define three basic categories on the basis of whether or not the string of inserted segments returns to the original chromosome: we term strings of inserted segments that do not return ‘chains’ of templated insertions and those strings that do return ‘bridges’ (which leave a gap on the host chromosome) or ‘cycles’ (which rereplicate a segment on the host chromosome). In the PCAWG dataset overall, we observed 1,467 cycles and 1,275 bridges of templated insertions (Fig. 3a, b, Extended Data Fig. 2). In chains of templated insertions, the string of genomic segments does not return to the chromosome of departure (Fig. 3c, Extended Data Fig. 2) but it is similarly associated with copy-number gains at each templated segment. There were 285 instances of such chains in the dataset, commonly manifesting as unbalanced translocations joined through one or more intermediary templated insertions. Most templated insertion events involve only two breakpoint junctions, but this can extend to three, four or more linked rearrangements (Extended Data Fig. 3a). The longest such event—from a cervical squamous cell cancer—had seven templated insertions strung together on an eighth host chromosome (Fig. 3c; other examples of long templated insertion events are shown in Extended Data Fig. 3). Structural variants drive tumour development through their effects on cancer genes, whether by altering gene copy number, disrupting tumour-suppressor genes, creating fusion genes or juxtaposing the coding sequence of one gene with the regulatory apparatus of another. We found that many liver cancers had cycles of templated insertions that affect TERT (Fig. 3d, e, Extended Data Fig. 4). Point mutations in the TERT promoter are present in 54% of liver cancers, and a further 5–10% of liver cancers have structural variants that activate the gene28. Of the 30 patients with liver cancer that had structural variants that affect TERT, we find that 10 of these variants were templated insertion events (mostly cycles). All of these events duplicated the entire TERT gene and linked it to duplications of whole genes, fragments of genes or regulatory elements from elsewhere in the genome, and led to increased expression of TERT (Extended Data Fig. 4e). Thus, this particular rearrangement process is distinctive for the precision with which cancer copy-and-pastes normally disparate functional elements of its genome together without wholesale instability. Tumour-suppressor genes were also inactivated by templated insertions (Extended Data Fig. 5). For example, among many straightforward deletions, RB1 was hit by cycles of templated insertions, a templated insertion with deletion and one instance of the linked, inverted duplications detailed in ‘Local n-jumps and local–distant clusters’. These events typically generated duplications of internal exons in RB1 and/or insertions of exons from other genes, all of which presumably rendered a non-functional transcript. Many clusters of 2–10 structural variants in the dataset were confined to a single genomic region. Of those clusters that comprised two local rearrangements, some had straightforward explanations, such as nested or adjacent tandem duplications. However, many did not have a trivial explanation (Fig. 4a). These included a duplication–inverted-triplication–duplication structure that has previously been observed in germline structural variants24 (349 instances); a structure of two duplications linked by inverted rearrangements (531 instances); and structures of copy-number loss plus nearby duplication linked by inverted rearrangements (472 instances). All of these patterns had solutions in which breakpoints were phased to a single derivative chromosome (Fig. 4a), although non-phased solutions are theoretically possible (if unlikely). Beyond clusters of two rearrangements (two-jumps), we also found examples involving three, four or more rearrangements confined to one genomic locale (Fig. 4b). All of these configurations of clusters of structural variants can be phased to a single derivative chromosome, with tightly grouped breakpoints. Beyond clusters confined to a single genomic region, we found clusters of 2–10 structural variants that combined local jumps with rearrangements that reach into one or more distant regions of the genome (Fig. 4c). Simple examples of these events include unbalanced translocations or large deletions with a locally derived fragment inserted at the breakpoint, but there was also an extensive range of more-complex patterns. In some cases, the source of the inserted fragment was distal to the major break, and the structural variant could feasibly result from several concurrent DNA breaks in close spatial proximity to the capture of a short DNA fragment during repair (cut-and-paste). In other cases, the origin of the inserted fragment was proximal to the major break and associated with a gain in copy number. This pattern is difficult to explain by a cut-and-paste mechanism, because the copy-number gain implies the inserted segment was a duplicate of the original template rather than a separated fragment redistributed from its original locus. Instead, a copy-and-paste mechanism may be the more parsimonious explanation for these events. A comparison of local footprints linked together through distant rearrangements revealed a strong connectivity of footprints with the same or similar structure, often enriched tenfold or more than expected by chance (see ‘Footprint connectivity analysis’ in Supplementary Results). The reasons for this are unclear, but it may reflect innate structural symmetry introduced through the generation or the resolution of rearrangements, or through the repeated action of a mechanism that imparts consistent structural motifs. The diverse patterns of 2–10 clustered structural variants (Figs. 3, 4) share important morphological features: (1) genomic configurations that can be phased to a single derivative chromosome; (2) low-level gains in copy number, especially duplications and triplications; (3) a high frequency of inverted rearrangements in addition to noninverted rearrangements; (4) occurrence on a chromosome background with similar average copy number to the tumour overall; and (5) tight proximity of breakpoints within the local footprint (typically <1 Mb). Using our in silico library of genomic configurations, we could define all possible routes by which sequential structural variants could generate these structures through the classically defined repertoire of deletion, tandem duplication, inversion and translocation (Supplementary Fig. 4). These routes typically would require implausible machinations of chromosomes (Supplementary Results). In particular, the high prevalence of inverted breakpoint junctions and local copy-number gains is difficult to recreate using sequential simple rearrangements. Simple inversion events are uncommon in cancers (Fig. 1d) and they tend not to generate copy-number gains, except through breakage–fusion–bridge cycles: these latter also cause terminal deletions2, which are not seen in the events discussed here. If these events cannot be satisfactorily explained by sequential simple rearrangements, another possible explanation is a complex cut-and-paste mechanism such as chromothripsis, chromoplexy or repeated breakage–fusion–bridge cycles. However, the patterns of the 2–10 clustered structural variants do not fit with these processes either (Supplementary Results). Although chromothripsis with copy-number gain has previously been described3,11,19,22, the resulting copy number and rearrangement patterns have different properties to those we observed. Chromoplexy, in which chromosome breaks lead to a balanced interchange at multiple breakpoint junctions5,20, typically generates unphased solutions. Repeated breakage–fusion–bridge cycles tend to cause high-level copy-number gains associated with inverted, fold-back rearrangements1,2, unlike the structures reported here. Instead, we believe that many of these locally complex clusters of structural variants with low-level copy-number gains are generated in a single event by a copy-and-paste process. That is, the copying of genomic templates is an intrinsic aspect of the structural variation process in these events, with the extra copies being inserted in the resulting derivative chromosome. If the genomic templates all originate locally, we would observe local n-jumps (such as in Fig. 3a, b) with a tight clustering of breakpoints, phased solutions, frequent copy-number gains and a mix of inverted and noninverted breakpoint junctions. If the original templates for the copied segments derive from across the genome, chains, cycles and bridges of templated insertions would arise (Fig. 2). The size of tandem duplications and deletions followed complex—often multimodal—distributions across tumour types (Fig. 5a, Extended Data Fig. 6a). However, as previously reported6,29, individual patients tend to have a simpler—usually unimodal—distribution of deletions or tandem duplications (Extended Data Fig. 6b), which implies that the complexity seen in a given tumour type results from combining samples with different profiles. The sizes of individual fragments in templated insertion events were also distinctly multimodal, with varying peak heights across tumour types (Fig. 5b). When correlating template sizes within a given event, two patterns emerged: one in which template sizes were closely correlated with one another, and one in which a small (<1 kb) template was linked with one of any size (Extended Data Fig. 7a, b). Likewise, the sizes of segments within a given local two-jump event showed moderately strong correlations with one another (Extended Data Fig. 7c). A number of genomic properties (such as replication timing, transcriptional activity and chromatin state) influence the density of point mutations30,31 and copy-number alterations32, but how this relates to individual classes of structural variant is unclear. From the literature, we compiled a library of the genome-wide distribution of 38 features including replication timing, GC content, repeat density, gene density and distance to G-quadruplex motifs, among others. Replication timing had the strongest association with the occurrence of structural variants; deletions are enriched in late-replicating regions, and tandem duplications and unbalanced translocations occur preferentially in early-replicating regions (Fig. 5c, Extended Data Fig. 8). For individual patients with high numbers of deletions or tandem duplications, we observed notable heterogeneity in the distribution of these structural variants according to replication timing: some had events that occurred predominantly in late-replicating regions, others had events that occurred exclusively in early-replicating regions, and in others events were distributed more evenly (Supplementary Fig. 5). Regions of active chromatin and increased gene density correlated positively with the rate of rearrangement. A structural variant requires DNA repair pathways to join two sequences together, and several repair mechanisms are available to somatic cells. Some require sequence homology between the two ends, and others can operate to join non-homologous sequences. As previously reported2,25,33, we find across the PCAWG data that many structural variants do not have sequence homology at the breakpoint junction (Fig. 5d) and therefore arise through non-homologous end joining. Nonetheless, a sizable fraction of structural variants has more microhomology than expected by chance, with an apparently bimodal distribution of microhomology lengths. One set of structural variants has 2–7 bp of microhomology, probably generated by microhomology-mediated end joining, and a second set of structural variants has 10–30 bp of microhomology, probably generated through single-strand annealing or other forms of homologous recombination (including microhomology-mediated break-induced replication). Repetitive sequences in the genome, such as short and long interspersed nuclear elements, are the likely substrate of such structural variants, and we find enrichment for structural variants joining such elements (Fig. 5e, Supplementary Fig. 6). The heterogeneous spectrum of point mutations across cancers can be reconstructed from the differential action of a relatively limited repertoire of mutational processes, each with a characteristic signature34. The differences across patients in the size distribution of tandem duplication and deletion—together with the widely varying frequency and patterns of structural variant across tumour types and genome topology—suggested that we could similarly learn such correlations across individual classes of structural variant. We divided the set of structural variants of each patient into mutually exclusive categories. We split the most frequent classes of simple structural variant (deletions and tandem duplications) into 11 categories according to size, replication timing and occurrence at fragile sites. Other configurations of structural variants and copy-number changes seen more than 50 times in the cohort were included as further categories, including cycles, chains and bridges of templated insertions (also split by size), local n-jumps and local–distant clusters. We applied two methods for signature discovery, which yielded comparable results. We identified 16 structural-variant signatures: the 12 most prevalent of these signatures are shown in Fig. 6a. Signature extraction on the cohort randomly split into two halves identified ten highly correlated signatures (Supplementary Fig. 7), which closely matched the signatures called in the full cohort despite the lower power. Three signatures of deletions emerged, split by size: the signature of small (<50-kb) deletions included small reciprocal inversions and the signature of large (>500-kb) deletions included large reciprocal inversions. This implies that the frequencies of deletions and reciprocal inversions are correlated across the cohort, and both follow similar size distributions within an individual patient. We identified five signatures of tandem duplications, split by size and replication timing. Cycles, bridges and chains of templated insertions were particularly prominent in signatures of early-replicating tandem duplications, whereas local two-jump structures were more closely associated with late-replicating tandem duplications. All of these patterns exemplify the copy-and-paste concept, in which extra copies of genomic templates are produced and inserted as an integral feature of the structural-variant process. Another signature was characterized by deletions and tandem duplications at chromosomal fragile sites35. Tandem duplications were more prominent at the edges of the fragile site, and deletions were concentrated in the centre (Extended Data Fig. 9a, b). The size range of fragile site deletions peaked at around 100 kb, similar to the larger deletion signature, whereas the rarer fragile-site tandem duplications showed no strong size peak (Extended Data Fig. 9c). Sites of fragility varied extensively across tumour types (Extended Data Fig. 9d). Unbalanced translocations comprised their own signature, which suggests that they derive from a distinct rearrangement process in cancer genomes. A further signature comprised both the fold-back inversions that are a hallmark of breakage–fusion–bridge cycles and similar structures such as translocations adjacent to fold-back inversions. Finally, there was a signature of balanced rearrangements, including reciprocal translocations and chromoplexy clusters5. This signature probably arises from several double-stranded DNA breaks (potentially occurring in interphase), in which both sides of the break are incorrectly repaired through ligation to other, simultaneously broken regions of the genome. We grouped annotations of pathogenic germline variants and somatic driver mutations in DNA-repair genes across the cohort8, correlating their presence with activity of the structural-variant signatures (Fig. 6b). As previously described for breast and ovarian cancers6,29, BRCA1 mutations are significantly associated with small tandem duplication signatures, the mechanistic basis of which is increasingly well understood10. As previously described6,36, CDK12 variants predicted signatures of mid-sized-to-large tandem duplications. BRCA2 variants correlated with small deletions, as expected from previous work29, and also with the reciprocal structural-variant signature that includes chromoplexy. PALB2 variants showed the same correlations with signatures of small deletions and reciprocal structural variants as does BRCA2: PALB2 colocalizes with, stabilizes and assists BRCA2 during homologous recombination37, so we might have predicted that inactivation of either gene would lead to a similar structural-variant signature. These associations between driver mutations and structural-variant signatures were consistently evident across many types of tumour (Extended Data Fig. 10). The structural-variant signatures showed considerable heterogeneity in their activity across tumour types and among patients within a given tumour type (Supplementary Fig. 8). Tumours of the gastrointestinal tract—including colorectal and oesophageal adenocarcinomas—showed high rates of the fragile-site signature. Prostate cancer was notable for the prevalence of the chromoplexy signature, as previously reported5,20, and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung were characterized by the fold-back inversion signature. We assessed how classes of structural variant altered known cancer genes (Supplementary Table 1). Some cancer genes acquire oncogenic potential only with specific structural events, such as fusion genes or enhancer hijacking. Not surprisingly, these genes typically showed little variability in which classes of structural variant could generate such events (Extended Data Fig. 11a–c)—although there were exceptions. The TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene of prostate cancer, for example, was generated by a range of processes (including simple deletions, chromoplexy and chromothripsis), all of which are prevalent signatures in this tumour type (Extended Data Fig. 11d–f). Tumour-suppressor genes and recurrently amplified genes showed more variability in which types of structural variant were observed, and these were shaped by signatures active in the relevant tumour types. For example, the tumour-suppressor genes, PTEN and RAD51B, which are commonly inactivated in breast and ovarian cancers, were often targeted by tandem duplications generating out-of-frame exon duplications (Extended Data Fig. 12a, b). By contrast, deletions were the predominant events that inactivated SMAD4 and CDKN2A, in keeping with their prevalence in cancers of the gastrointestinal tract (Extended Data Fig. 12c, d). MYC, one of the most commonly amplified genes across all types of cancer, showed considerable diversity in the mechanisms of its rearrangement: nested tandem duplications in breast cancer, translocations or chromoplexy with IGH in lymphoma, as well as chromothripsis, cycles of templated insertions, local n-jumps and local–distant clusters in other types of tumour (Extended Data Fig. 13). We have described the patterns and signatures of structural variation in a large cohort of uniformly analysed cancer genomes. A major grouping of patterns in structural variants that emerges from our study is one in which extra copies of genomic templates are inserted during the rearrangement process. This includes simple events such as tandem duplications, as well as a range of more-complex events with duplications and triplications that are rearranged locally as well as inserted distantly. Our signature analysis grouped a large proportion of these more-complex events together with tandem duplications, which suggests that they represent a continuum of processes that share underlying properties. A replication-based mechanism has previously been proposed to explain local two-jumps4,23,24, in which stalled replication forks or other DNA lesions cause the DNA polymerase to switch templates and continue replication in a new location. Studies in experimental models are now revealing that a wide range of mechanisms and DNA lesions can result in templated insertions: these mechanisms include tandem duplications in BRCA1 deficiency10, translocations with templated insertions caused by dysregulated strand invasion38 and distant templated insertions in the absence of replication helicases39. Genomic instability in cancer is not a single phenomenon. Instead, many different mutational processes can act to restructure the genome and, in doing so, generate a notably flexible array of possible structures. Any given tumour draws on a subset of the available processes, shaped by the cell of origin, germline predisposition and other, unknown, factors: selection then does the rest, promoting the clone that has chanced on the structure that increases its potential for self-determination. No statistical methods were used to predetermine sample size. The experiments were not randomized and investigators were not blinded to allocation during experiments and outcome assessment. A detailed description of the methods used in this paper and many additional results are described in Supplementary Information. Here, we summarize the key aspects of the analysis. Generation of the structural-variant call set The final set of structural variants used in this Article was generated by the Technical Working Group of the PCAWG Consortium and is described in the main PCAWG paper8. In brief, four variant callers were used to identify somatically acquired structural variants from matched tumour and germline whole genome sequencing data: SvABA (Broad pipeline), DELLY (DKFZ pipeline), BRASS (Sanger pipeline) and dRanger (Broad pipeline). These were merged into a final call set using a graph-based algorithm to identify overlapping breakpoint junctions across algorithms. Detailed visual inspection of structural-variant calls suggested that a simple approach of accepting all structural-variant calls made by two or more of the four algorithms gave the best trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. Structural-variant clustering and annotation To identify clusters of structural variants, we developed a method for grouping structural variants into clusters and footprints to allow structural and mechanistic inferences to be made systematically. In parallel, we processed the somatic copy-number data and merged it with structural-variant junctions to enable us produce rearrangement patterns from the generated structural-variant clusters and footprints. We produced normalized representations of structural-variant cluster patterns, which enable us to tabulate the number of different cluster and footprint patterns and analyse their features. Finally, we performed manual and simulation-assisted interpretation of the recurrently observed cluster and footprint patterns. The individual steps of the structural-variant classification pipeline are outlined below and detailed in the subsequent subsections: (1) computing the exact breakpoint coordinates from clipped reads; (2) removing redundant ‘segment-bypassing’ structural variants; (3) merging rearrangement breakpoints with copy-number data to yield structural-variant breakpoint-demarcated, normalized, absolute copy-number data; (4) clustering individual structural variants into structural-variant clusters and footprints; (5) heuristically refining structural-variant clusters and footprints; (6) filtering artefactual fold-back-type structural variants with insufficient support; (7) determining balanced overlapping breakpoints (this step is to distinguish very short templated insertions from mutually overlapping balanced breakpoints); and (8) computing rearrangement patterns and categories. Distribution of structural variants across the genome We divided the hg19 human reference genome (autosomes and chromosome X) into 3,036,315 pixels of 1 kb, and calculated a suite of metrics per pixel to summarize a variety of genome properties with potential relevance to the distribution of rearrangements, as listed in the Supplementary Information. Properties were matched as closely as possible to the tissue of origin for cancer samples from the PCAWG data. All other genome properties were held fixed across all tissues. To test for associations between structural-variant event classes and the library of genome properties, the genome property metrics were compared between real structural-variant positions (randomly choosing one side of each breakpoint junction to reduce dependence between observations) and one million uniform random positions from the callable genome space. To compare the tissue-specific properties, each random position was assigned a random tissue type, drawing from the observed tissue-type distribution in the structural-variant call set. For each genome property and each event class, the real observations were pooled amongst the random ones, and then rank-transformed and normalized on a scale from 0 to 1. Under the null hypothesis of no event-versus-property association, the ranks of the real observations would follow a uniform distribution. We tested this in each case with a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test then applied a Benjamini–Yekutieli correction for false-discovery rate across the entire suite of tests and set the threshold for significance reporting at 0.01. Structural-variant-signature analysis We used two algorithms for extracting structural-variant signatures. Both used the same input files, comprising a matrix of counts per patient (across all patients) of structural-variant clusters falling into a number of mutually exclusive categories. These categories included the major classes of structural variants, with the more-common events (deletions, tandem duplications and inversions) split by size and/or replication timing. The two algorithms that were used for extracting the signatures were (1) a hierarchical Dirichlet process and (2) non-negative matrix factorization. Further details on the implementation of these algorithms are available in the Supplementary Information. Reporting summary Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this paper. Author notes These authors contributed equally: Yilong Li, Nicola D. Roberts, Jeremiah A. Wala, Ofer Shapira A list of members and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper A list of members and their affiliations appears online Authors and Affiliations Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK Yilong Li, Nicola D. Roberts, Peter J. Campbell, Young Seok Ju, Yilong Li, Iñigo Martincorena, Nicola D. Roberts, Jorge Zamora & Peter J. Campbell Totient Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA Yilong Li & Yilong Li The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA Jeremiah A. Wala, Ofer Shapira, Steven E. Schumacher, Kiran Kumar, Rameen Beroukhim, Andrew J. Dunford, Julian M. Hess, Kiran Kumar, Matthew Meyerson, Steven E. Schumacher, Chip Stewart, Jeremiah A. Wala, Cheng-Zhong Zhang & Rameen Beroukhim Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Jeremiah A. Wala, Ofer Shapira, Steven E. Schumacher, Kiran Kumar, Rameen Beroukhim, Matthew Meyerson, Steven E. Schumacher, Jeremiah A. Wala, Cheng-Zhong Zhang & Rameen Beroukhim Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Jeremiah A. Wala, Ofer Shapira, Steven E. Schumacher, Kiran Kumar, Rameen Beroukhim, Steven E. Schumacher, Jeremiah A. Wala & Rameen Beroukhim Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Ekta Khurana & Marcin Imielinski European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany Sebastian Waszak, Jan O. Korbel & Jan O. Korbel Department of Molecular Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA James E. Haber & James E. Haber New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA Marcin Imielinski, Marcin Imielinski & Xiaotong Yao Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Nikos Sidiropoulos, Joachim Weischenfeldt & Joachim Weischenfeldt Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Peter J. Campbell & Peter J. Campbell University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Kadir C. Akdemir & Ken Chen Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Eva G. Alvarez, Bernardo Rodriguez-Martin, Jose M. C. Tubio & Jorge Zamora Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Eva G. Alvarez, Bernardo Rodriguez-Martin, Jose M. C. Tubio & Jorge Zamora The Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain Eva G. Alvarez, Bernardo Rodriguez-Martin, Jose M. C. Tubio & Jorge Zamora Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Adrian Baez-Ortega Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Paul C. Boutros Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Paul C. Boutros Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Paul C. Boutros University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Paul C. Boutros Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia David D. L. Bowtell, Dariush Etemadmoghadam, Dale W. Garsed & Mark Shackleton Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia David D. L. Bowtell & Mark Shackleton National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Benedikt Brors & Barbara Hutter Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Benedikt Brors, Lars Feuerbach & Lina Sieverling German Cancer Genome Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany Benedikt Brors & Barbara Hutter Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Kathleen H. Burns Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Kin Chan Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Isidro Cortés-Ciriano Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Isidro Cortés-Ciriano, Jake June-Koo Lee & Peter J. Park Ludwig Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Isidro Cortés-Ciriano, Jake June-Koo Lee & Peter J. Park Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain Ana Dueso-Barroso, J. Lynn Fink, Montserrat Puiggròs, David Torrents & Izar Villasante Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Paul A. Edwards, Andy G. Lynch, Geoff Macintyre & Florian Markowetz University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Paul A. Edwards, Andy G. Lynch, Geoff Macintyre & Florian Markowetz Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar Xavier Estivill Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain Xavier Estivill Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia J. Lynn Fink The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel Milana Frenkel-Morgenstern Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA Mark Gerstein Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Mark Gerstein Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Mark Gerstein Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC, USA Dmitry A. Gordenin Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA David Haan Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Charlestown, MA, USA Julian M. Hess Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Barbara Hutter Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany David T. W. Jones Pediatric Glioma Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany David T. W. Jones Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea Young Seok Ju Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia Marat D. Kazanov A. A. Kharkevich Institute of Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia Marat D. Kazanov Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia Marat D. Kazanov Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC, USA Leszek J. Klimczak Center For Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea Youngil Koh Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea Youngil Koh & Sung-Soo Yoon Division of Genetics and Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Eunjung Alice Lee Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Eunjung Alice Lee School of Medicine/School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK Andy G. Lynch Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA Alexander Martinez-Fundichely Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA Alexander Martinez-Fundichely Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA Alexander Martinez-Fundichely Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Matthew Meyerson & Cheng-Zhong Zhang The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Satoru Miyano RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan Hidewaki Nakagawa Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Fabio C. P. Navarro Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain Stephan Ossowski Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain Stephan Ossowski Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Stephan Ossowski Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia John V. Pearson & Nicola Waddell Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia John V. Pearson & Nicola Waddell German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Karsten Rippe School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA Steven A. Roberts Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Ralph Scully Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany Lina Sieverling Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain David Torrents Ben May Department for Cancer Research, Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Lixing Yang Tri-institutional PhD Program of Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA Xiaotong Yao Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Lauri A. Aaltonen Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK Federico Abascal, David J. Adams, Ludmil B. Alexandrov, Sam Behjati, Shriram G. Bhosle, David T. Bowen, Adam P. Butler, Peter J. Campbell, Peter Clapham, Helen Davies, Kevin J. Dawson, Stefan C. Dentro, Serge Serge, Erik Garrison, Mohammed Ghori, Dominik Glodzik, Jonathan Hinton, David R. Jones, Young Seok Ju, Stian Knappskog, Barbara Kremeyer, Henry Lee-Six, Daniel A. Leongamornlert, Yilong Li, Sancha Martin, Iñigo Martincorena, Ultan McDermott, Andrew Menzies, Thomas J. Mitchell, Sandro Morganella, Jyoti Nangalia, Jonathan Nicholson, Serena Nik-Zainal, Sarah O’Meara, Elli Papaemmanuil, Keiran M. Raine, Manasa Ramakrishna, Kamna Ramakrishnan, Nicola D. Roberts, Rebecca Shepherd, Lucy Stebbings, Michael R. Stratton, Maxime Tarabichi, Jon W. Teague, Ignacio Vázquez-García, David C. Wedge, Lucy Yates, Jorge Zamora & Xueqing Zou Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Adam Abeshouse, Hikmat Al-Ahmadie, Gunes Gundem, Zachary Heins, Jason Huse, Douglas A. Levine, Eric Minwei Liu & Angelica Ochoa Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Hiroyuki Aburatani, Genta Nagae, Akihiro Suzuki, Kenji Tatsuno & Shogo Yamamoto Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Nishant Agrawal Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea Keun Soo Ahn & Koo Jeong Kang Department of Oncology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea Sung-Min Ahn Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan Hiroshi Aikata, Koji Arihiro, Kazuaki Chayama, Yoshiiku Kawakami & Hideki Ohdan Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Rehan Akbani, Shaolong Cao, Yiwen Chen, Zechen Chong, Yu Fan, Jun Li, Han Liang, Wenyi Wang, Yumeng Wang & Yuan Yuan University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Kadir C. Akdemir & Ken Chen King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Al Maather, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Sultan T. Al-Sedairy Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain Fatima Al-Shahrour & Elena Piñeiro-Yáñez Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Malik Alawi Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany Malik Alawi & Adam Grundhoff Ontario Tumour Bank, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada Monique Albert & John Bartlett Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Kenneth Aldape, Russell R. Broaddus, Bogdan Czerniak, Adel El-Naggar, Savitri Krishnamurthy, Alexander J. Lazar & Xiaoping Su Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA Kenneth Aldape Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Ludmil B. Alexandrov & Erik N. Bergstrom UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA Ludmil B. Alexandrov, Erik N. Bergstrom & Olivier Harismendy Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada Adrian Ally, Miruna Balasundaram, Reanne Bowlby, Denise Brooks, Rebecca Carlsen, Eric Chuah, Noreen Dhalla, Robert A. Holt, Steven J. M. Jones, Katayoon Kasaian, Darlene Lee, Haiyan Irene Li, Yussanne Ma, Marco A. Marra, Michael Mayo, Richard A. Moore, Andrew J. Mungall, Karen Mungall, A. Gordon Robertson, Sara Sadeghi, Jacqueline E. Schein, Payal Sipahimalani, Angela Tam, Nina Thiessen & Tina Wong Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Kathryn Alsop, David D. L. Bowtell, Elizabeth L. Christie, Dariush Etemadmoghadam, Sian Fereday, Dale W. Garsed, Linda Mileshkin, Chris Mitchell, Mark Shackleton, Heather Thorne & Nadia Traficante Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Eva G. Alvarez, Alicia L. Bruzos, Bernardo Rodriguez-Martin, Javier Temes, Jose M. C. Tubio & Jorge Zamora Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Eva G. Alvarez, Alicia L. Bruzos, Bernardo Rodriguez-Martin, Javier Temes, Jose M. C. Tubio & Jorge Zamora The Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain Eva G. Alvarez, Alicia L. Bruzos, Bernardo Rodriguez-Martin, Marta Tojo, Jose M. C. Tubio & Jorge Zamora Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital - Bolsover, London, UK Fernanda Amary Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Samirkumar B. Amin, P. Andrew Futreal & Alexander J. Lazar Quantitative and Computational Biosciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Samirkumar B. Amin, Han Liang & Yumeng Wang The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA Samirkumar B. Amin, Joshy George & Lucas Lochovsky Genome Informatics Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada Brice Aminou, Niall J. Byrne, Aurélien Chateigner, Nodirjon Fayzullaev, Vincent Ferretti, George L. Mihaiescu, Hardeep K. Nahal-Bose, Brian D. O’Connor, B. F. Francis Ouellette, Marc D. Perry, Kevin Thai, Qian Xiang, Christina K. Yung & Junjun Zhang Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany Ole Ammerpohl, Andrea Haake, Cristina López, Julia Richter & Rabea Wagener Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany Ole Ammerpohl, Sietse Aukema, Cristina López, Reiner Siebert & Rabea Wagener Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Matthew J. Anderson, Timothy J. C. Bruxner, Angelika N. Christ, J. Lynn Fink, Ivon Harliwong, Karin S. Kassahn, David K. Miller, Alan J. Robertson & Darrin F. Taylor Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK Yeng Ang, Hsiao-Wei Chen, Ritika Kundra & Francisco Sanchez-Vega Department of Surgery, Pancreas Institute, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy Davide Antonello, Claudio Bassi, Narong Khuntikeo, Luca Landoni, Giuseppe Malleo, Giovanni Marchegiani, Neil D. Merrett, Marco Miotto, Salvatore Paiella, Antonio Pea, Paolo Pederzoli, Roberto Salvia, Jaswinder S. Samra, Elisabetta Sereni & Samuel Singer Molecular and Medical Genetics, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA Pavana Anur, Myron Peto & Paul T. Spellman Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada Samuel Aparicio The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA Elizabeth L. Appelbaum, Matthew H. Bailey, Matthew G. Cordes, Li Ding, Catrina C. Fronick, Lucinda A. Fulton, Robert S. Fulton, Kuan-lin Huang, Reyka Jayasinghe, Elaine R. Mardis, R. Jay Mashl, Michael D. McLellan, Christopher A. Miller, Heather K. Schmidt, Jiayin Wang, Michael C. Wendl, Richard K. Wilson & Tina Wong University College London, London, UK Elizabeth L. Appelbaum, Jonathan D. Kay, Helena Kilpinen, Laurence B. Lovat, Hayley J. Luxton & Hayley C. Whitaker Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan Yasuhito Arai, Natsuko Hama, Fumie Hosoda, Hiromi Nakamura, Tatsuhiro Shibata, Yasushi Totoki & Shinichi Yachida DLR Project Management Agency, Bonn, Germany Axel Aretz Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan Shun-ichi Ariizumi & Masakazu Yamamoto Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Joshua Armenia, Hsiao-Wei Chen, Jianjiong Gao, Ritika Kundra, Francisco Sanchez-Vega, Nikolaus Schultz & Hongxin Zhang Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA Laurent Arnould Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada Sylvia Asa, Michael H. A. Roehrl & Theodorus Van der Kwast Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK Sylvia Asa, Simon L. Parsons & Ming Tsao Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Yassen Assenov Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada Gurnit Atwal, Philip Awadalla, Jonathan Barenboim, Vinayak Bhandari, Ivan Borozan, Paul C. Boutros, Lewis Jonathan Dursi, Shadrielle M. G. Espiritu, Natalie S. Fox, Michael Fraser, Syed Haider, Vincent Huang, Keren Isaev, Wei Jiao, Christopher M. Lalansingh, Emilie Lalonde, Fabien C. Lamaze, Constance H. Li, Julie Livingstone, Christine P’ng, Marta Paczkowska, Stephenie D. Prokopec, Jüri Reimand, Veronica Y. Sabelnykova, Adriana Salcedo, Yu-Jia Shiah, Solomon I. Shorser, Shimin Shuai, Jared T. Simpson, Lincoln D. Stein, Ren X. Sun, Lina Wadi, Gavin W. Wilson, Adam J. Wright, Takafumi N. Yamaguchi, Fouad Yousif & Denis Yuen Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Gurnit Atwal, Philip Awadalla, Gary D. Bader, Shimin Shuai & Lincoln D. Stein Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada Gurnit Atwal, Quaid D. Morris, Yulia Rubanova & Jeffrey A. Wintersinger Hematopathology Section, Institute of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany Sietse Aukema, Wolfram Klapper, Julia Richter & Monika Szczepanowski Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA J. Todd Auman & Charles M. Perou Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway Miriam R. R. Aure, Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale & Anita Langerød Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Marta Aymerich Department of Veterinary Medicine, Transmissible Cancer Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Adrian Baez-Ortega Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Matthew H. Bailey, Li Ding, Robert S. Fulton, Ramaswamy Govindan & Michael D. McLellan Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Peter J. Bailey, Andrew V. Biankin, David K. Chang, Susanna L. Cooke, Fraser R. Duthie, Janet S. Graham, Nigel B. Jamieson, Elizabeth A. Musgrove & Derek W. Wright Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Saianand Balu, Tom Bodenheimer, D. Neil Hayes, Austin J. Hepperla, Katherine A. Hoadley, Alan P. Hoyle, Stuart R. Jefferys, Shaowu Meng, Lisle E. Mose, Grant Sanders, Yan Shi, Janae V. Simons & Matthew G. Soloway Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Rameen Beroukhim, Angela N. Brooks, Susan Bullman, John Busanovich, Andrew D. Cherniack, Juok Cho, Carrie Cibulskis, Kristian Cibulskis, David Craft, Timothy Defreitas, Andrew J. Dunford, Scott Frazer, Stacey B. Gabriel, Nils Gehlenborg, Gad Getz, Manaswi Gupta, Gavin Ha, Nicholas J. Haradhvala, David I. Heiman, Julian M. Hess, Manolis Kellis, Jaegil Kim, Kiran Kumar, Kirsten Kübler, Eric Lander, Michael S. Lawrence, Ignaty Leshchiner, Pei Lin, Ziao Lin, Dimitri Livitz, Yosef E. Maruvka, Samuel R. Meier, Matthew Meyerson, Michael S. Noble, Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu, Paz Polak, Esther Rheinbay, Daniel Rosebrock, Mara Rosenberg, Gordon Saksena, Richard Sallari, Steven E. Schumacher, Ayellet V. Segre, Ofer Shapira, Juliann Shih, Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong, Oliver Spiro, Chip Stewart, Amaro Taylor-Weiner, Grace Tiao, Douglas Voet, Jeremiah A. Wala, Cheng-Zhong Zhang & Hailei Zhang Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA Pratiti Bandopadhayay Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Pratiti Bandopadhayay Leeds Institute of Medical Research @ St. James’s, University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK Rosamonde E. Banks & Naveen Vasudev Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy Stefano Barbi, Vincenzo Corbo & Michele Simbolo Department of Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Andrew P. Barbour Surgical Oncology Group, Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Andrew P. Barbour Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA Jill Barnholtz-Sloan Research Health Analytics and Informatics, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Jill Barnholtz-Sloan Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK Hugh Barr European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK Elisabet Barrera, Wojciech Bazant, Ewan Birney, Rich Boyce, Alvis Brazma, Andy Cafferkey, Claudia Calabrese, Paul Flicek, Nuno A. Fonseca, Anja Füllgrabe, Moritz Gerstung, Santiago Gonzalez, Liliana Greger, Maria Keays, Jan O. Korbel, Alfonso Muñoz, Steven J. Newhouse, David Ocana, Irene Papatheodorou, Robert Petryszak, Roland F. Schwarz, Charles Short, Oliver Stegle & Lara Urban Diagnostic Development, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada John Bartlett & Ilinca Lungu Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain Javier Bartolome, Mattia Bosio, Ana Dueso-Barroso, J. Lynn Fink, Josep L. L. Gelpi, Ana Milovanovic, Montserrat Puiggròs, Javier Bartolomé Rodriguez, Romina Royo, David Torrents, Alfonso Valencia, Miguel Vazquez, David Vicente & Izar Villasante Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Oliver F. Bathe Departments of Surgery and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Oliver F. Bathe Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway Daniel Baumhoer & Bodil Bjerkehagen PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada Prashant Bavi, Michelle Chan-Seng-Yue, Sean Cleary, Robert E. Denroche, Steven Gallinger, Robert C. Grant, Gun Ho Jang, Sangeetha Kalimuthu, Ilinca Lungu, John D. McPherson, Faiyaz Notta, Michael H. A. Roehrl, Gavin W. Wilson & Julie M. Wilson Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Stephen B. Baylin, Nilanjan Chatterjee, Leslie Cope, Ludmila Danilova & Ralph H. Hruban University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK Stephen B. Baylin & Tim Dudderidge Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK Duncan Beardsmore & Christopher Umbricht Genome Sequence Informatics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada Timothy A. Beck, Bob Gibson, Lawrence E. Heisler, Xuemei Luo & Morgan L. Taschuk Human Longevity Inc, San Diego, CA, USA Timothy A. Beck Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia Andreas Behren & Jonathan Cebon Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Beifang Niu Genome Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Cindy Bell CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain Sergi Beltran, Ivo G. Gut, Marta Gut, Simon C. Heath, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Arcadi Navarro, Miranda D. Stobbe, Jean-Rémi Trotta & Justin P. Whalley Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain Sergi Beltran, Mattia Bosio, German M. Demidov, Oliver Drechsel, Ivo G. Gut, Marta Gut, Simon C. Heath, Francesc Muyas, Stephan Ossowski, Aparna Prasad, Raquel Rabionet, Miranda D. Stobbe & Hana Susak Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA Christopher Benz & Christina Yau Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Andrew Berchuck Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Anke K. Bergmann Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA Benjamin P. Berman & Huy Q. Dinh Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA Benjamin P. Berman The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel Benjamin P. Berman Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK Daniel M. Berney & Yong-Jie Lu Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Group, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Stephan H. Bernhart, Hans Binder, Steve Hoffmann & Peter F. Stadler Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Stephan H. Bernhart, Hans Binder, Steve Hoffmann, Helene Kretzmer & Peter F. Stadler Transcriptome Bioinformatics, LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Stephan H. Bernhart, Steve Hoffmann, Helene Kretzmer & Peter F. Stadler Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Rameen Beroukhim, Angela N. Brooks, Susan Bullman, Andrew D. Cherniack, Levi Garraway, Matthew Meyerson, Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu, Steven E. Schumacher, Juliann Shih & Jeremiah A. Wala Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Rameen Beroukhim, Aquila Fatima, Andrea L. Richardson, Steven E. Schumacher, Ofer Shapira, Andrew Tutt & Jeremiah A. Wala Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Rameen Beroukhim, Gad Getz, Kirsten Kübler, Matthew Meyerson, Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu, Paz Polak, Esther Rheinbay & Jeremiah A. Wala USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Mario Berrios, Moiz S. Bootwalla, Andrea Holbrook, Phillip H. Lai, Dennis T. Maglinte, David J. Van Den Berg & Daniel J. Weisenberger Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy Samantha Bersani, Ivana Cataldo, Claudio Luchini & Maria Scardoni Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Johanna Bertl & Asger Hobolth Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark Johanna Bertl, Henrik Hornshøj, Malene Juul, Randi Istrup Juul, Tobias Madsen, Morten Muhlig Nielsen & Jakob Skou Pedersen Instituto Carlos Slim de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico Miguel Betancourt Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Vinayak Bhandari, Paul C. Boutros, Robert G. Bristow, Keren Isaev, Constance H. Li, Jüri Reimand, Michael H. A. Roehrl & Bradly G. Wouters Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Kinghorn Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia Andrew V. Biankin, David K. Chang, Lorraine A. Chantrill, Angela Chou, Anthony J. Gill, Amber L. Johns, James G. Kench, David K. Miller, Adnan M. Nagrial, Marina Pajic, Mark Pinese, Ilse Rooman, Christopher J. Scarlett, Christopher W. Toon & Jianmin Wu South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Liverpool, NSW, Australia Andrew V. Biankin West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK Andrew V. Biankin & Nigel B. Jamieson Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health and Charitè - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Matthias Bieg Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Matthias Bieg, Ivo Buchhalter, Barbara Hutter & Nagarajan Paramasivam The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Darell Bigner Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Michael Birrer, Vikram Deshpande, William C. Faquin, Nicholas J. Haradhvala, Kirsten Kübler, Michael S. Lawrence, David N. Louis, Yosef E. Maruvka, G. Petur Nielsen, Esther Rheinbay, Mara Rosenberg, Dennis C. Sgroi & Chin-Lee Wu National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India Nidhan K. Biswas, Arindam Maitra & Partha P. Majumder Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Bodil Bjerkehagen University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Lori Boice, Mei Huang, Sonia Puig & Leigh B. Thorne ARC-Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy Giada Bonizzato, Cinzia Cantù, Ivana Cataldo, Vincenzo Corbo, Sonia Grimaldi, Rita T. Lawlor, Andrea Mafficini, Borislav C. Rusev, Aldo Scarpa, Katarzyna O. Sikora, Nicola Sperandio, Alain Viari & Caterina Vicentini The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK Johann S. De Bono, Niedzica Camacho, Colin S. Cooper, Sandra E. Edwards, Rosalind A. Eeles, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Daniel A. Leongamornlert, Lucy Matthews & Sue Merson Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore Arnoud Boot, Ioana Cutcutache, Mi Ni Huang, John R. McPherson, Steven G. Rozen & Yang Wu Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore Arnoud Boot, Ioana Cutcutache, Mi Ni Huang, John R. McPherson, Steven G. Rozen, Patrick Tan, Bin Tean Teh & Yang Wu Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Ake Borg, Markus Ringnér & Johan Staaf Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany Arndt Borkhardt & Jessica I. Hoell Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan Keith A. Boroevich, Todd A. Johnson, Michael S. Lawrence & Tatsuhiko Tsunoda RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan Keith A. Boroevich, Akihiro Fujimoto, Masashi Fujita, Mayuko Furuta, Kazuhiro Maejima, Hidewaki Nakagawa, Kaoru Nakano & Aya Sasaki-Oku Department of Internal Medicine/Hematology, Friedrich-Ebert-Hospital, Neumünster, Germany Christoph Borst & Siegfried Haas Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Marcus Bosenberg Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain Mattia Bosio, German M. Demidov, Oliver Drechsel, Georgia Escaramis, Xavier Estivill, Aliaksei Z. Holik, Francesc Muyas, Stephan Ossowski, Raquel Rabionet & Hana Susak Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Jacqueline Boultwood Canadian Center for Computational Genomics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Guillaume Bourque Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Guillaume Bourque, Mark Lathrop & Yasser Riazalhosseini Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Paul C. Boutros Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Paul C. Boutros Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland G. Steven Bova & Tapio Visakorpi Haematology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK David T. Bowen Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France Sandrine Boyault Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA Jeffrey Boyd & Elaine R. Mardis International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France Paul Brennan & Ghislaine Scelo Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK Daniel S. Brewer & Colin S. Cooper Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK Daniel S. Brewer & Colin S. Cooper Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, HB, The Netherlands Arie B. Brinkman CRUK Manchester Institute and Centre, Manchester, UK Robert G. Bristow Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Robert G. Bristow Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Robert G. Bristow Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada Robert G. Bristow & Fei-Fei Fei Liu Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Jane E. Brock & Sabina Signoretti Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Malcolm Brock Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, CX, The Netherlands Annegien Broeks & Jos Jonkers Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA Angela N. Brooks, David Haan, Maximillian G. Marin, Thomas J. Matthew, Yulia Newton, Cameron M. Soulette & Joshua M. Stuart UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA Angela N. Brooks, Brian Craft, Mary J. Goldman, David Haussler, Joshua M. Stuart & Jingchun Zhu Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Benedikt Brors, Lars Feuerbach, Chen Hong, Charles David Imbusch & Lina Sieverling German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Benedikt Brors, Barbara Hutter, Peter Lichter, Dirk Schadendorf & Holger Sültmann National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Benedikt Brors, Barbara Hutter, Holger Sültmann & Thorsten Zenz Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark Søren Brunak Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Søren Brunak Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Timothy J. C. Bruxner, Oliver Holmes, Stephen H. Kazakoff, Conrad R. Leonard, Felicity Newell, Katia Nones, Ann-Marie Patch, John V. Pearson, Michael C. Quinn, Nick M. Waddell, Nicola Waddell, Scott Wood & Qinying Xu Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA Alex Buchanan & Kyle Ellrott Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Ivo Buchhalter, Calvin Wing Yiu Chan, Roland Eils, Michael C. Heinold, Carl Herrmann, Natalie Jäger, Rolf Kabbe, Jules N. A. Kerssemakers, Kortine Kleinheinz, Nagarajan Paramasivam, Manuel Prinz, Matthias Schlesner & Johannes Werner Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany Ivo Buchhalter, Roland Eils, Michael C. Heinold, Carl Herrmann, Daniel Hübschmann, Kortine Kleinheinz & Umut H. Toprak Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Berlin, Germany Christiane Buchholz Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Hazel Burke, Ricardo De Paoli-Iseppi, Nicholas K. Hayward, Peter Hersey, Valerie Jakrot, Hojabr Kakavand, Georgina V. Long, Graham J. Mann, Robyn P. M. Saw, Richard A. Scolyer, Ping Shang, Andrew J. Spillane, Jonathan R. Stretch, John F. F. Thompson & James S. Wilmott Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany Birgit Burkhardt Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Kathleen H. Burns & Christopher Umbricht McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Kathleen H. Burns Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA John Busanovich Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Carlos D. Bustamante & Francisco M. De La Vega Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Carlos D. Bustamante, Francisco M. De La Vega, Suyash S. Shringarpure, Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong & Mark H. Wright Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Atul J. Butte & Jieming Chen Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Samantha J. Caesar-Johnson, John A. Demchok, Ina Felau, Roy Tarnuzzer, Zhining Wang, Liming Yang, Jean C. Zenklusen & Jiashan Zhang Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK Declan Cahill, Nening M. Dennis, Tim Dudderidge, Rosalind A. Eeles, Cyril Fisher, Steven Hazell, Vincent Khoo, Pardeep Kumar, Naomi Livni, Erik Mayer, David Nicol, Christopher Ogden, Edward W. Rowe, Sarah Thomas, Alan Thompson & Nicholas van As Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany Claudia Calabrese, Serap Erkek, Moritz Gerstung, Santiago Gonzalez, Nina Habermann, Wolfgang Huber, Lara Jerman, Jan O. Korbel, Esa Pitkänen, Benjamin Raeder, Tobias Rausch, Vasilisa A. Rudneva, Oliver Stegle, Stephanie Sungalee, Lara Urban, Sebastian M. Waszak, Joachim Weischenfeldt & Sergei Yakneen Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Carlos Caldas & Suet-Feung Chin Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Carlos Caldas, Suet-Feung Chin, Ruben M. Drews, Paul A. Edwards, Matthew Eldridge, Steve Hawkins, Andy G. Lynch, Geoff Macintyre, Florian Markowetz, Charlie E. Massie, David E. Neal, Simon Tavaré & Ke Yuan Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France Fabien Calvo Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Peter J. Campbell, Vincent J. Gnanapragasam, William Howat, Thomas J. Mitchell, David E. Neal, Nimish C. Shah & Anne Y. Warren Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Peter J. Campbell Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Elias Campo Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain Elias Campo University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Thomas E. Carey Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Joana Carlevaro-Fita Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Joana Carlevaro-Fita, Rory Johnson & Andrés Lanzós Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Joana Carlevaro-Fita & Andrés Lanzós University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Mario Cazzola & Luca Malcovati University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Robert Cerfolio UHN Program in BioSpecimen Sciences, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada Dianne E. Chadwick, Sheng-Ben Liang, Michael H. A. Roehrl & Sagedeh Shahabi Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Dimple Chakravarty Centre for Law and Genetics, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay Campus, Hobart, TAS, Australia Don Chalmers Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany Calvin Wing Yiu Chan, Chen Hong & Lina Sieverling Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Kin Chan Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Vishal S. Chandan Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Stephen J. Chanock, Xing Hua, Lisa Mirabello, Lei Song & Bin Zhu Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District L3 Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia Lorraine A. Chantrill BioForA, French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment (INRAE), ONF, Orléans, France Aurélien Chateigner Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Nilanjan Chatterjee University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA Zhaohong Chen, Michelle T. Dow, Claudiu Farcas, S. M. Ashiqul Islam, Antonios Koures, Lucila Ohno-Machado, Christos Sotiriou & Ashley Williams Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Jeremy Chien Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Yoke-Eng Chiew, Angela Chou, Jillian A. Hung, Catherine J. Kennedy, Graham J. Mann, Gulietta M. Pupo, Sarah-Jane Schramm, Varsha Tembe & Anna deFazio Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia Yoke-Eng Chiew, Jillian A. Hung, Catherine J. Kennedy & Anna deFazio PDXen Biosystems Inc, Seoul, South Korea Sunghoon Cho Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea Jung Kyoon Choi, Young Seok Ju & Christopher J. Yoon Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea Wan Choi, Seung-Hyup Jeon, Hyunghwan Kim & Youngchoon Woo Institut National du Cancer (INCA), Boulogne-Billancourt, France Christine Chomienne & Iris Pauporté Department of Genetics, Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Zechen Chong Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore Su Pin Choo Medical Oncology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy Sara Cingarlini & Michele Milella Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany Alexander Claviez Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada Sean Cleary, Ashton A. Connor & Steven Gallinger School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Nicole Cloonan Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia Marek Cmero The Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia Marek Cmero Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia Marek Cmero Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, Canada Colin C. Collins, Nilgun Donmez, Faraz Hach, Salem Malikic, S. Cenk Sahinalp, Iman Sarrafi & Raunak Shrestha Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada Ashton A. Connor, Steven Gallinger, Robert C. Grant, Treasa A. McPherson & Iris Selander University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK Colin S. Cooper Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK Matthew G. Cordes, Catrina C. Fronick & Tom Roques Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, VIC, Australia Stephen M. Cordner Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Isidro Cortés-Ciriano, Jake June-Koo Lee & Peter J. Park Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Isidro Cortés-Ciriano Ludwig Center at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Isidro Cortés-Ciriano, Jake June-Koo Lee & Peter J. Park Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Kyle Covington, HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni, Richard A. Gibbs, Jianhong Hu, Joy C. Jayaseelan, Viktoriya Korchina, Lora Lewis, Donna M. Muzny, Linghua Wang, David A. Wheeler & Liu Xi Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Prue A. Cowin, Anne Hamilton, Gisela Mir Arnau & Ravikiran Vedururu Physics Division, Optimization and Systems Biology Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA David Craft Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Chad J. Creighton University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Yupeng Cun, Martin Peifer & Tsun-Po Yang International Genomics Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA Erin Curley & Troy Shelton Genomics Research Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada Karolina Czajka, Jenna Eagles, Thomas J. Hudson, Jeremy Johns, Faridah Mbabaali, John D. McPherson, Jessica K. Miller, Danielle Pasternack, Michelle Sam & Lee E. Timms Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Romford, UK Bogdan Czerniak, Adel El-Naggar & David Khoo Children’s Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Rebecca A. Dagg Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy Maria Vittoria Davi Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Natalie R. Davidson, Andre Kahles, Kjong-Van Lehmann, Alessandro Pastore, Gunnar Rätsch, Chris Sander, Yasin Senbabaoglu & Nicholas D. Socci Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland Natalie R. Davidson, Andre Kahles, Kjong-Van Lehmann, Gunnar Rätsch & Stefan G. Stark Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Natalie R. Davidson, Andre Kahles, Kjong-Van Lehmann & Gunnar Rätsch SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland Natalie R. Davidson, Andre Kahles, Kjong-Van Lehmann, Gunnar Rätsch & Stefan G. Stark Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Natalie R. Davidson, Bishoy M. Faltas & Gunnar Rätsch Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK Helen Davies & Serena Nik-Zainal MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Helen Davies, Rebecca C. Fitzgerald, Nicola Grehan, Serena Nik-Zainal & Maria O’Donovan Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Ian J. Davis Seven Bridges Genomics, Charlestown, MA, USA Brandi N. Davis-Dusenbery, Sinisa Ivkovic, Milena Kovacevic, Ana Mijalkovic Lazic, Sanja Mijalkovic, Mia Nastic, Petar Radovic & Nebojsa Tijanic Annai Systems, Inc, Carlsbad, CA, USA Francisco M. De La Vega, Tal Shmaya & Dai-Ying Wu Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Treviso, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Treviso, Italy Angelo P. Dei Tos Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Olivier Delaneau Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, CH, Switzerland Olivier Delaneau Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH, Switzerland Olivier Delaneau The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK Jonas Demeulemeester, Stefan C. Dentro, Matthew W. Fittall, Kerstin Haase, Clemency Jolly, Maxime Tarabichi & Peter Van Loo University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Jonas Demeulemeester & Peter Van Loo Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German M. Demidov, Francesc Muyas & Stephan Ossowski Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Deniz Demircioğlu & Jonathan Göke School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Deniz Demircioğlu Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Stefan C. Dentro & David C. Wedge Biomedical Data Science Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK Nikita Desai Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK Nikita Desai The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Amit G. Deshwar Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory JC Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium Christine Desmedt Department of Oncology, Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Christine Desmedt Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain Jordi Deu-Pons, Joan Frigola, Abel Gonzalez-Perez, Ferran Muiños, Loris Mularoni, Oriol Pich, Iker Reyes-Salazar, Carlota Rubio-Perez, Radhakrishnan Sabarinathan & David Tamborero Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Jordi Deu-Pons, Abel Gonzalez-Perez, Ferran Muiños, Loris Mularoni, Oriol Pich, Carlota Rubio-Perez, Radhakrishnan Sabarinathan & David Tamborero Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada Neesha C. Dhani, David Hedley & Malcolm J. Moore Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA Priyanka Dhingra, Ekta Khurana, Eric Minwei Liu & Alexander Martinez-Fundichely Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA Priyanka Dhingra, Ekta Khurana, Eric Minwei Liu & Alexander Martinez-Fundichely Department of Pathology, UPMC Shadyside, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Rajiv Dhir Independent Consultant, Wellesley, USA Anthony DiBiase Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Klev Diamanti, Jan Komorowski & Husen M. Umer Department of Medicine and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA Li Ding, Robert S. Fulton, Michael D. McLellan, Michael C. Wendl & Venkata D. Yellapantula Hefei University of Technology, Anhui, China Shuai Ding & Shanlin Yang Translational Cancer Research Unit, GZA Hospitals St.-Augustinus, Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Luc Dirix, Steven Van Laere, Gert G. Van den Eynden & Peter Vermeulen Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Nilgun Donmez, Ermin Hodzic, Salem Malikic, S. Cenk Sahinalp & Iman Sarrafi University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Ronny Drapkin Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain Ana Dueso-Barroso The Wellcome Trust, London, UK Michael Dunn The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada Lewis Jonathan Dursi Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK Fraser R. Duthie Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Ken Dutton-Regester, Nicholas K. Hayward, Oliver Holmes, Peter A. Johansson, Stephen H. Kazakoff, Conrad R. Leonard, Felicity Newell, Katia Nones, Ann-Marie Patch, John V. Pearson, Antonia L. Pritchard, Michael C. Quinn, Paresh Vyas, Nicola Waddell, Scott Wood & Qinying Xu Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Douglas F. Easton Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Douglas F. Easton Prostate Cancer Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada Stuart Edmonds University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Paul A. Edwards, Anthony R. Green, Andy G. Lynch, Florian Markowetz & Thomas J. Mitchell Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Center at Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Anna Ehinger Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany Juergen Eils, Roland Eils & Daniel Hübschmann New BIH Digital Health Center, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Juergen Eils, Roland Eils & Chris Lawerenz CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain Georgia Escaramis Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), UdG, Barcelona, Spain Georgia Escaramis Quantitative Genomics Laboratories (qGenomics), Barcelona, Spain Xavier Estivill Icelandic Cancer Registry, Icelandic Cancer Society, Reykjavik, Iceland Jorunn E. Eyfjord, Holmfridur Hilmarsdottir & Jon G. Jonasson State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China Daiming Fan & Yongzhan Nie Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy Matteo Fassan Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark Francesco Favero Center for Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Martin L. Ferguson Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada Vincent Ferretti Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia Matthew A. Field Department of Neuro-Oncology, Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milano, Italy Gaetano Finocchiaro Bioplatforms Australia, North Ryde, NSW, Australia Anna Fitzgerald & Catherine A. Shang Department of Pathology (Research), University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK Adrienne M. Flanagan Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada Neil E. Fleshner Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Centre, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, CN, The Netherlands John A. Foekens, John W. M. Martens, F. Germán Rodríguez-González, Anieta M. Sieuwerts & Marcel Smid The University of Queensland Thoracic Research Centre, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Kwun M. Fong CIBIO/InBIO - Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal Nuno A. Fonseca HCA Laboratories, London, UK Christopher S. Foster University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Christopher S. Foster The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel Milana Frenkel-Morgenstern Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA William Friedman Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Masashi Fukayama & Tetsuo Ushiku University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China Shengjie Gao, Yong Hou, Chang Li, Lin Li, Siliang Li, Xiaobo Li, Xinyue Li, Dongbing Liu, Xingmin Liu, Qiang Pan-Hammarström, Hong Su, Jian Wang, Kui Wu, Heng Xiong, Huanming Yang, Chen Ye, Xiuqing Zhang, Yong Zhou & Shida Zhu Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Ulleval, Oslo, Norway Øystein Garred Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Nils Gehlenborg Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Josep L. L. Gelpi Office of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Daniela S. Gerhard Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Clarissa Gerhauser, Christoph Plass & Dieter Weichenhan Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Jeffrey E. Gershenwald Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Jeffrey E. Gershenwald Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Mark Gerstein & Fabio C. P. Navarro Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Mark Gerstein, Sushant Kumar, Lucas Lochovsky, Shaoke Lou, Patrick D. McGillivray, Fabio C. P. Navarro, Leonidas Salichos & Jonathan Warrell Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Mark Gerstein, Arif O. Harmanci, Sushant Kumar, Donghoon Lee, Shantao Li, Xiaotong Li, Lucas Lochovsky, Shaoke Lou, William Meyerson, Leonidas Salichos, Jonathan Warrell, Jing Zhang & Yan Zhang Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Gad Getz & Paz Polak Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Gad Getz Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Ronald Ghossein, Dilip D. Giri, Christine A. Iacobuzio-Donahue, Jorge Reis-Filho & Victor Reuter Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Nasra H. Giama, Catherine D. Moser & Lewis R. Roberts University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Anthony J. Gill & James G. Kench University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Pelvender Gill, Freddie C. Hamdy, Katalin Karaszi, Adam Lambert, Luke Marsden, Clare Verrill & Paresh Vyas Department of Surgery, Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Vincent J. Gnanapragasam Department of Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany Maria Elisabeth Goebler Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA Carmen Gomez Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain Abel Gonzalez-Perez Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC, USA Dmitry A. Gordenin & Natalie Saini St. Thomas’s Hospital, London, UK James Gossage Osaka International Cancer Center, Osaka, Japan Kunihito Gotoh Department of Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Dorthe Grabau Department of Medical Oncology, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK Janet S. Graham National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Eric Green, Carolyn M. Hutter & Heidi J. Sofia Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Sean M. Grimmond Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Robert L. Grossman German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Hamburg, Germany Adam Grundhoff Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Qianyun Guo, Asger Hobolth & Jakob Skou Pedersen Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, Delhi, India Shailja Gupta & K. VijayRaghavan National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Jonathan Göke Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA James E. Haber Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Faraz Hach Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Mark P. Hamilton The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA Leng Han, Yang Yang & Xuanping Zhang Imperial College NHS Trust, Imperial College, London, INY, UK George B. Hanna Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany Martin Hansmann Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA Olivier Harismendy Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA Arif O. Harmanci Oxford Nanopore Technologies, New York, NY, USA Eoghan Harrington & Sissel Juul Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Takanori Hasegawa, Shuto Hayashi, Seiya Imoto, Mitsuhiro Komura, Satoru Miyano, Naoki Miyoshi, Kazuhiro Ohi, Eigo Shimizu, Yuichi Shiraishi, Hiroko Tanaka & Rui Yamaguchi Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA David Haussler Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan Shinya Hayami, Masaki Ueno & Hiroki Yamaue Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA D. Neil Hayes University of Tennessee Health Science Center for Cancer Research, Memphis, TN, USA D. Neil Hayes Department of Histopathology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK Stephen J. Hayes Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Stephen J. Hayes BIOPIC, ICG and College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China Yao He & Zemin Zhang Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China Yao He & Zemin Zhang Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA Allison P. Heath Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer C
4591	dbpedia	1	85	https://www2.clarku.edu/faculty/djoyce/piltdown/map_prim_suspects/KEITH/Keith_prosecution/apprais_Keith.html	en	An Appraisal of the Case Against			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Sir Arthur Keith 1 Phillip V. Tobias Current Anthropology June 1992 [243] A review of the Piltdown "discoveries" (1912-15), the revelation of the Piltdown fraud (1953-55), and the search for the perpetrators (1955-91). The evidence supports the inference that Charles Dawson and a scientist-accomplice were responsible. The identity of the scientist-accomplice is reappraised, and evidence is adduced that substantially weakens Goulds case against Teilhard de Chardin. New lines of argument against Arthur Keith, coupled with those of Langham and Spencer, lead to the conclusion that, of all the proposals as to the identity of Dawsons scientist-accomplice, the Langham-Spencer hypothesis incriminating Keith is supported by the greatest body of evidence. A hidden agenda emerges to explain Keiths vehement and sustained opposition to the acceptance of Darts and Brooms claims for Australopithecus : if Australopithecus represented a hominid ancestor, Piltdown could not have been, and its bona fides would have been suspect from 1925. Between 1925 and 1947 no scientist more authoritatively advanced the claims of Piltdown or more authoritatively rejected Australopithecus than Arthur Keith. Philip V. Tobias is Professor of Anatomy and Human Biology and Director of the Palaeo-anthropology Research Unit at the University of the Witwatersrand (7 York Rd., Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa). Born in 1925, he was educated at the University of the Witwatersrand (B.Sc., 1946; B.Sc., Hons., 1947; M.B .B.Ch., 1950; Ph.D., 1953; D.Sc., 1967). His research interests are hominid evolution, the history of bioanthropology, modern human variability in Africa, human genetics, and growth and the secular trend. Among his many publications are Olduvai Gorge, vols. 2 (The Cranium and Maxillary Dentition of Australopithecus (Zinjanthropus) boisei) and 4 (The Skulls, Endocasts and Teeth of Homo habilis) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967, 1991), The Brain in Hominid Evolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971), The Meaning of Race (Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1972), and Dart, Taung, and the "Missing Link" (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1984). The present paper was submitted in final form 4 x 91. 1. My esteem and gratitude are extended to Frank Spencer and I salute the memory of the late Ian Langham, who did not live to see all that has followed on our late-night conversation in 1984. Appreciation and grateful thanks are owing to my doughty assistant, Heather White, E. Langstroth, K.A.R. Kennedy, S.L. Washurn, A. Montagu, and the Secretary of the Royal Society (London). Fraud in science seems to have become more frequent (Broad and Wade, 1982, Jones 1990). According to Science (1991), "Fraud is a growth industry, if a spate of conferences on the topic . . . is a fair index of whats to come in 1991." No fewer than five conferences on scientific misconduct were sponsored by the U.S. National Institutes of Health between February and April 1991. As Kohn 11986:1) states, "The exponential growth of science and the increase in the number of practicing scientists [have] been accompanied by the appearance of individuals whose actions do not conform with the ethical standards of the scientific community." It would be wrong, however, to consider that breaches of the overriding normative rule of trustworthiness in scientific endeavour are a recent development. One of the most remarkable and most evil frauds, that of Piltdown, was perpetrated 80 years ago. What was remarkable about it was that it deceived many scholars for 40 years before the hoax was uncovered. What was evil was that the imposture was a major factor in holding up the advance of a branch of science, palaeoanthropology, for over a quarter of a century. As Campbell \|199I:2I7) has put it, "The hoax occupied and misled anthropologists, stifled research, and seriously damaged British anthropology." Ever since the fraud was exposed by Weiner, Oakley, and Clark 1953. 1955 ), professional and amateur sleuths have sought clues to the identity of the forger(s). Some have wondered whether the continued quest for the identity of the perpetrator is worthwhile, since the exposure of the hoax effectively removed the troublesome Piltdown remains from the stockpile of hominid fossils. Thus Chippindale (1990) deprecates "yet more raking of old gravel" and asks, "Who still cares, in the year 1990, who dunit?" The criticism of the search for the culprits seems not unreasonable, but there are very good reasons for pursuing such investigations. First, the search for the perpetrator(s), for example, by Spencer (1990a), has furnished countless insights into aspects of the scientific process and the role of honesty in scientific endeavour and has enabled us to see the events centred around Piltdown from a philosophical perspective. Such aspects are addressed as the motives of scientists and the degree to which a prevailing paradigm may influence and even dominate not only thinking but even discovery. The quest for the forger(s) has placed Piltdown as an episode in the history and philosophy of science. Secondly, as Clark (1968:211) has stressed, detailed enquiry is necessary "not so much because it is important to know who was the culpnt, but because it obviously is a matter of importancein order completely to exonerate others of all trace of suspicionto know who could not have been the culprits." Thirdly, the search for the culprit(s) has shown us that "it is as important to look at people's theories as a reaction to the intellectual currents of their time as it is to look at the fossils which formed the basis for their ideas" (Shipman 1990:54). Closely related is Trinkaus's belief (quoted by Shipman 1990) that Spencers work has [244] changed physical anthropology in the United States of America for the better: "Frank [Spencer! has given the history of human evolution respectability; . . . he has . . . made us more aware of the changing contexts of ideas." Fourthly, the investigation sheds new light on the factors determining acceptance and rejection and conversion in science (Tobias1985, 1991a , b ). Piltdown has taught us that dishonesty and fraud have to be included among the agencies promoting rejection or retarding acceptance of a new discovery or concept, as, for example, we have seen in regard to the largely hostile reception accorded to such African fossils as the Kanam mandible and the australopithecines. These and other reasons thoroughly justify the rigour and diligence with which the enquiry has been and continues to be prosecuted. Langdon (1991) has recently claimed that "Eoanthropus" was "merely an imitation fossil that an amateur with common sense might have devised," while Kennedy (1991) has suggested that the hoax was not beyond the capacities of one man {Charles Dawson). In contrast, many, probably most, investigators have seen the full scope of the forgery (which went far beyond linking an ape jaw to a human cranium) as intricate, involved, and calling for expertise in a number of fieldsin Campbell's (1991) words, "a complex and sophisticated fraud." These conflicting views demand another look at the fraud in all its ramifications. Although Daniel (1985) has hailed Costello's (1985) case against Samuel Woodhead as "the proper and final solution," other investigators have held that "the best case to date has been made against Teilhard de Chardin" (e.g., Campbell 1991). While Robert Essex and L. S. B. Leakey believed that Teilhard was responsible for the Piltdown hoax, it is Gould (1980, 198I) who has presented the most systematic and carefully analysed case against Teilhard, and his main arguments deserve reexamination. The most detailed and penetrating analyses of the Piltdown forgery and of those possibly inculpated have been those of the late Ian Langham and of Frank Spencer, the results of which have been presented in two comprehensive and scholarly volumes by Spencer (1990 a b). These two scholarsone a historian and the other an anthropologistwere independently drawn to the same surprising conclusion, namely, that it is most likely that the scientist-member of the team of forgers was none other than Sir Arthur Keith. The evidence on which they based their claim and one of the motives proposed have been contested by several eminent authorities, including Zuckerman ( 1990, 1991), Grigson (1990b ), and Smith (1990). Examination of their criticisms and of the main bases of the case against Keith has, however, led me to conclude that ( I ) the forgery was wide-ranging, for the most part elegant and even magisterial, intricate, and predicated upon specialised knowledge in a number of fields, (2) Gould's case against Teilhard is seriously flawed; (3 the Langham- Spencer case against Keith is logical convincing, and indeed the case is even stronger than present it; and (4) the incrimination of Keith provides an explanation of the hidden agenda behind his 22 years of vocal, vigorous, and authoritative rejection of Dart's (I925) claims for Australopithecus. Piltdown and Human Evolution On December 18, 1912, a historic meeting was held in the rooms of the Geological Society of Great Britain, in Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. At this meeting, Arthur Smith Woodward and Charles Dawson revealed to an expectant audience what was taken to be the first important discovery in England of a fossil skull bearing on human evolution. France and Belgium had long boasted their Neandertal skeletons; from Germany there had come the original Neandertal cranium and the Mauer mandible. England, however, had been barren of fossil men, and much sadness there had been over this lack. The Piltdown skull laid bare at that meeting of the Geological Society was hailed as England's first great and historic find in palaeoanthropology and as the world's earliest man. Forty-one years later, it was revealed as "a fantastic piece of forgery," "an incredible imposture," and probably "the greatest archaeological hoax of its kind ever perpetrated" (Clark 1968:210-11). It may well be enquired, "How came it that so many distinguished scientists were deluded for so many years?" (Clark 1968:2II). There are many reasons for my interest in Piltdown. One of them has to do with the Taung skull of Australopithecus africanus and its prolonged rejection by the world of science. Why was Taung not accepted when Dart published the first account of the epochal discovery in 1925? Washburn (1985) has drawn attention to the sharp contrast between the hostile reception accorded Taung and the enthusiastic welcome given to Peking man (Homo erectus pekinensis ) Was Australopithecus simply a premature discovery, in the sense described by Stent (1972:84), namely, that "its implications cannot be connected by a series of simple logical steps to canonical, or generally accepted, knowledge"? Or was there another factor militating against the acceptance of Dart's claims for Taung? It has long been plain to me that, as Leakey and Goodall (1969), Halstead (1978), and Washburn (1985) held, the Piltdown "remains" had much to do with the rejection of Taung. Piltdown fulfilled the expectations of the day for at least some influential anthropologists. In his preface to Jones's (1990) Fake? The Art of Deception Wilson states, "Fakes are not always acquired as the result of greed; they are also brought into a collection as the result of preconceived theory or expectationthe Piltdown Skull is a case in point" (p. 9). As Keith (1915:459) commented, "That we should discover such a race [as that of Piltdown], sooner or later, has been an article of faith in the anthropologist's creed ever since Darwin's time." Taung was at variance with this prevailing theory. If Piltdown portrayed what had happened in human evolution, then there was no room for such as Australo 245]pithecus in the human ancestry. If Taung was indeed something more hominid-related rather than an unusual ape, then Piltdown would have been suspect. The Piltdown "Discoveries" The discovery of the Piltdown remains has been described so often (Dawson and Woodward 1913; Keith 1915; Woodward 1948; Weiner, Oakley, and Clark 1953; Weiner 1955; Vere 1I955, 1959; Zuckerman 1970; Millar 1972; Costello 1985; Blinderman 1986; Spencer 1990a; Thomson 1991a ) that only a summary need be given here. 1911 (or perhaps 1908) and 1915, some supposedly very ancient hominid remains were found in a gravel pit at Piltdown in Sussex. Most of them were found by Dawson, who practiced as a solicitor in Uckfield. They comprised parts of a modem- human-looking calvaria and the broken right half of a very apelike mandible. He drew his finds to the attention of Smith Woodward, who was the keeper of geology at the British Museum (Natural History). Together the two men explored the gravel pit during 19I2, being joined on a few occasions by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, who was then at the Jesuit seminary Ore Place at Hastings and who was later to become a professional palaeontologist. A great age for the gravel deposit seemed to be testified to by associated prehistoric finds, including isolated teeth of a mastodon, a stegodon, a beaver, and a hippopotamus and flint and bone implements. A reconstruction of the skull was prepared by Smith Woodward and his assistant Frank Barlow, the cranium and mandible being combined as though they were parts of the same skull. As only two molar teeth were in position in the mandible, the restoration included models of the missing teeth. Most of these materials were revealed to that packed meeting of the Geological Society on December 18, 1912. Smith Woodward proposed that the skull represented a new hominid genus and species, to which he gave the name Eoanthropus dawsoni ("the dawn man of Dawson"). In August 19I3, Dawson found a pair of fragmentary nasal bones and nasal conchae at Piltdown, while Teilhard de Chardin, on a return visit to Hastings from Paris, recovered an isolated, worn apparent canine tooth resembling in form the right lower canine that Smith Woodward and Barlow had modelled. Although Smith Woodward and Keith accepted that the tooth was a canine belonging to the Piltdown mandible, Osborn (1921) and some other investigators considered it an upper canine and Weidenreich (1I943:2I6) denied that it belonged to the Piltdown jaw or even was the lower canine of an anthropoid: "Its real nature remains to be determined." Whereas Smith Woodward, Keith, and some other scientists were convinced that the cranial pieces, the mandible, and the canine tooth belonged to the same individual, others were at pains to point out the apelike features of the jaw and the human characteristics of the calvaria (Montagu 1951a )). Among those who considered the mandible to be that of an anthropoid ape there were two schools of thought, one seeing chimpanzee affinities and he other orang-utan traits. The chimpanzee school included D. Waterston 1913), professor of anatomy at King's College, London, M. Boule of Paris, author of Les rommes fossiles (1921), M. Ramstrom (19I9) of Uppsala, Sweden, and Gerrit S. Miller of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Miller \|(1915, 19I8) went so far as to claim that the mandible represented a new species of chimpanzee, which he proposed to name Pan vetus. Exponents of the orang-utan school included Weidenreich (1943) as well as Frasetto (1977) and Friederichs (1932). The argument put forward by these investigators whom Spencer (1990a ) has dubbed the "dualists") was that both a hominid and an ape were represented in the Piltdown gravel; we have no evidence that any of them seriously doubted that they were dealing with genuine fossil specimens reflecting creatures that had lived in the Weald of Sussex a long time ago. On July 3, 19I3, Dawson wrote to tell Smith Woodward that he had that day picked up "the frontal part of a human skull" in a gravel about 40 to 50 ft. above the present River Ouse. This second locality was "a long way from Piltdown." It was later presumed to have been the site of Barcombe Mills, some 6.5 km south-west of Piltdown (Oakley, entries under Royaume-Uni in Vallois and Movius 1952). Dawson showed the frontal bone to Smith Woodward a day or two later, but curiously the specimen was ignored. After Dawson's death in 19I6, a cluster of specimens were found in his collection under the label "Barcombe Mills." They comprised two modem human calvarial fragments (frontal and parietal), a molar tooth, and two zygomatic bones of a second individual (Montagu 1931b ). The picture was complicated when, early in 1913, Dawson reported finding human remains at a third site, presumed to be Sheffield Park, some 3.2 km north-west of Barkham Manor. This find comprised two parts of a brain-case (frontal and occipital) and a mandibular molar tooth, as well as the tooth of an archaic rhinoceros. For some palaeoanthropologists, such as Boule (1I923), the doubts they had entertained that the cranium and jaw of Piltdown I belonged to the same species and individual were lessened if not entirely dispelled by this discovery of a supposedly second individual of Eoanthropus , subsequently designated Piltdown II. Following Dawson's death on August 10, 1916, Smith Woodward made further excavations at the Piltdown sites, but nothing more was ever found there. Although Dawson's name had been given to the proposed new species from Piltdown, he "died too soon to be given any special award from a scientific body" (Weiner 1055:17), such as a fellowship of the Royal Society of London. However, his discoveries were commemorated in 1938 when Smith Woodward erected a monument to mark the site of the discovery at Piltdown. On July 22, 1938, it was unveiled by Sir Arthur Keith, who had been vigorously involved in the debates on Piltdown ever since 19I7. The inscription read: "Here in the old river gravel Mr. Charles Dawson, F.S.A., found the fossil skull of Piltdown Man, 19I2-19I3. The discovery was [246] described by Mr. Charles Dawson and Sir Arthur Smith Woodward in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 193-1915." In his address, Keith paid glowing tribute to the "wonderful achievement" of Dawson which he likened to the discovery of the French lock-keeper, Boucher de Perthes, who in the 19th century had first recognised the flint hand-axes of the Somme as products of human handiwork (Weiner 1955) Piltdown was still considered fairly respectable when I was a student and a young staff member under R. A Dart, familiarising myself with fossil men and women in the late 1940s. For example, the genus Eoanthropus was listed among the genera of the family Hominidae (Simpson 1945), and Piltdown was included in the Catalogue des hommes fossiles edited by Vallois and Movius (1952'). In 1953 nine talks on "Africa's Place in the Human Story" were presented by the South African Broadcasting Corporation with Dart (1954) as editor of the series. My talk, the sixth in the series, dealt with "The Very Ancient Human Inhabitants of Africa," and it was broadcast on June 14, 1953. I compared the African fossils with some from Europe and Asia, and so it came about that I made what may have been one of the last published statements about the Piltdown remains before Joseph Weiner came to suspect that a hoax had been perpetrated (Tobias 1954): some anatomists say the jaw belongs to a fossil ape which somehow became mixed up in the gravel deposit with the human skull fragments. Quite recently, Dr. Kenneth Oakley has found that the fluorine content in both the skull and the jaw are virtually identical and this indicates that the bones are of the same age. Of course, this does not prove that the two bones belonged to the same individual and so, even today, the 40-year-old puzzle of Piltdown Man remains unsolved. If the jaw really belongs to the skull, it is a most unexpected combination; if it does not belong to the skull, it is an almost unbelievable coincidence that the human and the ape cranial bones should have remained so close together in the same gravel patch! The Hoax Suspected and Uncovered Only 46 days later, on July 30, 1953, the participants in a Wenner-Gren Foundation conference on early man in Africa visited the British Museum (Natural History) and there, in the Geology Department, viewed the celebrated Piltdown remains. Among those who saw them for the first time was a Pretoria-born man who had completed his earliest degree under Dart at the University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Joseph Weiner. Sitting at dinner in the evening with Oakley and Washburn, he found himself increasingly worried by the puzzle of Piltdown. Back at Oxford, he could not sleep that night, and, weighing up all the possible explanations, came to the realisation that the mandible must have been forged. There followed several months of intense study by him, his head of department at Oxford, Sir Wilfrid Edward LeGros Clark, and Kenneth Oakley of the British Museum (Natural History). On November 11, 1953, the proofs of a hoax were announced. There were clear scratch marks on the molars and the canine. Both molars had sharp margins instead of the bevelled edges which usually accompany attrition or the crown surfaces. Both the first and second molars showed, unusually, the same degree of occlusal wear (usually the first molar is more worn than the second) The medial part of the crown surface of both molars was more worn than the lateral part, the opposite of the usual pattern. Although the canine was heavily worn on the crown surface, the X-rays showed that the pulp cavity was wide open, as in a young tooth, and quite unlike what would be expected in so heavily worn a tooth. Tests of the amount of fluorine and nitrogen in the various bones showed that the mandible and canine were essentially recent, whereas the cranium was older. Signs were detected that the mandible and canine had been artificially stained to make them similar in colour to the cranium. Treatment of the stone implements likewise was exposed, whilst a bone implement in form like a cncket bat showed signs of having been shaped by an even-edged metal blade. The animal bones recovered from Piltdown proved to have been treated and planted at the site. Refined uranium testing of the elephant molar showed that it was chemically indistinguishable from a molar tooth recovered from a site near Bizerta in Tunisia but differed from all others with which it was compared. The Mastodon and Rhinoceros molars from Piltdown matched in colour, degree of mineralisation, and uranium content fossil bones from the Red Crag of East Anglia. It now seemed that every single bone found at Piltdown was an importation to the site. Although Weiner's initial hypothesis that a forgery had been perpetrated had applied only to the mandible and canine, it emerged that the cranium, also, had been artificially stained to match the colour of the Piltdown gravels and that this applied not only to Piltdown I but to Piltdown II. In other words, the full extent of the Piltdown forgery was far greater than had at first been suspected, and the newer findings were made public on June 30 1954. Finally, there did not appear to be a single specimen in the entire Piltdown collection of hominoid bones, associ'ated fauna, and cultural remains that had genuinely originated from Piltdown (Weiner, Oakley, and Clark 1955). This was true of the specimens from Piltdown, Sheffield Park, and Barcombe Mills. The mandible was later proved by radio-immunoassay to have belonged to an orang-utan {Lowenstein, Molleson, and Washburn 1982). It had been treated by removal of two of the most telltale anatomical parts, namely, the mandibular head bearing the condyle and most of the region of the symphysis mandibulae. The removal by the forger(s} of the condylar process was necessary because the left temporal bone of the cranium was present, including its mandibular fossa, with which the mandibular condyle articulates. Had the orang mandible's head been left [247] intact, the incongruency between the condyle and the fossa would immediately have been detected, and this would have nullified the illusion that the cranium and the mandible belonged to the same individual. Subsequent to the exposure of the forgery, several reports came to light of earlier suspicions that mischief had been afoot. W. K. Gregory, in his 1914 review, had referred to the possibility of a hoax, a suggestion that he had apparently picked up at the British Museum (Natural History) on a visit there in 19I3: the hint was that "a negro skull and a broken ape jaw" had been "artificially fossilized" and "planted in the gravel-bed to fool the scientists." Gregory had dismissed the possibility in view of the circumstances of the discovery. A curious claim had appeared in the former Johannesburg morning newspaper the Rand Daily Mail on March 2, 1925. It was just over four weeks after the revelation of the Taung skull, and repercussions were still appearing in the correspondence columns of the daily press. Over the name A. W. Baker, of P.O. North Rand, in the midst of a letter in which the author inveighed against the idea of evolution, there appeared these sentences: I suppose the correspondent who cites the Piltdown man as one of the links in the assured facts of modem scientific discovery is aware that this wonderful man is a fake. Part of a frontal bone, part of a jawbone, and one tooth, found in a quarry, sufficed. With these the scientists built up all the rest of a body to suit their theory, making it as like as possible to what they conceived a missing link ought to be.... Although several distinguished scientists have declared that the tooth and the jaw do not belong to the same creature as the frontal bone, this colossal fake is still exhibited in the name of modern science. According to Oakley (1979), the first man to be sure in his own mind that the Piltdown skull had been forged was Gerrit S. Miller, who in 1915 had created the new species Pan vetus to accommodate the Piltdown mandible. He is said to have realised quite suddenly in 1930 that the Piltdown remains were forgeries but to have been dissuaded by his colleagues in the United States from publishing this conclusion without adducing proof. When C. S. Coon visited the British Museum (Natural History) in 1951, he noted striae on the grinding surfaces of the molars that looked "suspicious," but he informed only his wife (Oakley 1979). Apart from these few exceptions and some suspicions and rumours, no documentation has come to light that anyone knew or suspected that a deliberate forgery had been perpetrated. The hoaxer(s) had got away with it, and for 40 years most scholars were taken in. The Search for the Perpetrator(s) For the almost 40 years since the hoax was uncovered, amateur and professional sleuths, scientists, historians, and others have been searching for evidence to reveal the identity of the forger(s). At least 21 suspects have at one time or another been inculpated on circumstantial evidence of varying degrees of confidence. Whoever did it would have needed to have motivation and opportunity, the knowledge and the skill to plan and perpetrate the deed, and access to the materials that were planted. The following summary covers 11 of the suspects named during the period 1955 to 1991: 1. Charles Dawson. Weiner (1955) built a strong case against Dawson, who had found most of the Piltdown "specimens" from all three sites. He left open the question of whether Dawson could have had access to the planted specimens and whether he possessed the requisite knowledge and skill. He raised the possibility that Dawson might have had a scientist-accomplice but did not pursue it. Although not everyone was convinced that Dawson was guilty, an overwhelming majority of those who have studied the question accept Weiner's case against him. He had a powerful motive and abundant opportunity, but many scholars question whether he possessed the materials, the knowledge, or the skill. Thos e desiderata, in the minds of a number of scholars, lead to the inference that a scientist must have been involved, either solo or as Dawson's accomplice. A1though some aspects of the faking were sloppy or clumsy, many others are so intricate and the totality, embracing far more than the breaking and staining of a cranium and a jaw, is so elaborate as to point to the involvement of the brain and eye of a specialist. 2. Teilhard de Chardin. Teilhard has been inculpated by various scholars in at least four different ways. It has been suggested that he was solely responsible, that he was the scientist-accomplice of Dawson and the mastermind behind the operation, that he planted the "canine" tooth that he found, perhaps in an endeavour to force the hoax into the open, and that he knew that a forgery had been perpetrated but was not personally responsible. Among those who tried to draw the heat off Dawson was "Francis Vere'' (nom de guerre of Bannister, according to Mabel Kenward, cited by Spencer 1990a :239). In his 1955 book The Piltdown Fantasy, Vere pointed an accusatory finger at Teilhard, as did Essex (1955, cited by Spencer 1990a ). At the time of the 1911-12 discoveries, Teilhard, while studying at the Jesuit seminary at Hastings, had been befriended by Dawson and had several times searched in the Piltdown gravels with him and Smith Woodward. Thus he had had the opportunity to devise and plant the fakes. Indeed, he is reported to have found, in addition to the canine, a flint implement and part of an elephant tooth. L. S. B. Leakey was convinced that Teilhard had been responsible. He had a long list of items of circumstantial evidence and was planning to write a book on the case against Teilhard, but his wife deterred him (Cole 1975, Tobias 1990). He told me that he had discussed Weiner's inculpation of Dawson with Teilhard and that Teilhard had said, "I know who was responsible for the Piltdown hoax, and it was not Charles Dawson" (Leakey, personal communication). The weakest part of Leakey's case was [248] his proposal of a motive: according to him, Teilhard as a young man had been known as a practical joker. (I have found no independent corroboration for this.) It is doubtful, moreover, whether Teilhard at the time had the knowledge or experience in human and primate anatomy, palaeoanthropology and palaeontology, geology, and archaeology which the intricacies of this elaborate hoax demanded. Dodson (1981) has reminded us that it was only after Teilhard had completed his training in theology at Hastings that he returned to Paris to study mammalian, primate, and human fossils systematically under the critical supervision of Boule. That was late in 19I2, though Teilhard returned for a retreat at Ore Place in 19I3. Bowden (1977) and Gould (1980, 198I) later espoused the case against Teilhard. The most important foundation of Gould's case was furnished by certain apparent errors or inconsistencies in three letters written by Teilhard to Oakley on November 28, 1953, January 29, 1954, and March 1, 1954, supported by the contents of a letter from Teilhard to Mabel Kenward on March 2, 1954. These letters betray apparently confused memories of an eventTeilhard's visit to "the second site"some 40-41 years earlier. A careful reading of the passages quoted by Gould from these letters does not seem to me to betray a pattern running through them (as Gould repeatedly claims). What impresses me in these letters is that they betray the foggy, confused mind and memory of an aging man. Teilhard's health was declining from early 1954 (Barbour 1956), and the letters in question were written 16-1/2 to 13 months before his death. This aspect alone seriously weakens Gould's case. Is it possible that, 40 years after the events and under the influence of aging, Teilhard confused the second and third sites in the Uckfield area? In the 1953-54 letters to Oakley, he refers to his being shown "the second site" by Dawson during his 19I3 retreat at Ore Place. Gould (1981) assumes that this second site was Piltdown II (Sheffield Manor)which Dawson reportedly "discovered" only in 1915, when Teilhard was serving with the French forces in World War I. It is, however, a matter of historical record that the second site at which Dawson "found" hominoid remains was Barcombe Mills, and that site "yielded" its first human bone (a frontal) to Dawson on July 3, 1913, about a month before Teilhard arrived back at Hastings. We know that Teilhard spent a few days in August 19I3 with his friend Dawson and that they were in the field for much of the time. It would be surprising if Dawson had not shown that second site {Barcombe Mills) to Teilhard. In fact, Teilhard tells Oakley in his letter of January 29, 1954, that, on the occasion of his visit to England in 19I3, he did visit "site no. II" with Dawson. He does not use the names Barcombe Mills or Sheffield Park.. 2 In the letter of November 28, 1953, Teilhard writes, "He [Dawson1 just brought me to the site of locality II and explained me that he had found the isolated molar and the small pieces of skull in the heaps of rubble and pebbles...." Apparently, Teilhard did not see the bones themselves on that visit (Blinderman I986: 136-37). Lukas (1981b ) also argued that Barcombe Mills was the site to which Teilhard must have been referring in his 1953 letter to Oakley. In that event, Teilhard's memory of the date of his visit to "the second site" was approximately correct. Gould (198I:30) rebutted Lukas's claim in these words: "each of three times that Teilhard mentions this second find, he refers to it explicitly as the place 'where the two small fragments of skull and the isolated molar were supposedly found in the rubble.' Only one place yielded two skull fragments and a molar: the second site, "discovered' by Dawson in 19I5." Strictly speaking, Gould is wrong in this latter statement, for the Barcombe Mills remains also comprised two cranial fragments and an isolated molar; in addition, they included two zygomatic bones (Montagu 1951a, b; Oakley in Vallois and Movius 1952). Thus it is very likely that Teilhard was referring to Barcombe Mills but that he omitted to mention the zygomatic bones either because he had forgotten about them or because they were "discovered" only after Teilhard's visit, sometime between September 1913 and Dawson's death in August 19I6. If Barcombe Mills was the second site referred to by Teilhard in his letters to Oakley, as now seems highly likely, the major basis of Gould's case against Teilhard falls away. The letters of Teilhard's last year and a half (he died on April 11, 1955) were called to the witness box not to support a case based primarily on other evidence but to constitute Gould's strongest evidence against Teilhard. A failing memory, clouded by deteriorating health, would surely suffice to explain Teilhard's replying about Barcombe Mills (the historically correct second site) when Oakley was enquiring about Piltdown II or Sheffield Park (historically, the third site) and omitting mention of the two zygomatic bones. Teilhard recognised that his memory was clouded when he wrote, "Concerning the point of 'history' you ask me, my 'souvenirs' are a little vague: . . . my visit . . . to the second site . . . must have been in late July 19I3" (letter to Oakley, January 29, 1954, cited by Gould 1980:18). Gould's second most important line of "evidence" against Teilhard was the latter's lifelong silence about Piltdown, save for a short article in 1920 and rare, scattered references in his extensive oeuvre scientifique. An alternative explanation for his silence, as Dodson (198I) points out and Gould (198I) agrees, is that Teilhard knew that Piltdown was a fake but did not participate in the forgery himself. Gould (198I) acknowledges that this line of "evidence" is not as strong as that of the 1953-54 letters: "The silence indicates his knowledge of fraud; had I found this alone, I would not have implicated iTeilhard] directly" (p. 28). As to Teilhard's supposed motive, Gould suggests that this was "a joke to see how far a gullible professional [ 249] could be taken"and "a wonderful joke for a Frenchman, for England at the time boasted no human fossils at all" (Gould 1980:28). I doubt whether this proposed motive is strong enough to have led the culprit to think out, plan, and execute the elaborate forgery. From this rather weak motive, from the above attenuation of Gould's main evidence against Teilhard, and because it is doubtful whether, in 1911 or earlier, Teilhard had the requisite knowledge, I conclude that the case that Teilhard was Dawson's co-conspirator is not strong. Another scenario involves minimal involvement of Teilhard in the fraud. Both Matthews (198I) and Thomson (1991a ) believe that M. A. C. Hinton of the British Museum (Natural History) filed and stained the canine tooth and persuaded Teilhard to plant it and "discover" it in August 19I3. Hinton's motive, it is suggested, was to force the hoax into the open. By this palpably ham-handed modification of the canine and the use of Vandyke brown to darken it (in contrast with all the other planted specimens, which had been stained with potassium bichromate), he hoped to expose the forgery which he either suspected or knew had been committed. On this view, Teilhard was persuaded by such a seemingly laudable purpose and agreed to be the conveyer, planter, and "discoverer" of the canine. Save for the known facts that Teilhard did find the canine and that it had been coloured by a different stain, the rest of this story, devised with great ingenuity by Matthews, is "all fiction" (Blinderman 1986:152). Thomson's recent revival of a modified version of Matthews's scheme involves Teilhard as well, in two scenarios as carrier, planter, and "discoverer" and in a third as a co-conspirator not with Hinton but with Dawson. Entertaining and even amusing as these diabolical schemes are, the complete lack of evidence is the missing link. Although discussion on the role of Teilhard continues, the available testimony does not convince me that he was implicated as a member of the conspiracy of forgers. However, the evidence makes it likely that he knew a fraud had been committed. 3. Grafton Elliot Smith.. A case against Elliot Smith, who had described the endocranial cast of Piltdown (in Dawson and Woodward 19I3), was put forward by Millar (1972) and Langham (1978, 1979). Few were convinced, and Langham abandoned the case some years later in favour of another suspect. 4. William /. Sollas. This professor of geology at Oxford was inculpated in a tape-recording left by his successor in the chair at Oxford, J. A. Douglas, and the case was vigorously promoted by Halstead (1978, 1979) and supported by von Koenigswald (1I98I) and, to a degree, by Dodson (198I). The evidence is tenuous. 5. Arthur Smith Woodward. The case for Smith Woodward's having been involved as "a willing accomplice" was briefly explored by Weiner (1955) and Langham (1979) and then dropped. It was mooted also by J. C. Trevor in an unpublished and apparently ill-informed letter in 1967 (Spencer 1990a ::232). Most scholars of the subject feel that Smith Woodward was the innocent dupe, to be pitied rather than deprecated, though it is not impossible that he suspected that some of the Piltdown specimens had been planted (Bowden 1977:23- 24). 6. Arthur Conan Doyle. Lukas (1981a ) and Winslow and Meyer (1983) put forward the possibility that Conan Doyle might have been involved. He lived nearby at Crowborough, knew the Dawsons, and was interested in human evolution. The case has been dismissed by most critics as far-fetched. 7. Samuel Allison Woodhead. Woodhead was public analyst at Lewes as well as a consulting analyst and bacteriologist, and he was once, it seems, consulted by Dawson on how to stain bones. Costello's (1985) case against him was supported by Daniel (1985) as "the most convincing of all." This version lays the entire blame at Woodhead's door and makes Dawson an innocent dupe. For a motive it is suggested that Woodhead, a devout Presbyterian, hoped that exposure of the hoax would destroy the theory of evolution (Blinderman 1986). Costello's projected book on the evidence against Woodhead has not yet seen the light of day: until it does we have only a shaky basis on which to appraise Woodhead's possible role in the Piltdown affair. 8. William James Lewis Abbott. Abbott was a jeweller from Hastings, and Blinderman (1986) has found circumstantial factors to suggest that he was involved. 9. Martin Hinton. The case against Hinton put forward by Matthews (1I98I) and lately supported by Zuckerman (1990) has been mentioned above. Hinton was a voluntary worker in the British Museum (Natural History) who was later to become keeper of zoology. Hinton was said to have been a prankster, and in Who's Who he stated that he was interested in hoaxes, of which he had "studied many"a point considered of great moment by Zuckerman. Moreover, Hinton might have borne a grudge against Smith Woodward. Although he might have had knowledge, materials, and opportunity, the suggested motive seems trivial and evidence is lacking. 10. Frank Barlow. Working as assistant to Smith Woodward, Barlow, the preparator in the Geology Department of the British Museum (Natural History), madeand soldcasts of the Piltdown remains and was described by Keith as "a prince of modellers." Grigson (1990a ) has proposed that Barlow was the man in the museum, with access to fossil bones and with the necessary skills to have prepared the "specimens" with which the gravel pit at Piltdown was salted. Did he have the considerable knowledge of anatomy, palaeontology, archaeology, geology, and geochronology which the totality of the hoax presupposed? It is doubtful, and this, together with a lack of evidence, seriously weakens Barlow's candidature. 11. William Ruskin Butterfield. The curator of the Hastings Museum, according to a letter from Teilhard de Chardin, was upset to learn that iguanodon bones found near Hastings had been sent by Dawson to Smith Woodward rather than to the Hastings Museum, of whose association Dawson was a member. On the basis of Butterfield's supposed desire for revenge, van Esbroeck (1972) built an ingenious case that Butterfield was the hoaxer, the digger Venus Hargreaves his courier [250] and planter, and Dawson an innocent dupe. Evidence is totally lacking, and the proposal has been disregarded. Moreover, it is doubtful whether Butterfield had the skill or knowledge required. Several theories involve a conspiracy involving two or even more of these persons. If Dawson is accepted on overwhelming evidence as a forger and three of the five desiderata demand that we posit the participation of a well- qualified savant as co-perpetrator, was he any one of the ten other suspects listed above? ' Or was he another, hitherto unsuspected personage? In April 1984, I received a telephone call from Ian Langham in the Department of History at the University of Sydney. This was followed up by a letter on April 26, 1984: he was leaving that night for London and wished to visit me on his return, en route back to Australia. In that letter he wrote: My current research projects are (1) a biographical work on Sir Arthur Keith; (2) a revaluation of the events surrounding the Piltdown forgery. Project (2) is the thing that is burning a hole in my brain at present, as I have amassed evidence relating to the culpability question which is, I believe, an order of magnitude "harder" and less circumstantial than anything that anyone else has managed to come up with so far. And before I bring the wrath of God down upon myself by publishing it, I would like to first check it out with the cognoscenti. So it came about that Langham and I, in Johannesburg, spent Thursday afternoon and evening, May 24, 1984, in a seven-to-eight-hour conversation on Piltdown and related matters. During this chat Langham divulged his theory of the identity of the scientist-member of the two-man team of forgers he was postulating. It struck me that as far as I knew this was about the only one of all of the "Piltdown men" who had not so far been incriminated. I subjected his proposal to stringent criticism, on the one hand, and enthusiastic encouragement, on the other. I drew attention to the dangers inherent in a two-person theory: each could have betrayed the other, and the great man would have exposed himself to enormous danger. "And," I speculated, "would there not have been some passing reference in some letter or diary entry, by one or the other7" I urged him to continue with his researches and write up the fruits of his labours on original unpublished archival material in London, including the Keith papers. As I was convinced that the acceptance of Piltdown by leading figures in British anthropology had played a major part in delaying the acceptance of Dart's (1925) claims for the Taung child, I invited Langham to attend the international symposium I was organising, which was to take place early in 1985, on the 60th anniversary of Dart's announcement of the discovery of Australopithecus africanus. Langham's next letter to me, dated May 3I, 1984, after his return to Australia, intimated that he would be delighted to give a paper on "the history of hominid studies, with special reference to Piltdown and how it caused the African finds to be misinterpreted." He added, "My Piltdown revelations should have appeared in print by then and I imagine that your Symposium would represent an unequalled opportunity to get oral feedback from the leading practitioners of the discipline." In a subsequent letter to me, Langham withdrew from the Taung Jubilee Symposium, as he was not able to raise sufficient funds to cover the high cost of the airfare. He agreed on the difficulties I had raised about a two-man team of forgers and commented, "Actually I think I can show that the dynamics of the two-man system were unstable, and very nearly led to one man giving the game away." In the same letter a few alarm signals appeared: "I feel wretched about doing this [withdrawing from the Taung meeting].... my writing up of the Piltdown article has been going falteringly.... this is being written under conditions of stress." It was the last letter I received from him. His tragic death occurred on July 20, 1984. The subject of Taung and Piltdown did come up for discussion at the Taung Diamond Jubilee International Symposium. I briefly discussed the historical relationship between Taung and the Piltdown forgery (Tobias 1985:37- 38), though I did not divulge Langham's suspicions as to the identity of the hoaxer. Inter alia, I said, "The exposure of the Piltdown remains as fraudulent dealt a final, fatal blow to the notion that the increase of absolute brain-size had been first in the field. Piltdown had helped to delay the acceptance of Dart's claims for Australopithecus. In some people's minds, it produced a hold-up of 28 yearsfrom 1925 to 1953!" By coincidence, at the same meeting Washburn (1985), in the 23d Raymond A. Dart lecture, made some penetrating comments on the same topic, including this one: "it is of interest to note that some of the strongest critics of Dart were advocates of the forgery known as Eoanthropus [Piltdown}.. If one believed that the large human braincase came first in evolution, then there was no place for Taung" (Washburn 1985:5). Nearly a year after Langham's death I received letters from Kathie Langham, Peter Cochrane, and Tim Murray asking my views on their choice of Frank Spencer of Queens College, the City University of New York, to bring Langham's researches on the Piltdown forgery to completion. Having known and admired Spencer's (1979) two- volume study Ales' Hrdlicka, M.D., 1869-1943, I had no hesitation whatever in replying that Mrs. Langham and Ian's Australian colleagues could not have chosen a more reliable, conscientious, and scholarly person than Spencer to develop, write up, and publish Langham's incomplete work on the Piltdown forgery. Moreover, Mrs. Langham gave me permission to pass on to Spencer the correspondence that had passed between her late husband and myself. Spencer took on the task: but here it must be noted that his own historical researches on the life and correspondence of Hrdlicka had already led him to become heavily immersed in the London documents related to Piltdown, housed in the British Museum (Natural History) and in the Royal College of Surgeons, as well as [251] the correspondence and diaries of Sir Arthur Keith. Duriing the course of these researches he had been led independently to the same conclusion Langham had reached, namely, that the scientist-accomplice of Dawson had been none other than Sir Arthur Keith. The books that Spencer produced were Piltdown: A Scientific Forgery (1990a ) and The Piltdown Papers (1990b ). The former is a closely reasoned analysis and a work of profound scholarship. The latter presents a minutely catalogued, meticulously indexed, and comprehensive compilation of all the relevant documents of which either Langham or Spencer or both had studied the originals. By placing these on record, Spencer has made it possible and easy for other scholars to examine the evidence for themselves and either corroborate the Langham-Spencer hypothesis or reach other conclusions. In Piltdown: A Scientific Forgery, Spencer has produced a penetrating study of Piltdown as an episode in the history of science, based partly on Langham's unpublished notes and largely on his own researches on the Piltdown papers in the British Museum (Natural History), on the Keith Papers in the Royal College of Surgeons, and on other original sources. Not content with recounting the facts and the theories about Piltdown, he analysed the prevailing paradigm in the early part of the 20th century and the discoveries and hypotheses which, during the previous century, had led up to that state of knowledge. Eiseley (1956), in reviewing Weiners (1955) book, had written, "It is . . . a pity that as part of the story something more of the general intellectual climate of the period might not have been analyzed. This sort of effort takes time, however, and the time unfortunately was not available." This lacuna Spencer's book has superbly filled. In skillfully limning this conceptual background, Spencer has enabled us to see the events centred around Piltdown in historical and philosophical perspective. His searching account of the response to Piltdown reveals it as a case study in the sometimes subtle and often blatant interaction of personalities, motives, and events, theories, facts, and supposed facts, reputations and egos, enmities and fair-weather friendships, simulations and dissimulations. He shows us that a paradigm can be so powerful as to dictate the course of discovery, interpretation, and scientific history and that it may, in the event, delay progress in a field of research by years and even decades. Although Kuhn (1962) has argued strongly for the relatively non-rational basis of revolutions in scientific thought, the Piltdown history shows that it was the sheer weight of newly discovered evidence that made it impossible to sustain the Piltdown paradigm after 1950 and led to its replacement. The hoax could succeed in hoodwinking and convincing many scientists in 1912, before Africa had thrown its ancient hominid fossil surprises into the scale-pan and perhaps when, as Zuckerman (1970:73) observes, "anatomists were . . . deluding themselves about their capacity to diagnose marginal human and ape-like characters in bones and teeth." It had become untenable by 1950, when men like Clark had come to accept the hominid status of the australopithecine fossils from South Africa. The total incompatibility between the newly emerging paradigm of the1950s and the Piltdown concept forced the pace in the reexamination of the Piltdown remains. It was against this background that Weiner, a member of Clark's Department of Human Anatomy at Oxford, had come up with the hypothesis that a forgery had been effected. As Bronowski (195I) and others have pointed out, the assumption of truthfulness in science is the very leitmotif, almost the religion, of the scientist. We may think our colleagues have been mistaken, foolish, ignorant, ill-advised, pig-headed or simple-minded, but the very last thing we tend to suspect them of is dishonesty. Langham scoured the original sources for evidence, probably more thoroughly than had ever been done before his time. As a result he came up with the most surprising, indeed shocking, and at the same time most seemingly logical conclusion as to the identity of the scientist-member of the team of forgers. I believe that Spencer has done full justice to Langham's work and reasoning in presenting his brief on the hoaxer's identity. Spencer has thoroughly reworked all of the original source material over a number of years, and therefore his presentation of Langham's theory is informed by his own researches and reasoning. Indeed, his powerful commitment to Langham's brief is based not on loyalty to a "friend," as one critic avers (Zuckerman 1990)for Spencer (1990a ) tells us that he had met Langham but once, though they had kept up a correspondencebut on his earlier readings of the Hrdlicka-Keith papers, which had independently aroused his own suspicion that Keith was the scientist-forger. From my short acquaintance with Langham and his thinking in the last months of his life, I cannot help believing that he would have approved warmly of the critical, objective yet supportive treatment that his brief is accorded in Spencer's book. Nine Pointers to Keith's Guilt A number of items have been uncovered some of which individually could have had an innocent explanation, such as a lapse of memory, but which collectively point in the same directionnamely, to a determined effort by Keith to cover up any suspicion of his acquaintance or familiarity with Dawson, the Piltdown site, or the "specimens" in the period when the "specimens" were first being uncovered. To distance himself he resorted to several apparent lies and misleading statements. The following lines of evidence fall into place as parts of such a pattem. 1 What he revealed in the British Medical Journal. Part I of an unsigned article on the Piltdown meeting appeared in the British Medical Journal three days later, on December 21, 1912. It has been claimed that the article revealed details about Piltdown which were not ventilated at the meeting (Spencer 1990a ). The authorship of that articlewhich betrayed that its writer had a [252] thorough acquaintance with the Piltdown site remained unknown until Langham discovered an entry in Keith's diary to the effect that he, Keith, had written an article on Piltdown for the British Medical Journal on Monday night, December 16, two days before the meeting. The reference is undoubtedly to the article in question. As Zuckerman (I99I) has indicated, there was a continuation of the article in the following week's issue of the journal. Thus, part 2 of the anonymous article could have been written after the meeting on December 18. However, the critical point is that Keith had sufficient knowledge of the site and the history of the discovery to have written at least part I of the article before the meeting, although both Grigson (1990b ) and Zuckerman (1990) have countered Langham's point by suggesting that Keith must have added to the article after the meeting. I am inclined to agree with Zuckerman and Grigson on this point after my own study of the articles in the British Medical Journal and in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. There remain, however, some difficulties which Grigson's and Zuckerman's suggestion does not adequately explain. Zuckerman and Grigson claim that full details of the whereabouts of the site were revealed at the meeting of December 18, which details Keith could have added to his article or to the proofs after the meeting. However, their claim is not corroborated by Dawson and Woodward's (1913) article: no specific description of the location of the site is given, the only clues being a plan of the basin of the Sussex Ouse, a diagrammatic section of the Weald, some vague general remarks by Dawson ("a gravel-bed on the farm"; "about 4 miles north of the limit where the occurrence of flints overlying the Wealden strata is recorded"), and a brief acknowledgement in a footnote of the courtesy of G. M. Maryon-Wilson, the lord of the manor, and Robert Kenward, tenant of the farm, in granting permission to excavatethough the farm and manor house (Barkham Manor) are not named in the acknowledgement or anywhere else in the article. Indeed, it is clear that neither Dawson nor Smith Woodward revealed the exact locality at the meeting. On the contrary, they appear to have gone out of their way not to betray the whereabouts of the site. Thus, Mabel Kenward, the tenant's daughter, wrote to Smith Woodward on January 3, 19I3, "In spite of the actual spot not being mentioned we have had several visitorsand one local shopkeeper is doing a great trade in postcards" (Spencer 1990b :49). On February 5, 1913, Dawson wrote to Maryon-Wilson, "So far, I have not mentioned the ownership of the land or the exact spot because I did not wish Mr. R. Kenward to be troubled by trespassers" (Spencer 1990b :50). It seems reasonable to infer that the references to the locality given in the published version of the Dawson and Woodward report were deliberately vague and faithfully reflect the minimal amount of information which was given at the meeting on December 18. This controverts Zuckerman's and Grigson's unsupported assertions"All had been revealed in detail at the meetingmaps and all" (Zuckerman 1990:14) and "It had been described at the meeting" (Grigson 1990b :1343). Zuckerman's reference to "maps and all" is not accurate: figure I in the Dawson and Woodward (19I3) article is the only map I have found in the Quarterly Journal, and it shows the position of Piltdown near the centre of an area of the south of England which is 24 miles east-west and 28 miles north-south. A map on that scale could scarcely be said to show in detail the location of "a little roadside pit" (Woodward 1948:6). Nor is Dawson's text any more informative. Moreover, we have no evidence whether or not the map in question was shown at the meeting. The only other relevant illustration in the Dawson and Woodward article (which might have led Zuckerman to use the term "maps and all") was their figure 2, not a map at all but a diagrammatic north-south section of the Weald from Tatsfield to Newhaven, a distance of some 38 miles. The position of Piltdown is shown just over one-third of this distance north of Newhaven hardly a precise localisation. There is every reason to infer that, at the Burlington House meeting, Dawson and Smith Woodward were at pains to reveal no more detail of the locality than subsequently appeared in print. Now let us examine how precise were the details given in [Keith's] article in the British Medical Journal. Here are his ipsissima verba (1912:1719): The scene of this "find" lies some nine miles north of Lewes, in the valley of the Sussex Ouse, which, rising in the Weald, breaks through the South Downs at Lewes, and enters the sea at Newhaven. After flowing eastwards past Sheffield Park the Ouse bends southward. On the north bank, at the bend, about a mile from the river and on a flat field near Piltdown Common, in the parish of Fletching, situated 80 ft. above the level of the river, there is a superficial bed of gravel 4 ft. thick. It is in this bed of gravel that the fossil bones were found by Mr. Charles Dawson of Lewes.... A punctilious reading reveals that much of the information here is to be found in Dawson's account. The stated height of the gravel above the nver level (80 ft.) is as given by Dawson. According to Dawson, the gravel bed varies in thickness from 3 to 5 ft.; [Keith] gives the middle value, 4 ft. However, [Keith's] statements (1) that the site was "some nine miles north of Lewes," (2) that the gravel lay "about a mile from the river," and (3) that the gravel lay "on a flat field" do not match anything in Dawson's article. The former two statements could perhaps have been estimated from detailed measurements on the map, if the map as published had been available at the meeting. In respect of the site, [Keith's] description is clearer, more detailed, and more precise. The facts given in [Keith's] account are thus in part closely related to those in Dawson's article. When Keith wrote this part of the British Medical Journal article, he clearly either had access to Dawson's manuscript and map, possibly in advance of the meeting, or had personally been to the site beforehand. On either explanation, collusion [253] between Keith and Dawson may be inferred. The only other possible inference, namely, that Keith at the meeting made detailed and almost verbatim notes and took measurements on the map of the scale and of the distance between the river and the Piltdown gravel pit, is highly improbable. A noteworthy difference between [Keith's1 and Dawson's articles is the inclusion by the former of the tale of a "thing like a cocoa-nut" having been dug out by farm labourers "four years ago." The pieces were said to have been thrown on a rubbish heap nearby, and "it was from this rubbish heap that Mr. Dawson recovered the greater part of the skull" ([Keith] 19I2:I7I9). According to the account published in the Quarterly Journal, this story was not told at the Burlington House meeting, and its inclusion in [Keith's] article could well point to prior collusion between Keith and Dawson. Smith Woodward's curiosity was aroused sufficiently to lead him to make enquiries about the authorship of the British Medical Journal article. One of these was addressed to A. S. Underwood, whose help in the initial study of the Piltdown remains Smith Woodward acknowledged (Dawson and Woodward 19I3 139) and who published an account of the Piltdown mandible in the British Dental Journal (19I3): Underwood replied on December 30, 1912 "No I didn't do the BMJ" (Spencer 1990b :47). From this restudy of the critical question that had aroused Langham's suspicions, I have pinpointed several items related to Keith's description in the British Medical Journal of the locality and site and of the history of the discovery which Keith almost certainly did not glean from the meeting on December 18, 1912. The only likely source of these items of information would have been Dawson himself, colluding with Keith, or prior knowledge of the site gained from an earlier visit by Keith to the site. On either interpretation, strength is given to Langham's contention that Keith had had additional and prior knowledge of the site and its history. The anonymity of the article in the Journal is not a serious point, save in one respect. The fact that the article was accorded the status of the "main weekly editorial" and that such editorials were customarily unsigned, as Zuckerman (1990) points out, afforded Keith the cloak of anonymity that, on the Langham-Spencer hypothesis, he required. 2,. His apparent inability to find Piltdown. A diary entry for January 4, 1913, describes a visit Keith and his wife paid that day to the Piltdown area. The diary conveys the impression that they could not find the Piltdown site and had to ask some boys: then Keith recorded, "didn't see the gravel bed anywhere," and they returned home. Langham believed that this was deliberately misleading: it is strange, indeed, to imagine the Keiths going all the way from London and turning back within a few metres of their goal. Yet we can be reasonably sure that Keith knew where the site was, either from what was revealed at the meeting (on Zuckermans unsupported assertion) or from what Keith already knew when he wrote his article for the British Medical Journal. . It seems to me to be even stranger that Keith have gone there without making a prior arrangement with either Dawson, the man on the spot, or Smith Woodward, who with Dawson had "scientific ownership" of the site. On the Langham-Spencer hypothesis, Keith went through the charade of getting lost when he took his wife to see the site as another attempt to create a smokescreen and to distance himself from giving the impression that he had prior knowledge of the site. 3. His account of his supposed first meeting with Dawson. In his Autobiography Keith (1950:378) appears to go out of his way to create the impression that he first met Dawson early in 19I3, after the Burlington House meeting: It may not be amiss if I recall now some of the happy sequelae which came out of the Piltdown controversy. One morning early in 19I3, when I entered my office at College [the Royal College of Surgeons], I found a gentleman waiting for me. He introduced himself as Mr. Charles Dawson. We had a pleasant hour together. His open, honest nature and his wide knowledge endeared him to me. He quite appreciated the attention I was giving to his own special childPiltdown man! There seems little doubt that Keith must have met Dawson previously on several occasions. First, in July 1911 Keith had taken part in an excursion, as a guest of honour, to Hastings, hosted by W. R. Butterfield, Dawson, and Lewis Abbott: it is inconceivable that Keith, one of three guests of honour, and Dawson, one of three hosts, would have failed to meet. Secondly, there must have been at least one or two meetings in connection with the occurrence of a 13th thoracic vertebra in a small number of human skeletons in Keith's collection at the Royal College of Surgeons. On this subject Dawson wrote a paper (1912). One does not study and write a paper on specimens in another scientist's collection without first obtaining explicit permission from the scientist in question. Therefore, it must be assumed that this study was not made behind Keith's back and that, when Dawson visited the Royal College, it was with Keith's blessing and that he met Keith on such occasions. Thirdly, Keith was present and took part in the discussion at the Burlington House meeting at which Dawson and Smith Woodward presented their account of Piltdown and the "remains." Thus it seems amazing that Keith (who kept not one but two diaries) should have tried to convey the impression that he first met Dawson early in 1913. It is astonishing, moreover, that he should have underlined his prior supposed unfamiliarity with Dawson by stating that "he introduced himself as Mr. Charles Dawson"as if Keith did not know who he was. On one occasion Keith's guard appears to have dropped momentarily. After the uncovering of the hoaxer in 1953, Weiner and Oakley interviewed Keith at Downe, Kent. In reply to their direct question as to the date of Keith's first meeting with Dawson, Sir Arthur first replied "Before the famous meeting of 1912." Then suddenly he corrected himself and said, "No, it was in [ 254] fact afterwards, at the time when I was on bad terms with Smith Woodward" (Spencer 1990a::193). ). What is more, Keith went to the trouble, the next day, to write to Weiner to say that he had searched amongst his papers and found "a sort of manual I made entries in." He had noted that he had first met Dawson on "January 28, 1913. All of this evidencethe entry in the Autobiography, the ignoring of the earlier occasions of almost certain encounters, and the correcting of the slip of the tongue both orally and in writingshows how far Keith went to create the impression that he had not known Dawson prior to January 1913, despite much evidence to the contrary. 4. His prevarication to Hrdlicka. Spencer uncovered another inconsistency or prevarication. On October 28, 1912, Hrdlicka had written to Keith asking him for information about the Piltdown "discovery." Keith replied only on December 23, 1912, explaining that he had not replied earlier as he had not been permitted to see the material until it was made public on December 18 at Burlington House. We know that this was untruethat Keith had been shown the material at the British Museum (Natura1 History) on two occasions, on December 3, 1912, and "a week before the famous meeting on December 18" (Keith's letter to Weiner, November 22, 1953, cited by Spencer 1990a :193)). Either Keith's statement to Hrdlicka was a "white lie" or it is to be seen as part of the pattern carefully created by Keith to distance himself from Piltdown, from the "remains," and from Dawson pnor to December 1912. 5. His destruction of his correspondence with Dawson.. Keith, who was such a meticulous archivist and diarist, had nonetheless destroyed all of his correspondence with Dawson, as well as all of his notes related to Piltdown and Dawson. Both Oakley and Weiner noted, in their respective reports on their interview with Keith at Downe on November 21, 1953, that Keith told them that all his letters from Dawson had been destroyed "by himself in a bonfire some years ago" (cited in Spencer 1990b :207, 220). This destruction of the Dawson-Keith correspondence was apparently so thorough that when Spencer, between 1983 and 1986, catalogued all of Keith's pnvate and professional papers in the library of the Royal College of Surgeons, he failed to unearth any surviving correspondence between Keith and Dawson (Spencer 1990b :2-8) though hundreds of other letters and notes survived. The completeness and the evident selectivity {Spencer 1990b ) of Keith's destruction of the Dawson correspondence are remarkable and most suspicious. 6. A tale of 13 vertebrae. An extraordinarily convoluted pathway of association between Keith and Dawson is suggested by the story of the 13th thoracic vertebra referred to above. We know that Dawson had been visiting the Royal College of Surgeons prior to May 12, 1912, on which date he wrote to Smith Woodward telling him so. We know also that, although it seems that Dawson had no prior record in human anatomy, he was apparently permitted to studywith a view to publicationcertain human skeletons in Keith's collection. It is, as I have said, inconceivable and would have been scientifically improper for Dawson to have studied and tried to publish upon materials in Keith's charge without Keith's having determined his credentials to do the work in question and given consent. Yet we find Dawson, in his May 12 letter to Smith Woodward accompanying the manuscript of his paper on the 13th vertebra, declaring, "I am very anxious to get it placed at once because I have had to work the photographs under the nose of Keith and his assistant. I gather from the latter that Keith is rather puzzled what to make of it all, and I want to secure the priority to which I am entitled" (Spencer 1990a :195). Since we must assume that Keith gave permission for Dawson's study, this strange statement is clearly a blind on Dawson's part, evidently designed to conceal the prior acquaintance and collusion between himself and Keith. It is difficult to understand why Dawson had been visiting the College in the first place unless it was to have discussions with Keith and, possibly also, to obtain materials with which to salt the Piltdown gravel. Moreover, it is most difficult to comprehend how Dawson came to be counting vertebrae in human skeletons in Keith's collectionsuch a study could not conceivably have arisen out of Dawson's previous archaeological and palaeontological collecting in Sussexunless Keith had put Dawson onto the project of examining human skeletons with 13 thoracic vertebrae. Why should Keith have done this? Perhaps, thought Langham, the project of the 13th vertebra provided the alibi needed to explain Dawson's several or repeated visits to the Royal College. In submitting his paper to Smith Woodward, Dawson said, "if you think well enough of it I should be very much obliged if you would introduce the paper for me at the Royal Society" (Spencer 1990a :194-95). It is possible that by encouraging Dawson to undertake the study and to believe that it might be presented to the Royal Society, Keith was playing upon Dawson's passionate desire to become a Fellow of the Royal Society and conveying to Dawson that he was prepared to help advance this aim. Thereby Keith would have been buying Dawson's loyalty. If Keith had planned to provide Dawson with an alibi, why did he choose the project of the 13th vertebra? Langham brought to light an interesting item of information which he believed might help to explain this. Earlier in 1912, the Royal Anthropological Institute had sent Keith a copy for review of Le Double's Variations de la colonne vertebrale de l'homme (1912) In that work Le Double wrote about, inter alia, human skeletons with supernumerary vertebrae, including 13 thoracic vertebrae. This might have suggested the project to Keith, especially as there were five such skeletons in the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College. He might even have lent the review copy of the book to Dawson (who was proficient in French). In this regard, it is interesting that Keith "sat on" the Le Double book for three years before submitting a ten-line review to the An[ 255]thropological Institute. Was this another set of coincidencesperhaps one coincidence too many? 7. His repeated assertion that "Dawson was an honest man." In reading the writings of Keith, I have been struck by the frequency with which he refers to Dawson's "honesty" and "sterling" personal qualities. For instance, in his Antiquity of Man (1925), he refers to "the sterling ability and unselfish personality" of Dawson (p. 486). We recall his spirited encomium to Dawson at the unveiling of the Piltdown monument in 1938, and we have seen the description in his Autobiography (1950) of their purported first meeting, citing Dawson's "open, honest nature." Again in the same work, Keith describes how, in the early days of the Piltdown discovery, he and Smith Woodward were open antagonists "enemies, I might almost say" (p. 654)but that "as years went by we were gradually drawn together by two circumstances: he and I never differed as to the genuineness and importance of the discovery made at Piltdown; and we had both the same love and respect for Charles Dawson" (p. 654). Yet a further illustration of Keith's seeming preoccupation with Dawson's integrity is furnished in Oakley's report on the meeting of himself and Weiner with Keith on November 21, 1953. Oakley writes, "Dawson had seemed to him [Keith] a quiet, respectable, honest man" (cited in Spencer 1990b :207). Weiner's separate report on that interview cited Keith as saying that Dawson was "an open, honest chap." Why does Keith seek so assiduously to be supportive of Dawson? One is reminded of Hamlet's mother's words, "The lady doth protest too much, methinks." Was Keith trying to uphold Dawson's reputation not simply out of loyalty to an old friend but as part of the camouflage, the "cover-up"? Keith's reasoning could have been along these linesthe more honest Dawson was seen to be, the less likely it was that the legitimacy of Dawson's "own special child," Piltdown, would be called into question. 8. His protests of Piltdowns genuineness. Keith seems also to have been preoccupied with asserting the genuineness or authenticity of the Piltdown remains; something one does not find in the writings of Smith Woodward. Indeed, he sometimes interprets investigators' doubts whether the cranium and mandible be longed to the same species as attacks on the "authenticity" of the specimens. For example, in A New Theory of Human Evolution (1948) Keith states that Weidenreich (1943) had proposed "to deny the authenticity of the Piltdown fossil remains." However, a careful perusal of the full discussion (jpp. 216-20) shows that Weidenreich did not question whether the Piltdown hominoid specimens were authentic. On the contrary, he questions the compatibility of the cranium, the mandible, and the supposed lower canine with one another: this human vault, simian mandible, and anonymous "canine," he averred, could not possibly have belonged to one and the same form. Their combination into a single individual dubbed Eoanthropus, had created a chimaeraand "the sooner the chimaera 'Eoanthropus' is erased from the: list of human fossils, the better for science" (Weidenreich 1943:220). This is not to question the authenticity (as Keith states) if by "authentic" we understand "trustworthy" or "genuine." Again, on p. 654 of An Autobiography, we have already seen Keith's statement that he and Smith Woodward "never differed as to the genuineness . . . of the discovery made at Piltdown." Why was Keith at pains so often to stress that the Piltdown remains were "genuine" or "authentic"? It could be argued that nobody wrote more often about Piltdown or at greater length than Keith didPiltdown occupied ten chapters filling 204 pages of The Antiquity of Man 1915)and that his references to the genuineness of the Piltdown remains were by happenstance alone. On the other hand, in the context of all the other lines of evidence assembled here it is pertinent to suggest that Keith animadverted to the authenticity of the remains so frequently because he either suspected or knew that they were not authentic. His reasoning could then have been that the more the remains were said and believed to be trustworthy and of undisputed origin, the less likely it was that the fake would be uncovered. 9. His misrepresentation of Shattock's results. One further highly relevant untruth has been discovered by me. While Keith was conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, S. G. Shattock (1857-1924) was in charge of the largest section of the museum, that on pathological lesions of the human body. When the 17th International Congress of Medicine met in London in July 1913, Shattock presided over its Pathological Section. He presented a lengthy disquisition on cranial thickening in modem human subjects and in "certain Pleistocene crania." Naturally he commented on the very thick Piltdown cranium: it was only seven months since Smith Woodward had drawn attention to this thickening of the vault bones as the only significant feature of the specimen which would not be expected among modem human crania (Dawson and Woodward 1913). An interesting feature of the thickening of the Piltdown calvaria was described by Smith Woodward: "The thickening is due to the great development of the cancellated diploe, the outer and inner tables of the bone being everywhere comparatively thin" (Dawson and Woodward 1913:124). Such thickening of the diploe is feature of certain pathological conditions (Shattock (1914), Weidenreich (1943), including some binopathies (Adeloye, Kattan, and Silverman 1975). As Weidenreich (1943:164) has pointed out, it sharply with the form of thickening found in Peking man. In the latter hominid, "all three constituents of the bone take equal part in the thickening, the two tables slightly more than the diploe." The structure in the Piltdown bones would thus point strongly to the original skull's having been pathological. Oakley (1960) has mentioned two recent crania in the British Museum (Natural History), one of an Ona from Tierra del Fuego, and the other of a Bronze Age person from Sutton Courtenay in Berkshire, England, which show thickening similar to that of Piltdown I. Shattock's paper was published in the proceedings of [256] the Congress in 1914. Applying the criteria set forth in his treatise to Piltdown, Shattock felt he could exclude syphilis, osteitis deformana, osteomalacia, leontiasis, acromegaly, pulmonary osteoarthropathy, and "thickening in the insane." He could not, however, exclude "a past rachitis that has been followed by a reconstruction of the bone" such as he had diagnosed on a "thickened mediaeval English skull from Gloucestershire" (P 44). From, first, the peculiar pattern of the thickening in the Piltdown cranium, second, the presence of elevated patches on the inner surface of certain of the fragments, and, third, the presence of what he took to be early synostosis which had here and there taken place at the sutures, Shattock concluded, "Without making any dogmatic statement, certain details of the Piltdown calvaria . . . suggest the possibility of a pathological process having underlain the thickened condition" (P. 46). Both from his inability to exclude a rachitic history and from his conclusion, the only possible reading of Shattock's paper is that he pointed unequivocally to the possibility that the thickening and some other features of the Piltdown I calvaria had been produced by some previous morbid condition. At no point did he refer to its being definitely normal. Despite these statements in Shattock's 44-page article, where Keith refers in The Antiquity of Man (1915)) to the "surprisingly thick" Piltdown bones he makes the following assertion: "The bone is naturally formed; there can be no question of disease. My colleague Mr. Shattock definitely settled this point" (Keith 1915:320, italics mine). The accompanying footnote refers to Shattock's contribution to the Pathological Section of the International Medical Congress that had been held in London in August 1913. Keith's untruthful assertion is repeated in his second edition, where he uses the words "The late Professor Shattock definitely settled this point" (Keith 1925). We may be certain that Keith knew of Shattock's study: they worked in the same institution; Keith (1925) cited Shattock's supposed opinion on Piltdown and gave the reference to Shat tock's publication in a footnote (p. 370). Yet Keith's statement, published in both editions of his book, is clearly a misrepresentation of Shattock's position. This provides one example of the lies of which both Elliot Smith and Sollas accused Keith (see below). The first and more obvious reason Keith was at such pains to deny any possibility that the Piltdown calvari was pathological seems to me to be that, if some feature of Piltdown I had been the outcome of earlier pathology the cranium might have been unsuitable to provide direct fossil evidence for Keith's particular theory of the pattern of hominid evolutionone of the motives that. have been suggested for the forgery. The second is that if the Piltdown calvaria had been pathological, it would have pointed to a link with the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. It is known that the museum had a fine collection of anomalous and pathological skeletons, including the Gloucestershire specimen and others described by Bamard Davis in his Thesaurus Craniorum (1867). ). I have already referred to the five skeletons with supernumerary vertebrae. Field (1953) commented on this treasury of specimens when describing his first visit to Keith at the Royal College in 1921: "he showed me around. Here was the world's finest collection of acromegalic casts of faces, hands, and feet.... Here were the dwarfs, their casts and skeletons . . . at the opposite extreme of endocrine disorder, we came to the giants . . " (pp. 36-37). On this reasoning, if the specimen were indeed shown to be pathological, other scholars might infer that it was highly likely to have stemmed from the Royal College, and exposure would have been on the cards. It was most important, therefore, for Keith to assert that, despite its thickness, the Piltdown specimen was nominal, even if this meant his resorting to false presences in respect of Shattock's view. The following scenario proposes itself: it would have been relatively easy for Keith to select an old, thickboned cranium (?another mediaeval cranium from Gloucestershire or elsewhere) from the museum's immense collection of specimens as the counterfeit evidence to be planted, after due treatment, at Piltdown. At the time the cranium was chosen (?1911 or earlier), neither Keith, Dawson, nor anyone else would have known the results of Shattock's great study on calvarial thickening. The choice of a thick calvaria was deliberate; early hominid crania were generally thick. However, the choice of this particular thick cranium proved to be a mistake because of its probably pathological character. As though to cover up this mistake, we find Keith not acknowledging what Shattock really said but asserting that Shattock had "definitely settled" the normality and freedom from disease of the Piltdown calvaria. Whether anyone, including Shattock, ever pointed out Keith's "mistake" to him we do not know, but it is alarming to find the same false assertionso necessary to Keith's casebeing repeated in the second edition of The Antiquity of Man, ten years later, after Shattock had died. The list of nine lines of evidence against Keith is not exhaustive. The present analysis includes topics (items 7, 8, and 9) over and above those adduced by Spencer and Langham, new validations of item 1, which has been questioned by two of Spencers critics, and item 3, and fresh perspectives on items 2 and 6. Collectively, these items all point in the same direction: (1) that Keith knew about and had been involved in the goings-on centred upon the site of Piltdown; (2) that, to cover his tracks, he took every possible measure to convey the impression that he had had no acquaintance with the site, the Piltdown "remains," or Charles Dawson prior to December 1912; (3) that he sustained this misleading and camouflaging pose right up to the time when he wrote his Autobiography (1950) and, apart from a momentary slip in his old age, even when he was visited by Weiner and Oakley on November 21, 1953; (4) that he took every opportunity to attest to the integrity of Dawson and the genuineness of the Piltdown "discoveries"; (5) that he vouched for the normality or freedom from pathology of the Piltdown hominoid "remains," even to the point of outright imposture. On some of the [257] above lines above lines of reasoning and yet others, Spencer, from his own lengthy and scholarly analysis, and Langham, from his, were drawn to the same conclusion, namely, that Keith resorted to all of these "cover-up" actions, evasions, and misrepresentations because he was indeed the scientist-member of the team of forgers. Evidence as to Keith's Character Although at the time Keith was becoming one of the great names in anthropology and anatomy in Great Britain, a number of his colleagues distrusted him. Several examples suffice to make the point: On April 8, 1914, Grafton Elliot Smith wrote to A. C. Haddon about inter alia "Keith's game of deliberately fouling the pitch" and his tendency "to publish stuff which he (knew) to be false" (Spencer 1990b :3.1.13). In May 1925, William J. Sollas wrote to Robert Broom (during the height of the altercation that followed Dart's publication of the Taung child), "Keith may be keeping things back." In July 1925, Sollas wrote again about Keith, "who is indeed the most arrant humbug and artful climber in the anthropological world.... He makes the rashest statements in the face of evidence. Never quotes an author but to misrepresent him, generalises on single observations, and indeed there is scarcely a single crime in which he is not adept.... He has gone up like a rocket, and will come down like the stick" (Findlay 1972:53). As a member of the last Medical B.Sc class at the University of the Witwatersrand to receive lectures from Robert Broom, in 1945, I often heard Broom inveighing against Keith in censorious and some times unprintable terms. We know of the bitter personal enmity that subsisted for long periods between Keith, on the one hand, and both Elliot Smith and Smith Woodward, on the other as Keith attests in his Autobiography j (1950). Are these simply instances of professional jealousy, or was there fire behind the smoke of his colleagues' suspicions? We have seen instances of such "fire" among the nine pointers enumerated above. In fairness to Keith, it may be mentioned that he had and still has his supporters and admirers. For example Henry Field, in his autobiography The Track of Man 1953) wrote, "Since 1931, when I first met Sir Arthur in the Royal College of Surgeons, I had been under the spell of his charm and encyclopedic knowledge on anatomy and physical anthropology. For thirty-two years I have been encouraged by his sincere interest in my work. If I had to designate 'the greatest living anthropologist' it would be Sir Arthur (Keith), and most of my colleagues would concur (p. 137). T. D. McCown, who collaborated closely with Keith in the study of the Mount Cammel remains in the 1930s, spoke well of him and seems to have enjoyed a happy relationship with him, according to Elizabeth Langstroth (McCowns widow) and K. A. R. Kennedy (a former student of McCowns) (personal communications). Motives The Langham-Spencer hypothesis includes Dawson as a johnny-on-the-spot member of a team of two forgers.. It is important to point this out because Zuckerman (I990:I4) has quite erroneously stated that Spencer has exonerated Dawson.) An overweening desire for recognition and to become a Fellow of the Royal Society is adduced by Spencer as Dawson's motive. There is evidence that Dawson craved such recognition. Indeed, he achieved nomination for election to the fellowship of the Royal Society in 1913, and his candidature was renewed each year until 1916, though without success up to the time of his death (Spencer 1990b :103). On Spencer's (1990a) analysis, two principal motives governed Keith's participation in the fraud: one was the materialisation of a particular concept of human evolution, the other career advancement and ambition. A few critics have denied the validity of the second motive. Keith (1915, 1925) held to the view that ancestral hominids were men with essentially modem-looking crania, and he agreed with Elliot Smith that they would have possessed an essentially modem form and size of brain. He held further that creatures with such modern-looking crania were of great antiquity. The human cranium that was doctored and planted at Piltdown was of this nature, while the planted fossils of the associated fauna pointed to a Tertiary or Pliocene age. In other words, the planted specimens placed an essentially modem human cranium in an ostensibly most ancient, supposedly Tertiary deposit. The choice of specimens with which the gravel was salted provided the veriest transmogrification into "hard facts" of Keith's theory about the evolution of the cranial vault and brain. The skull vault whose parts were planted in the Piltdown gravel was in all respects similar to the same parts of a modem human cranium save for the "surprisingly thick" calvarial bones (Dawson and Woodward 1913; Keith 1915, 1925; Boule 1973; Weidenreich 1943). Smith Woodward drew attention to this feature in his initial description of Piltdown I, citing values of 8-12 mm for the thickness in different parts of the calvaria (Dawson and Woodward 1913). These values were repeated by Keith (1915, 1925), and the point of the "extraordinary thickness" was stressed again by Weidenreich (1943), who had had the opportunity to study the original Piltdown specimens. Keith held that "in no normal modem skull are all the bones so uniformly thick as in this recently discovered specimen," whereas this feature characterises many "ancient skulls" (Keith 1915:320) and "primitive skulls" (Sollas 1924:186). Therefore, I put the case that a thick-boned skull was deliberately chosen with two closely related designs in mind. First, while the modernity of the fomm and size of the cranium was in keeping with Keith's preconceived idea of hominid evolution, the thickness if considered normal) offered support for the great antiquity of the specimen to which the "associated" faunal remains tes[258]tified. Secondly, the supposedly archaic feature of marked cranial thickness helped to avert any inference that the otherwise essentially modem-looking cranium was simply that of a recent or present-day subject whose body or bones had become incorporated into the "ancient" gravels. If the desire to show the great antiquity of a mainly modern-looking cranium and brain were the intellectual part of Keith's motive, why then was the mandible chosen to accompany the cranium that of an ape? I think the principal reason for this was given away by part of Keith's comments in the discussion following Dawson' and Smith Woodward's papers at the Burlington House meeting, as faithfully recorded in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society (Dawson and Woodward 1913:I48, italics mine): [Prof A. Keith] agreed that the reconstruction of the skull had been executed with great skill, the only point in the restoration about which he was not convinced being the chin-region of the mandible and the form of the incisor, canine, and premolar teeth. The restoration approached too nearly the characters of the chimpanzee. The very simian characters of the sub-symphysial region of the mandible, the undoubtedly large anterior teeth, the primitive characters of the skull and brain, seemed to him altogether incompatible with the Chellean age assigned by the Authors. In his opinion the skull must be assigned to the same age as the mammalian remains, which were admittedly Pliocene. In the speaker's opinion, tertiary man had thus been discovered in Sussex. In coming to this conclusion the speaker was influenced by the fact that in the Heidelberg jaw, which was of early Pleistocene date, the symphysial region of the jaw was essentially human in its markings and characters; whereas the same features in the [Piltdown] remains just described were simian, and therefore presumably much earlier. In other words, had a modem type of mandible been included, it would have been reasonable to conclude that the entire skull (cranium and jaw) was no older than that of Heidelberg, that is, of the Pleistocene epoch. It might even have been averred that the Piltdown remains represented a morphologically modern man of later or recent times whose bones were intrusive into the supposedly very early or Pliocene beds. By the choice of so "archaic-looking" or "simian" a mandible, the case was strengthened that Piltdown man was presumably much earlier than Heidelberg man from Germany. This argument, inferred from the "apelike" jaw, was restated and developed by Keith in The Antiquity of Man (1925: 507-8). He summed up with the statement that the simian chin region of the Piltdown mandible (in contrast with what he called the human-like chin region of the Heidelberg jaw) "suggests that Piltdown man represents, as the animal remains accompanying him suggest, a Pliocene form. I am of the opinion that future discoveries will prove that the remains found at Piltdown represent the first trace yet found in Europe of Pliocene man" (Keith 1925:508). Secondly, a somewhat different aspect, namely, the influence of the mandible on the inferred place of Piltdown in hominid evolution, was stressed by Keith in New Discoveries Relating to the Antiquity of Man (1931): "It must be remembered that if we had found only the cranial parts of the Piltdown man we should never have hesitated in regarding him as the direct ancestral type of modern man; the simian features of his lower jaw and of his teeth led us to exclude him from this position" (pp. 455-56). A third reason for the choice of an ape mandible to accompany the manifestly human skull was to create the impression that here, at last, was the long-sought part-ape, part-human being envisaged as an ancestor. In Keith's (1925:503) own words, "the skull thus reconstructed by Sir A. Smith Woodward was a strange blend of man and ape. At last, it seemed, the missing form the link which early followers of Darwin had searched forhad really been discovered." One of Keith's major motives, on this scenario, was to establish the case for a particular kind of human ancestor, as conceived by him, but also a fossil man whose provenance and morphology showed that it was earlier and therefore more important than any other fossil hominid then known, at least in Europe. The second suggested motive was Keith's powerful ambition and strong desire for career advancement. With hindsight, there is little doubt that of all the Piltdown men it was Keith whose career benefitted most from Piltdown. The trend started, perhaps, with Keith's very words at the Burlington House meeting: "Prof. A. Keith regarded the discovery of fossil human remains just announced as by far the most important ever made in England, and of equal, if not of greater consequence than any other discovery yet made, either at home or abroad" (Dawson and Woodward 1913:148). Of the various discussants whose views were cited in the Quarterly Journal, Keith alone greeted the discovery with unalloyed enthusiasm. He maintained his almost effusive and exaggeratedly fervid estimation of it in The Antiquity of Man (Keith 1925), in which he called the skull "the most important and instructive of all ancient human documents yet discovered in Europe" (p. 486} and "one of the most remarkable discoveries of the twentieth century" (p. 501). Since the publication of Spencer's books, the claim that Keith was actuated by ambition has been vigorously opposed. Thus it has been suggested that Keith "was not 'one of the most eminent anthropologists,' he was the foremost anthropologist of his time. He had already achieved this position at the time of the Piltdown discovery and he had no need to 'boost his own career'!" and that "Keith had reached the top of the tree" [Smith 1990). Similarly, Kennedy (1991:309) holds that, when the fossil hoax was manufactured, Keith was "at the apex of his career." If we look at the facts, however, we note that, at the time of the Piltdown discovery, and a fortiori when the hoax was being prepared and the gravel salted, Keith had not yet been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and his candidature had twice been rejected; his first great book on human evolution, The [ 259] Antiquity of Man, had not been started, and his contributions had not been recognised with a knighthood. These three marks of attainment to a pinnacle of achievement were still in the future: Keith's F.R.S. came in the spring of 1913, his Antiquity of Man was to appear in 1915, and his knighthood was to be attained in 1921 (Keith 1950). From his Weekly Diaries (1I907-70) and from his Autobiography we know that Keith's candidature for fellowship of the Royal Society had been rejected in 1911I and again in 1912. Thus, on March 25, 1911, this entry appears in the Weekly Diaries: "The Royal Society gave me a slap in the face by rejecting me as a prospective fellow...." Again, on March 3, 191(2, Keith writes, "Royal Society still left me out so I have made up my mind to be content without it. Rather foolish a man at 46 needing qualifications and fellowships. Besides I don't think the men already elected are really quite capable of judging good and bad work" (Spencer, personal communication). However, in the Autobiography, Keith makes clear how much he had craved a fellowship (p. 363, italics mine): In the spring of 1913 there came to me an honour for which I had waited impatiently . . . election to the Royal Society. Perhaps my impatience at being kept waiting so long ... was unreasonable.... The note which I made in my diary when rejected in 1911 reads thus: "So I have made up my mind to be content without the fellowship; it is rather foolish for a man at the age of forty-six to be in need of qualif
4591	dbpedia	3	73	https://www.rcr.ac.uk/	en	The Royal College of Radiologists	https://www.rcr.ac.uk/favicon-32x32.png	https://www.rcr.ac.uk/favicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/uk0l15dn/untitled-design-2.png?v=1dac97ef6cd6890?center=0%2C0&height=989&width=479", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/vsmhej5d/cr-census-front-page2.jpg?rxy=0.18311624775429766,0.3728974262424555&v=1dabbe2db706470?center=0%2C0&height=989&width=479", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/1m0hix1y/co-census-front-page2.jpg?rxy=0.24574149825529967,0.41967667496772093&v=1dabbe4e28426a0?center=0%2C0&height=989&width=479", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/4gwnvcfo/breast_imaging.png?v=1d9fd06b5882590?center=0%2C0&height=215.6921241050119&width=375", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/3idbglqp/new-logo-yt-thumbnail-23.png?v=1da16edc8d23310?center=0%2C0&height=261.5473441108545&width=375", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/zdpg1nai/221013_sf0540_rcrconference22_oncology.jpg?v=1da13e5110304e0?center=0%2C0&height=360.00000000000006&width=339", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/wuudjpdg/admissions-ceremony-images-115.jpg?v=1d9fb6db059ea30?center=0%2C0&height=360.00000000000006&width=339", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/u1mabjip/221013_sf0506_rcrconference22_joint_faculty.jpg?rxy=0.4586543140665847,0.1114561829788509&v=1da0289a481dc40?center=0%2C0&height=360.00000000000006&width=339", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/b11nzkeq/rcr-annual-conference-2023-7.jpg?v=1da08eceff50fd0?center=0%2C0&height=360.00000000000006&width=339", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/tmmcrzva/web-rcr-5646-dr-gnanananthan-michael-wharley-2023.jpg?rxy=0.4824561403508772,0.33006058073950284&v=1da16f8598c7a50?center=0%2C0&height=360.00000000000006&width=339", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/zjwavmtm/231012_sf0853.jpg?v=1da1647c4da9780?center=0%2C0&height=360.00000000000006&width=339", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/zgapuwik/web-rcr-5637-dr-john-adu-michael-wharley-2023.jpg?rxy=0.49373433583959897,0.2866095675788594&v=1da16f82cc9bcd0?center=0%2C0&height=237&width=339", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/ot5hkyzt/dr-nelo-gafoor-33.jpg?v=1d9fc2544f4e570?center=0%2C0&height=215.6921241050119&width=375", "https://www.rcr.ac.uk/media/aldkud00/clincal-oncology-countouring.jpg?rxy=0.3872745643875642,0.315864668631243&v=1da1bd368390e30?center=0%2C0&height=215.6921241050119&width=375" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-08-08T00:00:00+00:00		en	/apple-touch-icon.png		https://www.rcr.ac.uk/	We've tried our best to make this new website more user-friendly, so you should be able to find what you need. If you're looking to explore, try one of the areas below to get started. Who we are The Royal College of Radiologists is a charity that works with our members and Fellows to improve the standard of medical practice across the fields of radiology and oncology. With faculties in two disciplines, the College and our members benefit from a fuller understanding of medical practice, across the spectrum of diagnosis and treatment. Find our more about the College With over 16,000 Fellows and members worldwide, The Royal College of Radiologists exists to lead, educate and support doctors who are training and working in the specialties of clinical oncology and clinical radiology. With such a broad perspective on our two specialties, we develop and deliver a unique body of work which could not be undertaken by any other organisation.
4591	dbpedia	0	26	https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/about/fellows/	en	Fellows \| Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise	https://sites.krieger.jh…icon-192x192.png	https://sites.krieger.jh…icon-192x192.png	[ "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/wp-content/themes/ksas-blocks/dist/images/krieger.shield.svg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Eric_Abrahamson_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Dalit_Baranoff_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/William_Barnett_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Alexander-Belozertsev-Headshot.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Nancy_Berlage_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Galen_Burghardt_2015.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/06/IMG_3609-e1528468403267.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Simon-Constable-Headshot.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Robert_Garnet_2015.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/John-Greenwood-Headshot.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Brian_Gunia_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/06/2688352.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2023/05/thumbnail_PastedGraphic-1-225x300.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2023/04/PHOTO-J-DE-LAROSIERE-200x300.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Chris-McCoy-Headshot.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2021/03/DenisMcHugh_ML197.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Motlagh.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/AP.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2022/12/Screen-Shot-2022-12-17-at-4.38.23-PM-243x300.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/David_Ranson.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2024/02/Carl-Schramm-high-res-photo-731x1024.jpeg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Matt-Sekerke-Headshot.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Leo_Slater_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/Jeffrey_Sturchio-photo_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/John_Tatom_2014.png", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2024/05/IMG_20240522_151457179_HDR2-780x1024.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/04/David-Yu-Headshot.jpg", "https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/wp-content/themes/ksas-blocks/dist/images/university.shield.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2017-04-12T10:08:08-04:00	At present, there are 26 Fellows of the Institute. In addition to conducting research, most of the Fellows also teach courses at the main Homewood Campus of The Johns Hopkins University. These courses are taught in the following departments: Economics, Geography and Environmental Engineering, History, and Political Science. The joint teaching of the well-regarded Applied...	en	https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/wp-content/themes/ksas-blocks/dist/images/favicons/favicon.ico	Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise	https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/about/fellows/	At present, there are 26 Fellows of the Institute. In addition to conducting research, most of the Fellows also teach courses at the main Homewood Campus of The Johns Hopkins University. These courses are taught in the following departments: Economics, Geography and Environmental Engineering, History, and Political Science. The joint teaching of the well-regarded Applied Economics & Finance course by Prof. Hanke and Institute Fellow Hesam Motlagh illustrates one of the many types of teaching activities in which Fellows are engaged. (Click here for the course syllabus). Eric Abrahamson Phone: (605)-484-3820 Email: [email protected] Eric John Abrahamson is an economic historian who has written about various regulated industries including telecommunications, financial services and electric utilities, as well as philanthropy. He is president of Vantage Point Historical Services, Inc. Abrahamson received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University. He is the author or co-author of a number of books including Building Home: Howard F. Ahmanson and the Politics of the American Dream (University of California Press, 2013); Spirited Commitment: The Samuel & Saidye Bronfman Foundation (McGill-Queens University Press, 2010) and Anytime, Anywhere: Entrepreneurship and the Creation of a Wireless World (Cambridge University Press, 2002). Abrahamson edited a series of books on the history of the Rockefeller Foundation. He wrote Beyond Charity: A Century of Philanthropic Innovation (Rockefeller Foundation, 2013) and co-authored Democracy & Philanthropy: the Rockefeller Foundation and the American Experiment (Rockefeller Foundation, 2013). Dalit Baranoff Phone: (301) 949-2590 Email: [email protected] Dalit Baranoff is a business historian specializing in the history of insurance and risk management. She is currently employed as a consultant, researching and writing about the insurance industry and insurance history. After receiving her Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University, Baranoff taught U.S. history and worked on a number of research projects. She has conducted research on the dot-com era, the pharmaceutical industry, entrepreneurship, and engineering management, as well as insurance. Baranoff also spent four years as a content editor at ProQuest, where she contributed to History Vault, a digital archive product. William A. Barnett Phone: (785) 864-2844 Email: [email protected] CV: William Barnett CV Dr. William A. Barnett is an eminent economic scientist and originator of the Divisia monetary aggregates and the “Barnett Critique.” His work in the area of monetary and financial economics has been highly influential in shaping academic and central-bank staff research in the last thirty years. He has published widely on tests for nonlinear dynamics, chaos, and bifurcation, and is a major contributor to research on modeling consumer and producer behavior. Dr. Barnett is Oswald Distinguished Professor of Macroeconomics at the University of Kansas Department of Economics and Core Faculty Member of the Center for Global and International Studies at the University of Kansas, as well as Senior Fellow of the IC2 Institute at the University of Texas at Austin. He is Founder and Editor of the Cambridge University Press journal, Macroeconomic Dynamics, and Founder and Editor of the Emerald Press monograph series, International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics. Dr. Barnett founded the Society for Economic Measurement and serves as president. He is founder and director of the Institute for Nonlinear Dynamical Inference in Moscow. He is also director of the Advances in Monetary and Financial Measurement Program at the Center for Financial Stability. He previously was on the staff of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington, DC for eight years, was Stuart Centennial Professor of Economics at the University of Texas at Austin, Full Professor of Economics at Washington University in St. Louis, and Research Associate at the University of Chicago. Dr. Barnett has published over 200 articles in professional journals and 32 books, as either author or editor. He co-authored the book, Inside the Economist’s Mind, with the late Paul Samuelson, America‘s first Nobel Prize Winner in Economics. He has also received over 43 different awards and honors. His research has been published in 7 languages. In 2013, Dr. Barnett was awarded the Balfour S. Jeffrey Research Award in the Humanities and Social Sciences. He won the American Publishers Award for Professional and Scholarly Excellence (the PROSE Award) for the best book published in economics in 2012, Getting It Wrong: How Faulty Monetary Statistics Undermine the Fed, the Financial System, and the Economy. Alexander A. Belozertsev CV: Alexander Belozertsev CV Dr. Alexander A. Belozertsev graduated from the University in Moscow, USSR (1980). He received his Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics (World Grain Economy) at the Moscow Agricultural Academy named by K. Timirjazev in 1986, and worked for the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989 till 1992. He spent as a trainee more than one year at the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) in 1991-92 studying commodity markets, both, in cash and futures. Since then he worked as a Representative of Cargill Investor Services, Inc. (1992-96), Refco, Inc. (1996-97), and Sakura Dellsher, Inc. (1997-98) in the FSU region. Dr. Alexander A. Belozertsev also worked for more than 4 years as a Marketing Representative of the USA Rice Federation in Russia in 1998-2002. Since then he has been consulting various technical assistance projects on the development of the warehouse receipt system and commodity exchanges in the FSU (Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine), Eastern Europe, and Africa (Cote-D’Ivore, Ethiopia, Ghana, Rwanda, South Africa, and Tanzania). He managed (as a Chief of Party & Team Leader) the EU-funded ‘Cereals Exchange & Licensed Warehouse’ (CELW) Project in Sanliurfa Province / Turkey in 2015-17. In 2017-18 he accomplished (as a Team Leader) the “Assessment of the Readiness for FX Derivatives Market Development in Kyrgyzstan” Project, financed by the European Bank for Reconstruction & Development (EBRD). Dr. Alexander A. Belozertsev has got about 100 publications (articles, books, professional papers, etc.) on the agricultural commodity markets, derivatives, and commodity exchanges including the article “Exchange’ in the Big Russian Encyclopedia (Russian Britannica), Moscow: ‘The Big Russian Encyclopedia’, 2005, (Volume N3, Letter B); “Assessment of the Possibilities for an Agricultural Futures Market in Ukraine”, the World Bank Working Paper, Washington DC & Kiev/Ukraine: December 2005; translated from English into Russian and edited Leo Melamed’s book “Escape to the Futures” (Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996), Moscow: ‘ALPINA Publishers’, 2010; “Commodity Exchanges in Europe & Central Asia: A Means for Management of Price Risk”, FAO UN Investment Center Working paper prepared under the FAO / World Bank Cooperative Programme, Rome/Italy: March 2011; “The Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX) Warehouse Receipt System: A Guide for Borrowers”, World Bank / IFC Advisory Services, Washington DC: 2013; “The ECX Warehouse Receipt System: A Guide for Banks”, World Bank / IFC Advisory Services, Washington DC: 2013; “The Former Soviet Union (FSU) Grain Economy: A Challenge to the Future”, Farmers’ Radio ‘KMA Land’ Annual Publication, Red Oak, Iowa: May 2014; “Some Considerations on the Development of Commodity Exchanges in Russia”, Professional Journal “The Securities Market”, N5, June 2015. Dr. Alexander A. Belozertsev is an individual member of the International Commodity & Derivatives Association (ICDA) based in Geneva / Switzerland. Nancy K. Berlage Phone: (512) 245-4529 Email: [email protected] Dr. Nancy K. Berlage is Assistant Professor for the History Department and Public History Program at Texas State University. Berlage is currently writing on the history of agricultural economic development and rural public health in gendered and cultural contexts. She previously served as Chief Editor and Senior Historian (GS-15) for the Office of the Secretary of Defense in Washington, DC. Prior to that, she was volumes editor for the Defense Acquisition History Project at the U.S. Army Center of Military History; Senior Historian with History Associates; and she ran her own consulting company, which won public history contracts with the National Institutes of Health. Additionally, she served as Assistant Editor of the Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower at Johns Hopkins University. Galen Burghardt Phone: (224) 420-6373 Email: [email protected] CV: Galen Burghardt CV Galen Burghardt is a specialist in finance with a focus on futures markets. He is the lead author of The Treasury Bond Basis, The Eurodollar Futures and Options Handbook, and Managed Futures for Institutional Investors. He was Adjunct Professor of Finance at the Chicago Booth School, where he taught a popular MBA course in futures, swaps, and options from 1991 to 2005. He has been a director of research for several prominent futures commission merchants. He was director of financial research for the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, and an economist with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. He holds a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Washington. Warren L. Coats Phone: (703) 608-2975 Email: [email protected] CV: Warren Coats CV Warren Coats has a BA degree in economics from the University of California, Berkeley and MA and Ph.D degrees in economics from the University of Chicago. After five years as an assistant professor of economics at the University of Virginia, he joined the IMF in 1976. He became chief of the SDR division in the Finance Department in 1983 and was Assistant Director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department (MCM) when he retired in May 2003 to become a Director of the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (2003-10). Dr. Coats was a visiting economist at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in 1979 and was seconded to the World Bank for one year to help write the 1989 World Development Report on Financial Systems. From the SDR division of the Finance Department, Dr. Coats rejoined what is now MCM in the IMF in January 1992 and almost immediately led a technical assistance mission to Bulgaria followed by back-to-back missions to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in April of that year. Thus began an intensive program of developing new central banks and currencies that has lasted beyond his retirement. Dr. Coats has lead more than 70 missions that have produced practical advice and assistance to central banks, often under crisis conditions. These include missions to Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kyrgyz Republic, Malta, Moldova, Nigeria, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Turkey, the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He supervised the establishment of new central banks in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the reestablishment, transformation, and development of the payment and banking systems in Kosovo, and helped Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and later Bosnia and Herzegovina introduce their own currencies. Dr. Coats’ work on banking sector issues in Moldova, Bulgaria, Croatia, Turkey and Yugoslavia has provided him with the practical experience reflected in his several articles on banking sector soundness issues (including several papers on Bank Insolvency Law). He has also written on various monetary theory and policy issues, including electronic money and inflation targeting. He edited a book on Inflation Targeting in Transition Economies published by the IMF and the Czech National Bank and co edited a book on the same subject published by the Czech National Bank in 2003. His most recent book, One Currency for Bosnia: Creating of the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was published in August 2007 by Jameson Press, Ill. After retiring from the IMF, Dr. Coats was Sr. Monetary Policy Advisor to the Central Bank of Iraq in 2004-5, helped South Sudan prepare to issue and manage its own currency when it became independent on July 9, 2011 (with Deloitte/USAID) and was a consulting member of the IMF program team for Afghanistan from Sept 2010 to Dec 2013. He was a Director of the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority from 2003-10 and a member of the Editorial Board of the Cayman Financial Review 2010 – 17. Simon Constable Email: [email protected] CV: Simon Constable CV Prior to becoming a full-time economics journalist/commentator in 2006, Mr. Constable worked in a variety of strategy/advisor roles for major corporations. He started a new business line for consulting firm Hay Group, which independently valued stock options for publicly-traded corporations. He was a director at the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, where he advised senior management on executive pay, and designed compensation plans. He also worked at at General Motors/Delphi where he managed $10 billion of borrowings and derivatives, helped eliminate 25,000 positions across the globe, and analyzed the company’s huge retirement plans. He also worked on Wall Street as a chemicals industry researcher for investment bank Kidder, Peabody. His first book, The WSJ Guide to the 50 Economic Indicators that Really Matter, won an economics category award in the 2012 Small Business Book Awards at Small Business Trends. It has been translated into multiple languages. He authored the Rudolf Wolff mini-guides to the London Metal Exchange, and the Real Money Guide to Investing in Gold. He co-authored, “Make Your Voice Heard: Strategically Positioning HR during Mergers & Acquisitions,” for WorldatWork Journal. Currently, he writes the monthly “In Translation” column for The Wall Street Journal. He also contributes regularly to U.S. News & World Report, OZY, Barron’s, TheStreet, Fortune, and Forbes.com. Mr. Constable received his MBA in 1997 from the Darden Graduate School of Business at the University of Virginia, where he wrote a case study on the problems tied to hedging metal price risk. He also graduated with an MA (hons) in economics from St. Andrews University in Scotland, where he wrote his dissertation on Hong Kong’s monetary system. He holds a Masters in business & economics journalism from NYU, where he wrote a research paper on the hazards of family business. Robert Wayne Garnet Phone: (202) 957-7051 Email: [email protected] Dr. Garnet earned his B.A. (Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1972) and his Ph.D. (History, 1984) at the Johns Hopkins University where he studied American economic and business history under Louis Galambos. His thesis and first book, The Telephone Enterprise, was a study of the early corporate and organizational development of the Bell System and was published by Johns Hopkins Press in 1985. In 1978, Dr. Garnet was employed by AT&T to conduct historical research in support of the company’s anti-trust defense. Dr. Garnet retired from AT&T in 2000 after a career specializing in public policy and regulatory issue in the company’s public and media relations department. Since 2004, Dr. Garnet has been a visiting scholar and fellow of the Institute of Applied Economics, Global Health and the Study of Business Enterprise at Johns Hopkins. Dr. Garnet’s current interest and research focuses on the impact of economic ideas and politics driving the most recent debate and implementation of regulation of the telecommunications industry. John G. Greenwood Phone: +44 (0)7776 330 242 Email: [email protected] CV: John Greenwood CV John Greenwood is Chief Economist of International Monetary Monitor Ltd. A graduate of Edinburgh University, he did economic research at Tokyo University and was a visiting research fellow at the Bank of Japan (1970-74). From 1974 he was Chief Economist with GT Management plc, based initially in Hong Kong and later in San Francisco. As editor of Asian Monetary Monitor he proposed a currency board scheme for stabilizing the Hong Kong dollar in 1983 that is still in operation today. Mr. Greenwood was a director of the Hong Kong Futures Exchange Clearing Corporation (1987-91) and council member the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong (1992-93). An economic adviser to the Hong Kong Government (1992-93), he has been a member of the Committee on Currency Board Operations of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority since 1998. He is also a member of the Shadow Monetary Policy Committee in England. Mr. Greenwood is a member of the Advisory Council of the Institute of International Monetary Research at the University of Buckingham. He is also a director of the Hong Kong Association in London. In 1980 he translated Yoshio Suzuki’s book, “Gendai Nihon Kinyuron” as “Money and Banking in Contemporary Japan” from Japanese. In 2007 he authored a book entitled “Hong Kong’s Link to the US Dollar: Origins and Evolution” (Hong Kong University Press) which covers the collapse of the currency in 1983 and its subsequent restoration to stability under the plan he devised. Brian Gunia Phone: (410) 234-9423 Email: [email protected] CV: Brian Gunia CV Brian Gunia is an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Carey Business School. He holds a Ph.D. in management from Northwestern University. Brian’s research focuses on negotiation, ethical decision-making, and organizational failure. It has been published in several academic journals including the Academy of Management Journal, Journal of Applied Psychology, and Annual Review of Psychology. Brian’s research has also been featured in popular media outlets like The Economist, Wall Street Journal, and Forbes. Brian has received several awards for his research and teaching, and he is the founder of the Carey School’s Business in Government Initiative. Previously, Brian worked as a consultant at Deloitte. Robert Hetzel Phone: (804) 205-8180 Email: [email protected] CV: Robert Hetzel CV Robert Hetzel received an AB degree in 1967 and a Ph.D. in 1975 both from the University of Chicago. While at Chicago, he was in the Money and Banking workshop and did his thesis work under Milton Friedman. Robert joined the Research Department at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in 1975, where as Senior Economist and Research Advisor he served as an adviser to the Bank president on matters concerning his participation in FOMC meetings. He retired January 2018. Robert’s research agenda is the evolution of central banking in the modern regime of fiat money. He regularly writes articles on monetary policy in which he continues the Friedman monetarist tradition. His two recent books, both published by Cambridge University Press, are The Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve: A History (2008) and The Great Recession: Market Failure or Policy Failure? (2012). Manuel Hinds Phone: +34657 206 300 Email: [email protected] CV: manuelhinds.com Manuel Hinds is an economic, monetary, and financial consultant. His experience includes being Minister of Finance of El Salvador (1995-1999), carrying out a series of economic reforms that resulted in high growth rates and positioning the country as one of the two investment-grade countries in Latin America, the other being Chile. In 2000, the President of El Salvador put him in charge of the dollarization of the country, which he had proposed in the previous several years. During his ten years at the World Bank, he worked for extended periods in 40 countries in several positions, including Division Chief, Trade, Finance, and Private Sector Development for Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. He shared the 2010 Hayek Price from the Manhattan Institute. He is the author of many papers published by the World Bank and International Finance and has given conferences at several universities, public sector institutions, and research institutes. He has published four books: The triumph of the flexible society: the connectivity revolution and resistance to Change, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 2003; Playing Monopoly with the Devil: Dollarization and domestic currencies in developing countries. Yale University Press, Fall 2006; Money, Markets and Sovereignty, with Benn Steil, Yale University Press, 2009, winner of the Hayek Prize; and In defense of Liberal Democracy: What We Need to Do to Heal a Divided America, Watertown, MA, Imagine! 2021. He holds an Industrial Engineering degree from the University of El Salvador and a Master’s in Economics from Northwestern University. Jacques de Larosière Email: [email protected] Jacques de Larosière is a Former Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (1978-1987). After beginning his career as a member of the Inspectorate General of Finances, he was Director of the Trésor (1973-1978), Governor of the Banque de France (1987-1993), President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (1993-1998), President of the Observatoire de l’Epargne Européenne and of the think tank EUROFI, is currently Advisor to BNP Paribas’s Chairman. Mr de Larosière is a former student of the ENA and a graduate of the IEP (Institut d’Etudes Politiques of Paris). He is a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques of the Institut de France. Christopher McCoy Email: [email protected] CV: Christopher McCoy CV Christopher McCoy has been involved in natural resources for nearly two decades focusing mainly on energy markets. He started in the risk management group at London Electricity, where he advised on electricity market reform and purchasing strategies. He left to join Glencore, where he looked at electricity market issues related to assets in aluminium and advised on risk management in the oil group. He left and formed Port Meadow Capital, where he has advised other trading houses, utilities, hedge funds, and fund of funds on business development, asset acquisition opportunities, asset optimisation, storage valuation, and systematic and discretionary research. He holds degrees from Johns Hopkins University and Oxford University. Denis McHugh Email: [email protected] Denis McHugh is the Chief Risk Officer for Bank of Montreal’s Global Markets investment bank. He has amassed over 30 years of experience in trading markets across the globe while working for investment banks in Europe and North America. After beginning with Bond Basis arbitrage at Discount Corp of New York Futures, Mr. McHugh traded for ABN Amro bank in the nascent derivative markets in the early 1990s developing products and hedging solutions. This later expanded to emerging markets, where he was assigned as the bank’s representative to the Russian default credit group in 1998, and in Europe, as the single currency was implemented into the financial markets. In the past 11 years, Mr. McHugh has had senior positions in Market Risk management for Commerzbank and now Bank of Montreal’s global trading and treasury operations. He has overseen the implementation of market risk and liquidity platforms used for steering the bank’s risks and defining the risk appetite as well as being compliant with the multiple regulatory regimes wherein the institutions transact. Mr. McHugh has a B.A. in Economics from Washington University in St. Louis. Hesam Motlagh Phone: (216) 577-7425 Email: [email protected] CV: Hesam Motlagh CV Hesam is passionate about translating basic science discoveries into products that have a significant impact on society. His main role is Chief of Staff at Khosla Ventures where he works with Vinod Khosla on strategic projects for the firm and advises portfolio companies on fundraising, product, business development, marketing, and general strategy. Currently, Hesam is an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Structural Biology at Stanford Medicine and a Fellow at The Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise where he is co-editor of the Studies in Applied Finance series. Previously, he worked on financial and corporate strategy at Seer Biosciences and was a Pear Fellow at Pear VC. Before Seer, he was a quantitative research analyst at Croft-Leominster Investment Management in Baltimore, after being a molecular and computational biophysicist for almost a decade. Hesam has many peer-reviewed publications including a review article that was highlighted on the cover of Nature. He completed his MBA at the Stanford Graduate School of Business after completing a postdoctoral fellowship under the supervision of Prof. Steve H. Hanke at Johns Hopkins University. Prior to his postdoctoral work, he obtained his PhD from the program in molecular biophysics at Johns Hopkins University under the supervision of Prof. Vincent Hilser. He obtained undergraduate degrees in both biochemistry and mathematics & statistics from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Andrew Popp Email: [email protected] Andrew Popp is Professor of Business History at the University of Liverpool. He has published widely on a range of topic in British business history, including: industrial districts, business networks; social capital; trust; travelling salespeople; family firms and entrepreneurship. Currently his work is focused on the role of emotions in business life and the integration of the history of emotions into business history. Andrew is Editor-in-Chief at Enterprise and Society: The International Journal of Business History and a former reviews editor at Business History. He is a member advisory board of the Center for the History of Business, Technology and Society at the Hagley Library. He is also currently a Visiting Professor at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. William “Bill” Poole Email: [email protected] William Poole is a Distinguished Senior Scholar at the Mises Institute and Senior Advisor to Merk Investments. Poole retired as President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in March 2008. In that position, which he held from March 1998, he served on the Federal Reserve’s main monetary policy body, the Federal Open Market Committee. During his ten years at the St. Louis Fed, he presented over 150 speeches on a wide variety of economic and finance topics. Working with his Research Director, Robert Rasche, he did pioneering research on the forecasting accuracy of the federal funds futures market. Before joining the St. Louis Fed, Poole was Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University. He served on the Brown faculty from 1974 to 1998 and the faculty of The Johns Hopkins University from 1963 to 1969. Between these two university positions, he was senior economist at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington. He held a Presidential appointment as a member of the Council of Economic Advisers in the first Reagan administration, from 1982 to 1985. Swarthmore College awarded Poole his AB degree in 1959, with High Honors. He received his MBA and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Chicago in 1963 and 1966, respectively. Swarthmore honored him with the Doctor of Laws degree in 1989. He was inducted into The Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars in 2005 and presented with the Adam Smith Award by the National Association for Business Economics in 2006. In 2007, the Global Interdependence Center presented him its Frederick Heldring Award. Poole has engaged in a wide range of professional activities, including publishing numerous papers in professional journals. He has published two books, Money and the Economy: A Monetarist View, in 1978, and Principles of Economics, in 1991. In 1980-81, he was a visiting economist at the Reserve Bank of Australia and in 1991, Bank Mees and Hope Visiting Professor of Economics at Erasmus University in Rotterdam. At various times, he served on advisory boards of the Federal Reserve Banks of Boston and New York, and the Congressional Budget Office. He was a senior fellow, Cato Institute, 2008-17. He is a member of the American Economic Association and the National Association for Business Economics. Poole was born and raised in Wilmington, Delaware. He has four sons. Dr. Poole provides economic and financial consulting services through his firm, Woodsedge Consulting LLC. He may be reached at [email protected]. David Ranson Email: [email protected] Prior to becoming a general partner of H.C. Wainwright & Co. in 1977, Mr. Ranson taught economics at the University of Chicago’s Booth Graduate School of Business. He has been an assistant to then Treasury Secretary William E. Simon, and a member of George P. Shultz’s personal staff at the Office of Management and Budget. Prior to his service in Washington, he was a member of the Boston Consulting Group. In 1989 he became president and director of research at Wainwright Economics, now known as HCWE, an independent investment research firm now located in Cambria, California. David Ranson has addressed audiences and published articles on a wide range of economic and investment topics, and has provided testimony to a number of Congressional committees. His work has appeared in the Wall Street Journal, the New York Times, Barron’s, the Economist, Forbes, and other publications. He holds M.A. and B.Sc. degrees from Queen’s College, Oxford, and an M.B.A. in finance and a Ph.D. in business economics from the University of Chicago. Carl J. Schramm Email: [email protected] Carl J. Schramm is an internationally recognized leader in entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth. He joined the Syracuse University faculty in 2012, following a decade as president of the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. He is the 16th person in the University’s history to be appointed as University Professor. An economist, he served on the faculty of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health from 1973 to 1986. While at Hopkins he founded the nation’s first academic research center to focus on public policy in hospital finance. He was instrumental in designing Maryland’s all-payer reimbursement system and served on the commission that oversaw its implementation. His research helped to rationalize hospital capital markets and to clarify anti-trust policy in the hospital industry. Subsequently, serving five years as president of the Health Insurance Association of America (now America’s Health Insurance Plans), he led the industry’s efforts to provide a private sector solution for the uninsured. Schramm later served as president of Fortis Healthcare and EVP of Fortis (now Assurant), an insurance holding company. In 1995 he founded Greenspring Advisors, a consultancy and business incubator. Schramm was appointed CEO of the Kauffman Foundation in 2002. Under his leadership, Kauffman became the nation’s largest private funder of research related to entrepreneurship, economic growth and innovation. As part of this effort, Kauffman created the first empirical measures of startups in the US economy. With UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown, he initiated Global Entrepreneurship Week, now celebrated in 170 countries. Schramm led Kauffman’s efforts to establish campus-wide entrepreneurship cultures in 17 American universities. The Kauffman Academy, the first charter school in the United States to be operated by a major foundation, was established during his presidency. In 2007, Schramm chaired the Department of Commerce’s Advisory Committee on Measuring Innovation in the 21st Century Economy. In 2011 President Obama appointed him co-chair of the public/private partnership efforts of Startup America. In the academic years 2013 and 2014, Schramm served as the inaugural Arthur and Carlyse Ciocca Visiting Professor of Innovation at the University of California Davis. He served as an elected member of the Government University Industry Research Roundtable (GUIRR) at the National Academies of Sciences, and chairs the Technical Advisory Board of Apple’s Global Programming Academy at the University of Naples. Professor Schramm has served as a trustee of the Templeton World Charities Foundation and the Milbank Memorial Fund. He also serves on the COVID Commission Planning Group. An entrepreneur himself, he founded and co-founded several companies in the health care finance and information technology industries, including HCIA and Patient Choice Healthcare. He serves on the board of Digestiva and Frontier Allies. Professor Schramm’s books include Burn the Business Plan (Simon & Schuster, 2018) translated into nine languages; Better Capitalism, with Robert Litan (Yale, 2012); Inside Real Innovation, with Eugene Fitzgerald and Andreas Wankerl (World Scientific, 2010); Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, with William Baumol and Robert Litan (Yale, 2007) widely used in college courses and translated into ten languages; The Entrepreneurial Imperative (Harper Collins, 2006); and Health Care and Its Costs (American Assembly, 1987). He frequently contributes to the Wall Street Journal, City Journal, The Hill, The Spectator, Real Clear Politics, andthe New York Post. His 2010 article in Foreign Affairs initiated the field of expeditionary economics. Schramm holds a Ph.D. from Wisconsin and a law degree from Georgetown. At Hopkins he held two consecutive NIH career scientist awards and was a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health Policy Fellow at the National Academies of Sciences. He served five years of counsel at Hogan and Hartson (now Hogan Lovells). Professor Schramm holds five honorary doctorates, including a doctor of humane letters from Syracuse University, the University of Rochester’s George Eastman medal, and the National Italian American Foundation’s Leonardo da Vinci Prize. He is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and a Batten fellow at the University of Virginia. Education: J.D., Georgetown University Law Center. Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, Madison. Major: Labor Economics – Industrial Relations M.S., University of Wisconsin, Madison. Major: Economics B.S., LeMoyne College. Major: Economics, Philosophy Matt Sekerke Email: [email protected] Matt Sekerke is President of Ndogenous, a consultancy. Matt consults on macroeconomic and quantitative investment strategies, financial risk management, economic litigation, and the development of forecasting models. His current research interests include macro-finance, money and banking, energy and resource economics, capital theory, and quantitative methods. He is the author of Bayesian Risk Management: A Guide to Model Risk and Sequential Learning in Financial Markets (Wiley Finance, 2015). Matt has also written extensively on monetary policy and monetary economics, often with Co-Director Steve Hanke. Matt holds a PhD in economics from Durham University, an MS in applied mathematics from Columbia University’s Fu Foundation School of Engineering, an MBA in analytic finance and econometrics from the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business, an MA in history from Johns Hopkins University, and a BA in economics and mathematics from Johns Hopkins University. He is also a CFA charterholder, certified Financial Risk Manager (FRM), and a certified Energy Risk Professional (ERP). Leo B. Slater Phone: (202) 766-3599 Email: [email protected] CV: Leo Slater CV A former pharmaceutical research chemist, Leo B. Slater earned a Ph.D. in History at Princeton University in 1997 and has held a number of fellowships and positions including: the DeWitt Stetten, Jr., Memorial Fellowship in the History of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Office of NIH History; Fellow at the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Enterprise of The Johns Hopkins University; and Director of Historical Services at the Chemical Heritage Foundation. In 2009, he published “War and Disease: Biomedical Research on Malaria in the Twentieth Century” (Rutgers University Press). He is currently Historian of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, DC, and is working on a history of NRL since World War II and a history of the development of GPS. Jeffrey L. Sturchio Phone: (212) 365-7517 Email: [email protected] Jeffrey L. Sturchio is President and CEO at Rabin Martin, a global health strategy consulting firm, and former President and CEO of the Global Health Council. Before joining the Council in 2009, Dr. Sturchio was vice president of Corporate Responsibility at Merck & Co. Inc., president of The Merck Company Foundation and chairman of the U. S. Corporate Council on Africa, whose 150 member companies represent some 85 percent of total US private sector investment in Africa. He is chairman of the BroadReach Institute for Training and Education and a member of the boards of the U. S. Pharmacopeia and the Museum of AIDS in Africa. Dr. Sturchio is also currently a visiting scholar at the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health and the Study of Business Enterprise at The Johns Hopkins University; a senior associate of the Global Health Policy Center at the Center for Strategic and International Studies; a principal of the Modernizing Foreign Assistance Network; a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He received an AB in history from Princeton University and a Ph.D. in the history and sociology of science from the University of Pennsylvania. His publications include “Noncommunicable diseases in the developing world: addressing global gaps in policy and research” (edited with L. Galambos, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013). John A. Tatom Phone: (317) 270-4055 Email: [email protected] CV: John Tatom CV John A. Tatom is a fellow at the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health and the Study of Business Enterprise at Johns Hopkins University. From 2005 to March 2014, he was Director of Research at Networks Financial Institute. Earlier he was chief US Economist at UBS Asset Management, Executive Director and head of country research at UBS in Zurich and lead economist for emerging market and developing countries. From 1976 to 1995, he was Assistant Vice President and policy adviser at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. He has taught at several colleges and universities. He holds a Ph.D. from Texas A&M University. Stephen J. K. Walters Email: [email protected] Stephen J.K. Walters is the author of Boom Towns: Restoring the Urban American Dream (Stanford University Press, 2014). He is a Professor Emeritus of Economics at Loyola University Maryland, a fellow of the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise at The Johns Hopkins University, and Chief Economist at the Maryland Public Policy Institute. He formerly served as Economic Advisor to the Baltimore Orioles and Chicago Cubs major league baseball teams. Dr. Walters is an applied microeconomist. His fields of expertise include urban economics, sports economics, government regulation of business, and the economic analysis of law. His many scholarly articles have appeared in The Journal of Law & Economics, Southern Economic Journal, The Cato Journal, Regulation, and Journal of Sports Economics. He is also the author of Enterprise, Government, and the Public (McGraw-Hill, 1993) and editor of Econversations (Pearson, 2013). David Yu Phone: +86 186 0104 7296 Email: [email protected] Professor David Yu, PhD, CFA, FRAeS, Senior ISTAT Certified Aviation Appraiser is a fellow of the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health and the Study of Business Enterprise at Johns Hopkins University. Prof. Yu is a professor of practice in finance at New York University Shanghai and Stern School and is a recognized expert and thought leader in cross border investing, financing, valuation, real assets, and aviation. He is also Chairman of Asia and China Aviation Valuation Advisors (AAVA & CAVA), the only professional aviation valuation and advisory company in China and Asia. He is the only Senior ISTAT Certified Aviation Appraiser in China and N. Asia and one of ~20 globally. He is an experienced entrepreneur, PE investor, lessor, banker advisor, and appraiser. He also acts as a board director or advisor of companies and funds including an airline. Prof. Yu was previously the China Chief Representative, VP Asia (Head of Asia) and Executive Committee member at Libra Group, a large Greek family investment conglomerate. He was based in four continents before running Asia and founding the China business. He writes as a contributing writer or editor and is quoted by many industry publications including Forbes, Nikkei Asian Review, FT, WSJ, NY Times, Airfinance Journal, etc., and a business commentator for other media. His book, titled, “Aircraft Valuation: Airplane Investments As An Asset Class,” was recently published by Palgrave Macmillan and has been featured by Wall Street Journal, among others. Prof. Yu is a CFA Charterholder and Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. He has a B.A. (full honors) and an M.S. from Johns Hopkins University. He also has an M.B.A. from New York University’s Stern School of Business. He has a Ph.D. in Finance from the University of Nottingham Business School and studied at Peking University’s Guanghua School of Management and the National University of Singapore’s School of Business. He is an Editorial Board member for the Journal of Structured Finance and other journals. He is a frequently invited speaker at investment and financing conferences.
4591	dbpedia	3	24	https://uk.news.yahoo.com/business-leaders-elected-royal-society-122550847.html	en	Business leaders elected to Royal Society of Edinburgh fellowship	https://media.zenfs.com/en/business_insider_uk_645/38215d3b722851c46f36a7f4f3b7ee32	https://media.zenfs.com/en/business_insider_uk_645/38215d3b722851c46f36a7f4f3b7ee32	[ "https://uk.news.yahoo.com/_td_api/beacon/info?beaconType=noJSenabled&bucket=news-GB-en-GB-def%2Cseamless&code=pageRender&device=desktop&lang=en-GB&pageName=deeplink&region=GB&rid=4h4c39tjbpkog&site=news&t=1723650832348", "https://s.yimg.com/rz/p/yahoo_news_en-GB_h_p_newsv2.png", "https://s.yimg.com/rz/p/yahoo_news_en-GB_h_w_newsv2.png", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/wMpOhYCgdnr7uxY0kmFItQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTIyNjtoPTYw/https://s.yimg.com/os/creatr-uploaded-images/2024-03/26181140-ead1-11ee-b5f5-bec4e4b6245f", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/sZFh2Yc0UoHJPWET8._aog--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTEyNDI7aD04MjY-/https://media.zenfs.com/en/business_insider_uk_645/38215d3b722851c46f36a7f4f3b7ee32", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/vgprg72JUIx5Tih6hnHTZQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYzOQ--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/business_insider_uk_645/d77c07f53e4b806c66e62845a97e55df", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/vgprg72JUIx5Tih6hnHTZQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYzOQ--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/business_insider_uk_645/d77c07f53e4b806c66e62845a97e55df", "https://s.yimg.com/g/images/spaceball.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif", "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=7241469&c5=1197793442&c7=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.news.yahoo.com%2Fbusiness-leaders-elected-royal-society-122550847.html&c14=-1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Peter A Walker" ]	2024-04-08T12:25:50+00:00	Other new fellows include Armando Iannucci and Sally Magnusson	en	https://s.yimg.com/rz/l/favicon.ico	Yahoo News	https://www.insider.co.uk/news/business-leaders-elected-royal-society-32537564	A range of Scottish business figures have been elected as the latest fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Ana Stewart, a technology entrepreneur, board member of the Scottish Football Association and founder of Pathways Forward - an initiative that helps women forge their way in business - joins the RSE fellowship. She said: “Entrepreneurship is the lifeblood of our economy and we all have a part to play in shaping our society into one that welcomes all of our entrepreneurs through every stage of their journey, regardless of gender or background. “I look forward to working with other Fellows to help shape Scotland’s future in this endeavour.” Gillian Docherty OBE has also joined the fellowship of the RSE. She is recognised as a leader in the field of data technology, and has worked to champion innovation, digital skills and community engagement with technology. She is the chief commercial officer of the University of Strathclyde, the chair of CodeBase and is the president of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce. Professor William Buchanan OBE, of Edinburgh Napier University, is a cyber security expert and computer scientist. Among a range of achievements, he has been the inspiration behind at least four university spin-out companies: Zonefox, Cyacomb, Symphonic and Memcrypt. He commented: “It is such an honour to be acknowledged by an organisation which prides itself on recognising the finest scientific and technological minds in our country. “My love for innovation, research, and, especially, teaching will never leave me - I feel honoured to teach and research the topics that I care deeply about and to live and work in one of the most beautiful, cultured and educated cities on the planet. “Scotland is truly the best place in the world to build the future, and our four amazing cyber security spinouts are a testament to this.” Also elected was Mike Welch OBE, president and chief executive of Treadsy and founder and chair of The Welch Trust. “Becoming a fellow is an incredible honour, and means I am following in the footsteps of two iconic figures to me,“ he explained. “Robert William Thomson, the Scottish inventor who dreamt up and patented the pneumatic tyre in 1847, in the very same street that we have our home in Edinburgh. “And Sir Tom Farmer, one of the world's foremost retailers of tyres, who mentored me and brought me to the great city of Edinburgh at the advent of the internet to build Kwik-Fit online. “Through their example and the privilege of becoming a fellow, I feel humbled and motivated to continue my work as an entrepreneur and philanthropist.” Patrick Macdonald, chair of the Institute of Directors, also joins this year’s cohort. An entrepreneur with a career ranging from the Ministry of Defence to leadership of companies such as John Menzies and Moneypenny, he also founded the School for CEOs. President of the RSE, professor Sir John Ball, said: “It is an immense honour to extend a warm welcome to each of our distinguished new fellows. “Individually, they embody exceptional dedication and accomplishment spanning multiple sectors and disciplines, collectively they demonstrate a profound commitment and determination to make meaningful contributions through their endeavours. “As Scotland’s National Academy, we remain committed to mobilising a diverse array of expertise to confront society's most pressing challenges, and I am certain that our new fellows will prove invaluable assets to the RSE.” As well as achievements in business, new fellows are elected for their individual excellence in a wide range of fields such as physics, chemistry, informatics, literature, law and social sciences. They will be joining the 1,800 current fellows of the RSE. The complete list of new Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh is as follows: Honorary fellows Armando Iannucci Writer and political satirist Professor David Croisdale-Appleby Chair, Healthwatch England Corresponding fellows Professor Alan Reid Professor of mathematics, Rice University Professor Ann Rigney Professor in comparative literature, Utrecht University Professor De-Zhu Li Professor of botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Institute of Botany Professor Donald Dingwell Director, Department for Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Professor John Cioffi Professor emeritus of Engineering, Standford University Professor Miguel Ferrer Baena Research professor, Department of Ethology and Biodiversity Conservation, Spanish National Research Council Fellows Dr Sally Magnusson Founder, Playlist for Life, broadcaster and journalist Dr Michael Welch President of Tirebuyer.com Michael P Clancy Director of law reform, Law Society of Scotland Patrick Macdonald Chair, Institute of Directors Ana Stewart Chair, Pathway Forward Gillian Docherty Chief commercial officer, University of Strathclyde Laura Dunlop President, Mental Health Tribunal for Scotland Leonie Bell Director, V&A Dundee Chris Stark Chief executive, Climate Change Committee Professor Ailsa Hall Former director, Sea Mammal Research Unit Professor Apala Majumdar Professor of applied mathematics, University of Strathclyde Professor David Dockrell Chair of Infection Medicine, director of the Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Professor Donna Heddle Director, Institute for Northern Studies, University of the Highlands and Islands Professor Elham Kashefi Personal chair in Quantum Computing, University of Edinburgh Professor Emma Sutton Professor of English, University of St Andrews Professor Emma Thomson Professor in infectious diseases, University of Glasgow Professor Fiona Leverick Professor of criminal law and criminal justice, University of Glasgow Professor Gabriela Medero Associate principal for business and enterprise, professor in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, Heriot Watt University Professor George Batty Professor of epidemiology and public health, University College London Professor Hamish Simpson Professor of orthopaedics and trauma, consultant orthopaedic surgeon, University of Edinburgh Professor J Ross Fitzgerald Personal chair of molecular bacteriology, University of Edinburgh Professor Jason Gill Professor of cardiometabolic health, University of Glasgow Professor Jason König Professor of classics, University of St Andrews Professor Jonathan Fraser Director of research, mathematics, University of St Andrews Professor Judith Phillips Deputy principal (research), University of Stirling Professor Keith Mathieson Professor of neurophotonics, University of Strathclyde Professor Kirsteen McCue Professor of Scottish literature and song culture, University of Glasgow Professor Kirsty Gunn Professor of creative writing, University of Dundee Professor Lindsay Beevers Chair of environmental engineering and head of Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Professor Lorna Marson Professor of transplant surgery at the Transplant Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Professor Malcolm Macleod Professor of neurology and translational neurosciences, University of Edinburgh Professor Marc Dweck Professor of clinical cardiology, University of Edinburgh Professor Marc Vendrell Chair of translational chemistry and biomedical imaging, University of Edinburgh Professor Neil Carragher Professor of drug discovery, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh Professor Nicole Busby Professor of human rights, equality and justice, University of Glasgow Professor Patrick Meir Personal chair in ecosystem science, school of geosciences, University of Edinburgh Professor Paul Foster Professor in new testament language, literature and theology, University of Edinburgh Professor Paul Mealor Chair in composition, University of Aberdeen Professor Peter Hopkins Professor of social geography, Newcastle University Professor Ross Forgan Professor of supramolecular and materials chemistry, University of Glasgow Professor Sarah Coulthurst Professor of microbial interactions, University of Dundee Professor Sayantan Ghosal Adam Smith chair in political economy, University of Glasgow Professor Sinéad Collins Professor of microbial evolution, University of Edinburgh Professor Sonja Franke-Arnold Professor in atom and quantum optics, University of Glasgow Professor Stephen Brusatte Professor of palaeontology and evolution, University of Edinburgh Professor Tom Guzik Regius chair of physiology and cardiovascular pathobiology, University of Glasgow Professor Vernon Gayle Professor of sociology and social statistics, University of Edinburgh Professor Victoria Martin Professor of collider physics, University of Edinburgh Professor William Buchanan Professor of applied cryptography, Edinburgh Napier University
4591	dbpedia	0	71	https://raggeduniversity.co.uk/2018/09/15/germans-in-england-1860-1920/	en	1920 & Beyond by Anne Hill Fernie	https://i0.wp.com/ragged…=541%2C384&ssl=1	https://i0.wp.com/ragged…=541%2C384&ssl=1	[ "https://raggeduniversity.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/RU_LOGO_RGB_125x125.jpg", "https://i0.wp.com/raggeduniversity.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Temperature-Anomalies.png?fit=225%2C171&ssl=1" ]	[ "https://www.mixcloud.com/widget/iframe/?hide_cover=1&feed=%2Fraggeduniversity%2Fthinkers-or-junkers-germans-in-england-1860-1920-beyond-by-anne-hill-fernie%2F", "//www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/NwsYS0O2iMIinv" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Post" ]	2018-09-15T00:00:00	Education in the Wild	en	https://i0.wp.com/ragged…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	Ragged University	https://raggeduniversity.co.uk/2018/09/15/germans-in-england-1860-1920/	This is a presentation given by Anne Hill Fernie on the history and lives of Germans in England during and beyond the period 1860 to 1920 as part of the German Studies research which she invested her life in This is a talk given by Anne Fernie on the 11th September 2018 at the Castle Hotel. You can find more details by following this link. In this post you can listen to the audio recording of the talk, but also see the powerpoint slides which Anne created and also read the abundant notes which she created on the subject. SLIDE 1-3: GERMAN HISTORY & ITS IMAGE ABROAD The “Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation”, was riven by divisions: the emperor and the leading princes, and between Catholics and Protestants. This created a vacuum & instability at the heart of Europe & attracted the predatory attention of its neighbours. Civil war between the disparate states was always a possibility. German politics was therefore characterised by a sophisticated form of power-sharing through imperial courts and the imperial assembly, the Reichstag. The result was a German political culture preoccupied with precedence, legality, rules and procedure to the point of paralysis (Simms, 2015). In the17th and 18th centuries there were 300 disparate kingdoms in Germany. As early as 1817, there were protests and social unrest as the people fought for a German national state. This was routinely followed by brutal reactions from the rulers. Heavy censorship laws became a determining factor of social & political life in the German states. German rulers, came to rely heavily on their military to keep them in power. In the 18th century, King Frederick the Great (1740-1786) had turned Prussia into a military barracks: the ‘Sparta of Europe’ (Faulkner, 2012). This was the beginning of the so-called ‘German Problem’ that has left a legacy that is still creating problems today. It is rooted in Germany’s geographical location as the ‘cockpit of Europe’ where various powers fought to contest dominance of the region. The German Question in a nutshell was and is how to order the European centre in such a way that it was/is robust enough to master domestic and external challenges without at the same time developing hegemonic tendencies. Under the influence of other national liberal movements (notably in France), the German revolution culminated in 1848 with the declaration of human rights by a national assembly in Frankfurt (Main). It attempted to unify Germany and impose a liberal constitution. It was dissolved by the armies of the German states in the counter-revolution of 1849.At this point the German Confederation is led by Austria, not by Prussia. Austria & Prussia were the two most powerful German states but their rivalry would not allow the popular drive for unification [see slide 2]. The goals of this parliament were to establish a constitutional monarchy, and the biggest issue was not Prussian dominance, but whether or not to include all of the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire in a potential German national state. SLIDE 4: PRUSSIA 50 years before WW1 Prussia began to take a dominant role in German politics. Five-sixths of Prussian state spending was devoted to war. Mass conscription raised an army of 150,000. It was during this time that the Prussian Junkers became an elite officer-caste. They had already been: ‘the black heart of the German counter-revolution which crushed the “Forty-Eighters”’ (Faulkner, 2012). Despite often being relatively poor (Marx dubbed them ‘cabbage-Junkers’), they were defined by their landownership and state service. They were deeply loyal to the absolute monarchy which guaranteed their property, privilege, and power. Otto von Bismarck, became prime minister in 1863, reformed the Prussian military and ensured that German unification became part of the Prussian agenda. Prussia enjoyed good relations with Russia and Italy whereas the relationship with Austria soured. In 1866 things escalated into armed conflict. Prussia won the war. The peace treaty signed with Austria in 1867 abolished the German confederation, and much of northern Germany became the Norddeutscher Bund under Prussian leadership. The confederation changed its name to Deutsches Reich on Dec 19th 1870. It was largely instigated by Bismarck, intent on increasing the Prussian power base. Prussia fought off Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71). The French, at the time, were the premier military power in Europe and had been crushed. A commentator noted: “It seemed like a kind of weird, black miracle at the time.” The country was unified in 1871. The victory completely changed how Germany was viewed abroad and ushered in a recognisably ‘modern’ German nation. This added to Germany’s rapid industrialisation, changed the perception of Germans from politically naïve ‘poets & thinkers’ to that of militaristic, expansionist, ruthless and efficient ~ tropes that endure to this day. HOW GERMANS VIEWED THEMSELVES: POETS AND THINKERS [slide 4] The princes and rulers of Germany’s tiny city states liked to support great minds. The princely state of Weimar became, at the end of the 18th century, a place where great writers of the day were treated as heroes; Schiller and Goethe are forever associated with the city. There are famous universities e.g., Jena, where modern philosophy was forged and independent thinking nurtured. The roots of idealism are here: the idea that through literature, writing, thinking and scientific inquiry, the human race can improve itself and individual human beings can create lives for themselves through ceaseless self-questioning and independent thought. Volk der Dichter und Denker (‘nation of poets & thinkers’) – a now famous designation for the Germans, was first used by Johann Karl August Musäus (1735-1787). In the introduction to his ‘Folk Tales of Germans’ (Volksmärchen der Deutschen, 1782-1786), he asks: ‘where would the enthusiastic nation of our thinkers, poets, dreamers & visionaries be without the happy influence of fantasy?’ He felt that the true creative spirit and national character of Germany could be found in the oral tradition of folk tales, i.e. the mass culture of the people. This makes more sense if one notes that even in the 18thc, Latin was the idiom of intellectual life and French was spoken at court. Dialect German was the language of the lower orders and the middle classes would only speak German to their servants. The Weimar writer Gottfried Herder (1744-1803), believed that it was this lack of a unified language that continued to ‘divide’ Germany. He thought that ‘true’ German unification (i.e. cultural rather than political) could be achieved by language and culture and unlike the disparate states of the time, it was culture that constituted the ‘authentic and original Germany‘. Herder even blamed the dominance of French culture & language for Germany’s poor global reputation. In his work ‘Idea for the 1st patriotic institute for the unified spirit of Germany‘, he posits developing a ‘healed nation‘ through the founding of an academy that would promote ‘purity‘ of the German language. It was writers such as Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781) who, writing for the Hamburg National Theatre (est. 1757), strove to break free from the stranglehold of French cultural influence, staging plays such as Emilia Galotti that portrayed German middle classes as its subjects. Despite initially welcoming the French revolution and its democratic ideals, the 1793 execution of Louis XVI & ensuing terror repulsed many German intellectuals including Schiller. In 1795 he wrote to Herder: ‘I know nothing more healing for the poetic soul than to retreat from the real world. ‘He published ‘The Aesthetic Education of the People’ (1795) stating that man was: ‘not yet ready for such radical democratic change’ & should practice ‘political abstinence‘, retreat from the ‘politically divided world‘ and unify under ‘the banner of truth and beauty.‘ True transformation would arise through culture and education i.e. an aesthetic education to develop the foundations for a truly enlightened nation. In a fragment entitled ‘German Might‘(Deutsche Größe, 1797), Schiller notes: [Germany has] a moral greatness that resides in its culture and the character of the nation that is independent from its political fate…the German lives in a dilapidated house but the German himself is a noble inhabitant and when the political Reich wobbles, the spiritual blooms ever more secure. He even asserted: ‘our language will rule the world’, and the concluding verses of an early 19thc poem by Schiller states: ‘Freedom is only to be found in the realm of dream/and beauty blossoms only in song.’ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), also rejected the ideals of the French Revolution noting re. Press censorship: ‚Nobody but those who wish to abuse it, scream for freedom of the press!‘. Right into the 19th century Germany retreated away from the ‚dirty‘ business of politics and expansionism as seen in France and Britain and into a what was termed ‘stubborn defensiveness‘ (‘trotzige Abwehr‘) into its own cultural exclusivity: ‘We are the nation of Poets and Thinkers‘. It was a yearning for: ein reines Reich der Poesie (a pure/unsullied nation of poetry). Ironically it was a French woman, the exiled (by Napoleon), Germaine de Staël-Holstein (1766-1817) who was responsible for globally disseminating this image of Germany as a highly refined nation of poets and thinkers. Her influential book ‘About Germany‘ was banned in France and was published in London in 1813 (the year of Napoleon’s defeat at Leipzig). In it, she gushes: France cannot have any idea how pervasive education is in Germany!’ and lauds German universities and poets as the: …best in Europe…… the native philosophy has the advantage of a precision tool: German language clamps onto ideas as though with claws that open and shut. Heinrich Heine (1797-1856), exiled to Paris, mocked Madame de Staël, the German Romantic School & those who would seek to‚ reject the French influence, glorify the German middle ages and crowd back into the old spiritual dungeon.‘ He wrote: The patriotism of the French comprises a warming of the heart – a heat that expands and encompasses not just his neighbours but the whole of France, the whole area of civilization with love. The patriotism of the German conversely, comprises a compression of the heart that contracts like leather in the cold – he hates foreigners and no longer wants to be a citizen of the world, only a narrow ‘German‘. Heinrich Heine: “Die Romantische Schule”. It is all the above that cemented the image of Germany as an intellectual elite – a nation of ‚poets and thinkers‘ by the 19th century. Bildung (education) has become central to German identity and a form of moral progress. The most accurate translation of Bildung beyond its narrow meaning of ‘education’ would be ‘self-realisation’. Universities such as Göttingen revolutionised higher education with a new emphasis on original research, resulting in the development of the seminar and the modern PhD. As a result, the founders of the University of London took Berlin as their model. Between 1815 and 1914, around 10,000 Americans studied in Germany, including 19 future college and university presidents. This all reinforced the global image of Germans as introspective, deep and soulful with a rich language but not anchored in or adapted to the real world. In 1888, Friedrich Nietzsche noted that the term ‚German Spirit‘ had since unification (1871) been a ‚contradictio in adjectio‘, i.e. an oxymoron. The Viennese writer Karl Kraus also mocked the ‚Poets and Thinkers‘ designation, famously noting that on the eve of the 20th century, the new Germany, created from ‚Blood and Iron‘, had morphed from ‚Dichter und Denker‘ (poets & thinkers) into Richter und Henker (‘judges and executioners’). The trope of the efficient, ruthless German has its roots largely in this late 19thc Prussian expansionism under Bismarck. The map clearly shows the extent of Prussia territory at its 19th-Century peak, covering much of northern Germany and present-day Poland. A further gulf between the north and south was Prussia’s adoption of Lutheran Protestantism (It was Martin Luther who had imagined a new kind of German Christianity far from the Catholic confines of the Holy Roman Empire). SLIDES 5 & 6: INFLUENCE OF GERMAN ROYAL FAMILY The formal political union between Britain and Hanover from 1714 to 1837, the political and dynastic ties that persisted into Victoria’s reign & the growing influence of German culture and science in 19th-century Europe made for a different and closer relationship between the two countries. When George I, the Elector of Hanover, came to the British throne in 1714, he was followed by large numbers of Hanoverians and Brunswickers. There were travelling musicians; craftsmen such as piano makers, cabinet makers, tailors and furriers; shopkeepers, particularly hairdressers, pork butchers and bakers; sailors, soldiers and even labourers – especially in the sugar refining industry which was largely German-owned, run and manned until the mid-19th century. The crack-down by the rulers of the larger German states on the attempt to set up a democratic German Confederation in 1848 also led to many political refugees – among them Karl Marx – fleeing to London. As Prussia then conquered less powerful regions including Hanover, Schleswig-Holstein, and much of Hesse in the mid-19th century, many of their citizens fled to Britain. SLIDE 7: COMING TO ENGLAND There have been Germans in Britain throughout its history including German soldiers of the Roman army, 5thc Anglo-Saxon settlers & the Hanseatic merchants of the Middle Ages. From the 16thc century, Protestant refugees arrived, fleeing from instability caused by the religious changes caused by the Reformation. By the end of the17thc, a German community had developed, mostly of businessmen from Hamburg, and sugar bakers. Due to numbers and the passage of the religious Toleration Act of 1689, four German churches existed in London by 1700. The 18thc saw 3 key groups of German migration to Britain: merchants, transmigrants (on-route to the USA) and craftsmen intending to settle permanently. The latter included the sugar bakers working in London from the mid-18thc but whose numbers increased during the Napoleonic Wars. Around 5 million people left Germany during the nineteenth century. The German communities which existed in 19thc Britain counted people on every rung of the social ladder from the underclass to the middle classes, reflecting the divisions of the German settlements. Britain was the centre of the Industrial Revolution and the Empire, which meant there was a growing market and demand for skilled workers. But in many cases – especially in the mid-19th century, the principal reason to come here was to escape tyranny. The huge influx of German-speaking immigrants came from all sectors of society including bankers and merchants such as the Rothschilds and Barings; artists – Angelika Kauffmann and Johann Zoffany; musicians like Sir Charles Hallé, founder of Manchester’s Hallé Orchestra, and the numerous German bands that played in British cities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Until 1914, there were few controls over immigration. People could set up in business anywhere they wished and Protestantism, the faith of many of the incoming Germans, was openly accepted in the UK. SLIDES 8-11: LONDON & THE GERMAN SUGARBAKERS [8] The 18thc popularity of beverages led to demand for refined sugar (rather than raw ‘loaf’). By 1800, consumption was 20lb per year per head. Dutch, German & British traders took over the trade as the West Indies’ plantations provided raw materials. Before mid-19thc technical improvements, it was arduous and dangerous work with risks of fire & explosion. The conditions were so bad that even Irish men would not take the work and German labour was the cheapest in the whole East End. Many were drawn to the work as they were trying to earn enough for their passage to North America. The process involved raw sugar passed through chutes from the top floor of the refinery to ‘blow-ups’ below – cast iron tanks with mechanical paddles & steam pipes to heat the water. ‘Liquor’ was filtered through twilled cotton, passed through ‘animal charcoal’ to remove the colour, then boiled & processed. Germans dominated what became the major local trade: Beckman, Dirs, Gotcke, Gramlitch, Lehman, Mackerbath, Neuman, Pretzler, Scheinx, Schuilerman and Wackerworth. The Statistical Society’s report (1848) describes them as a cleanly, orderly, and well conducted body of men, chiefly worshippers at the German chapel in the neighbourhood. By the 1870s, the trade was in decline. ‘THE ST. GEORGE’S SUGAR REFINERS’ P M Martineau, 1901 ‘Sugar refining was the leading industry in St George’s-in-the-East, Whitechapel, London in the mid 19thc. Refineries included those of, Wackerbath, Goodhart, Kuck and Schroder. The largest refinery was in Christian Street and which boasted of the tallest chimney in London. The sugars were made from cane & known as ‘Titler’s’ (i.e., loaf), ‘crushed’, ‘pieces’, and ‘bastard treacle’. The sugar bakers lived in the refineries & at that time were nearly all Germans, chiefly Hanoverians. It was said that Germans stood the heat better than the English…They came to England as lads & saved their money. In due time they went into the ‘Public’ line in our Parish, or returned to Hanover to marry a sweetheart and to farm. The work in a refinery was long hard and hot. The wages were good, & there was unlimited beer. If one walked about our streets then, one often saw at the open door or window half-naked well-fed Germans joking & laughing in the pauses of their work. They mostly ate beefsteak.” By 1901 the East End trade was over, dominated by Henry Tate’s ‘cube’ sugar.’ ‘The Old Sugar Refineries of St. George’s-in-the-East‘. Alexander Gander (1911-1993) ‘My father lived in Denmark Street & his family was the only English one there, the others being German. He told me that the Germans had their meals every day on bare white scrubbed sycamore tables, & at weekends the German bands would come round and play their music. Some of these Germans used to return to their native land – many more were absorbed into the local community. Some opened shops: butchers, barbers, bakers, and publicans & I remember most of them along Cable Street and St. George’s St.: Hagermann’s the toy shop, Schloss the publican & Schmidt the barber. Close by the dock was a large pub in Ship Alley called the “Prussian Flag” kept by old Jack Mueller the antique dealer. He told me that during the 1914 War he put a ladder up to the sign and chipped out the ‘P’ to make it the “Russian Flag”’. [9] “Essay on Sugar’ Robert Niccol – 1864. Niccol’s lengthy report details the early sugar trade but these edited excerpts focus on his vicious attack on the German domination of the trade up until the mid-1840s “They [Germans] are said to have commenced operations in London in 1659, the entire management of English refineries being entrusted into the hands of these foreigners, under whom, in every sense of the term, the British refiner was an absolute slave.” “The Germans who have come to this country from time to time in the capacity of sugar bakers, have never been known to be accompanied from the Hanseatic towns by their wives and families; but invariably married those of the fair sex belonging to this country, many of whom, in the event of their husbands being obliged to return to their own country, were, with their families, left in a state of abject poverty and wretchedness to become a burden upon our parochial and charitable institutions.” “A goodly number of the so-called “sugar bakers” arrived in this country from Germany as street musicians : one played the German flute, another played the organ, while a third exhibited, in a small drum cage, some half-dozen white mice, these animals driving round the cage at a speed little short of that performed by the fly-wheel of a steam engine. These foreigners having, got employment in our refineries – which in general they accomplished with little difficulty through the influence of their countrymen – they soon assumed quite another appearance. It has been frequently remarked by our countrymen that those foreigners come here in the state of half-clad and half-starved peasants, and after remaining but a short time in this country and working in the refineries here, they soon become more like princes.” “The Germans, to speak of them generally, possess many good and amiable qualities: they are for the most part ingenious, industrious and intelligent. But this opinion must be somewhat modified in speaking of that class of them connected with the process of sugar refining in this country, who, with but few exceptions, have proved themselves to be rather illiterate, selfish, and indeed treacherous towards our countrymen.” [10 & 11] German agricultural workers were heavily deployed in the baking trade. An official of the Master Baker’s trade opined that ‘half of the London Masters and operatives are German…they are a very persevering lot of men’. After importing the agricultural labourers, German masters would provide their new employees with food and lodging for two years, then: ‘having picked up a few ideas about the trade they would go elsewhere and get a place for about 18/- a week’, after which: ‘their thrift pushes them on to become masters in a small way and so they progress’. They could work up to 112 hours per week (British Library of Political and Economic Science [BLPES]. Booth Collection, London City Mission Magazine, 2 June 1884, cited Panayi, 2014). SLIDES 12-16: CHURCHES, CLUBS, NEWSPAPERS & SERVICES [12] Up until the 1890s, Germans were the largest foreign community in London. Many came to the capital to find work as hairdressers, sugar-refiners, bakers, and waiters, before settling down with British wives in the East End. [13] Waiters initially came to Britain on a temporary basis, aiming to improve their English so that they could return to Germany & enhance their employment By 1911 male & female waiters made up 10% of all waiting staff in London (the German population overall was 0.25 of the population of England & Wales). Unlike native employees, German staff got no wage and relied entirely on tips. Hours were 12 hours per day in English restaurants to 14 hours in a foreign one. Due to apprenticeships in Germany, they were properly trained thus valued. They had their own union and club in London: the Kellnerverein (Waiters’ Association) ‘Union Ganymed’ (Panayi, 2014). [14] By the end of the 19thc, three German language newspapers were well established: The Londoner Zeitung started 1858, the Londoner General Anzeiger and Die Finanzchronik [15] In 1896, 30% of London hairdressers were foreign. Germans were particularly well represented having a reputation for being ‘industrious, cleanly and sober’. German barbers and hairdressers had 2 clubs of their own: the Harmony Club in Fitzroy Square and the Concordia in Houndsditch (Panayi, 2014). German musicians comprised both working-class and middle-class members. Itinerant street musicians performed throughout the country. Other brass bands performed in the streets & often comprised 12-14 year old youths imported by a master & often exploited. German orchestral players were a significant component of several British orchestras during the Victorian and Edwardian periods e.g. the Halle Orchestra, founded and conducted until his death by Sir Charles Hallé, a German in Manchester [16] Homoeopath and therapist Mathias Roth was born in 1818 in Kaschau (Košice), in the Habsburg Empire, into a Jewish family. Having supported the unsuccessful Hungarian revolt against the Habsburgs he had to flee the country. He arrived in London in October 1849 where, in 1850, he was one of the founding members of the short-lived Hahnemann Hospital at no. 39 Bloomsbury Square which aimed at relieving the poor who suffer from acute diseases by receiving them as in patients (between 1850 and 1852 over 9,000 patients were treated). In 1851 he published The Prevention and Cure of many Chronic Diseases by Movements, a treatise on the philosophical, physiological & medical foundations of Swedish gymnastics which had been pioneered by Pehr Henrik Ling earlier in the 19thc. Roth developed the concept of scientific physical education, advocating the teaching of physiology, hygiene, and educational gymnastics. The Swedish model offered an alternative to those who were put off by the military connotation of the German version of strengthening the muscles. SLIDE 17: GERMANS IN MANCHESTER By the mid-19thc, Manchester’s industrial supremacy and its tradition of non-conformist Liberalism attracted many Germans fleeing the revolutionary chaos of Europe in 1848-9 where the elected German parliament had been crushed by the Prussian military. They were also drawn to ‘Cottonopolis’ Manchester: a centre of cotton production and dyeing technology, and the heart of the industrial revolution. German merchants, musicians, scientists, engineers & industrialists settled in Manchester in the 19thc & helped shape its intellectual, industrial, commercial and cultural life. The textiles industry drew chemical engineers such as Carl Friedrich Beyer and Carl Schorlemmer, or German-trained engineers such as Henry Edward Schunck and Henry Enfield Roscoe, all founding members of Owen’s College, which became the Victoria University of Manchester. The German physicist Arthur Schuster was a key figure in establishing a world-class physics laboratory at the University, in what is now the Rutherford Building. It was the site of the later collaboration between Ernest Rutherford (who split the atom) and Hans Geiger (of the Geiger counter). SLIDE 18: Sir Arthur Schuster (1851 –1934). Franz Arthur Friedrich Schuster. German born physicist known for his work in spectroscopy, electrochemistry, optics, X-radiography & the application of harmonic analysis to physics. Schuster’s Integral is named after him. He contributed to making the University of Manchester a centre for the study of physics. In 1869, his father moved to Manchester where the family textile business was based. Arthur spent a year working for Schuster Bros. but persuaded his father to let him study at Owen’s College studying mathematics under Thomas Barker & physics under Balfour Stewart. Schuster is credited with coining the concept of “antimatter” in two letters to ‘Nature’ magazine in 1898. He hypothesized antiatoms, and whole antimatter solar systems, which would yield energy if the atoms combined with atoms of normal matter. His hypothesis was given a mathematical foundation by the work of Paul Dirac in 1928, which predicted antiparticles and later led to their discovery. SLIDE 19: CARL SCHORLEMMER: The Red Chemist’ Schorlemmer was born 1834 in Darmstadt, studied pharmacy at Darmstadt technical college & chemistry at the University of Giessen. Hired 1859 as assistant to chemistry professor Henry Roscoe at Owens College, Manchester, where he lived for the rest of his life. Schorlemmer was one of the most gifted chemists of his time. In his first decade in Manchester he published more than 24 scientific papers, many ground-breaking studies of hydrocarbon chemistry. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1871, and appointed to England’s first chair in organic chemistry, at Owens College, in 1874. He served as vice-president of the chemical section of the British Academy in the 1880s. After his death, Owens College spent £4800 (more than £1 million today) to build & equip the Schorlemmer Memorial Laboratory, the 1st facility in England devoted to organic chemistry. In 1865, Manchester’s Thatched House Tavern was where young German scientists employed in the chemical industries around Manchester met to discuss science, business, industry, & German politics. This is where Friedrich Engels met Carl Schorlemmer, whom he described to Marx as “one of the best fellows I have got to know for a long time.” SLIDES 20 & 21: FRIEDRICH ENGELS (1820-1895) In 1842, when Engels (b. in Barmen, Germany) was 22, he was sent by his mill-owner father to work for the family’s joint owned Ermen and Engels’ Victoria Mill in Weaste, Salford. It made sewing threads. Engels was already an accomplished horseman, swordsman, swimmer, skater, artist, journalist, composer, philosopher & political radical & had published political articles in Germany, prompting his father to write “I have a son at home who is like a scabby sheep in a flock…” He worked at Victoria Mill in Weaste & in the company’s office in Deansgate (now the House of Fraser site), but at night walked around the city in disguise (provided by his partner Mary Burns, a mill employee), noting the shocking living conditions of working people & in 1844 writing The Condition of the Working Class in England (published 1845 / in English 1892). I once went into Manchester with a bourgeois and spoke to him of the bad, unwholesome method of building, the frightful conditions of the working people’s quarters…The man listened quietly and said when we parted `And yet there is a great deal of money to be made here; good morning sir… Back in Germany, Engels took part in the revolutionary uprising against the Prussian army. After this, in 1848, Engels & Karl Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto urging a worldwide socialist revolution. Pursued by the authorities Engels took refuge in Switzerland before arriving back at the Salford factory in 1850 & stayed for 19 years. He was under surveillance from the secret police & had `official’ & `unofficial homes’ all over Manchester where he lived with Mary under false names to confuse the authorities. He destroyed over 1500 letters between himself and Marx after the latter’s death, so as not to expose their secret life in the N.W. Ermen & Engels Victoria Mill was at the bottom of Weaste Lane. The M602 now runs right through the former site. Its chimney stood until around 1993 when it too was demolished. There is now no evidence of the world’s most famous mill which Engels part owned until 1869. SLIDE 22: MUSIC & WRITERS IN BRADFORD Bradford also attracted Germans to its textile manufacturing industry from the 1830s. Some were merchants operating with German bank funding. The author J.B.Priestley recalled of his home-town Bradford: ‘I can remember when one of the best known clubs in Bradford was the Schillerverein. And in those days a Londoner was a stranger sight than a German. There was then, this strange mixture in pre-war Bradford. A dash of the Rhine or the Oder found its way into our grim runnel –‘t mucky beck’ . Bradford was determinedly Yorkshire and provincial. Yet some of its suburbs reached out as far as Frankfurt and Leipzig. It was odd enough. But it worked.’ (Priestley cited Panayi, 2014, p.20) The composer Frederick Delius, son of an immigrant wool merchant lived there, as did Humbert Wolfe who was one of the most popular British authors of the 1920s. He was also a translator of Heinrich Heine, Edmond Fleg and Eugene Heltai (Heltai Jenő) SLIDE 23: Sir Charles Hallé In the 19th century, the Germans called England Das Land ohne Musik (‘the land of no music’). In the 19thc, Germany had produced Beethoven, Brahms, Wagner & Mendelssohn but it was not until the late 1880s that England produced a composer of note: Hubert Parry who was very influenced by the music of Brahms. By the 1890s England had Elgar, acknowledged as a master but he too was influenced by German composers. The awareness of this fired up a search for a ‘national music’ led by Cecil Sharp and Ralph Vaughan Williams in their collecting of English folk music that influenced the latter’s own compositions. Karl Hallé was born in Hagen, Germany on 11 April, 1819. He left Paris in 1848 after the revolution in the city, settling with his family in London where he changed his name. He came to the North-West after accepting an offer to run Manchester’s Gentleman’s Concerts, which had its own orchestra. Apparently, the orchestra was so bad, he almost gave up the post. Hallé is buried in Salford’s Weaste cemetery. Hans Richter succeeded him at the eponymous Manchester orchestra. SLIDE 24: Influence of German devotional music Although John Wesley made some translations from German in the 18th century, the 19th century was the golden age of German-English hymn translation. Most German hymn translations in the Church of England’s standard hymnal, ‘Hymns Ancient & Modern’, date from this period. ‘We plough the fields and scatter’ is a translation of a German hymn, Wir pflügen und wir streuen, with words taken from a poem by the 18th-century German poet Matthias Claudius. The English translation first appeared in 1861 in a collection entitled A Garland of Songs: or an English Liederkranz compiled by Germanophile clergyman Charles S. Bere. In a preface he the importance of vocal music in German homes and communities & hopes that his English collection will encourage a similar culture amongst the English. The anonymous translator was Jane Campbell (1817-1878). Her contributions include a version of ‘Stille Nacht’ beginning ‘Holy Night, peaceful night’. The most active 19th-century translator and promoter of German hymns in Britain was Catherine Winkworth (1827-1878) whose Lyra Germanica (1855) held over 100 hymns. She was also a social reformer and a pioneering advocate of women’s higher education. Winkworth moved in intellectual Christian circles where contemporary German theology was much admired. Winkworth followed up the success of her first series of translations with a second series and a study of German devotional lyrics, Christian Singers of Germany (Reed, 2004) SLIDES 25 – 27: GERMAN GYMNASTICS COME TO ENGLAND: ERNST RAVENSTEIN [25] The popularity of gymnastics also has its roots in Germany. In Germany, the sport was popularised by Friedrich Jahn – the ‘father of gymnastics’ who coined the phrase: ‘Brisk, devout, merry & free’. Jahn felt that Germany had been humiliated by Napoleon & believed the practice of gymnastics would restore physical strength & pride of fellow Germans. He opened the 1st open-air gym in Berlin (1811). In 1816 he published Deutsche Turnkunst with exercises & apparatus recognisable today. Jahn was an advocate of a unified, constitutional German state & young gymnasts were taught to regard themselves as members of a guild for the emancipation of their fatherland. The Turnverein (gymnastics association) movement spread rapidly but Jahn’s views were suspiciously liberal to the Prussian establishment of his time, and he was imprisoned as a subversive. Gymnastics, tainted by association, was officially banned in Prussia for two decades. The ban was never fully enforced, but it led many of Jahn’s supporters and fellow-gymnasts to emigrate. The Napoleonic Wars did not affect the British populace in the same way as Germany where compulsory military service was being considered so this awareness of militarism did not exist & the English were developing a more civil and individualised culture – this was the Regency period of Beau Brummel and the Dandies. The German middle classes had taken up the ‘English’ sports of football, horse racing, athletics, tennis and hockey from the 1850s onwards. However, these drew funding away from the indigenous sport of non-competitive Turnen (‘apparatus gymnastics’). Turnen bodies started a bitter cultural war against the imported sports, they objected to the competitive element. Conversely the British found something distasteful about ‘artificially’ developing the body & that robust physicality was something that was inherited not developed. In Germany gymnastics represented common cultural values and a demonstration of national strength. In contrast, England had long had a nation state. Schools such as Charterhouse, Wellington & Winchester adapted it from the 1860s but it had to compete against the much more popular team sports. Matthew Arnold the Victorian educationalist noted that Prussian boys, drilled in gymnastics did not ‘look as fresh, happy and healthy’ as English boys from the top English public schools. In Germany, quasi-military mass marching onto the field was highly popular amongst gymnasts, in England this took the form of ‘recreational drill’ accompanied by music. The 1876 & 1880 compulsory education act introduced gymnastics into schools for ordinary people. They became compulsory in state schools only in the 1890s. These schools did not have the facilities for equipment so ‘Swedish’ gymnastics (which required no apparatus) was taken up instead. Football appeared as an alternative for boys in the late 19thc.The English Schools Football Association was founded in 1904 sounding the death knell for German gymnastics. [26] The first gymnastics club in Britain was established by Jahn’s protégé Ernst G. Ravenstein in 1861. He moved to London in 1852 and as well as opening the first custom-built gymnasium, was employed as a cartographer at the Ministry of War. He retired in 1872, declining the position of chief cartographer at the Royal Geographical Society because he was refused permission to smoke on the premises. He was obsessed with trying to estimate the planet’s population and predicted that the world would reach saturation point and run out of resources in the year 2072. He also sat on the councils of the Royal Statistical Society and the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He briefly taught as Professor of Geology at London’s Bedford College (1884/5). His work on migration influenced geographers, demographers and sociologists. In 1902, Ravenstein was the first scientist to receive the Victoria gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society. [27] In 1865 Ravenstein’s gym club moved into a purpose-built ‘German Gymnasium’ between King’s Cross and St Pancras stations which still survives. It was designed by Edward Gruning and funded by the German community in London to promote the integration of German culture abroad. In its first year the Gymnasium attracted 900 members, of whom 500 were German, 203 English, 67 Scottish and the rest spread across different nationalities. On 7 November 1865 the Liverpool Mercury reported the formation of the National Olympian Association (NOA). Its inaugural meeting was held at the Liverpool Gymnasium in Myrtle Street. This meeting was the forerunner of the modern British Olympic Association. In 1866, the newly built German Gymnasium was one of three venues in London to host the first ever national Olympian Games held during the modern era. The NOA lasted until 1883 and its Olympian Games ‘were open to all comers’. Ravenstein loved boxing so the gym also became a hive of bare knuckle Victorian boxing. It was also was home to some long forgotten sports such as Indian club swinging and broadsword practice. The gym was also known for its forward-thinking and liberal approach, women were just as welcome to train as men. SLIDE 28 – 30: HEALTH & WELLBEING: EUGEN SANDOW [28] The latter part of the nineteenth century was fixated on the degeneration of individuals – physically due to industrial poverty but also psychologically i.e. ‘bad nerves’ the plight of the modern age. As a curative for so-called ‘neurasthenia’ or ‘Americanitis’, doctors prescribed fresh air & physical exercise. Organised sports, swimming, weight-lifting, or horse riding, were promoted. Muscular activities were supposed to sharpen aggression and increase competitiveness. Many observers believed that the Church contributed to man’s meekness. They called for a more robust religiosity. The phrase ‘muscular Christianity’ appeared in the late 1850s in connection with Charles Kingsley’s fiction. The underlying idea was that the image of Christ communicated by the (Anglican) Church was too effeminate, passive and unheroic. The age of nervousness needed a leader figure of power & strength who would turn the feeble into supermen of masculinity. Nietzsche introduced his Übermensch, and Marxists created their own myths of the ‘heroic’ working man. [29] Friedrich Müller (b.1867 in Königsberg, East Prussia), adopted the name Eugen Sandow. He became the ‘blonde god’ of 19thc manhood, the ‘father of modern bodybuilding’, & the creator of the London Institute of Physical Culture (1897), a gymnasium for bodybuilders. He held the first bodybuilding contest at the Royal Albert Hall in September 1901 (Arthur Conan Doyle acted as one of the judges). Sandow helped to develop the ‘Grecian ideal’ as a formula for the perfect male physique. In 1919 Ray Lankester, Director of the Natural History Department of the British Museum, mounted an exhibit displaying examples of all the races of the world & Sandow represented the Caucasian race. A complete cast exemplifying the ideal type of European manhood, was made by the London based Italian firm of Brucciani & Co. and put on a pedestal. An era obsessed with the notion of degeneration projected his body as an antidote for neurasthenia. In 1911, Sandow was appointed Professor of Scientific and Physical Culture to George V. He published his book Life is Movement (1919), addressing the physical reconstruction and regeneration of the people. SLIDES 30-33: LITERATURE/CHILDREN’S BOOKS [30] There was a strong German influence on English gothic fiction. This came partly via the works of the Sturm und Drang (‘storm & stress’ Romantic writing) movement and partly from the translations of the popular Schauerromane (‘shudder novels’), themselves often influenced by British gothic models. This German influence was not always welcomed. In 1807 the writer Charles Maturin wrote of literary ‘horrors’ reaching British shores on a ‘plague-ship of German letters’. In 1805 ‘The Critical Review’ had described Matthew Lewis’s The Bravo of Venice as a ‘Germanico-terrific Romance’. The Bravo was an adaptation of a real German work, Heinrich Zschokke’s Abällino. ‘Writers of the German school’ and their constant desire to shock are criticized. ‘Gothic’ was still a synonym for ‘Germanic’ or Teutonic’ & was another factor in the identification of Germany with things gothic, as was the Germans’ continued use of ‘gothic’ type. [31] Walter Scott introduced Britain’s ‘German’ monarchs (George IV) to Scotland. He was also an important mediator of German culture in Britain. In his early 20s, Scott became ‘German mad’ – fascinated with German literature. His 1st published work was a translation of two ballads by Gottfried August Buerger in 1796. In 1797 he produced the 1st English translation of Goethe’s Götz von Berlichingen. Scott was influenced by German writers who were rediscovering and recording national folklore and mediaeval literature & he corresponded with Jacob Grimm. He also encouraged Robert Pearse Gillies, another Scottish enthusiast for German literature, to found the Foreign Quarterly Review, a journal devoted to continental literature. Through its pages Gillies introduced Kleist, to British audiences. The Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle also championed German literature & began a correspondence with Goethe after translating Wilhelm Meister’s Lehrjahre. The critic R.D. Ashton states, he ‘became convinced that he alone knew anything about German literature … and that it was his duty to teach it’, and he continued in this mission for all his writing life (Reed, 2014d). [32 & 33] In 1844 the German doctor and writer Heinrich Hoffmann decided to create a children’s book, telling the stories of children who meet brutal fates as a result of their bad/foolish behaviour. Harriet (Paulinchen in German) who plays with matches is burnt to death, and Conrad/Konrad, whose punishment for thumb-sucking is to have both thumbs cut off by a tailor with giant scissors (‘the great, long, red-legg’d scissor-man’ in the English version). The stories are written in rhyme with cartoonish illustrations, like a forerunner of the modern comic. Der Struwwelpeter (1845) was an instant success. The 1848 English translation became a bestseller. On the outbreak of war in 1914 both German and British writers used Hoffmann’s book as a basis for satire. The German Kriegs-Struwwelpeter replaces the naughty children with representatives of the various anti-German allies, while the poems in E.V.Lucas’s Swollen-Headed William all describe the misdeeds of Kaiser Wilhelm II. Later in 1933, Humbert Wolfe published his version lampooning the emergent National Socialist regime. Although still available in Germany it is out of print in England – the stories considered too ‘traumatising’ for young children these days. Struwwelpeter is often described as a sadistic and authoritarian attempt to frighten children into obedience and make them conform to a rigid social code. The truth is the complete opposite. Hoffmann wrote it as a reaction against books which he thought were overly moralistic or blandly accepting of social norms. Even in the most ‘horrific’ tales, the exaggeration of the children’s fates, both in the stories and illustrations, was intended for comic rather than frightening effect. SLIDE 34: INVASION PARANOIA: ‘The Battle of Dorking’ 1871 Britain in the early 19thc, had viewed Germany as a ‘backward’ country. By 1871 Prussia had won the Franco-Prussian war, Germany was a unified country & the premier military power in Europe. Fear grew that Germany might even invade Britain. Negative comments started to emerge in the press in the 1870s and the concept of the ‘invasion novel’ was born. In 1871 Lieutenant-Colonel George Tomkyns Chesney anonymously published his story ‘The Battle of Dorking’ in Blackwood’s Magazine. Chesney believed that Great Britain was unprepared for an armed invasion from Germany, especially after its victory in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. The story is told from 50 years in the future when a soldier tells the story to his grandson. Using ‘fatal engines’, the German navy destroys the British fleet. Soldiers land in Harwich. They march upon London; the final battle is at Dorking in the Surrey Hills. The British army is defeated. Germany takes control of Britain, The Empire is disbanded. The story caused a sensation. The British were shocked out of their complacency regarding their military superiority. The government had to reassure the public that plans to review the army were in hand. The story was published in a separate booklet and sold in tens of thousands throughout Europe. Sequels included What Happened after the Battle of Dorking (1871), The Siege of London (1871), The Invasion of England (1882) and The Battle off Worthing: why the Invaders never got to Dorking (1887). SLIDE 35: 1880s – POVERTY & CRIME There had been an overall economic downturn in the 1880s which no doubt played its part in increasing xenophobia. This coincided with the highest recorded peak of German poor in London. The Select Committee on Emigration and Immigration were concerned specifically about the number of poor Germans entering the country assessing how much was being spent by the Society of Friends of Foreigners in Distress & the German Society of Benevolence. The German sector of St Pancras was poverty stricken with high incidences of prostitution & overcrowding. The royal commission on alien immigration heard from a barrister that German burglars were importing sophisticated tools to ply their trade and that German waiters were using false references using their trade as a cover to steal from inhabitants of lodging houses. ‘An astonishing number of swindlers and impostors exist among the Germans of London’ (Katscher cited Panaji, 2000). An 1860s’ report re. German Catholics in London claimed that people who had committed crimes in Germany continued this once they arrived in London. Sponza (1887 cited Panaji, 2000), identified the main criminal activities of Germans in London as: larceny, receiving of stolen goods, housebreaking, forgery & crimes against the person. Germans became involved in prostitution either as pimps and brothel keepers or as prostitutes. Women became involved in this trade either by answering bogus advertisements in German newspapers, which offered them respectable employment, or by being enticed upon their arrival in London, where the major area of their activities consisted of Leicester Square. SLIDE 36: ‘MADE IN GERMANY’ 1887 After Expo 1876 in Philadelphia, German products had been condemned as being: “cheap and of low quality” by experts there. This prompted a huge effort on behalf of Germany to improve their manufacturing reputation. Due to low wages & advantageous manufacturing conditions, it was very successful to the extent that exports rose and Britain started to feel threatened. The “Made in Germany” label is not a German invention. It came about as part of the British Merchandise Marks Act (1887). This ensured that all foreign products that could threaten the success of British merchandise were branded with a label encouraging the UK to Buy British. It was particularly aimed at German products affecting cutlery, scissors & knives from Solingen which threatened the Sheffield production & machinery from Saxony. It was hoped that German mechanical engineering – already superior to the British – would become stigmatized by being given a negative label. The plan backfired. As the years progressed, the label “Made in Germany” ultimately developed into a sign of quality. SLIDE 37: THE ‘TELEGRAPH AFFAIR’ 1908 On 28 October 1908, The Telegraph published an interview with Kaiser Wilhelm who stated: ‘You English are mad, mad, mad as March hares. What has come over you that you are so completely given over to suspicions quite unworthy of a great nation?’ Wilhelm had originally wanted to promote his views on Anglo-German friendship, but became so over-emotional that the interview alienated the British, French, Russians, and Japanese. Wilhelm implied that Germans cared nothing for the British; that the French and Russians had attempted to incite Germany to intervene in the 2nd Boer War & that the German naval build-up was targeted against the Japanese, not Britain. The Daily Telegraph crisis affected Wilhelm’s self-confidence & mental health. He suffered a severe bout of depression from which he never fully recovered. He later exacted his revenge by forcing the resignation of the chancellor, Prince Bülow, who had abandoned the Emperor to public scorn by not having the transcript edited before its German publication. With shades of the current controversy surrounding President Trump, Bulow recalled in his memoirs that: A dark foreboding ran through many Germans that such…stupid, even puerile speech and action on the part of the Supreme Head of State could lead to only one thing – catastrophe. The British leadership had already decided that Wilhelm was somewhat mentally disturbed, and saw this as further evidence of his unstable personality, as opposed to an indication of official German hostility. SLIDES 38 & 39: DIE DEUTSCHE KOLONIE IN LONDON BOOK, 1913. The book was published one year before the outset of WW1 to mark Kaiser Wilhelm II’s silver jubilee, with an appeal for contributions towards a commemorative ‘Imperial Jubilee Fund’ to support Germans and German institutions in Britain. There is a history of German settlement in Britain & an overview of the German community & institutions in London and beyond, demonstrating the strength and vitality of this community shortly before the First World War. Some 15 German churches and congregations in London are described, as well as 12 in other cities including Edinburgh, Bradford, Liverpool and Newcastle. Richard Pflaum in his introduction praises Kaiser Wilhelm for having gained international recognition for Germany by peaceful means but notes: For the Germans in England a German war could have led to the most incalculable consequences, because such a war would surely have developed into a world war, in which the people among whom we live, and whose hospitality we have enjoyed for centuries, would have been forced on to the side of Germany’s opponents. The book is indicative of how quickly the relationship with Germany ‘turned bad’. Even in 1913, the authors seem unaware of the rise in British anti-German sentiment at both popular and political levels, even suggesting that Wilhelm II is admired by the English. SLIDES 40-43: OUTBREAK OF WAR 1914 [41] At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, around 53,000 Germans resided in the UK, making up the third largest minority group after the Irish and Jewish. Some had established their own businesses, as barbers, bakers or restaurateurs (Soho’s Charlotte Street, was nicknamed Charlottenstrasse because of the number of German restaurants and bakeries); others worked as governesses or waiters. Many had married British citizens, and some had sons serving in the British armed forces. When war was declared, many returned home. One source records that this was possible as late as January 1915 travelling via neutral Holland. ‘Enemy aliens’ had to register with the police, and their movements were restricted, but they continued to work and socialise as they had before. [42] Within a few days of war being declared the War Office wrote to King George V asking him to remove the Kaiser (his 1st cousin), from his honorary command of the Dragoon Guards & his position as a British admiral. The British naval career of First Sea Lord of Prince Louis of Battenburg, a German prince who had married a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, was also terminated. He was born in Austria but had become a naturalised British citizen aged 14 & had served in the British Navy since 1868. He anglicised his family name to Mountbatten. The Royal Family changed theirs from Saxe-Coburg/Gotha to Windsor in 1917. In Coventry, the German-born lord mayor Siegfried Bettman was forced to resign even though he was a naturalised British citizen and chairman & founder of the city’s Triumph Motorcycles. a Justice of the Peace, a Freemason, & a member of the Liberal Party. Under new laws, the 60,000-strong German community in Britain had to ask for permission to travel more than five miles and were forbidden from living in “restricted areas”, largely by the coast. The ‘Trading with the Enemy Act’ was then passed in September 1914, and hit many German-run businesses. SLIDES 44 & 45: SPY FEVER Hostility to ‘aliens’/foreigners increases. They were accused of being unclean, dishonest & taking jobs/undercutting wages. The ‘British Brothers League’ was founded in London’s East End in 1901 to oppose mainly Jews from Eastern Europe. Fear of so-called ‘pauper aliens’ had led to the 1905 Aliens Act. Anglo-German diplomatic rivalry of the Edwardian years led to paranoia that all Germans were working for the Kaiser in preparation for a German invasion. This suspicion attracted the name ‘Spy Fever’. A contemporary newspaper reported: [45] At Newcastle yesterday morning: Frederick Sukowski (26) was charged with being a suspected person under the Official Secrets Act and was remanded. It was stated that he had been found in the neighbourhood of the principal Tyne shipyards and had in his possession two measuring gauges, foot rules, and map of Great Britain, giving railroad and other measurements. He was conveyed to the police barracks, where he said he was an Englishman & an undergraduate of Oxford. He had in his possession many valuable sketches, & his replies not being considered satisfactory he was kept in custody, & will be brought before the Petty Sessions. Another noted: ‘A German was arrested on the Cotton Powder Company’s works at Faversham, and taken to the police station. The police refuse all information about him.’ In his autobiography A Sort of Life (1972), the writer Graham Greene notes: There were dramatic incidents even in Beckhamstead. A German master was denounced to my father as a spy because he had been seen under the railway bridge without a hat, a dachshund was stoned in the High Street, and once my uncle Eppy was summoned at night to the police station and asked to lend his motor car to help block the Great North Road down which a German armoured car was said to be advancing towards London.’ SLIDES 46 & 47: GOVERNESSES AS SPIES [46] Princess Victoria’s German governess Baroness Lehzen had led to an influx of German governesses & teachers into England to teach in schools or private homes. A Verein deutscher Lehrerinnen in England was founded in 1876 to offer advice & assistance. By the beginning of the 20th century it was common & fashionable for upper-class families to employ a ‘Fräulein’ to help educate their daughters, despite rising anti-German sentiment. They fell under particular suspicion re. spying on outbreak of war. In 1916, the Prime Minister of New Zealand specifically mentioned governesses, alongside waiters and clerks, as Germans employed in Britain who had used their position to collect information which was ‘promptly conveyed to Berlin.’ Even the British Prime Minister was suspected of harbouring a spy in the form of his children’s long-serving governess Anna Heinsius. [47] A popular example of the ‘governess as spy’ theme was the play The Man who stayed at Home (1914). Set in a seaside hotel, the languid & flippant British secret agent hero is a spy-catcher. ‘Fräulein Schroeder’ is: ‘a tall, angular and unattractive spinster with a dictatorial manner and entirely unsympathetic soul.’ Schroeder is in cahoots with the hotel’s owner, ‘Mrs Sanderson’ (German widow of an Englishman), her ‘son’ Carl (actually ‘Herr von Mantel, son of General von Mantel, and paid spy of the German Government’) and the waiter ‘Fritz’ (who, despite a thick stage-German accent, manages to convince everyone that he is Dutch). All of them are spies in the service of their ‘Imperial Master’ in Berlin. The play had a long run in London, was filmed twice (1915 and 1919) & adapted as a novel (1915). SLIDES 48 & 49: ANTI-GERMAN CARTOONS By 1915, satirists and cartoonists including boy’s comics served to reinforce the image of the German as bumptious, officious and treacherous. Children’s comic The Magnet blazed on its cover: ‘Boys Friend is running a gigantic anti-German league for British boys & girls. Enlist to-day & crush Germany!’ SLIDES 50 & 51: SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA, 1915 [50] In April 1915, The Imperial German Embassy placed a warning appeared in the New York Times under an advert for the Cunard liner RMS Lusitania’s (sister ship to the Titanic) voyage to Liverpool. It declared that a state of war existed between Germany & her allies, and Great Britain & her allies. Any ships sailing in the waters adjacent to the British Isles were therefore, ‘liable to destruction in those waters’ and that passengers were travelling ‘at their own risk’. In February the German navy had declared that there was to be a U-boat blockade around Great Britain and Ireland and that any allied vessel would be sunk without warning. Lusitania left New York at noon on 1st May 1915 on route to Liverpool. Mr. Charles Sumner, the general manager of the Cunard Company commented: The truth is, that the Lusitania is the safest boat on the sea. She is too fast for any submarine. No German war vessel can get her. [51] On 7th May 1915, a German U-boat U-20, commanded by Kapitänleutnant Walther Schwieger, was patrolling off the southern coast of Ireland when it spotted the Lusitania. At 14:10 it fired a single torpedo which hit starboard, directly behind the bridge. 1,198 of the 1,959 people aboard died. It was a key moment in WW1 & in the turning point in Anglo-German relations. In the same week, a Zeppelin raid struck Southend & Germany’s first use of poison gas was reported from the Western Front trenches. London was gripped by fear. An article in The Times on 13th May, 1915, referred to ‘the coming German aerial attack’ on London, ‘not an empty threat, but may soon be an extremely vivid reality.’ SLIDES 52 & 53: RIOTS, LIVERPOOL, 1915 [52] Liverpool was a cosmopolitan city with many Germans running pork butchers’ businesses. A number of the Lusitania crew were Liverpudlians & as news of the sinking spread, an anti-German backlash began. Feelings were already high following reports of the use of gas on Allied troops and violence broke out in Liverpool with shops having their windows broken and contents ransacked. Violence continued to grow across the city and on the 10th May 2015, the Liverpool Echo reported: ‘Many of the shops on all parts of the city have been more or less wrecked. It was stated in official quarters that over 50 shops, mostly in the pork trade, have been attacked.’ [53] Over the following days riots spread across the country, including Manchester, London and further afield to Johannesburg. The Liverpool Echo reported: A large pork shop at the corner of Smithdown Road and Arundel Avenue had been absolutely wrecked, all the windows had been smashed and the stock commandeered or thrown into the street. Women hurled strings of sausages at one another and one woman from a neighbouring street went down on her knees and scrubbed the pavement with a joint of pork. Other women went home with their aprons full of pork and bacon. After sacking the shops, the invaders went into the living room upstairs and spread destruction …….200 businesses were destroyed. SLIDES 54 & 55: RIOTS – MANCHESTER, SALFORD, SHEFFIELD, 1915 [54] In Ancoats the windows of every house in one street were smashed…just because it was called ‘Germany St.’…it changed its name to Radium St… [55] It had become clear that the crowd were not particularly concerned to attack only German businesses, & were more interested in clearing pork butchers of their stock: “One man coolly attempted to march past a police inspector with a flitch of bacon over his shoulder & when asked where he was taking it he laconically remarked, “Home.” He was advised to deposit his flitch at the Attercliffe Police Station, and this he did, leaving also his name and address. Yorkshire Telegraph & Star, 14 May 1915 Another group of women, “who had possessed themselves of bunches of black pudding & polony, politely requested a Press photographer to take a snapshot of them, which he obligingly did.” SLIDES 56 – 60: ANTI-GERMAN RIOTS LONDON, 1915 [56] ‘Germanophobia‘ spread throughout the country. The Guardian reported on 13th May 1915: Although starting later, London managed to compress into the space of twenty-four hours so much destruction and violence as were spread over four or five days in Lancashire. Indeed, as far as personal violence is concerned, yesterday’s outbreak in London was vastly more serious than anything that has occurred in the North. Some Germans were pursued into their homes by the mob and pitched through the windows into the street, others were ducked in troughs, and others had their clothing stripped off their backs. The police, assisted by special constables, and in some cases by Territorials, did what they could to protect the fleeing aliens, but they were able to do very little owing to the size and ferocity of the crowds. In London, of the 21 Metropolitan police districts, only two were free from riots. The author DH Lawrence (married to a German) stated: “When I read of the Lusitania … I am mad with rage myself. I would like to kill a million Germans – two million.” The Guardian 13th May 1915 reported: The rioting was naturally worse near the docks, for in many of the little streets thereabouts every second butcher’s or baker’s shop is German. The ransacking of one shop in a street near the Custom-house was typical. To begin with a crowd of boys invaded the shop – a baker’s and pastry cook’s – and simply fell upon all the eatables within reach. The German occupants at once ran away. Terrified Germans who were found hiding under beds, were thrown out into the street, beds and all. A German piano was set up in the street and British patriotic songs were played upon it. SLIDES 61 – 63: OFFICIAL CALLS FOR INTERNMENT [61] The Guardian reported on 13th May 2015 The Chief Constable of Manchester, Mr R. Peacock, issued orders yesterday for the arrest of all German shopkeepers in the city. About 100 of them were taken in charge during the day. The order, of course, applied only to those Germans who have not been naturalised; to deal with naturalised citizens, special legislation would be necessary. It went almost without saying that some drastic action would have to be taken in regard to German people in Manchester. The riotous conduct of crowds in different parts of the city on Monday night and Tuesday made it evident that in the interests of the Germans themselves something must promptly be done. The periodical John Bull, owned and edited by Horatio Bottomley (a disgraced former MP who would later serve time for fraud), launched a vendetta: ‘I call for a vendetta against every German in Britain, whether “naturalised” or not … you cannot naturalise an unnatural beast, a human abortion, a hellish freak. But you can exterminate it. And now the time has come.’ Some Germans (like the Royal Family) had already changed their names. The artist, Georg Kennerknecht, had become George Kenner, but Bottomley sent his reporters out to scour the deed poll records, publishing lists of “assumed” and “real” names. [62] On the 12th May 1915, Prime Minister Asquith said: No one can be surprised that the progressive violation by the enemy of the usages of civilised warfare and the rules of humanity, culminating for the moment in the sinking of the ‘Lusitania’ has aroused a feeling of righteous indignation in all classes in this country to which it would be difficult to find a parallel. One result, unhappily, is that innocent and unoffending persons are in danger of being made to pay the penalty of the crimes of others. On the 13th May 1915, the P.M. announced: Dealing first with the non-naturalised aliens, there are at this moment 19,000 interned and there are some 40,000 (24,000 men and 16,000 women) at large. We propose that in existing circumstances, prima facie, all adult males of this class should, for their own safety, and that of the community, be segregated and interned, or, if over military age, repatriated. 150 internment camps were established in the UK, including 18 in London. SLIDES 64-67: INTERNMENT CAMPS: HANDFORTH [64] Handforth camp, near Wilmslow, Cheshire interned ‘aliens’ from the Manchester/Liverpool area in an empty 1861 calico printers. In 1914 it had been the barracks for 2,000 men of the 3rd & 4th Battalions of the Manchester Regiment. Upon outbreak of hostilities he War Office decided it should be used as a “Concentration Prison” for enemy aliens. The first 500 German prisoners, initially civilians, arrived in Handforth early in November 1914. By the end of November, there were over 1,500, including 573 Germans from the German colony in East Africa. By April 1915, there were over 2,000 prisoners including the crew of the battleship SMS Blücher. This resulted in Handforth district having more German than British inhabitants. Prisoners helped on local farms & collected mail from the post office (under guard). When German soldiers captured from the front line started to arrive, crowds gathered at the railway station. The Manchester Evening News reported on 17th March 1915: Great excitement prevailed at Handforth & Wilmslow today when it became generally known that about 600 German prisoners taken during heavy fighting in the North of France were expected to arrive for internment at the concentration camp. [65] By 1916 there were 2,713 prisoners at Handforth, all Germans. 2,399 military prisoners, 313 naval prisoners, and one civilian. Prisoners were paid to make shoes, tailor, carpenter & garden. The library had 3,000 books. 30 teachers held classes. Patriotic celebrations including Kaiser, Bavaria, Christmas, New Year & Saxony days were allowed. The management of Handforth was by an interned German Feldwebel-Leutnant, who was a member of all the committees. [66] Escape attempts were a frequent, yet with detailed descriptions published in local newspapers escapees were soon recaptured. Nearly 20,000 passed through the camp during its wartime operation. More than 20 men died in the camp, the majority from the Spanish Flu epidemic. They were buried in Wilmslow Cemetery and later reburied in the German Cemetery at Cannock Chase, Staffordshire. A 1916 inspection noted: There was no criticism of any kind to be made of this camp, and everything was found in excellent condition. The German Feldwebel-Leutnant, who has charge of the running and care of the camp seems to have the confidence of the men, who all appeared to be in excellent physical, mental, and moral condition. The site is now a housing estate. SLIDES 67: KNOCKALOE INTERNMENT CAMP & JOSEPH PILATES The Knockaloe internment camp, Isle of Man, opened in 1914 to hold 5,000 enemy aliens who were of military age, but the government ordered that the camp be extended to accommodate another 5,000. Pilates (b.1883) came from a poor family in München-Gladbach in Prussia, son of a metalworker who was also a gymnast. His mother had an interest in natural medicines & naturopathy. Joseph’s father took him to his local sports club that offered distance running, marching & wrestling. Here he learnt boxing which had been illegal in Germany, unlike in Britain, and so it was a largely unpractised sport. It focussed on strengthening mind & spirit in harmony with the body, principles which Pilates later focussed on in his own exercise system. By early 1914, a widowed Pilates arrived in Britain, settling in London & working in a sanatorium. He also taught boxing & fought competitively, London being a centre for the sport. He taught body building to the police & the art of self-defence to detectives. As ‘Germanophobia’ grew, it became difficult for Germans to find conventional work. Pilates found work as a performer in a circus. It was when he was making a living as a boxer and a circus tumbler he began developing a series of exercises to relax him. By the outbreak of WW1 he was with a circus in Blackpool. In August 1914, 30 year old Pilates was one of the 1st enemy aliens to be interned. He was sent to Sandhurst for questioning to internment in Jersey, then to internment at Lancaster temporary internment camp in a derelict former waggon works, before his main internment at Knockaloe. By the time Joseph arrived there were over 16,000 internees and a German “home” and culture, including physical culture, had been established. SLIDES 68 & 69: CONTROLOGY, BOXING & TURNEN AT KNOCKALOE [68] The Knockaloe Camp 4 internal newspaper, Lager Zeitung (Jan 1917) noted that Pilates was involved in supervising sport at Knockaloe. He was the referee at a 10 round boxing match in which one contestant, Seiffert, went down in the 8th round. Pilates worked in the hospital & devised machines to help rehabilitate disabled internees designing chairs, beds & exercise equipment. He took the springs from the beds and attached them to the top and bottom of the beds to provide resistance to assist in the exercises. [69] The principles of Contrology were revealed to him when he watched his fellow-prisoners sink into apathy and despair. He noticed how the camp cats, though thin, were lithe and active and studied how they stretched their muscles. Pilates researched anatomy, sport & medicine in the camp library and devised a series of exercises which the fellow inmates practised. They ended the war in better shape than when it started, and when the great influenza epidemic came not one of them came down with it. Once free, Pilates went to the USA, opening a gym and propagating the ‘Pilates’ system. SLIDES 70 & 71: INTERNEE CARL BERNARD BARTELS & THE LIVER BIRDS [70] A notable inmate at both Knockaloe and Handforth camps was the German Carl Bernard Bartels (1866-1955) sculptor of the Liver Birds. Son of a wood carver from the Black Forest & one himself. After marrying he decided to move to London permanently in 1887 & became a naturalised Briton. Carl gained acclaim as a sculptor and woodworker & won a competition to design 2 birds for the twin clock towers of the Royal Liver Building, Liverpool (designed by architect Walter Aubrey Thomas). Bartels’ designs were brought to life by the Bromsgrove Guild of Applied Arts, and the 5½ metre copper sculptures were placed in their current location in 1912 after the completion of the building in 1911. The statues themselves are 5.5 metres (18 feet) tall and each one holds an intricately designed sprig of seaweed in its mouth. [71] The Liver bird has been associated with Liverpool for at least 650 years. The 1st known reference to the bird by name is dated back to 1668, associated with a ceremonial mace presented to the town by the Earl of Derby. Documents show that the mace was decorated with a “leaver” bird. Changes in spoken and written language have resulted in “leaver” being changed to “Liver”. Some historians believe that early representations of the bird were supposed to show an eagle, because of King John’s association with the bird. King John had granted the town’s charter, but other 17thc representations suggest that it may be a cormorant. Cormorants would have been familiar to all sea-faring families, as there was still a large cormorant population off of the coast of Liverpool at this time. Bartels’ birds are half eagle & half cormorant. The Liver Building itself was ground-breaking in its use of reinforced concrete & was Europe’s first skyscraper. It was the tallest building in Europe from 1911 to 1932. Carl Bernard Bartels was arrested in May 1915 at the height of anti-German feeling during WW1 & imprisoned first at Handforth then by the end of 1915, at Knockaloe where he remained for duration of war after which he was forcibly repatriated to Germany, separated from his wife, children and the home in London where they had lived for 20 years. His plans and blueprints for the birds were destroyed and his identity as their creator largely forgotten. An employer eventually vouched for him & he was able to return to the UK. He continued carving, producing work for stately homes and Durham Cathedral. In WWII he worked on artificial limbs for the maimed. Bartels was eventually ‘rehabilitated’ during Liverpool’s City of Culture year and has now been belatedly recognised. SLIDE 72: GOVERNMENT IN CRISIS 1915-16 The war was going badly for Britain and Liberal P.M. Herbert Asquith (1908-1916) was forced into forming a coalition government on 7 May 1915 after a munitions shortages crisis. The situation worsened with the failure of the Dardanelles expedition and a continuing stalemate on the Western Front putting increasing pressure on the prime minister. 1916 brought the Easter Rising in Dublin and the disastrous Battle of the Somme (420,000 British, 500,000 German & 200,000 French casualties between July & Nov). Conscription was introduced but Asquith was blamed in the press for military failures. In December 1916, Asquith resigned & was replaced by Lloyd George who had been plotting against him. The country’s morale was low, people were jittery yet keen for distraction with a press primed to supply gossip & propaganda. SLIDE 73: NOEL PEMBERTON BILLING Billing was a man of his time & the ensuing case illustrates the extent of hypocrisy, paranoia xenophobia & public thirst for distracting ‘fake news’ by the end year of the war. At 13 Billing set fire to his headmaster’s office & ran away from home, worked his passage on a ship to South Africa & worked as a manual labourer until able to enlist in the mounted police force, where he was a talented boxer. He entered the British Army at 18 to fight in the Boer War. Wounded twice & invalided out of the army in 1901. In 1903 returned to England & opened a garage in South London then in 1908 an aerodrome in Farnbridge. This funded his experiments in building aeroplanes. In 1909 he founded an aeronautical periodical called Aerocraft & set up his own aircraft company. By 1913 he had enough capital to found a yard on Southampton Water, where he pioneered the construction of flying boats (supermarines) His company gained a reputation for producing planes that looked amazing, but flew terribly. He sold the ‘Supermarine’ company (that later went on to develop the ‘Spitfire’ fighter plane.) & joined the Royal Navy Air Service. SLIDES 74 ~ 77: URNINGS, BOLOISM, THE BLACK BOOK & UNSEEN HAND. [74] Billing left the RNAS in 1916 & became the independent MP for East Hertfordshire. Drove a lemon-yellow Rolls Royce & expressed a preference for “fast aircraft, fast speed-boats, fast cars and fast women”. He also campaigned for a unified air service, helped force the government to establish an air inquiry, and advocated reprisal raids against German cities. He also became adept at exploiting a variety of popular discontents. Despite the fact that his wife was half-German, he advocated the deportation of aliens in case they were spying on the country. He founded ‘The Imperialist journal, part-funded by Lord Beaverbrook (owner of the Daily Express) & claimed that there was a secret society called the Unseen Hand, a pro-German ‘confederacy of evil men’ – taking orders from Berlin & dedicated to the downfall of Britain by subversion of the military, Cabinet, Civil Service & the City, using ‘spiritualists, whores & homosexuals’ as their conduits. He opposed the Russian Revolution, fearing that Bolsheviks would force through a peace deal between Britain and Germany. ‘Boloists’ (Communists) were funding this. In 1917, journalist Arnold White (author of ‘The Hidden Hand’) wrote in ‘The Imperialist’ that Germany was controlled by ‘Urnings’ (homosexuals) who were ‘systematically seducing young British soldiers’, thus urging internment of all Germans: When the blond beast is an urning, he commands the urnings in other lands. They are moles. They burrow. They plot. They are hardest at work when they are most silent. [75] In Jan 1918, Billing published an ‘Imperialist’ article that publicised the existence of the ‘Berlin Black Book’: There exists in the Cabinet Noir of a certain German Prince a book compiled by the Secret Service from reports of German agents who have infested this country for the past twenty years, agents so vile and spreading such debauchery and such lasciviousness as only German minds can conceive and only German bodies execute. He claimed that the book held 47,000 names of perverts being blackmailed by Germans including: ‘Privy Councillors, youths of the chorus, wives of Cabinet Ministers, dancing girls, even Cabinet Ministers themselves, while diplomats, poets, bankers, editors, newspaper proprietors, members of His Majesty’s Household’ who were being ‘held in enemy bondage’. In Feb 1918 he changed the magazine’s name to ‘The Vigilante’ & with Henry White founded ‘The Vigilante Society’ with the “object of promoting purity in public life”. They published an anti-German and anti-Semitic article stating the Unseen Hand was plotting to spread venereal disease: The German, through his efficient and clever agent, the Ashkenazim, has complete control of the White Slave Traffic. Germany has found that diseased women cause more casualties than bullets. Controlled by their Jew-agents, Germany maintains in Britain a self-supporting – even profit-making – army of prostitutes which put more men out of action than does their army of soldiers. SLIDE 76: MAUDE ALLEN Canadian Beulah Maude Durrant’s brother Theodore: “The Demon of the Belfry”, was charged with the murders of 2 women in San- Francisco in 1895 & was executed in 1898. As a result Maude changed her name to Maude Allan. In 1900 she published an illustrated sex manual for women & began to dance professionally. Inspired by ‘Salomé’ (by Oscar Wilde) & the emerging ‘aesthetic’ dance movement, she created ‘Vision of Salomé’. Its first production was in Vienna in 1906 but her career took off in Berlin & Munich. She also posed for the symbolist painter Franz von Stuck as Salome in 1906. Her ‘Dance of the 7 Veils’ was controversial. She promoted her career by publishing her autobiography, ‘My Life & Dancing’ (1908), the year she took her production of ‘Vision of Salomé’ to England. On the 8th June 1908 the New York Times noted: “Miss Maud Allan, the barefooted and otherwise scantily clad dancer, in whose favor a very profitable boom has been worked up in London …has been warned off the stage in Manchester, which is the most important theatrical city in England outside of the capital.” SLIDES 77 & 78: ‘CULT OF THE CLITORIS’ & THE ‘TRIAL OF THE CENTURY. [77] In Feb 1918 (the same month as Billing’s Vigilante article), at the age of 44 & her career in the doldrums, Maude was commissioned to perform two private performances of Salomé in London (the Lord Chancellor had deemed it blasphemous & banned public performances). Only a few months before, another celebrated free dancer, Marta Hari, who had also used the Salomé myth, had been shot by the French on trumped-up charges of spying for the Germans. Billing heard rumours of Allan’s lesbianism (true) & that she was having an affair with Margot, the wife of former P.M. Asquith (false). On 16 Feb, 1918, the front page of Vigilante featured Harold S Spencer’s article: “The Cult of the Clitoris “proclaiming the lesbian ‘affair’ & accusing Margot & Herbert Asquith and Allan of being members of the ‘Unseen Hand’ & at the centre of a German-funded conspiracy to enlist the wives of powerful men into this cult. [78] Allan sued for libel. P.M Lloyd George hired Eileen Villiers-Stewart (a former mistress of Asquith’s Chief Whip) as an agent-provocateur to lure Billing to a male brothel to be photographed for blackmail. However she told him of the plot & eventually committed perjury during the May Old Bailey trial testifying for Billing. He had ensured that the public gallery was packed with wounded soldiers from the front to remind his audience of the sacrifices made by British youth. Villiers-Stewart stated that she had seen the Black Book and the names in it. She accused the presiding judge Chief Justice Charles Darling of being included. Another witness Harold Spencer claimed that Alice Keppel, the mistress of Edward VII was in the Black Book & a member of the Unseen Hand, visiting Holland as a go-between in covert peace talks with Germany. Billing noted that homosexuality was a foreign and in this case, specifically ‘German’ vice highlighting the pre-war Eulenberg affair and the contemporary writing of German sexologist Richard von Kraft Ebing. Even Wilde was denounced as ‘Irish’, ergo foreign. Alfred Douglas (Wilde’s erstwhile lover ‘Bosie’), was called to give evidence for the defence & used the trial to attack Wilde and his legacy: “I think [Wilde] had a diabolical influence on everyone he met,” Douglas told the court. “I think he is the greatest force of evil that has appeared in Europe in the last 350 years.” The ‘trial of the century’ was a sensation, extensively covered in Lord Northcliffe’s Times, Daily Mail and London Evening News. On 4th June, 1918, Billing was acquitted of all charges to much public jubilation. SLIDES 79 & 80: END OF THE NATION OF POETS & THINKERS Johann Musäus‘s 18thc description of Germany as the ‚Volk der Dichter und Denker (poets & thinkers) had been parodied by the Austrian satirist Karl Kraus as ‘Die Deutschen – das Volk der Richter und Henker’ (The Germans: the nation of Judges and Executioners). The trope of ‚cultural‘ Germany was targeted extensively by cartoonists & satirists. SLIDE 81: WW1 REPARATION PAYMENTS/LOANS – THE LONG SHADOW GERMANY made its last reparations payment for World War I on Oct. 3, 2010 settling its debt from the 1919 Versailles Treaty 92 years after the country’s defeat. The reparations bankrupted Germany in the 1920s and the fledgling Nazi party seized on the resulting public resentment against the terms of the Versailles Treaty. The sum was initially set at 269 billion gold marks, around 96,000 tons of gold, before being reduced to 112 billion gold marks by 1929, payable over a period of 59 years. Germany suspended annual payments in 1931 during the global financial crisis and Hitler declined to resume them when he came to power in 1933. In 1953, West Germany agreed to service its international bond obligations. After the Berlin Wall fell and West and East Germany united in 1990, the country paid the interest off in annual instalments, the last of which became due on Oct. 3 2010. BRITAIN. The government paid the outstanding £1.9bn of debt from a 3.5% War Loan on 9 March 2015 including £218m of debts from World War One. More than 120,000 investors hold War Loan bonds issued by then Chancellor Neville Chamberlain in 1932, the War Loan was used to refinance government debt accumulated during World War One. It replaced an earlier bond which paid 5% to investors. It is the first time the government has paid off a bond of this kind in 67 years. The Debt Management Office estimates the government has paid about £5.5bn in total interest on the 5% and 3.5% war loans respectively since 1917. In 1931, President Herbert Hoover announced a one-year moratorium on war loan repayments from all nations, due to the global economic crisis, but by 1934 Britain still owed the US $4.4bn of World War I debt (about £866m at 1934 exchange rates). Germany therefore paid all its war debts 5 years before Great Britain. SLIDE 82: FILM ‘HIGH TREASON’ (1929) Despite his political career being over after the Maude Allen fiasco, Noel Billing penned a febrile play High Treason in 1927 which was filmed in 1929 (subtitled “The Peace Picture”). One of the first British talkies & designed to be shown both with and without sound. It is set sometime after 1939, and features proto-fascist uniforms, futuristic London cityscapes, & strange Billing-type aircraft. It narrates the outbreak of a 2nd World War in the 1940s between Europe and America orchestrated by a sinister cabal of arms dealers who find global peace cutting into their profits. SLIDES 83 & 84: Humbert Wolfe: Truffle Eater Book (1933) In the First World War, the ‘Bradford poet’ Humbert Wolfe was responsible in Whitehall for the organisation of the supply and regulation of labour in the Ministry of Munitions. By the 1920s & 30s, he had become the best-selling poet of the decade & in 1931 was in the running for Poet Laureate. He published over 40 books of his own poetry and prose, 10 books of literary criticism, and numerous anthologies and literary translations. Stephen Fry described Wolfe’s poetry as `one of England’s forgotten splendours’: `He has long and wrongly been forgotten…a writer of wit, warmth, satirical genius, blissful eccentricity and charm’ (Guardian 7.4.1999). His poems, e.g. Requiem: The Soldier (1916), are read at Remembrance Sunday events & the first half of this poem was the epigraph to Captain Corelli’s Mandolin by Louis de Bernieres. Wolfe’s verses were also set to music by a number of composers, including Gustav Holst in his 12 Humbert Wolfe Settings, Op. 48 (1929). In 1933, he used the much-loved format of Hoffman’s Struwwelpeter, to publish a virulent attack on the emerging regime in Germany under the pseudonym Oistros. ‘Truffle Eater. Pretty Stories and Funny Pictures’ was published in 1933, the year Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. It is the earliest anti-Hitler comic book of its kind to ridicule the German dictator. It was vicious & very prescient. The book follows the events in 1933, including the burning of the Reichstag in February. It also covers the infamous book-burnings, increasing anti-Semitic activities in Germany, & is an acute observation of the sudden changes following Hitler becoming Chancellor. Finally, Wolfe/’Oistros’ refers back to Kaiser Wilhelm II and predicts (6 years before WWII) that Europe will suffer a similar fate under Germany ruled by Hitler: i.e. war & destruction. SLIDE 85: Noël Peirce Coward, Don’t Let’s Be Beastly to the Germans (1943) Written in the spring of 1943 and recorded on July 2 that year, it was a personal favourite of Winston Churchill. Coward said Churchill made him play it no less than seven times in one evening. After the War, Coward explained that he had written it: “as a satire directed against a small minority of excessive humanitarians, who, in my opinion, were taking a rather too tolerant view of our enemies”. Unfortunately, some people didn’t realize that at the time, and thought it was pro-German; he received a sackful of abusive letters, and the BBC and His Master’s Voice flew into a panic. The latter suppressed it for three months, the former banned it from airplay, although it was played once, and Coward became the first person to use the word “bloody” over the air. SLIDE 86 ~ OLD TROPES NEVER DIE The German-American intellectual Leo Strauss first formulated the idea of “reduction ad Hitlerum,” noting that one could discredit the arguments of one’s opponent by associating them with Hitler (Dufour, 2012). Mangan (cited Hand, 2000) however, notes the importance of warfare in British culture and asserts that: ‘War, symbolised in the metaphors of war used so widely and so frequently, is deeply embedded in our institutions, thinking and recreations’. He also draws parallels in the British culture of a century or so ago between the qualities demanded of the colonial soldier and the virtues acquired through sport. In the semi-final of Euro 96 against Germany for example, England were ‘Gallant’ and played ‘combative football’ (The Times, 27 June 96) with McManaman being: ‘the flag bearer of [their] assaults’. In 1966, Nobby Stiles and Jackie Charlton stated they would: ‘take no prisoners’ in the World Cup tournament. 50 years ago (Britain marked the 50th anniversary of the Somme in 1966 just seven days before the West German squad arrived at their training camp in Ashbourne in Derbyshire), this phrase would: ‘still have carried memories of the fog of war in which unspeakable acts of brutality took place in the immediate aftermath of enemy soldiers surrendering’ (Poole, 2016). Hand, in his detailed article on militaristic language in football journalism (2000) lists some examples of the genre: Players representing ‘the mighty Germany’ (Times, 24.6.96; 1.7.96) make ‘sorties’ (Times, 20.6.96) and ‘forays’ (Times, 25.6.96); they lead ‘the battle on two fronts’ (ibid.) and are suspected of preparing an ‘ambush’ (ibid.) for their opponents. Collectively, they ‘regroup’ (Times, 3.6.96; 20.6.96), ‘march on’ (Times, 20.6.96) and ensure their defense is ‘a hostile zone’ (ibid.). In one game, ‘Germany were the first to advance, pressing the Czechs back with eight men garrisoned around their penalty box’ (Times, 29.6.96). Ultimately, their striker, Klinsmann, ‘the blond bomber’ will help them ‘to conquer Europe’ (Times, 3.6.96). The stereotype of Germany in the British press is based on three characteristics: strength, efficiency, and self-belief (Hand, 2000). References to warfare are probably much more extensively made when describing Germany than any other team and serve to reinforce the belligerent image of Germans. ‘Efficiency’ tropes also abound which Hand attributes to the post-war German ‘economic miracle’. One can, ‘always rely on Germany’ (Times, 10.6.96), whose ‘traditional efficiency should win them the title’ (Times, 27.6.96), because Germany ‘is a tournament machine’ (Times, 2.7.96). Re. the game against Russia: ‘Germany went about their business in the usual systematic way’ and the German team as a whole: ‘typically looks as if it was manufactured in a factory by Porsche’ (Times, 17.6.96). The notion of German self-belief is also perpetuated by British football writing. One of the reasons Germany won the tournament was their: ‘belief, bordering on arrogant self-assertion that binds [them] again and again’ (Times, 2.7.96). Klinsmann, was singled out as: ‘No one exemplifies [the German approach] more admirably’ with his ‘unremitting competitiveness …, toughness of attitude’ and ‘battler’s mentality’ (Times, 20.6.96). Regarding the Mirror 1996 headline with Gascoigne and Scholes in tin helmets. A correspondent from England wrote to the broadsheet Süddeutsche Zeitung apologising for the Mirror’s behaviour. The Süddeutsche Zeitung however, sided with the Mirror, accepting that ‘Kraut-bashing’ is a British national pastime, like cricket, greyhound racing, darts and bingo. The Mirror’s contribution was seen as a piece of satire, an example of the British sense of humour, which, according to Germany’s manager, Vogts, the Germans ‘know well’ (Süddeutsche Zeitung, 26.6.96). Hand (2000) posits that: ‘It seems the German newspaper enjoys the incorrectness and frivolity of the British press, something which German public discourse is so badly lacking.’ Even before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the Irish journalist Conor Cruise O’Brien warned about the coming ‘Fourth Reich’ of German domination in Europe and the French president François Mitterrand warned: “Without a common currency we are . . . already subordinate to the Germans’ will.” More recently, Yanis Varoufakis, commenting on the harsh bailout conditions set on Greece by Berlin, dubbed the arrangement the “new Versailles”, a not very subtle allusion to the punitive peace inflicted on imperial Germany after the First World War. The sociologist Ulrich Beck (d.2015) dubbed, Chancellor Angela Merkel as a calculating “Merkiavelli”, whose ambition is to “Germanise” Europe (Simms, 2015). Germany’s Stern magazine in its edition of 17.7. 2015 had a picture of Merkel on its front cover under the headline: ‘The Ice Queen. How Angela Merkel became the most feared woman in Europe.’ The article was headed: ‘Dominatrix (Schmerzdame). Angela Merkel has taught Europe to fear. Once again the Chancellor has saved Greece, albeit on German conditions. And they are hard, perhaps too hard.’ It was widely accepted after WWII that what was needed, as the writer Thomas Mann argued, was not “a German Europe but a European Germany”. The post WWII project of European integration was thus intended to contain Germany by rendering her structurally incapable of and culturally indisposed towards military aggression. However, the European project as now constructed, and especially the currency union, originally designed to contain German power, has increased it, just as the British Eurosceptics warned it would. Germany is no more to blame for this than anybody else in the Eurozone. The old Holy Roman Empire, lives on in the European Union of today with all its strengths and weaknesses. Instead of anchoring the common currency in joint parliamentary representation and a strong state capable of efficient revenue extraction (as is the case in the United Kingdom and the United States), Berlin is attempting to run it through the acceptance of German “rules” and political culture. Instead of a single foreign policy and military capable of deterring aggressors, there is a perpetual palaver that reminds one of nothing so much as the equivocations of the Holy Roman Empire in the face of Turkish or French threats. SLIDE 87: NOW WHAT? Approximately 300,000 Germans currently live in Britain. For the first time since the Second World War, there are more Germans (double the number) in Britain than Brits in Germany. German tourists spend almost twice as much time in the UK as vice versa. There are four or five times as many German students studying in British universities than the other way round. In 2014, Thomas Kielinger (London correspondent of ‘Die Welt’) noted: I find it surprising that the Brits never celebrated newly democratic Germany as a cultural godchild of theirs – a proud monument to the civilising hand that Britain, at the best of times, is heir to. Instead, for far too long the Nazi era was allowed to overshadow the positive approach the British pioneers on the ground had worked for and established after 1945. The millennium has heralded some signs for optimism. Books including Ben Donald’s Springtime for Germany or How I Learned to Love Lederhosen (2007); Simon Winder’s Germania (2010); Philip Oltermann’s Keeping up with the Germans (2012) present Germany in a more positive light however, ongoing tensions within the EU and with Brexit negotiations have ensured that there is some way to go before popular perceptions will ever move away from the Nazi as the defining characteristic of the German persona (Kielinger, 2014). It might be too late for the older generation but the key concern lies within schools and education, specifically the teaching of history and languages. The Qualification and Curriculum Authority report (2005) noted: ‘There has been a gradual narrowing and “Hitlerisation” of post-1914 history’ (Starritt, 2010). Georg Boomgaarden, the former (to 2014) German envoy to London, noted the lack of German being taught in schools (fewer than 5000 students sat German A-Levels this summer). Entries have halved over the past decade & the subject could be ‘heading for extinction’. Boomgaarden regretted that both Germans and British are both ignorant of their shared common history. Sunday Times journalist India Knight (2018) notes that it is not the business imperative that should motivate the British to learn European languages (English being the lingua franca of commerce) but the whole issue of human interaction with our closest geographical and cultural neighbours: ‘a familiarity with vast cultural riches is being lost as we turn in on ourselves.’ (Knight, 2018). She also blames the reluctance to engage on a specifically English ‘chipppiness’ and anti-intellectualism which could be moot although one tends to agree with her perceived reaction to seeing someone reading Thomas Mann in the original in a pub (‘rolls eyes’). She concludes: Culture is nourishment; it opens our eyes to how other people live, feel, think and behave. In this increasingly fractured world, communication is everything. We are so fortunate to have the riches of European culture at our disposal and it is troubling that our young people should detach from them in such depressing numbers. We need, more than ever, people who read Zweig or Kafka, people who can go abroad and talk. We are witnessing the “gaslighting” of European culture, and it’s a tragedy. Knight, 2018. BIBLIOGRAPHY Angus, I. (2017). ‘The Forgotten Legacy of Carl Schorlemmer’. Monthly Review. Available at: https://monthlyreview.org/2017/03/01/marx-and-engels-and-the-red-chemist/ Anon. (2007). ‘Friedrich Engels in Salford’ in Salford Star. Available online at: http://www.salfordstar.com/article.asp?id=456 Anon (u.d.). Riots and Hooligans. Available at: http://liverpoolremembrance.weebly.com/anti-german-riots.html Ashley, M. (2014). ‘The Fear of Invasion. British Library. Available at: http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-fear-of-invation. Ashton, R. (2009). Germans in Bloomsbury. Available at: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bloomsbury-project/articles/events/conference2009/ashton.pdf Clark, I. H. (2015). Handforth Concentration Prison. Available at: https://diversenarratives.com/2015/02/05/handforth-concentration-prison/ DACH Blog (2012). The British Libraries German, Austrian & Swiss Collections. Available at: http://blogs.bl.uk/dach/archives.html Day, Elizabeth (2005). ‘The British
4591	dbpedia	2	68	https://www.royalsoc.org.au/about-us/excellence/distinguished-fellows	en	The Royal Society of NSW			[ "https://royalsoc.org.au/images/banners/RNSW-Logo-Trans-New.png", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_archer_small.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_bashir3.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_baume.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_blackburn.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_clark-small_new.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_doherty.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/Cathy_Foley_Chief_Scientist-200px.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_jones.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellowTK.crp.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_lambeck.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_lumbers.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/SirAnthonyMason.crp.tiny.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/Paxinos-crop.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_schmidt.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_simmons.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_sloan.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_stoddart.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_trewhella.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/fellow_warren_small.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/facebook_1.png", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/twitter_1.png", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/youtube.png", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/linkedin-1.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/Subscribe_to_our_mailing_list-BW.png", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/ACNC-Registered-Charity-Logo_RGB-small-crop.png", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/facebook_1.png", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/twitter_1.png", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/youtube.png", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/linkedin-1.jpg", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/ACNC-Registered-Charity-Logo_RGB-small-crop.png", "https://www.royalsoc.org.au/images/banners/RNSW-Logo-Trans-New.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Royal Society of New South Wales is a learned society based in Sydney, Australia. It is the oldest such society in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere, with many accomplished members within the fields of science, art, literature and philosophy.		https://royalsoc.org.au/templates/royal/images/favicon.ico		null	Distinguished Fellows of the Society The honour Distinguished Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales is awarded to internationally-distinguished contributors to science, art, literature or philosophy. The number of Distinguished Fellows is limited to 25 at any time. Distinguished Fellows are entitled to use the postnominal DistFRSN. At present, there are 19 Distinguished Fellows, the biographies of whom can be accessed from the links below. Information about late Distinguished Fellows is accessible through this link. Professor Michael Archer AM DistFRSN FAA Professor The Honourable Dame Marie Bashir AD CVO DistFRSN Emeritus Professor The Honourable Peter Baume AC DistFRSN Professor Elizabeth Blackburn AC FRS DistFRSN FAA Professor Robert Clark AO DistFRSN FAA Professor Peter Doherty AC FRS FRSE DistFRSN FAA Dr Cathy Foley AO PSM DistFRSN FAA FTSE HonFAIP FInstP The Honourable Dr Barry Jones AC DistFRSN FAA FAHA FTSE FASSA Mr Thomas Keneally AO DistFRSN Professor Kurt Lambeck AC FRS FAA DistFRSN Emeritus Scientia Professor Eugenie Lumbers AM DistFRSN FAA Sir Anthony Mason AC KBE DistFRSN FASSA HonFAIB KC Professor George Paxinos AO DistFRSN FASSA FAA Professor Brian Schmidt AC FRS DistFRSN FAA FTSE Professor Michelle Simmons AO FRS DistFRSN FAA Emeritus Professor Ian Sloan AO DistFRSN FAA Professor Sir Fraser Stoddart FRS DistFRSN FAA FRSE FRSC Professor Jill Trewhella DistFRSN FAAAS FLANL Professor Bruce Warren OAM DistFRSN FRCPath Professor Michael Archer AM DistFRSN FAA Michael Archer is a distinguished biologist and palaeobiologist. Born in Sydney, he moved to the United States and trained as an undergraduate in geology and biology at Princeton University and gained consecutive Fulbright Scholarships for palaeontological research at the Western Australian Museum from 1967 to 1969. He completed a PhD in Zoology at the University of Western Australia in 1976. A vertebrate palaeontologist and mammalogist, he was Curator of Mammals at the Queensland Museum from 1972 to 1978 and then moved to the University of NSW, where he was appointed Professor of Biological Science in 1989. He became Director of the Australian Museum in Sydney in 1999 until he returned to the University of NSW in 2004 as Dean of the Faculty of Science. He has recently returned to a position of Professor in the Faculty. He has authored several major works which reflect his scientific achievements. These include Fossil Mammals of Australia and New Guinea, Riversleigh and Predators with Pouches. His interest in social developments is seen from his involvement with the Children's Creative Workshop Advisory Board, the TAFE Advisory Board, the World Wildlife Fund Scientific Advisory Board, and as trustee of the Australian Geographical Society. In 1990 Professor Archer won the inaugural Eureka Prize for the Promotion of Science. He is a Fellow of the Royal Zoological Society and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and was honoured as a Member of the Order of Australia in 2008. Back to top of page Professor The Honourable Dame Marie Bashir AD CVO DistFRSN Upon her graduation in medicine, Bashir took up a posting as a junior resident medical officer at St Vincent's Hospital and then to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children. After first living in Elizabeth Bay, Bashir and Shehadie moved their family to Pendle Hill in Western Sydney, where Bashir worked as a General Practitioner. However, wanting to assist people suffering from mental illnesses, Bashir eventually decided to take up postgraduate studies in Psychiatry. From 1990 to 1992, she served on the New South Wales Women's Advisory Council. In 1993, she was appointed as Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Sydney and, in 1994, as the Clinical Director of Mental Health Services for the Central Sydney Area. This was a time of major reform in mental health service delivery, which contributed to substantial change in the provision of public sector mental health services. She served until 2001. In her university role, Bashir was instrumental in developing collaborative teaching programs between colleagues in Vietnam and Thailand with Australian psychiatrists, chairing the University of New South Wales Third World Health Group (1995–2000) and supporting various financial and social support programmes for International students. In early 2001, Bashir was appointed Governor of New South Wales, making her the state's first female governor and the first governor of any Australian state of Lebanese descent. Marie Bashir has given extraordinary and pre-eminent service to the administration, public life and people of New South Wales, to medicine, particularly as an advocate for improved mental health outcomes for the young, marginalised and disadvantaged, to international relations, through the promotion of collaborative health programs and as a leader in tertiary education. During her term as Governor of NSW, she was Vice-Regal Patron of the Society. Back to top of page Emeritus Professor The Honourable Peter Baume AC DistFRSN From 1974-91 Peter Baume served as a Senator for New South Wales. He was successively Government Deputy-Whip, Government Whip, Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, Minister Assisting the Minister for National Development and Energy, Minister for Health, Minister for Education and a Minister in the Cabinet. He was Chair of Senate Standing Committees and of Senate Estimates Committees before becoming a Minister in 1980. He was a member of the Opposition Executive until 1987 when he resigned over an issue of principle. He was a Temporary Chairman of Committees from 1987 until his resignation from the Senate in 1991 to come to the University of New South Wales. From 1991 to 2000 he was a Professor of Community Medicine and from 1991 to 1995 and again from 1997 to 2000 he was Head of the School of Community Medicine within the University of New South Wales. In the intervening two years he administered the School of Community Medicine. During the period from 1991 to 2000, he served on various committees of the Faculty of Medicine, on promotions committees, on selection committees, on School review committees, on various management committees and on the Honorary Degrees Committee of the University of New South Wales. From 1986 to 2006 he served on the Council of the Australian National University, and served on a number of committees of that University before his election as Chancellor in 1994. That appointment was renewed in 1997, 2000 and in 2003. As Chancellor he advised the Vice-Chancellor, chaired all committees of the University at which he appeared, chaired the Council of the University and presided at most conferrings of degrees and awards. Back to top of page Professor Elizabeth Blackburn AC FRS DistFRSN FAA Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Morris Herztein Professor of Biology and Physiology in the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco, is a leader in the area of telomere and telomerase research. She discovered the molecular nature of telomeres - the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that serve as protective caps essential for preserving genetic information and the ribonucleoprotein enzyme telomerase. Professor Blackburn and her research team are working with various cells including human cells, with the goal of understanding telomerase and telomere biology. Professor Blackburn earned her BSc (1970) and MSc (1972) degrees from the University of Melbourne, and her PhD (1975) from the University of Cambridge in England. She did her postdoctoral work in molecular and cellular biology from 1975 to 1977 at Yale. In 1978, Professor Blackburn joined the faculty at the University of California at Berkeley in the Department of Molecular Biology. In 1990, she joined the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at UC San Francisco, where she served as Department Chair from 1993 to 1999. Blackburn is currently a faculty member in the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at UCSF. She is also a Non- Resident Fellow of the Salk Institute. Throughout her career, Blackburn has been honoured by her peers as the recipient of many prestigious awards. She was elected President of the American Society for Cell Biology for the year 1998. Blackburn is an elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1991), the Royal Society of London (1992), the American Academy of Microbiology (1993), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2000). She was elected Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences in 1993, and was elected as a Member of the Institute of Medicine in 2000. She was awarded the Albert Lasker Medical Research Award in Basic Medical Research (2006). In 2007 she was named one of TIME Magazine.s 100 Most influential People and she is the 2008 North American Laureate for L'Oreal-UNESCO For Women in Science. In 2009, Dr Blackburn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Back to top of page Professor Robert Clark AO DistFRSN FAA Robert Clark was formerly an officer in the Royal Australian Navy, a Lecturer and Fellow of The Queen’s College at the University of Oxford, and Scientia Professor and Chair Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of New South Wales. As an Australian Government Federation Fellow, he was the founding Director of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology over it first decade. More recently, he was Chief Defence Scientist in the Australian Department of Defence, CEO of the Defence Science and Technology Organisation and a member of Australia’s Defence Committee. In that role, he was the Australian Principal of The Technical Cooperation Program between Australia, the US, the UK, Canada and New Zealand and a member of the Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council. He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and is currently a Senior Fellow at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute. He has been privileged to receive a number of awards and honours, that include the Australian Museum CSIRO Eureka Prize for Leadership in Science, the Australian Centenary Medal, the Australian Defence Medal, the United States of America Secretary of Defence Medal, two medal awards for distinguished service from US government agencies and is an Officer in the Order of Australia. He has an interest in running and has completed the New York City, Berlin, Paris and Tokyo marathons. Back to top of page Professor Peter Doherty AC FRS FRSE DistFRSN FAA Peter Charles Doherty is a distinguished immunologist. He was educated at the University of Queensland and the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. Professor Doherty's research focuses on the way in which the body's immune system protects against viruses. With colleague Rolf Zinkernagel, he discovered that T-cells recognise infected cells by identifying two molecules on the surface of the cell: the virus antigen and a molecule of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). For this work, they were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Professor Doherty was Australian of the year in 1997. Back to top of page Dr Cathy Foley AO DistFRSN FAA FTSE HonFAIP FInstP After an illustrious research and translation career in solid-state physics and its applications, combining quantum physics and material science, Dr Foley became the first dedicated Chief Scientist of the Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organisation (CSIRO) in 2018 and Australia’s Chief Scientist in 2021. Dr Foley has also made significant contributions in Australia and internationally not only in science & technology but also as President and executive member of several peak bodies in the areas of education, science, and technology and through her advisory roles for numerous research and teaching institutions. She is a strong champion for STEM and an inspiration to the next generation of leaders. Back to top of page The Honourable Dr Barry Jones AC DistFRSN FAA FAHA FTSE FASSA Dr Barry Jones AC DistFRSN FAA FAHA FTSE FASSA has no formal training as a scientist but has had a passionate interest in history of philosophy of science from childhood and, as a politician, work passionately to secure appropriate recognition of the importance of scientific research in Australia’s intellectual, social, cultural and economic development. He was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1972 to 1977 and of the Australian House of Representatives from 1977 to 1998. He was Australia’s longest serving Minister for Science from 1983 to 1990. Barry Jones identified major issues and placed them firmly on the political agenda long before their importance was recognised widely by the community. These included the post-industrial decline of Australian manufacturing, the need to embrace the information revolution, global climate change, recognising the importance of Antarctica for scientific research and the importance of engagement in the biotechnology revolution. He has been awarded seven honorary doctorates and is the only person to have been elected as a Fellow of four of Australia’s five learned Academies. Back to top of page Mr Thomas Keneally AO DistFRSN Thomas Keneally, Living National Treasure, author, historian and winner of literary awards in many countries, expresses Australian character and experience to greatly enrich our understanding of who we are as cultural, political and social beings. From The Chant of Jimmy Blacksmith through Schindler’s Ark to current work on Mungo Man, the meaning and importance of history are his major themes. Back to top of page Professor Kurt Lambeck AC FRS DistFRSN FAA Kurt Lambeck has been at the Australian National University since 1977, including ten years as Director of the Research School of Earth Sciences. He has been a President of the Australian Academy of Science and a member of the Antarctic Ecosystem and Environment CRC. Before returning to Australia he was Professor at the University of Paris. He has also worked at the Smithsonian and Harvard Observatories in Cambridge, USA. He has studied at the University of New South Wales, the Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, the National Technical University of Athens and Oxford University from which he obtained DPhil and DSc degrees. He has held visiting appointments in Belgium, Britain, Canada, France, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. He was elected to the Australian Academy of Science in 1984 and to the Royal Society in 1994. He is a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (1993), Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (1994), Academia Europaea (1999), the Académie des Sciences, Institut de France (2005), and the US National Academy of Sciences (2009). He has received a number of international prizes and awards including the Tage Erlander Prize from the Swedish Research Council (2001), the Prix George Lemaître from the Université catholique de Louvain (2001), and the Eminent Scientist Award from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (2004). In Australia he was awarded the 2018 Prime Minister’s Prize for Science and was made a Companion on the Order of Australia in 2021. He has published two books and more than 250 papers on subjects in geophysics, geology, geodesy, space science, celestial mechanics, environmental geoscience, and glaciology. Back to top of page Emeritus Scientia Professor Eugenie Lumbers AM DistFRSN FAA Eugenie Lumbers is an internationally respected authority on foetal and maternal physiology. For many years she has worked in cardiovascular and renal physiology, with particular reference to blood pressure regulation in the renin-angiotensin system. She graduated MBBS in Adelaide in 1965 and received an MD in 1970. She was awarded a DSc at the University of NSW in1986 where she was given a personal chair in 1988. She received the Vice Chancellor's Award for Teaching Excellence in 1997, became Scientia Professor in 1999 and Emeritus Scientia Professor in 2003. She was elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 2002. In 2007 she developed new research interests at the University of Newcastle and was awarded an NHMRC grant in 2008. She further expanded her research interests in 2009 with three other NHMRC grants. She received the Centenary Medal of Federation, Australia in 2001. Back to top of page The Honourable Sir Anthony Mason AC KBE DistFRSN FASSA HonFAIB KC Sir Anthony Mason has helped to define justice in Australia and the world. His service in Australia as Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia and his international service as Justice of both the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal and the Supreme Court of Fiji, and as President of the Court of Appeal of the Solomon Islands, forms a unique and enduring contribution. As Chancellor of the University of New South Wales and as Chair of the Council of the National Library, he has emphasised the importance of education as the foundation of a civilised society. Back to top of page Professor George Paxinos AO DistFRSN FASSA FAA A Greek-Australian neuroscientist, Professor Paxinos completed his BA at The University of California at Berkeley, his PhD at McGill University, and then spent a postdoctoral year at Yale University before moving to UNSW, Sydney. He (with Charles Watson) is an author of The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates which, with over 65,000 citations across its 7 Editions, it is the most cited Australian publication and the most cited neuroscience publication. His human brain atlases are the most accurate ones for identification of deep structures and are used in surgical theatres. In community impact, his 2018 discovery of the human endorestiform nucleus reached 412 million people across 70 countries. Professor Paxinos is credited with two paradigm shifts in his field of neuroscience. First, during a sabbatical at Cambridge in 1977, he learned immunohistochemistry and applied it for the first time in brain atlases. Secondly, in his avian brain atlas, he used neuromeric criteria to delineate the entire brain for the first time. The recipient of many honours and prizes around the world, Professor Paxinos is an Officer in the General Division of the Order of Australia (2002). He was awarded the Royal Society of New South Wales Walter Burfitt Prize in 1992 and was elected to Fellowship (FRSN) in 2014. Back to top of page Professor Brian Schmidt AC FRS DistFRSN FAA FTSE Brian Schmidt is Distinguished Professor at the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University. He was born in the US and educated at the University of Arizona and Harvard, from which he has both Masters and PhD degrees in astronomy. He moved to Australia in 1994. Brian Schmidt is an internationally renowned researcher and cosmology and the physics of supernovae and gamma-ray bursts. His pioneering work in radio astronomy leading the High-Z Supernovae Research Team led to the discovery that the expansion of universe is accelerating, an extraordinary discovery that provided the foundation for an entirely new conception of the universe. For this pioneering work he shared the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics. He has received a number of prestigious international awards, including the Australian Academy of Science’s Pawsey Medal, the Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the Gruber Cosmology Prize. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 2012. Back to top of page Professor Michelle Simmons AO FRS DistFRSN FAA FTSE Michelle Simmons is a Federation Fellow and Director of the Atomic Fabrication Facility at the University of NSW. In the 1990s, she spent six years as a Research Fellow working with Professor Sir Michael Pepper FRS at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, UK, in quantum electronics. Her research in nanoelectronics combines molecular beam epitaxy and scanning tunnelling microscopy to develop novel electronic devices at the atomic scale. She has published more than 260 papers in refereed journals (with over 3200 citations), published a book on Nanotechnology, four book chapters on quantum electronics, has filed four patents and has presented over 50 invited and plenary presentations at international conferences. In 2005 she was awarded the Pawsey Medal by the Australian Academy of Science and in 2006 became one of the youngest elected Fellows of this Academy. Professor Simmons is the only women in Australia to have twice received a Federation Fellowship, the Australian Research Council's most prestigious award of this kind. She was one of the first women to be made a professor of physics in Australia. Professor Michelle Simmons was named Australian of the Year for 2018, and was recently made a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. Back to top of page Emeritus Professor Ian Sloan AO DistFRSN FAA Ian Sloan is a Melbourne-born mathematician and physicist. He was educated at the Universities of Melbourne and Adelaide, and received a PhD in theoretical atomic physics from University College London. After a short period in industry, he joined the University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney). Subsequently, he was appointed to a Personal Chair in Mathematics, served as Head of the School of Mathematics and Chair of the National Committee for Mathematics, and was appointed a Scientia Professor. He began his research career in theoretical atomic and nuclear physics but later switched to computational mathematics, see “A fortunate scientific life” (pp. 19–26). In all, he has published more than 300 papers in theoretical physics and computational mathematics, with research recognised by the Lyle Medal of the Australian Academy of Science, the Szekeres Medal of the Australian Mathematical Society, the ANZIAM Medal, and the Information Based Complexity Prize. He is a Fellow of the Australian and American Mathematical Societies and the (US) Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. He has served as President of the International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, the Australian Mathematical Society, and the Royal Society of New South Wales. He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1983, a Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 2014, and in 2018 was appointed an Honorary Doctor of the University by UNSW Sydney. In 2008 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia “for service to education through the study of mathematics, particularly in the field of computational mathematics, as an academic, researcher, and mentor, and to a range of national and international professional associations”. Back to top of page Professor Sir Fraser Stoddart FRS DistFRSN FAA FRSE FRSC Sir Fraser Stoddart is a Scottish-born chemist who shared the 2016 Nobel Prize for Chemistry “for the design and synthesis of molecular machines”. Sir Fraser is a graduate of the University of Edinburgh (BSc 1964, PhD 1967), and Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (the model for the RSNSW), and since 1997 he has worked in the USA, most recently at Northwestern University. Sir Fraser demonstrated the efficient synthesis of a variety of mechanically interlocked molecules, thereby helping to establish a new type of bond in chemistry -- the mechanical bond. He helped to develop the template-directed protocols that could synthesise these interlocked molecules, like ‘rotaxanes’ and ‘catenanes’, in high yields. This, and similar, work established Sir Fraser as a pioneer in ‘artificial molecular machines’ –molecules that can undergo simple mechanical motion and thereby have the potential to do work on the smallest of scales! Sir Fraser has dubbed his approach ‘molecular meccano’. In 2017 Sir Fraser joined UNSW, Sydney to realise his “New Chemistry” initiative. Visiting each year Fraser gives lectures to faculty and students and collaborates on a range of exciting chemistry projects involving the manipulation of molecules to effect devices such as switches, sensors and motors. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Sir Fraser has been awarded many prizes and fellowships including the Albert Einstein World Award of Science (2007), Davy Medal of the Royal Society (2008) and membership of the National Academy of Sciences (USA, 2014). Nearly 300 PhD and post-doctoral researchers have been trained in Sir Fraser’s laboratories, and he is well known for mentoring young scientists. Back to top of page Professor Jill Trewhella DistFRSN FAAAS FLANL Professor Trewhella began her academic career after studying mathematics and physics at the University of NSW, where she also completed a masters degree in physics. Graduating with a doctorate in inorganic chemistry in 1980 from the University of Sydney, she accepted a post-doctoral position at Yale University, where she was appointed an associate research scientist in 1983, and in 1984, she was invited to join the Los Alamos National Laboratory to launch a biological neutron scattering program. She soon began using neutrons to study how nature regulates the activities of biological molecules. Her work gained her international recognition for her contribution to our understanding of the molecular communication that underpins healthy function. Professor Trewhella spent 20 years building multidisciplinary programs at Los Alamos where she was appointed Director of Bioscience in 2000. This work was recognised with her election as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and as an Australian Research Council Federation Fellow in 2004. She also gained the rare distinction of being elected Fellow of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. With her Federation Fellowship, Professor Trewhella took up joint appointments as Professor of Molecular Bioscience at the University of Sydney and at the neutron scattering research facility, the Bragg Institute, south of Sydney. From 2009 to 2015, Professor Trewhella was the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) at the University of Sydney, balancing her research with her responsibility for the University’s research strategy and ensuring quality research infrastructure and professional services to support that strategy. In 2015 Jill was awarded the Tage Erlander Visiting Professorship by the Swedish Research Council and for the next three years she divided her time between the US, Australia and Sweden. While in Sweden she worked with Swedish researchers to help build expertise in structural biology with a focus on taking advantage of major research infrastructure investments in the form of the MAXIV synchrotron and the European Spallation Source, both based in Lund. Since 2020, Jill has been in the US as COVID travel restrictions and family priorities dictated. With an Adjunct Professorship in Chemistry at the University of Utah and as Professor Emerita at Sydney, she continues working with the international structural biology community to establish standards and validation protocols for the publication of the results of integrative structural biology, where structures are determined using multiple types of experimental data and computational methods. Professor Trewhella originally set out to train as a high school teacher, but she never dreamed that one day her career path would bring her into contact with a US President. Her decision to accept an invitation to enrol in an honours physics program at the University of NSW later resulted in her advising George W. Bush on available technologies to defend against bio-terrorism. Back to top of page Professor Bruce Warren OAM DistFRSN FRCPath Bruce Albert Warren is a distinguished pathologist who has reached the highest levels of medical research through academic achievement, university management and publication activity. Following his medical training at the University of Sydney, he obtained a Master of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Science at the University of Oxford. Following further research and teaching in Canada, Warren began a long and distinguished career as Professor and Head of Department of Pathology at the Prince Henry/Prince of Wales Hospital of the University of New South Wales in 1980, where he remained until his retirement in 1997. During his career Professor Warren published eighty-one papers, mainly concerned with tumour biology and thrombosis. He is also the author of many textbooks about basic histology and atheroembolisms and he was the editor of the Journal of the Royal College of Pathologists in Australasia from 1988 to 1995. He is Fellow of the Australian Institute of Management, a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists and a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. He is Life Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society, a Life Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the New South Wales Division of the National Heart Foundation from 1983 to 1996. Professor Warren served the Royal Society of New South Wales as President from 1981 to 1982 and as a Council Member from 1980 to 1981.
4591	dbpedia	1	46	https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-52954-2_9	en	From the Determination of the Ohm to the Discovery of Argon: Lord Rayleigh’s Strategies of Experimental Control	https://static-content.s…-031-52954-2.jpg	https://static-content.s…-031-52954-2.jpg	[ "https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springerlink-39ee2a28d8.svg", "https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-52954-2?as=webp", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-031-52954-2_9/MediaObjects/607821_1_En_9_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-031-52954-2_9/MediaObjects/607821_1_En_9_Fig2_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-031-52954-2_9/MediaObjects/607821_1_En_9_Fig3_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-031-52954-2_9/MediaObjects/607821_1_En_9_Fig4_HTML.png", "https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/logo-springernature-white-19dd4ba190.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Vasiliki Christopoulou", "Theodore Arabatzis" ]	2024-08-28T00:00:00	Theory and experiment went hand in hand in the work of Lord Rayleigh, in which the quest for rigor was a ubiquitous theme. To Rayleigh’s mind, though, and in contrast to mathematicians, physicists could proceed in their investigations without seeking absolute...	en	/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png	SpringerLink	https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-52954-2_9	During the first half of the nineteenth century, physicists in Britain were not trained to be physicists. They often graduated as mathematicians, and the most prominent ones came from the Mathematical Tripos at Cambridge. Rayleigh, although a mathematically trained physicist, distinguished between the viewpoints of the pure mathematician and that of the physicist. In his mind, physicists proceeded without pursuing absolute rigor, and they used arguments that mathematicians would deem lacking rigor. As he wrote in the preface to The Theory of Sound: In the mathematical investigations I have usually employed such methods as present themselves naturally to a physicist. The pure mathematician will complain, and (it must be confessed) sometimes with justice, of deficient rigour. But to this question there are two sides. For however important it may be to maintain a uniformly high standard in pure mathematics, the physicist may occasionally do well to rest content with arguments which are fairly satisfactory and conclusive from his point of view. To his mind, exercised in a different order of ideas, the more severe procedure of the pure mathematician may appear not more but less demonstrative. (Rayleigh 1945, xxxiv–xxxv) As John Howard argued in his foreword to Rayleigh’s biography, which was written by his son, Rayleigh “practiced what is sometimes called the method of modest rigor” (Strutt 1968, xiii). Indeed, he used approximations, often successive ones, and expanded functions into series of terms, keeping only the lowest orders after reaching the desired accuracy. In particular, Howard noted that if the approximations were insufficient to fit the observed data, Rayleigh would use the term of next-higher order. He also said that, although this iterative technique underlies processes in modern computing, “in Rayleigh’s day any lack of rigor was considered distressing” (Strutt 1968, xiii). Further examples may illustrate Rayleigh’s stance toward those different standards of rigor, a stance he expressed in research papers, in reviews of other scientists’ works, and in public pronouncements on science. For instance, in a research paper titled “On the manufacture and theory of diffraction-gratings,” Rayleigh said that “In the present state of our knowledge with respect to the nature of light and its relations to ponderable matter, vagueness in the fundamental hypotheses is rather an advantage than otherwise; a precise theory is almost sure to be wrong” (Rayleigh 1874b, 218, our emphasis). Furthermore, in a review of Isaac Todhunter’s A History of the Mathematical Theories of Attraction and the Figure of the Earth from the Time of Newton to that of Laplace, Rayleigh questioned Todhunter’s tendency “to prefer rigour of treatment to originality of conception.” He also suggested that “the strictest proof is not always the most instructive or even the most convincing,” and added that “To deserve the name of demonstration an argument should make its subject-matter plain and not merely force an almost unwilling assent” (Rayleigh 1874a, 198). Rayleigh did not specify exactly what rigor (or “absolute” rigor) meant for mathematicians. As we gather from these examples, he didn’t always favor clearly-defined fundamental hypotheses or strict proofs, which are often thought to be indispensable features of a mathematical treatment. And when those features conflicted with physical considerations, Rayleigh preferred the latter. Rayleigh’s article on “Clerk-Maxwell’s Papers” illuminates this preference for the physical. There he maintains that a physicist may sometimes depart from the dictates of “strict method”: A characteristic of much of Maxwell’s writing is his dissatisfaction with purely analytical processes, and the endeavour to find physical interpretations for his formulae. Sometimes the use of physical ideas is pushed further than strict logic can approve … the limitation of human faculties often imposes upon us, as a condition of advance, temporary departure from the standard of strict method. The work of the discoverer may thus precede that of the systematizer; and the division of labour will have its advantage here as well as in other fields. (Rayleigh 1890b, 428, our emphasis) Thus, according to Rayleigh, a physicist could escape the strict rules of mathematics when seeking a phenomenon’s physical explanation. He held this view and argued for it throughout his scientific life. In his Presidential Address at the anniversary meeting of the Royal Society in 1906, Rayleigh again explained his position on rigor for mathematicians and physicists. More than 30 years after publishing the Theory of Sound, he reiterated the same point: Much of the activity now displayed [in Mathematics] has, indeed, taken a channel somewhat remote from the special interests of a physicist, being rather philosophical in its character than scientific in the ordinary sense. […] Closely connected is the demand for greater rigour of demonstration. Here I touch upon a rather delicate question, as to which pure mathematicians and physicists are likely to differ. However desirable it may be in itself, the pursuit of rigour appears sometimes to the physicist to lead us away from the high road of progress. He is apt to be impatient of criticism, whose object seems to be rather to pick holes than to illuminate. Is there really any standard of rigour independent of the innate faculties and habitudes of the particular mind? May not an argument be rigorous enough to convince legitimately one thoroughly imbued with certain images clearly formed, and yet appear hazardous or even irrelevant to another exercised in a different order of ideas? (Rayleigh 1906, 89, our emphasis) Rayleigh noted further that “what is rather surprising is that the analytical argument should so often take forms which seem to have little relation to the intuition of the physicist” (Rayleigh 1906, 89). He believed that, until reconciling the two approaches, “we must be content to allow the two methods to stand side by side, and it will be well if each party can admit that there is something of value to be learned from the point of view of the other” (Rayleigh 1906, 89). Rayleigh then commented on experimenters and their occasional neglect of the mathematicians’ view, stating As more impartially situated than some, I may, perhaps, venture to say that in my opinion many who work entirely upon the experimental side of science underrate their obligations to the theorist and the mathematician. Without the critical and co-ordinating labours of the latter we should probably be floundering in a bog of imperfectly formulated and often contradictory opinions. Even as it is, some branches can hardly escape reproaches of the kind suggested. I shall not be supposed, I hope, to undervalue the labours of the experimenter. The courage and perseverance demanded by much work of this nature is beyond all praise. And success often depends upon what seems like a natural instinct for the truth—one of the rarest of gifts. (Rayleigh 1906, 89, our emphasis) In any case, although he advocated for differing standards of rigor in mathematics and physics, the quest for it was omnipresent in his scientific practice. In experimentation in particular he associated rigor with control strategies, which he followed to secure experimental outcomes. This association manifests both in determining the ohm and in discovering argon. The search for rigor also appeared as he explored spiritual phenomena, a topic he was interested in throughout his life. He even served as President of the Society for Psychical Research in the last year of his life (1919). Rayleigh believed that the problematic nature of such phenomena arose “from their sporadic character,” as they could not be “reproduced at pleasure and submitted to systematic experimental control” (Rayleigh 1919, 648, our emphasis).Footnote 3 He maintained that, in general, “we are ill equipped for the investigation of phenomena which cannot be reproduced at pleasure under good conditions” (Rayleigh 1919, 650). For that reason, controlled experimentation was essential. In the second half of the nineteenth century, there was persistent debate over determining and constructing electrical standards, including for resistance. Determining the ohm became an issue of great international importance for reasons both scientific and commercial. The process was intertwined with and significantly directed by the needs of electrical telegraphy (Lagerstrom 1992; Schaffer 1992, 1994, 1995; Hunt 1994; Olesko 1996; Gooday 2004; Kershaw 2007; Mitchell 2017). In Great Britain, at its 1861 annual meeting, the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) formed a committee to determine the resistance unit and construct a corresponding standard. In 1863, noted physicist James Clerk Maxwell, engineer and electrician Fleeming Jenkin, and Balfour Stewart, a physicist and meteorologist who had been appointed director of Kew Observatory in 1859, began their experiments in King’s College. They meant to determine a wire’s resistance in absolute units in order “to construct the material representative of the absolute unit.”Footnote 4 In the following year, Maxwell, Jenkin, and Charles Hockin, another Cambridge Tripos graduate who assisted Maxwell and later Rayleigh in their resistance-unit experiments, repeated earlier experiments and reported their results. Their efforts resulted in defining the B.A. unit and in constructing a standard. This determination was soon questioned, however, and the matter was still unsettled when Rayleigh became Director of the Cavendish Laboratory in 1879.Footnote 5 Before Rayleigh undertook the project, others raised objections to previous experiments and argued they were not in “reasonable agreement.”Footnote 6 More specifically, during the 1860s and 1870s, eminent physicists performed resistance experiments but their results differed both from those of the Committee and among themselves. The most characteristic case involved the famous German physicist and experimentalist Friedrich Kohlrausch and the Danish physicist Ludvig Lorenz. Their results differed by 4%, with the B.A. unit falling in the middle. Henry Augustus Rowland (1848–1901) has been described as the “father” of the American physics discipline.Footnote 7 In 1876, he was appointed the first professor of physics at Johns Hopkins University, a post he held until his death in 1901. In 1878, and amid the disagreement over the resistance standard, Rowland proceeded with his own experiments and a new method. To secure his results from unsuspected constant errors,Footnote 8 he attempted to eliminate them in advance by means of the experimental design. As he noted: Such a great difference in experiments which are capable of considerable exactness, seems so strange that I decided to make a new determination by a method different from any yet used, and which seemed capable of the greatest exactness; and to guard against all error, it was decided to determine all the important factors in at least two different ways, and to eliminate most of the corrections by the method of experiment, rather than by calculation. (Rowland 1878, 145, our emphasis) For Rowland, different methods lay at the heart of his approach against errors. He thought that his method was “capable of greater exactness than any other, and it certainly possessed the greatest simplicity in theory and facility in experiment” (Rowland 1878, 145). Using a new method, however, was also key for checking existing measurements and for detecting possible errors. Thus, he used “at least two different ways” to determine the experiment’s important factors and for securing its result.Footnote 9 In addition, Rowland considered constant errors the ultimate threat to the experiment’s success, and he sought to avoid them by designing the experiment in a suitable way. Rowland based his method on Kirchhoff’s but made modifications. In Kirchhoff’s approach “the magnitude of a continuous battery-current in a primary coil is compared with that of a transient current induced in a secondary coil when the primary circuit is removed.” Rowland reversed the current’s direction in the primary circuit in order to avoid the motion of the primary coil.Footnote 10 Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921), the notable French physicist whose work spanned many branches of physics,Footnote 11 also participated in determining the resistance unit. In 1882 Lippmann proposed a method based on earth induction,Footnote 12 consisting in balancing the maximum electromotive force of a continuously rotating earth inductorFootnote 13 against the fall in potential in a resistance produced by a measured current.Footnote 14 That is, a copper-wire frame revolved around a vertical axis with its circuit open. An electromotive force was thus produced by induction, which reached its peak when the plane of the frame aligned with the magnetic meridian. At that moment, the ends of the moving armature were connected to two wires and through them to a potential difference. If the electromotive force was balanced by the potential difference, no current occurred and the resistance could be estimated by deviations in a tangent galvanometer. The following schematic representation of the experiment was given by Lippmann himself (see Fig. 9.1). Lippmann never gave the results produced by his method. Nevertheless, he believed that its strength was its directness,Footnote 15 meaning that the experimental design avoided errors and therefore avoided corrections. The result was direct control over the method. As he wrote: “Note that this method is most direct: it does not require any calculation of reduction or correction. … As a result, the control of the method is also direct.”Footnote 16 In Lippmann’s case, as in Rowland’s, we see a distinction between ways of eliminating errors: by calculating corrections to measurements, and by designing experimental controls. From that distinction Lippmann advocated his own experimental method for determining the ohm. It was characteristic of the determination process that different scientists used different methods. Éleuthère Mascart (1837–1908), the renowned French physicist also involved in the project, coauthored a famous book with Jules Joubert (1834–1910), titled Leçons Sur L’Électricité Et Le Magnétisme. There they listed the methods and results they had produced until 1885 (Mascart and Joubert 1897, 619–20). At least seven were based on physical processes—six on induction phenomena, and one on the mechanical equivalent of heat and calorimetry. The number of scientists was equally impressive: more than twenty individuals or teams.Footnote 17 The primary purpose in using these different methods was not to choose the best but to reinforce the trustworthiness of the results. Rayleigh did review those methods and attempt to compare them, but this effort was of secondary importance. In this international debate, multiple determination as a control strategy was a common theme. Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann, the German physicist known for editing Annalen der Physik und Chemie, had himself an active role in determining the ohm. In 1882, he described the requirement for multiple determination: Hence at any rate it is indicated that the final determination of the ohm must not rest alone on experiments made only according to one method and carried out at one place. Further, the results of each separate method (as I have already mentioned) offer security against possible constant errors only if they are obtained from entirely independent series of experiments, made with apparatus varied in all possible ways. Since investigations are already in progress in different places, with excellent apparatus and according to different methods, we may shortly expect to be in a position to compare together the data which they yield, and so to attain as reliable a final result as possible. (Wiedemann 1882, 275) The methods and observers should be multiple, and the apparatus should vary in all possible ways. These checks would guard against constant errors. As Wiedemann stated, “the apparatus itself must be frequently altered in various ways. Only so can we obtain results independent of each other, which can be used for mutual control” (Wiedemann 1882, 265, our emphasis). Thus, multiple determination of experimental results functioned as a control strategy. Rayleigh was elected Cavendish Professor of Physics in 1879. Partly because the original apparatus was at the Cavendish laboratory, he tried to unify his laboratory in a common cause by taking up the redetermination of the unit of electrical resistance. He decided “to repeat the measurement by the method of the Committee, which has been employed by no subsequent experimenter” (Rayleigh and Schuster 1881, 1), making alterations he considered necessary. In performing their experiments, he and his team followed this method in two phases, where the composition of the team taking measurements and the apparatus they employed were different. Changing the apparatus aimed at better controlling the experiment conditions. In the first phase they made experiments with the original apparatus, altered in certain respects to secure uniformity and more accurate measurements. Here Rayleigh’s team consisted of Mrs. Sidgwick, Horace Darwin, and Arthur Schuster. Mrs. Sidgwick was Rayleigh’s sister-in law, a graduate of Newnham College and an activist for women’s rights in education. She assisted Rayleigh in some of his research on electrical standards. Horace Darwin (1851–1928), son of Charles, was an engineer who designed and built instruments and was a co-founder of the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company. Others took part too, although not in the measuring process; Professor James Stuart (1843–1913) was one, the “first true professor”Footnote 18 in engineering in Cambridge. He secured the insulation of the apparatus.Footnote 19 According to the preliminary conclusions in the experiments’ first phase, it was necessary to enlarge the apparatus to improve the results’ accuracy. Thus, the experiments of 1881 were repeated with a new apparatus—with linear dimensions in a ratio of about 3:2. This time, the team recording the measurements also changed as they obtained them. Its members included Rayleigh, Shuster, Mrs. Sidgwick, Lady Rayleigh, Arnulph Mallock, the experimental assistant, and J. J. Thomson, who had just received his B.A. and become Fellow of Trinity College. Figure 9.2 provides a schematic representation of the method Rayleigh and his team used to determine the ohm. It also shows the enlarged apparatus from the second phase of their experiments. The method was to cause a coil to revolve around a vertical axis and then to observe a magnet’s deflection from the magnetic meridian as it hung suspended from the center. The amount of deflection was independent of the earth’s magnetic field and varied inversely as the resistance of the circuit. Throughout their work Rayleigh and his team used control strategies, which extended from their initial plan and experimental design to the measuring process and validation of the experimental results. The strategies’ principal aim was to standardize the measurement unit. Control came in different forms in each experimental phase. Controlling the experimental conditions was one form. Rayleigh and his team tried to avoid disturbances (e.g., they performed experiments during the night) and tried to eliminate the effects of things such as short circuits, ground tremors, and observer eye fatigue. Even the experimenters were targets of control. Moreover, the direction of the earth’s magnetic action varied constantly, and so it was necessary to correct for that variation during the experiment. In this case, the source of interference was itself variable and could not be eliminated; for that reason, it had to be controlled via a measuring process. Rayleigh and his team used a second magnetometer to make direct comparisons between the two devices, whereas the Committee had compared their magnetometer with photographic records of the earth’s magnetism obtained by the Kew Observatory at the time of their experiment.Footnote 20 Rayleigh and his team were therefore attempting to calibrate their instrument to avoid errors from potential variations in the magnetic field.Footnote 21 As Rayleigh explicitly stated: It is perhaps worth remarking that owing to the absence of any controlling instrument equivalent to our auxiliary magnetometer, the Committee of the British Association had no opportunity of discovering the presence of air currents, as any changes in the zero position would naturally have been ascribed by them to a causal change in the direction of the earth’s magnetic force. (Rayleigh and Schuster 1881, 30, our emphasis) Rayleigh also tried to better control the apparatus’ prime mover. The Committee had used a Huygens’ gearing,Footnote 22 driven by hand in conjunction with a governor. Rayleigh thought that an engine acting by a jet of water upon revolving cups would be an improvement.Footnote 23 To achieve a constant head of water,Footnote 24 with Darwin’s help he connected the engine to a cistern at the top of the building. Although he intended to use a governor of his own invention, he found it unnecessary in the end, as the observer “could easily control the speed” by having the water power a little in excess and using the stroboscopic method (Rayleigh and Schuster 1881, 8–9). One other general principle Rayleigh followed was to “magnify the disturbances,” in order to more closely view any possible causes. Maxwell had advocated this approach as well. In 1876, in a paper titled “General considerations concerning Scientific Apparatus,” Maxwell explained that the disturbing agents in an experiment may become the subject of other experiments. In his words: We may afterwards change the field of our investigation and include within it phenomena which in our former investigation we regarded as disturbances. The experiments must now be designed so as to bring into prominence the phenomena which we formerly tried to get rid of. (Maxwell 2010, 505) Rayleigh knew Maxwell’s work and was probably aware of this guiding principle. It is clear, in any case, that the point is at the core of Rayleigh’s experimental practice, as we shall see below in analyzing the discovery of argon. It is also evident that Rayleigh’s team used multiple determination of self-induction, a principal factor for their result’s accuracy. Maxwell had done the same.Footnote 25 However, Rayleigh thought that, in the Committee’s experiments, the value of the coefficient for self-induction had been underestimated. He and his team determined it by different means, including calculating it directly from the dimensions of the coil, basing it on measurements with an electric balance, and deriving it from the principal observations themselves.Footnote 26 Furthermore, at the end of the first part of the experiments’ first reports,Footnote 27 Rayleigh suggested that most existing determinations introduced time by a swing of the galvanometer needle. Although he did not question the reliability of those determinations, he pointed out that “it is, to say the least, satisfactory to have them confirmed by a method in which the element of time enters in a wholly different manner” (Rayleigh and Schuster 1881, 20). In the second report, Rayleigh included a brief comparison of their own result with values obtained previously by KohlrauschFootnote 28 and Rowland and Joule,Footnote 29 and he commented on their (dis)agreement and their expected accuracy.Footnote 30 Thus, Rayleigh’s control strategies included using multiple experimental methods and comparing their results. For him, this aspect of control was crucial, as it secured an experiment’s outcome. In 1882 he devoted an article to the subject, entitling it “Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Resistances in Absolute Measure.” There he reviewed the six available methods for determining the resistance unit, pointing out their relative merits and demerits. Those methods were based on different experimental apparatuses and used different formulas for the value of the electrical resistance according to which procedure was followed. Rayleigh focused on methods involving an induced electromotive force, not considering Joule’s calorimetric method. The others included three we have already mentioned (Kirchhoff’s, Lippmann’s, and that of the BAAS Committee), along with three others: two by Weber (employing transient currents and damping, respectively)Footnote 31 and Lorenz’s method. Rayleigh was convinced that “it is only by the coincidence of results obtained by various methods that the question can be satisfactory settled” (Rayleigh 1882c, 139). It is worth noting here that Rayleigh also cared about evaluating each method’s accuracy. At the end of the article, he suggested that Lorenz’s method offered the best chance of success. In that method, “A circular disk of metal, maintained in rotation about an axis passing through its centre at a uniform and known rate, is placed in the magnetic field due to a battery-current which circulates through a coaxal coil of many turns” (Rayleigh 1882c, 145–46). Rayleigh believed that, with this way of performing the experiment, the errors of the principal quantities to be measured did not affect the final result as much as they did with other methods. He reached his conclusion regarding the propagation of errors by applying differential calculus. Before pursuing that method (Rayleigh and Sidgwick 1883), however, he thought that “the value now three times obtained in the Cavendish Laboratory by distinct methods should be approximately verified (or disproved) by other physicists” (Rayleigh 1882c, 150).Footnote 32 Collective knowledge and experience were indispensable elements of the control process for validating Rayleigh’s experimental results. Indeed, standardization demanded consensus among the members of the scientific community—and not among them only, but also among the “practical men,” the practitioners working in electrical telegraphy.Footnote 33 As several scholars have argued, consensus in determining the ohm was a complex matter, involving national rivalries and personal agendas. Agreement was not established solely on scientific grounds or on the accuracy of the determinations as such.Footnote 34 At any rate, multiple determination was a guiding principle for Rayleigh, and stemmed from his beliefs about sound experimental methodology. Schuster mentioned that Rayleigh “never felt satisfied until he had confirmed his results by different methods, and had mastered the subject from all possible points of view” (Schuster 1921, xxvi). Rayleigh thought that all experimenters should follow this principle in physics, and in 1882 he discussed it in his Address to the Mathematical and Physical Science section of the British Association meeting. In his words: The history of science teaches only too plainly the lesson that no single method is absolutely to be relied upon, that sources of error lurk where they are least expected, and that they may escape the notice of the most experienced and conscientious worker. It is only by the concurrence of evidence of various kinds and from various sources that practical certainty may at last be attained, and complete confidence justified. Perhaps I may be allowed to illustrate my meaning by reference to a subject which has engaged a good deal of my attention for the last two years—the absolute measurement of electrical resistance. (Rayleigh 1882b, 119–20, our emphasis) It is noteworthy that Rayleigh drew his example from the project of determining the ohm. He did not search for a concurrence of evidence solely with his own experiments; he also appealed to the scientific community, and this appeal served as a basis for controlling his own results. At the very end of his 1882 Address, he stated that: If there is any truth in the views that I have been endeavouring to impress, our meetings in this section are amply justified. If the progress of science demands the comparison of evidence drawn from different sources, and fully appreciated only by minds of different order, what may we not gain from the opportunities here given for public discussion, and, perhaps, more valuable still, private interchange of opinion? Let us endeavour, one and all, to turn them to the best account. (Rayleigh 1882b, 124, our emphasis) Rayleigh’s expression “minds of different order” referred to different kinds of physicists. In particular he distinguished between two kinds: the experimenters and the mathematicians. He claimed that each values different sorts of evidence and argumentation. The experimenters, according to Rayleigh, “disregard arguments which they stigmatise as theoretical,” while the mathematicians “overrate the solidity of the theoretical structures and forget the narrowness of the experimental foundation upon which many of them rest” (Rayleigh 1882b, 122). For Rayleigh, however, each approach mattered: using different experimental methods and multiple observers, finding agreement among experimental results, and appealing to different sorts of arguments (theoretical and experimental) all had their place in securing an outcome’s validity. Rayleigh’s involvement in determining electrical standards was not limited only to experiments with the Committee’s method, or to reviews of other methods. In 1882 he and Mrs. Sidgwick also began experiments by Lorenz’s method, reporting their results the following year. They worked on related topics as well, such as the electro-chemical equivalent of silver and the absolute electromotive force of Clark cells. Regarding silver’s equivalent, in 1897 Rayleigh recollected that, when they undertook the task, the previous results’ uncertainty was at least 1%. He also restated his conviction about the necessity of using different methods and different observers for securing experimental results: Security is only to be obtained by the coincidence of numbers derived by different methods and by different individuals. It was, therefore, a great satisfaction to find our number (Phil. Trans. 1884) (0.011179) confirmed by that of Kohlrausch (0.11183), resulting from experiments made at about the same time. (Rayleigh 1897a, 332) As we have already mentioned, this was a guiding principle in his experimental practice. And it is also a principle at work in the discovery of argon. Determining the ohm was the project that gave Rayleigh a reputation as an exact experimenter. He is perhaps best remembered, however, for the discovery of argon, a new element and hitherto unknown constituent of the atmosphere.Footnote 35 He won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics for “his investigation on the densities of the most important gases, and for his discovery of Argon, one of the results of those investigations.”Footnote 36 The same year, William Ramsay won the Prize in Chemistry for his “discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system,”Footnote 37 with argon being the first. Rayleigh and Ramsay, working at first independently and then in concert, took on the task of isolating the gas and studying its properties. As Arabatzis and Gavroglu have argued,Footnote 38 the discovery of argon was not an event but an extended process. As such it comprised not only detecting but also identifying and assimilating argon into the conceptual framework of nineteenth-century chemistry. Throughout the process Rayleigh used various control strategies: from detecting discrepancies between the densities of “atmospheric” and “chemical” nitrogen, to isolating and identifying a new constituent of the atmosphere, and subsequently to exploring its properties. Here as elsewhere, the main aim of experimental control was to validate the experimental results. The starting point for the discovery process was Prout’s law, which says that the atomic weights of the elements were whole multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen. As early as 1882, Rayleigh had expressed his willingness to redetermine the densities of the “principal gases”Footnote 39 to test that law. He started by determining the relative densities of hydrogen and oxygen and then proceeded to the density of nitrogen. Given that he originally aimed to test Prout’s hypothesis, Rayleigh determined the ratio of atomic weights of oxygen to hydrogen via the densities of those gases. But he also tried an independent and novel determination, one based on the composition of water.Footnote 40 Rayleigh was not the only one who used more than one method to determine atomic weights. For instance, the American chemist Theodore William Richards (1868–1928) used five to determine copper’s atomic weight.Footnote 41 In experimenting with the density of nitrogen, Rayleigh used two principal methods to prepare the gas.Footnote 42 In the first, atmospheric air was “freed from CO2 by potash” and then the oxygen was removed by “copper heated in hard glass over a large Bunsen” burner. It was then passed over “red-hot copper in a furnace” before being treated with “sulphuric acid, potash and phosphoric anhydride” (Rayleigh 1892, 512). Regnault had followed this method in experimenting with the densities of the principal gases. The main difference between the first and second method is the use of ammonia. In the second the oxygen was combined with the hydrogen of ammonia, through which the air passed before the furnace with the red-hot copper. Rayleigh used the method on Ramsay’s suggestion. In his reports, Rayleigh referred to nitrogen of different origins with different names. He called the gas obtained by the first method “atmospheric nitrogen,” whereas that prepared with ammonia was “chemical nitrogen.” Although the results of the second methodFootnote 43 were in close agreement, Rayleigh still used the other. As he observed in his Nobel Lecture, multiple methods were always desirable: Turning my attention to nitrogen, I made a series of determinations using a method of preparation devised originally by Harcourt and recommended to me by Ramsay […] Having obtained a series of concordant observations on gas thus prepared I was at first disposed to consider the work on nitrogen as finished. Afterwards, however, I reflected that the method which I had used was not that of Regnault and that in any case it was desirable to multiply methods, so that I fell back upon the more orthodox procedure according to which, ammonia being dispensed with, air passes directly over red hot copper. (Rayleigh 1904, 212–13, our emphasis) To his surprise, he found a discrepancy of 1/1000 in nitrogen’s density as given by those two methods. He could not attribute the discrepancy to experimental error because the measurements for each method did not present deviations greater than 1/10000.Footnote 44 With this order-of-magnitude difference, Rayleigh claimed that experimental error could not explain the discrepancy. Thus, his claim stems from his confidence that the experimental conditions were stable and well-controlled. As it turned out, the discrepancy between “atmospheric” and “chemical” nitrogen was the initial step that later led to discovering a new constituent of air: the inert gas argon. Faced with the discrepancy, Rayleigh published a letter in NatureFootnote 45 inviting criticism from chemists and asking for their help. At the time he regarded the situation “only with disgust and impatience,” although his call for help may seem striking in itself.Footnote 46 At any rate, his rush to publish the letter may be due to a lack of confidence in his chemical knowledge.Footnote 47 As with determining the ohm, however, the call reveals a communal aspect to his control processes. Rayleigh expected that chemists would make suggestions, and then he could examine them. It was not only an invitation for public discourse—he appreciated private communication as well. Thus, he placed control in the hands of the community and did so early in his research. He hoped others would help him explain the unequal measurements. He only obtained, however, “useful suggestions, but none going to the root of the matter” (Rayleigh 1895, 189). His next step was to magnify the discrepancy. In the preparation of “chemical” nitrogen by ammonia, only one-seventh of the final quantity was “derived from the ammonia,” with the rest from atmospheric air (Rayleigh 1895, 189).Footnote 48 Thus, the most obvious way to achieve such a magnification was to get all the nitrogen from ammonia. Here is how Rayleigh explained that process: One’s instinct at first is to try to get rid of a discrepancy, but I believe that experience shows such an endeavour to be a mistake. What one ought to do is to magnify a small discrepancy with a view to finding out the explanation; and, as it appeared in the present case that the root of the discrepancy lay in the fact that part of the nitrogen prepared by ammonia method was nitrogen out of ammonia, although the greater part remained of common origin in both cases, the application of the principle suggested a trial of the weight of nitrogen obtained wholly from ammonia. (Rayleigh 1895, 189, our emphasis) In his Nobel Lecture he repeated the same point: “It is a good rule in experimental work to seek to magnify a discrepancy when it first presents itself, rather than to follow the natural instinct of trying to get quit of it” (Rayleigh 1904, 213, our emphasis). Whether a rule or principle, “magnifying the discrepancies” was indispensable to Rayleigh’s experimental practice. This form of control amounted to “guided manipulation,” which aimed at finding an appropriate explanation for the discrepancy. In this case the discrepancy was magnified about five times, firmly establishing the initial experimental outcome and indicating the need for further research.Footnote 49 The next stage in the discovery process was to explain the discrepancy. Was the “atmospheric” nitrogen heavier than the “chemical” because of impurities? If so, in which nitrogen were the impurities to be found? Were there lighter impurities in the “chemical” nitrogen, or heavier impurities in the “atmospheric” nitrogen? Was there some other form of nitrogen, like N3 or nitrogen in a partially “dissociated state”? Rayleigh altered the preparation of nitrogen to confirm his initial result and clarify the discrepancy’s cause. In the next 2 years he produced “atmospheric nitrogen” by replacing hot copper with hot iron or ferrous hydrate, and “chemical nitrogen” by using nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and ammonium nitrite, along with substituting hot copper with hot iron. The result did not change. Regarding the possibility of lighter impurities, the possibility of hydrogen as their source struck Rayleigh as the most worth investigating. If that was the case, however, and hydrogen was present, the copper oxide should consume it. Rayleigh approached the matter experimentally. To exclude the possibility of a lighter hydrogen-based impurity in the “chemical nitrogen,” a certain amount was introduced into the heavier “atmospheric nitrogen.” It made no difference to the result and the hypothesis was rejected. At first at least, Rayleigh leaned toward the possibility that nitrogen was being produced in a “dissociated state.” But he changed his mind because of skeptical suggestions from his “chemical friends.” There was chemical evidence that if nitrogen was dissociated, it was likely the atoms would not continue to exist for long. Rayleigh also checked the hypothesis of dissociated nitrogen by subjecting both gases to the action of silent electric discharge. Their weights remained unchanged, indicating the hypothesis was probably wrong. Finally, he made another experiment to secure the conclusion. He stored a sample of “chemical nitrogen” for 8 months to check its density. He found no sign of increase.Footnote 50 As is evident, every step in the detection process was cross-checked, either with different experimental methods or with a combination of theory and experiment. The methodology of multiple preparations motivated Rayleigh and Ramsay to the conclusion that “chemical” nitrogen was a uniform substance. The properties of the samples produced different showed it had to be one and the same substance. On this point they stated: “That chemical nitrogen is a uniform substance is proved by the identity of properties of samples prepared by several different processes and from several different compounds” (Rayleigh and Ramsay 1895, 180). Rayleigh and Ramsay also maintained it was difficult to see how a gas of chemical origin could be a mixture. If that was the case, there should have been two kinds of nitric acid (when that acid was used in the preparation). They argued further that the claim that nitrogen is a mixture could not be reconciled with the work of Belgian chemist Jean Stas and others on the atomic weight of nitrogen.Footnote 51 Thus, control via multiple preparations went hand in hand with control via consistent agreement with the works of other chemists.Footnote 52 In addition, the question of whether “atmospheric” nitrogen was a mixture of nitrogen and another substance was also investigated in detail, along with its isolation. They first tried to isolate it using two methods and then used atmolysis to ascertain its nature. On the one hand, Rayleigh approached the question as Cavendish had done in 1785, more than a century earlier. He turned his attention to Cavendish after Dewar made a suggestion in 1894.Footnote 53 Nitrogen was removed with the aid of oxygen, subjecting the mixture to an electric spark (see Fig. 9.3). The process always left residue, which could be isolated. On the other hand, Ramsay also followed another method: absorbing the nitrogen by means of magnesium at full heat (see Fig. 9.4). Rayleigh and Ramsay gave seven reasons to justify their conclusion that atmospheric nitrogen was a mixture of nitrogen and argon. One was based on the double isolation just mentioned, along with their belief that “It is in the highest degree improbable that two processes [Cavendish’s and Ramsay’s], so different from each other, should each manufacture the same product” (Rayleigh and Ramsay 1895, 180).Footnote 54 This philosophical commitment was key to their method. Rayleigh and Ramsay examined every alternative hypothesis that they or others thought of, and eliminated all but one: they concluded that the origin of the discrepancy must be a new constituent of the atmosphere. Considering alternative hypotheses was another way to control their explanation’s validity. They tested the alternatives with auxiliary experiments and/or theoretical considerations. The latter method was a way to control theory, since it rested on reasons to exclude possible explanations and not on any material manipulation. Control practices were also present in exploring argon’s properties. To determine its density, for example, Rayleigh and Ramsay used different methods and directed a number of experiments toward that end. The gas(es) obtained from Cavendish’s method, along with those from Ramsay’s, were examined to determine their densities. A first estimation of the gas’s density from Cavendish’s method used the initial measurements of the densities of nitrogen from different origins. They were able to calculate its density as long as they assumed the densities differed because of argon. Because it was difficult to directly determine the density of argon owing to the small quantities collected, they filled a large globe with an oxygen–argon mix of known proportions and determined its density. In every measurement, experimental objects and conditions were standardized and then correction applied for certain constant errors. The amount of the residual nitrogen was estimated through spectrum analysis.Footnote 55 Rayleigh and Ramsay also determined argon’s density using Ramsay’s magnesium method. Using another gas as reference, they had three auxiliary experiments to test the accuracy with which the density of the unknown gas could be determined. They chose the density of dried air as their reference value and compared the mean of their measurements with that obtained by “several [other] observers” (Rayleigh and Ramsay 1895, 149). The control process again rested on multiple determination and knowledge established by other scientists. Rayleigh and then Ramsay proceeded to directly determine argon’s density, and concluded it was “at least 19 times as heavy as hydrogen” (Rayleigh and Ramsay 1895, 150). Spectroscopy was another means used to identify the atmosphere’s new constituent. After isolating it on a larger scale by the magnesium method, two other scientists—William Crookes and Arthur Schuster, working independently—subjected the gas to spectrum analysis. They meant to identify it and determine whether it was a mixture or not.Footnote 56 To achieve the best results they used electrodes of different materials. Both sources of argon gave identical spectra. Crucial to the new element was its ratio of specific heats, as it was directly related to its number of atoms. To determine the ratio, Rayleigh and Ramsay performed experiments on the velocity of sound in argon. They used a familiar apparatus, but in a way that “differed somewhat from the ordinary pattern.” To test “the accuracy of this instrument,” “fresh experiments were made with air, carbon dioxide and hydrogen,” and their results were compared to those of other observers. By this control process they “established the trustworthiness of the method,” which then led to a ratio of specific heats that was “practically” identical with “the theoretical ratio for a monatomic gas” (Rayleigh and Ramsay 1895, 174–76). Rayleigh and Ramsay therefore employed several control strategies in discovering argon, and these strategies were integral to the discovery. They also played different roles in different research stages. A primary form of experimental control was the multiple methods. This was not just because Rayleigh and Ramsay participated in that project independently. Rather, as we explained, multiple determinations were essential throughout the discovery process—from Rayleigh working by himself to detect the initial discrepancy, to Rayleigh and Ramsay working together to identify argon and explore its properties.
4591	dbpedia	2	13	https://www.ncl.ac.uk/press/articles/latest/2024/04/peterhopkinsroyalsocietyedinburgh/	en	Newcastle geographer awarded prestigious Fellowship	http://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/pressoffice/images/placeholder/press-lion-1200-628.png	http://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/pressoffice/images/placeholder/press-lion-1200-628.png	[ "https://secure.aiea6gaza.com/166409.png", "https://secure.leadforensics.com/121408.png", "https://secure.vols7feed.com/150024.png", "https://www.ncl.ac.uk/gomobileassets/img/logo.svg", "https://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/pressoffice/images/news/march2024/IMG_3054a.jpg", "https://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/pressoffice/images/news/april2022/Przewalski's-horses-in-the-prairie_grid.jpg", "https://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/pressoffice/images/news/august2024/Jacob-Polley-by-Ian-Fenton-gris.jpg", "https://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/pressoffice/images/placeholder/press-lion-818-428.png", "https://dc.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=512452&fmt=gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-04-09T08:04:00+00:00	Professor Peter Hopkins has been made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) for the excellence of his work and his contributions to policy in Scotland.	en		Press Office	http://www.ncl.ac.uk/press/articles/latest/2024/04/peterhopkinsroyalsocietyedinburgh/	Professor Hopkins is a leading social geographer with an international reputation for his research on race, religion, gender, and youth. Specifically, he has played a key role in the development of an international field of research focused on Muslim identities and Islamophobia. He has been involved in several significant studies that have had a direct impact on policymaking and practice in Scotland. This includes a report with Scottish Refugee Council that helped inform how to provide support for unaccompanied asylum-seeking children and Scottish Government research about everyday experiences of sectarianism. Most recently, Professor Hopkins helped establish a new Scottish Parliament Cross Party Group on Tackling Islamophobia with Anas Sarwar MSP in 2018, which was the largest and most active in the Scottish Parliament. Through this group, he led the first ever inquiry into Islamophobia in Scotland which produced over 50 recommendations for policy change, and he also co-produced media guidance for journalists. In addition, Professor Hopkins’ research has informed Education Institute for Scotland’s guidance about Islamophobia and work about involving school pupils in research that has been adopted by Glasgow City Council’s education services research strategy group. Professor Hopkins said: “It is such an honour to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland’s National Academy. I am very much encouraged by the Society’s focus on tackling some of the most pressing social issues, including challenges that I focus on in my own work such as those connected to racism, Islamophobia, gender inequalities, and youth exclusion. I am delighted to be joining the 1800-strong fellowship working to advance learning and useful knowledge for the public good.” Exceptional dedication and accomplishment Professor Hopkins is one of 57 new Fellows announced by the RSE and follows in the footsteps of Benjamin Franklin and Sir Walter Scott. Fellows have a fundamental role to play in enabling the RSE to deliver on its mission of ‘Knowledge made Useful’ and acceptance of Fellowship implies a strong commitment to the objectives of the RSE to inspire, engage, provide expertise, and promote the organisation and its work. President of the RSE, Professor Sir John Ball PRSE, said: “It is an immense honour to extend a warm welcome to each of our distinguished new Fellows. “Individually, they embody exceptional dedication and accomplishment spanning multiple sectors and disciplines. Collectively, they demonstrate a profound commitment and determination to make meaningful contributions through their endeavours. “From groundbreaking research that redefines our understanding to the creative pursuits that inspire and enrich our cultural landscape, the RSE proudly embraces the brightest minds, leveraging their unique expertise and perspectives for the betterment of society. “As Scotland’s National Academy, we remain committed to mobilising a diverse array of expertise to confront society's most pressing challenges, and I am certain that our new Fellows will prove invaluable assets to the RSE.” Read more about the impact of Professor Hopkins' research. Press release adapted with thanks to the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
4591	dbpedia	2	44	https://kids.kiddle.co/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society	en	Fellow of the Royal Society facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…oyal_Society.jpg	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…oyal_Society.jpg	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/6/6c/Entrance_to_The_Royal_Society.jpg/300px-Entrance_to_The_Royal_Society.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/3/3b/Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton%2C_1689.jpg/240px-Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton%2C_1689.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/e/e3/Weston_Library_Opening_by_John_Cairns_20.3.15-139_%28cropped%2C_Hawking%29.jpg/240px-Weston_Library_Opening_by_John_Cairns_20.3.15-139_%28cropped%2C_Hawking%29.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/b/b1/BillBryson02.JPG/240px-BillBryson02.JPG", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5d/Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg/240px-Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5c/Ramanujan.jpg/240px-Ramanujan.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/0/06/Sir_David_Frederick_Attenborough_at_Weston_Library_Opening_20.3.15_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Sir_David_Frederick_Attenborough_at_Weston_Library_Opening_20.3.15_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/f/f1/Professor_Brian_Cox_OBE_FRS.jpg/260px-Professor_Brian_Cox_OBE_FRS.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5f/Kids_robot.svg/60px-Kids_robot.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn Fellow of the Royal Society facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society	Quick facts for kids Fellowship of the Royal Society Headquarters of the Royal Society in Carlton House Terrace in London Date 1663; 361 years ago ( ) Location London Country United Kingdom Currently held by Approximately 8,000 (1,743 living Fellows) Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS and HonFRS) is an award granted by the Fellows of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made a "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science, and medical science". Fellowship of the Society, the oldest known scientific academy in continuous existence, is a significant honour. It has been awarded to many eminent scientists throughout history, including Isaac Newton (1672), Benjamin Franklin (1756), Charles Babbage (1816), Michael Faraday (1824), Charles Darwin (1839), Ernest Rutherford (1903), Srinivasa Ramanujan (1918), Albert Einstein (1921), Paul Dirac (1930), Winston Churchill (1941), Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1944), Dorothy Hodgkin (1947), Alan Turing (1951), Lise Meitner (1955) and Francis Crick (1959). More recently, fellowship has been awarded to Stephen Hawking (1974), David Attenborough (1983), Tim Hunt (1991), Elizabeth Blackburn (1992), Raghunath Mashelkar (1998), Tim Berners-Lee (2001), Venki Ramakrishnan (2003), Atta-ur-Rahman (2006), Andre Geim (2007), James Dyson (2015), Ajay Kumar Sood (2015), Subhash Khot (2017), Elon Musk (2018), Elaine Fuchs (2019) and around 8,000 others in total, including over 280 Nobel Laureates since 1900. As of October 2018 , there are approximately 1,689 living Fellows, Foreign and Honorary Members, of whom 85 are Nobel Laureates. Fellowship of the Royal Society has been described by The Guardian as "the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar" with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year. Fellowships Up to 60 new Fellows (FRS), honorary (HonFRS) and foreign members (ForMemRS) are elected annually in late April or early May, from a pool of around 700 proposed candidates each year. New Fellows can only be nominated by existing Fellows for one of the fellowships described below: Fellow Every year, up to 52 new fellows are elected from the United Kingdom, the rest of the Commonwealth of Nations and Ireland, which make up around 90% of the society. Each candidate is considered on their merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community. Fellows are elected for life on the basis of excellence in science and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRS. Foreign member Every year, fellows elect up to ten new foreign members. Like fellows, foreign members are elected for life through peer review on the basis of excellence in science. As of 2016 , there are around 165 foreign members, who are entitled to use the post-nominal ForMemRS. Honorary fellow Honorary Fellowship is an honorary academic title awarded to candidates who have given distinguished service to the cause of science, but do not have the kind of scientific achievements required of Fellows or Foreign Members. Honorary Fellows include the World Health Organization's Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (2022), Bill Bryson (2013), Melvyn Bragg (2010), Robin Saxby (2015), David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville (2008), Onora O'Neill (2007), John Maddox (2000), Patrick Moore (2001) and Lisa Jardine (2015). Honorary Fellows are entitled to use the post nominal letters HonFRS. Former statute 12 fellowships Statute 12 is a legacy mechanism for electing members before official honorary membership existed in 1997. Fellows elected under statute 12 include David Attenborough (1983) and John Palmer, 4th Earl of Selborne (1991). Royal Fellow The Council of the Royal Society can recommend members of the British royal family for election as Royal Fellow of the Royal Society. As of 2023 there are four royal fellows: Charles III, elected 1978 Anne, Princess Royal, elected 1987 Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, elected 1990 William, Prince of Wales, elected 2009 Elizabeth II was not a Royal Fellow, but provided her patronage to the society, as all reigning British monarchs have done since Charles II of England. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1951) was elected under statute 12, not as a Royal Fellow. Election of new fellows The election of new fellows is announced annually in May, after their nomination and a period of peer-reviewed selection. Nomination Each candidate for Fellowship or Foreign Membership is nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society (a proposer and a seconder), who sign a certificate of proposal. Previously, nominations required at least five fellows to support each nomination by the proposer, which was criticised for supposedly establishing an old boy network and elitist gentlemen's club. The certificate of election (see for example) includes a statement of the principal grounds on which the proposal is being made. There is no limit on the number of nominations made each year. In 2015, there were 654 candidates for election as Fellows and 106 candidates for Foreign Membership. Selection The Council of the Royal Society oversees the selection process and appoints 10 subject area committees, known as Sectional Committees, to recommend the strongest candidates for election to the Fellowship. The final list of up to 52 Fellowship candidates and up to 10 Foreign Membership candidates is confirmed by the Council in April, and a secret ballot of Fellows is held at a meeting in May. A candidate is elected if they secure two-thirds of votes of those Fellows voting. An indicative allocation of 18 Fellowships can be allocated to candidates from Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences; and up to 10 from Applied Sciences, Human Sciences and Joint Physical and Biological Sciences. A further maximum of six can be 'Honorary', 'General' or 'Royal' Fellows. Nominations for Fellowship are peer reviewed by Sectional Committees, each with at least 12 members and a Chair (all of whom are Fellows of the Royal Society). Members of the 10 Sectional Committees change every three years to mitigate in-group bias. Each Sectional Committee covers different specialist areas including: Computer science Mathematics Astronomy and physics Chemistry Engineering Earth science and environmental science Molecules of Life Cell biology Multicellular organisms Patterns in Populations Admission New Fellows are admitted to the Society at a formal admissions day ceremony held annually in July, when they sign the Charter Book and the Obligation which reads: "We who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise, that we will endeavour to promote the good of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, and to pursue the ends for which the same was founded; that we will carry out, as far as we are able, those actions requested of us in the name of the Council; and that we will observe the Statutes and Standing Orders of the said Society. Provided that, whensoever any of us shall signify to the President under our hands, that we desire to withdraw from the Society, we shall be free from this Obligation for the future". Since 2014, portraits of Fellows at the admissions ceremony have been published without copyright restrictions in Wikimedia Commons under a more permissive Creative Commons license which allows wider re-use. Research fellowships and other awards In addition to the main fellowships of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS & HonFRS), other fellowships are available which are applied for by individuals, rather than through election. These fellowships are research grant awards and holders are known as Royal Society Research Fellows. University research fellowships (URFs): Royal Society University Research Fellowships are for outstanding scientists in the UK who are in the early stages of their research career and have the potential to become leaders in their field. Previous holders of URFs to have been elected FRS at a later date include Richard Borcherds (1994), Jean Beggs (1998), Frances Ashcroft (1999), Athene Donald (1999) and John Pethica (1999). More recent awardees include Terri Attwood, Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, Brian Cox, Sarah Bridle, Shahn Majid, Tanya Monro, Beth Shapiro, David J. Wales and Katherine Willis. Royal Society Leverhulme Trust senior research fellowships are for scientists who would benefit from a period of full-time research without teaching and administrative duties, supported by the Leverhulme Trust. Newton advanced fellowships provide established international researchers with an opportunity to develop the research strengths and capabilities of their research group. These are provided by the Newton Fund as part of the UK's official development assistance. Industry fellowships are for academic scientists who want to work on a collaborative project with industry, and for scientists in industry who want to work on a collaborative project with an academic organisation. Dorothy Hodgkin fellowships are for outstanding scientists in the UK at an early stage of their research career who require a flexible working pattern due to personal circumstances. These fellowships are named after Dorothy Hodgkin. In addition to the award of Fellowship (FRS, HonFRS & ForMemRS) and the Research Fellowships described above, several other awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society are also given. See also In Spanish: Miembro de la Royal Society para niños
4591	dbpedia	1	4	https://playback.fm/person/arthur-schuster	en	Spouse, Children, Birthday & More	https://playback.fm/share-image?text=Arthur Schuster	https://playback.fm/share-image?text=Arthur Schuster	[ "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Arthur_Schuster.jpg?width=300", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Felix%20Schuster%2C%20Vanity%20Fair%2C%201906-06-28.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nora%20Schuster%20aged%203%2C%20seated%2C%20facing%20forwards.%20Photograph%2C%20c%20Wellcome%20V0029561.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Frankfurter%20Altstadt%20mit%20Skyline%202019%20%28100MP%29.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A%20lecture%20at%20the%20University%20of%20West%20London%2C%20Ealing%20Campus.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Albert%20Einstein%20Head.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Whitworth%20Hall.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NationalAcademySciences%2007110011.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Royal%20Society%20Edinburgh.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Royal%20Society%2020040420.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Palace%20of%20Westminster%20from%20the%20dome%20on%20Methodist%20Central%20Hall.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aerial%20view%20of%20Berlin%20%2832881394137%29.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Legal%20status%20of%20German%20in%20the%20world.svg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Whitworth%20Hall.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Heidelberg%20-%20Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/St.%20John%E2%80%99s%20College.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Marie%20and%20Pierre%20Curie%27s%20Nobel%20Prize%20in%20Physics%201903.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Copley%20Medal.png?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rumford%20Medal%20%281880%29.png?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The%20Royal%20Society%20of%20Edinburgh.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Entrance%20to%20The%20Royal%20Society.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mars%20symbol.svg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NationalAcademySciences%2007110011.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Royal%20Society%20Edinburgh.jpg?width=64", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Royal%20Society%2020040420.jpg?width=64" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Find out where Arthur Schuster was born, their birthday and details about their professions, education, religion, family and other life details and facts.	en	https://playback.fm/appl…h-icon-57x57.png	Playback.fm	https://playback.fm/person/arthur-schuster	Fame Ranking What does "Most Famous" mean? Unlike other sites which use current mentions, follower counts, etc. that tend to call the most famous people YouTube stars or Reality TV stars, we've decided to mark fame as a persons importance in history. We've conducted research scouring millions of historical references to determine the importance of people in History. That being said, we might have missed a few people here and there. The ranking system is a continuing work in progress - if you happen to feel like someone is misranked or missing, please shoot us a message! Fame Ranking What does "Most Famous" mean? Unlike other sites which use current mentions, follower counts, etc. that tend to call the most famous people YouTube stars or Reality TV stars, we've decided to mark fame as a persons importance in history. We've conducted research scouring millions of historical references to determine the importance of people in History. That being said, we might have missed a few people here and there. The ranking system is a continuing work in progress - if you happen to feel like someone is misranked or missing, please shoot us a message!
4591	dbpedia	3	49	https://glasgowguardian.co.uk/2022/03/26/10-glasgow-academics-receive-fellowship-of-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh/	en	10 Glasgow academics receive fellowship of The Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://glasgowguardian.…_842376_smxx.jpg	https://glasgowguardian.…_842376_smxx.jpg	[ "https://i0.wp.com/glasgowguardian.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/02/Glasgow-Guardian-masthead.png?fit=768%2C181&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/glasgowguardian.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/03/Media_842376_smxx.jpg?fit=700%2C300&ssl=1", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f0cb567706085ea8c1da0f3724f8b07e?s=80&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3ae3862ec86971571239fd867c6675a0?s=56&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/011eaa17f808c484f145bc9a99cbeff7?s=56&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a2c4321eb87019b8d0da515e1af49578?s=64&d=mm&r=g", "https://i0.wp.com/glasgowguardian.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/08/Tar_sands_in_alberta_2008.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/glasgowguardian.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/06/iris-duane-scaled.jpeg?fit=300%2C169&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/glasgowguardian.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/06/Snapinsta.app_428691048_18439028188021062_3161079274345169692_n_1024.jpg?fit=240%2C300&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/glasgowguardian.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/06/ajqzmrhw.png?fit=300%2C221&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/glasgowguardian.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/06/yehor-milohrodskyi-syuhhPwu-hk-unsplash-scaled.jpg?fit=300%2C200&ssl=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Glasgow Guardian Editors" ]	2022-03-26T00:00:00	The academics have been recognised as some of the greatest thinkers in Scotland today. Of 80 new Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE), 10 are University of Glasgow academics across the departments of engineering, law, and the humanities. Recognised as some of Scotland’s “greatest researchers”, the academics join the 1,700 Fellows of the […]	en	https://i0.wp.com/glasgo…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	The Glasgow Guardian	https://glasgowguardian.co.uk/2022/03/26/10-glasgow-academics-receive-fellowship-of-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh/	The academics have been recognised as some of the greatest thinkers in Scotland today. Of 80 new Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE), 10 are University of Glasgow academics across the departments of engineering, law, and the humanities. Recognised as some of Scotland’s “greatest researchers”, the academics join the 1,700 Fellows of the RSE as part of the 2022 intake. Commenting on the new fellowships, Glasgow’s Principal, Professor Sir Anton Muscatelli, said: “I am delighted that so many of my colleagues across the University of Glasgow have been Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. “These elections represent deserved recognition for their excellent contributions and work across a wide range of disciplines. On behalf of everyone at the University of Glasgow, I would like to congratulate all 10 of our new RSE Fellows.” The RSE was established as Scotland’s National Academy in 1783 in order to advance the knowledge of the country’s top academics for public good. It aims to contribute to the wellbeing of Scotland and its people, as well as to further the country’s contribution on a global scale. The RSE uses the combined skills of its Fellows to enhance the capacity for research and leadership in Scotland, whilst strengthening connections between different industries so as to “inform and influence public policy”. Fellowships are offered to academics and researchers across a wide range of fields – including health and computing science from the cohort selected from Glasgow this year – and with the diversity of its selection, the RSE aspires to make a progressively larger impact. This year, Glasgow’s recognised academics were:
4591	dbpedia	1	50	https://academic.oup.com/book/25514/chapter/192763705	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
4591	dbpedia	1	27	https://architecture.arthistoryresearch.net/architects/worthington-percy-scott	en	Worthington, Percy Scott 1864 - 1939	https://architecture.art…avicon-32x32.png	https://architecture.art…avicon-32x32.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Percy Scott Worthington [also known as Sir Percy Worthington] was born in Crumpshall, near Manchester, England on 31 January 1864. His father, Thomas Worthington (1826-1909) was an architect, as was brother,	en	/themes/custom/ahrnet_local/assets/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png		https://architecture.arthistoryresearch.net/architects/worthington-percy-scott	Percy Scott Worthington [also known as Sir Percy Worthington] was born in Crumpshall, near Manchester, England on 31 January 1864. His father, Thomas Worthington (1826-1909) was an architect, as was brother, John Hubert Worthington (1886-1963), his son, Thomas Shirley Scott Worthington (1900-81) and his cousin, Thomas Locke Worthington. After studying at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, P.S. Worthington was articled to his father in Manchester during which time he studied at Manchester School of Art. He then moved to London where he worked as an assistant to John MacVicar Anderson (1886-1963). He also attended University College London and the Royal Academy Schools in London. He then returned to Manchester where, in 1889 [or 1891 - sources differ], he was made a partner in his father's firm, which became Thomas Worthington & Son. Following the death of Worthington senior, P.S. Worthington continued the practice with his brother, John Hubert Worthington as Thomas Worthington & Sons. Later, his son, Thomas Shirley Scott Worthington, also joined the partnership. Photographs and a ground-floor plan of 'Barrows Green', near Kendal, oak chairs, and a hall fireplace designed by Worthington are featured in 'The Studio Yearbook of Decorative Art' 1908 (illustrations B74, B, B75, B107, B108, B115, B121, B129). Between 1889-1921 Worthington exhibited at the Royal Academy in London, the Scottish Royal Academy in Edinburgh, and at Manchester City Art Gallery. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects (ARIBA) in 1890, and a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (FRIBA) in 1906. He was the recipient of the RIBA Silver Medal (Essays) in 1889, the Donaldson Medal from University College, and the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1930. He was appointed a member of the Royal Fine Art Commission in 1925 and in 1935 was knighted for services to architecture. He was also President of the Manchester Society of Architects. In addition to his work as an architect, Worthington also designed furniture and fireplaces. He died in Gorsey Brow in Mobberley, Cheshire, England, on 15 July 1939.
4591	dbpedia	2	25	https://www.uhi.ac.uk/en/research-enterprise/cultural/institute-for-northern-studies/news/professor-donna-heddle-from-uhi-elected-to-the-royal-society-of-edinburghs-fellowship.html	en	Professor Donna Heddle from UHI elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh’s Fellowship	https://www.uhi.ac.uk/en…/img/favicon.svg	https://www.uhi.ac.uk/en…/img/favicon.svg	[ "https://www.uhi.ac.uk/en/t4-media/one-web/university/admin-assets/img/logos/uhi-logo-reversed.png", "https://www.uhi.ac.uk/en/t4-media/one-web/university/research/institute-for-northern-studies/staff/donna-heddle.jpg ", "https://www.uhi.ac.uk/en/t4-media/one-web/university/admin-assets/img/logos/uhi-logo-reversed.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "news_cns" ]	null	[]	2024-04-23T00:00:00	Institute for Northern Studies news, Academics and cultural leaders across the north of Scotland have been elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) including Professor Donna Heddle from the University of Highlands and Islands (UHI).	en	/en/t4-media/one-web/university/admin-assets/img/favicon.svg		null	Academics and cultural leaders across the north of Scotland have been elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) including Professor Donna Heddle from the University of Highlands and Islands (UHI). Nominated for their individual excellence in a wide range of fields such as physics, chemistry, informatics, literature, law, social sciences, and business, they will be joining the 1,800 current Fellows of the RSE, Scotland’s National Academy. Orkney-based Professor Donna Heddle was elected for her own outstanding contributions to research and advocacy. She set up and now leads the UHI’s Institute for Northern Studies, a world-leading establishment combining research, teaching, and community engagement. She is also the first woman from UHI to be elected as a Fellow of the RSE. Professor Heddle said: “I am delighted to be joining this august company of learned colleagues and am looking forward to many opportunities to share my expertise with the public.” Vicki Nairn, UHI Principal and Vice-Chancellor, congratulated Donna: “Professor Heddle's selection is a testament to her remarkable contributions to research and her pioneering leadership at the Institute for Northern Studies and contributions to UHI. We are immensely proud of Donna and her achievements and look forward to her continued impact on academia and community engagement.” President of the RSE, Professor Sir John Ball PRSE, said: “It is an immense honour to extend a warm welcome to each of our distinguished new Fellows.” “Individually, they embody exceptional dedication and accomplishment spanning multiple sectors and disciplines. Collectively, they demonstrate a profound commitment and determination to make meaningful contributions through their endeavours.” “From groundbreaking research that redefines our understanding to the creative pursuits that inspire and enrich our cultural landscape, the RSE proudly embraces the brightest minds, leveraging their unique expertise and perspectives for the betterment of society.” “As Scotland’s National Academy, we remain committed to mobilising a diverse array of expertise to confront society's most pressing challenges, and I am certain that our new Fellows will prove invaluable assets to the RSE.”
4591	dbpedia	3	86	https://www.lse.ac.uk/	en	LSE Home	https://www.lse.ac.uk/ls…E-graduation.jpg	https://www.lse.ac.uk/ls…E-graduation.jpg	[ "https://www.lse.ac.uk/lse-information/assets/images/study-at-and-student-life/Students-at-Plaza-Cafe-747x560.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/lse-information/assets/images/study-at-and-student-life/LSE-online-image-option-1-747x560.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/lse-information/assets/images/summer-school/LSE-University-of-London-Programmes.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/News-Assets/images/LSE-Academics/BA3-747-x-420-2.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/Events/Events-Assets/Event-Images/2024/03AT/Promo/Susan-Athey-747x420.png", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/News-Assets/images/Students-and-alumni/Forbes-747-x-420.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/Events/Events-Assets/Event-Images/Generic-Thumbnails/Claudia-Goldin-event-audience-9960.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/lse-information/assets/images/study-at-and-student-life/Student-Hub-747x420.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/Research/Assets/globalpolitics/mickcoxelections-560.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/Research/Assets/LSE-iQ/LSEiQ-will-the-US-remain-a-superpower-1920x10802.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/Research/Assets/globalpolitics/Golden-Passport-747-x-420.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/Research/Assets/Blogimages/ukpolice-crunsplash-sean-robbins420.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/Events/LSE-Festival/2024/images/exhibition/exhibitionVR-420.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/Research/Assets/rftw-images/LSE-Research-for-the-World-magazine-July-2024-747x560.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/about-lse/assets/education-and-student-experience/images/16-9-ratio-Students-Dec22-4802.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/lse-information/assets/images/about-LSE-general/16-9-ratio-Graduation-at-LSE.jpg", "https://www.lse.ac.uk/lse-information/assets/images/news/16-9-ratio-Careers-Fair-Oct22-0076.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "London School of Economics", "Political Science" ]	2024-09-04T00:00:00+01:00	The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) is a world-leading international social science specialist university, based in the heart of London.	en	/site-elements/img/touch-icon.png	London School of Economics and Political Science	https://www.lse.ac.uk/Home.aspx	Research for the World Online research magazine Read about the latest research from across the social sciences
4591	dbpedia	2	33	https://royalsociety.org/about-us/who-we-are/history/	en	History of the Royal Society	https://royalsociety.org…daws-lrs9730.jpg	https://royalsociety.org…daws-lrs9730.jpg	[ "https://royalsociety.org/assets/images/logo@2x.png", "https://royalsociety.org/about-us/who-we-are/history/-/media/blogs/2024/08/first-paralympic-games/first-paralympic-games-1.jpg", "https://apidyn.royalsociety.org/images/blogs/Eloise.Barber.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/about-us/who-we-are/history/-/media/blogs/2024/08/figuring-the-earth/figuring-the-earth-1.jpg", "https://apidyn.royalsociety.org/images/blogs/louisiane-ferlier.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/about-us/who-we-are/history/-/media/blogs/2024/08/observing-relativity/observing-relativity-1.jpg", "https://apidyn.royalsociety.org/images/blogs/vida-milovanovic.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/about-us/who-we-are/history/-/media/blogs/2024/07/norwegian-ice/norwegian-ice-1.jpg", "https://apidyn.royalsociety.org/images/blogs/rupert-baker.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/about-us/who-we-are/history/-/media/blogs/2024/07/fossil-wood/fossil-wood-1.jpg", "https://apidyn.royalsociety.org/images/blogs/katherine-marshall.jpg", "https://royalsociety.org/about-us/who-we-are/history/url(/-/media/navigation/footer/logoalt2x.png)" ]	[ "https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1KNjlzrTTwSzb_abD9LjlmBVLqLacz1y5oYvSzwBZG0I&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=650" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-08-27T00:00:00	Explore the history of the Royal Society, including our motto and discover our timeline of key events.	en	/assets/icons/favicon-16x16.png		https://royalsociety.org/about-us/who-we-are/history/	Where does the Royal Society come from? In the mid-17th century, informal gatherings of London- and Oxford-based intellectuals coalesced to form a chartered organisation. Its name would be The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge. What were the early days of the Royal Society like? From its first meeting, on 28 November 1660, following a lecture by the Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College in London, Christopher Wren, the new Fellowship would concern itself with natural philosophy – what we would now term science. Wren considered that it should act to transform knowledge, profit, and health and the conveniences of life. The Royal Society would gather information by correspondence, but its Fellows would also observe the natural world, conduct experiments, discuss their outcomes, and eventually publish the results. Natural philosophers of this period were products of their society. They were drawn from the professional and aristocratic classes and were exclusively male. They were not professional scientists; but lawyers, merchants, physicians, aristocrats, and landowners, who were brought together by a common interest at the Royal Society’s weekly meetings. By 1662, the Society had appointed a Secretary, Henry Oldenburg, to manage its correspondence, and a Curator of Experiments, Robert Hooke, to oversee demonstrations. They became influential figures in the early years of the Society: Oldenburg by establishing the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1665, and Hooke by becoming its leading experimentalist, most memorably in the minute observations collected in his book Micrographia, published in the same year. Among the early Fellows were Robert Boyle, John Evelyn, John Locke, and by 1672, Isaac Newton, whose Principia Mathematica (1687) was published under the Royal Society’s imprimatur. Fellows from across Europe and the New World were also elected, including Johann Hevelius, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Gottfried Leibniz, and John Winthrop. What does its motto ‘Nullius in verba’ mean? The Royal Society's motto 'Nullius in verba' was adopted in its First Charter in 1662. is taken to mean 'take nobody's word for it'. It is an expression of the determination of Fellows to withstand the domination of authority and to verify all statements by an appeal to facts determined by experiment. When were the first Royal Society medals and lectures created? By the 18th century, the Society was not only publishing science, but rewarding its practitioners. The Copley Medal, the earliest prize for scientific excellence, was first awarded in 1731, to the electrical researcher Stephen Gray. It was later won by Benjamin Franklin, John Smeaton, Joseph Priestley, William Herschel, and Alessandro Volta. Prize lectures were also established, including the Croonian and Bakerian. When did the Royal Society start administering grants? In 1828, William Hyde Wollaston donated money to establish a grant-making fund: the Society was no longer limited to honouring discoverers after the event but could encourage their research in the most practical possible way. The approach was endorsed by a Government Grant of £1,000 in 1851, to be administered by the Royal Society in underwriting the costs of original investigations. When did science become a profession? The 19th century saw other changes in how the Royal Society operated, and in the nature of its activities. Refereeing of scientific papers commenced from 1832, replacing previous gentlemanly communication of research. The nature of the Fellowship itself was modified towards more professional practitioners, as a result of rule changes enacted in 1847. And by the 1870s, the Society had become responsible for the annual scientific exhibitions known as conversazioni, formerly managed by its Presidents. The organisation had become a public face for science, even if that public remained a limited one. How did the Royal Society advise Parliament through its history? Throughout the Victorian period, although independent of government, the Royal Society had been consulted in matters of public interest and had acted in the administration of national institutions: either directly, for example in the management of the Meteorological Office (1865-1905) and Kew Observatory (1871-1899) or by their establishment, including the National Physical Laboratory (1900). In specific instances, the Society reported on a variety of scientific matters to Parliament or to colonial administrations: from progress on Babbage’s calculating engine (1823-1831), to investigations into sleeping sickness (1896-1903) and malaria (1898-1903). How did the Royal Society change at the start of the 20th century? The pace of scientific development in the 20th century encompassed the new physics of relativity and quantum mechanics, the technology of two world wars, and advances in the understanding of genetics and the science of life. Social mores changed too, and with them the Royal Society, which although it had given research grants to women scientists throughout the century, and had intermittently published their work, only relented to their admission to the Fellowship from 1945. Kathleen Lonsdale and Marjory Stephenson led the way. By then, the foundations of the modern Royal Society had been laid. The Fellowship would be drawn from high achieving professional scientists. The organisation would go on to refine its key functions, notably in grant-making, policy reporting, public engagement in science, publishing, and international affairs. The original weekly gatherings of Fellows were transformed into scientific discussion meetings on topics of international importance in the sciences. In these, and in all activities, the Royal Society is guided by its founding principles, its Fellows, and its motto: Nullius in verba. To discover more on the history of the Royal Society, visit its collections of archives, printed books, portraits and scientific objects.
4591	dbpedia	0	1	https://www.coursehero.com/file/147295908/Arthur-Schustertxt/	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
4591	dbpedia	0	92	https://colossal.com/advisors/	en	Advisors	https://colossal.com/wp-…OUR-ADVISORS.jpg	https://colossal.com/wp-…OUR-ADVISORS.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1008426587451127&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/header-logo.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/icon-corner.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/icon-corner.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/icon-corner.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/icon-corner.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/icon-corner.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/icon-corner.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/icon-close.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/hero.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/circles.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/slashes.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/dna.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/slashes-5.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/slashes-4.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/sectinon-1-img-1.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/sectinon-1-img-2.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/logo-home-dark.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/slashes-1.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/stats-bg.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/qr-1.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/title-section-bg-1.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/carolyn.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/nobel-coin.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/stanford-seal.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault-2.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/andrew-in-lab-2-e1660649164982-1024x998.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Ling-Paul-Dalling-copy-2-1.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/LD2020_2-Photo-by-Malin-Lovkvist-2-1024x729.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Chris-e1649268285156.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ScientificAdvisory_Helen-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Shapiro_Barreras_BW-1024x707.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_6214-1024x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/gallagher.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/group-2-seal.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault-3.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/hqdefault.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Haussler-lab-BW-1-1024x707.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Mike-McGrew-passport-grade-768x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ScientificAdvisory_Fritz-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Directors-Update_Rachel-ONeill.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_9949-1024x683.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/alta-charo.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2023-05-18-at-9.27.27-AM.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_7894-2-scaled-e1703714917454-863x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4679-819x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/doris.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/heart.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/w-seal.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault-4.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault-5.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Tom-1-2-1024x678.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ScientificAdvisory_Matthew-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ScientificAdvisory_Elazer-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ScientificAdvisory_Claire-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_9844.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ScientificAdvisory_Michael-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_0131.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2024-07-08-at-10.12.23-AM-1024x987.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/lacovara.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/explorer-seal.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/rowan-seal.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault-6.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault-7.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/JoeDeSimone_BW.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ScientificAdvisory_Vagheesh-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Portrait.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2023-07-10-at-1.40.44-PM.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/TMB2018_JuliaCastells2-scaled-e1689975214727-1024x802.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_5208.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_8921-2-1024x781.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_8948-e1709333820238.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_9426-e1710869295493-1024x892.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_0230-2-902x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/hildebrant.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/veritas-seal.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault-8.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault-9.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/qr-2.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/section-header-2-bg.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/nelsen.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/ARCH_Venture_Partners.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_9905-2-e1713894696949-1024x869.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_5219-1024x861.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Untitled-1.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Peter_Diamandis_BW-1024x707.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_1965-e1673369529461.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/B1-2079-2.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Victor-Portrait-on-Pressure-Drop-Expedition-Deep-Ocean-Discovery-3.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4714-768x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/John-McKinley-final-bio-photo-with-data-center-background-2-815x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/linda-avey.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_5538.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_6218-1024x973.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/garriott.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/club-seal.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/hqdefault-1.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault-10.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ExecutiveAdvisory_Lauren-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_6681.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ExecutiveAdvisory_Julian-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ExecutiveAdvisory_Nyalleng-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ExecutiveAdvisory_Tom-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ExecutiveAdvisory_Michael-Ireland-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_6524.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2023-12-11-at-2.47.10-PM-1024x933.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/erik-anderson.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/WRG_Transparent.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/topgolf-1.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/Callaway_Golf_Company_logo_svg.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/qr-3.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/section-header-3-bg.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/gallante.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/extinct-logo.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/phant.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Mead-headshot-1024x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2022-10-27-at-4.26.06-PM.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/VA-e1649268250481-1024x783.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/C7C9E690-38E9-431A-8204-6A86747D73FF-1-1024x683.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/ExecutiveAdvisory_PeterK-1024x687.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_9842-1024x694.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_0592-2-912x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_1145-scaled-e1721685564822-1020x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/douglas.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/medal-1.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/medal-2.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/elephants.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault-11-300x169.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/hqdefault-2-300x225.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Michael-Kreger-2076-Amanda-Carberry-Columbus-Zoo-and-Aquarium-1024x683.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_1938-947x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Charlie-Gray-768x1024.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/JohnLukas_bw-1024x780.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_5798-925x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_6520-991x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_8370-2-1024x683.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_8396-scaled-e1705705260396-1024x978.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_8645.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2024-01-30-at-4.35.17-PM-1024x681.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2024-01-30-at-4.35.34-PM-873x1024.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_0662-2-1013x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/circles.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/skipwith.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/fws-seal.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/geometry-seal.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault-12-300x169.jpeg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/play-icon.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/skipwith2.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/alta.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/wisconson-seal.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/wisconson-seal.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/circles-2.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/circles.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/slashes-yellow.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/bison.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/indig-person-2.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/indig-person-1.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/indig-logo-1.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/indig-logo-2.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/indig-logo-3.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/indig-logo-4.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/indig-logo-5.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/grid-lines.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/quote-mark.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/quote-mark.svg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/advisors/section-youth-img-1.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_4042_3-1024x963.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_20240110_090608_065-2-1024x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Photo-Jan-14-2024_-12-47-53-PM-e1708019247481-940x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/unnamed-2.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/SKP9298-2-1024x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Jerome_BW-683x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Sophia_BW-782x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Lindsay_BW-1024x731.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Bodhi_BW-768x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_7683-1024x904.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Neel_BW-870x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Zainab_BW-996x1024.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/dodo/slashes-neon-green.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Wind-River-Bison-2017-8.4.24-1024x576.avif", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/mammoth-preserved-leg.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/mammoth-chromosomes-1024x677.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/3Dstructureofchromosome.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/mammoth-freeze-dried-skin-l-1024x576.webp", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/woolly-mammoth-foot.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/uploads/Woolly-Mammoth-Getty-Images-1024x578.png", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/dodo/line-plus.jpg", "https://colossal.com/wp-content/themes/colossal/img/logo-crisper-black.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "john" ]	2023-03-09T17:18:53+00:00	Changing the world starts with assembling the right team. At Colossal, our core consists of highly published and well-respected industry-leading scientists.	en	https://colossal.com/favicon.ico	Colossal	https://colossal.com/advisors/	Our team is made up of some of the world’s brightest minds and that’s no accident. When we set forth on our mission, we knew having a team capable of seeing the same future we envisioned was key. Collectively, our team has published over 2,000 papers and secured over 500 unique patents. All that knowledge and expertise spread across our team of just 28 PhDs is just the beginning. As we move closer to de-extinction more papers will be published, patents secured and breakthroughs made. Professor Carolyn Bertozzi’s research interests span the disciplines of chemistry and biology with an emphasis on studies of cell surface sugars important to human health and disease. Her research group profiles changes in cell surface glycosylation associated with cancer, inflammation and bacterial infection, and uses this information to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, most recently in the area of immuno-oncology. Dr. Bertozzi completed her undergraduate degree in Chemistry at Harvard University and her Ph.D. at UC Berkeley, focusing on the chemical synthesis of oligosaccharide analogs. During postdoctoral work at UC San Francisco, she studied the activity of endothelial oligosaccharides in promoting cell adhesion at sites of inflammation. She joined the UC Berkeley faculty in 1996. A Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator since 2000, she came to Stanford University in June 2015, among the first faculty to join the interdisciplinary institute ChEM-H (Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health). She is now the Baker Family Director of Stanford ChEM-H. Named a MacArthur Fellow in 1999, Dr. Bertozzi has received many awards for her dedication to chemistry, and to training a new generation of scientists fluent in both chemistry and biology. She has been elected to the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, and American Academy of Arts and Sciences; and received the Lemelson-MIT Prize, the Heinrich Wieland Prize, the ACS Award in Pure Chemistry, and the Chemistry of the Future Solvay Prize, among others. The Bertozzi Group develops chemical tools to study the glycobiology underlying diseases such as cancer, inflammation, tuberculosis and most recently COVID-19. She is the inventor of “bioorthogonal chemistry”, a class of chemical reactions compatible with living systems that enable molecular imaging and drug targeting. Her group also developed new therapeutic modalities for targeted degradation of extracellular biomolecules, such as antibody-enzyme conjugates and Lysosome Targeting Chimeras (LYTACs). As well, her group studies NGly1 deficiency, a rare genetic disease characterized by loss of the human N-glycanase. Several of the technologies developed in the Bertozzi lab have been adapted for commercial use. Actively engaged with several biotechnology start-ups, Dr. Bertozzi cofounded Redwood Bioscience, Enable Biosciences, Palleon Pharmaceuticals, InterVenn Bio, OliLux Bio, Grace Science LLC and Lycia Therapeutics. She is also a member of the Board of Directors of Lilly. Dr. Austin Gallagher is a globally-activated marine biologist and social entrepreneur, best known for his research on megafauna, particularly sharks. He is the founder of The Beneath the Waves Group, which controls six companies engaged in cutting-edge marine research and exploration, technology, climate solutions, and carbon finance. He serves as CEO to core asset Beneath the Waves Inc., a next-generation NGO research institute engaged in marine projects worldwide, with a focus on North America and The Caribbean. Gallagher’s approach combines research, private sector collaboration, local engagement, and media – to create effective partnerships.Dr. Gallagher has worked diligently studying and advocating for highly migratory species and their habitats around the world, directly supporting the protection of species and hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of ocean. He has served as the lead scientist on 50+ global scientific expeditions across six continents, and is broadly trained with expertise spanning large animal tracking, behavioral ecology, physiology, genetics, plant biology, and socioeconomics. He has published over 100 scientific papers, spanning research on the migrations of ocean giants, blue carbon, deep-sea exploration, and marine policy, and sits on the Editorial Board of Endangered Species Research. He has forged dozens of firsts in the marine industry, ranging from the identification of new species and geographic records, to implementing new technologies to accelerate conservation solutions. In 2020, he partnered with wild tiger sharks to discover the world’s largest seagrass meadow, an area over 93,000 sq. km representing the ocean’s largest carbon sink, a discovery valued at over $400 billion. This discovery paved the way for his founding of Blueprint, a company focused on providing governments and corporations an end-to-end solution for blue carbon project management – from science to credits. Dr. Gallagher is regularly consulted by US Congress, international governments, and he has briefed and collaborated with over 10 Heads of State to prompt and develop legislation and policies to protect threatened ocean habitat, species, and the communities that depend on them. He is a National Geographic Explorer, Fellow of the Explorers Club, Fulbright Scholar, former Forbes 30 Under 30 winner, and is an Adjunct Professor at both The University of Exeter and Northeastern University. Dr. Taylor is a dynamic innovator, scientist and entrepreneur and a global thought leader and speaker in regenerative medicine. She is recognized as a thought leader in biomanufacturing as evidenced by her recent service on a White House panel, has published over 180 papers, holds over 30 patents, and is the founder of multiple companies, one of which went public last year (MIRO;NASDAQ). She has trained hundreds of undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate fellows worldwide in her laboratories in the U.S. and Europe. Although she held academic positions for over 20 years, she recently founded RegenMedix Consulting LLC to enable academic and commercial enterprises in the regenerative medicine space. In 2021, she founded a new biotech Organamet Bio Inc. to bioengineer personalized replacement hearts on demand. The latest breakthrough in that technology was featured on CNN in September 2022 (https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2022/09/15/cfc-gupta-taylor.cnn). Taylor is credited with the first functional scientific repair of an injured heart with stem cells in 1998. Her group further transformed the field of organ transplantation science in 2008 by developing a unique cell removal (decellularization) method that makes un-transplantable organs into usable scaffold frameworks for building new organs with stem cells. This was so revolutionary it was recognized as one of the “Top 10 Research Advances” by the American Heart Association and Taylor was nominated as one of “100 Most Influential People in the World” by Time Magazine. Next, she turned to disease prevention and has begun to develop “cellular signatures” of heart disease and aging that appear to differ by sex, race and ethnicity. Dr. Taylor frequently appears as an expert on molecular biology, biobanking, cell therapy, women’s health, cardiac repair and organ transplantation in the public media. Her work has been recognized and featured by 60 Minutes, CNN, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Forbes, National Geographic, BBC Horizon, BBC News Health, ABC, NBC and CBS News, Associated Press, Good Morning America, the Oprah Winfrey Show, NOVA Science Now, PBS NOVA's Transplanting Hope, Discovery Channel’s Through the Worm Hole with Morgan Freeman, Science Channel’s Stem Cell Universe with Stephen Hawking, NPR’s On Being with Krista Tippet and most other worldwide media outlets. Taylor sits on numerous think tanks and international scientific committees including for the NIH, the FDA, the American Association of Blood Banks, and the Alliance for Regenerative Medicine. She serves as a member of the Leadership Advisory Committee for the Alliance for Regenerative Manufacturing Institute (ARMI) and sat on the international jury for the Institut de France LeFoulon-Delalande Foundation Grand Prix which is awarded annually to individuals making worldwide contributions to cardiovascular medicine. Dr. Taylor earned a B.S. from Mississippi University for Women (MUW) and a Ph.D. from UT Southwestern Medical Center. She is appointed as a Fellow of the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and European Society for Cardiology. She was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by MUW and the national Distinguished Alumnus Award by the American Association of State Colleges and Universities. In 2019 she was elected as a Senior member of the National Academy of Inventors and in 2020, was elected as a fellow to the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering. Her motto is “Build the Future of Medicine Today.” Lacovara’s discoveries have landed him three times in Discover magazine’s 100 Top Science Stories of the Year and he has appeared in 17 television documentaries. Currently, he is researching the extinction of the dinosaurs. He is the founding dean of the School of Earth & Environment at Rowan University, and is executive director of the Edelman Fossil Park & Museum, where he and his team are building a $85M museum designed to connect people to deep time, the contingencies of natural history, and the fragility of our planet. Dr Thomas Hildebrandt is a professor and chair of wildlife reproduction medicine at the Freie Universitaet of Berlin. Prof Hildebrandt and his team are world leaders in using artificial reproduction to breed rare and endangered animals such as elephants, rhinos and giant pandas. He was a founding member of the subspecialty Zoo Health Management as part of the European College of Zoological Medicine (ECZM) and served as Credential Committee of the European College of Zoological Medicine the board of veterinary specialists from 2011 to 2014. He holds the honorary appointment of Professiorial Fellow of biosciences at the University of Melbourne (2012 to 2022) and is also the Head of the Department of Reproduction Management at the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research in Berlin. Prof Hildebrandt is well known internationally for his research on assisted reproduction in wildlife and especially the rescue project of the northern white rhinoceros (BioRescue) raised global interest. He is recipient of numerous awards. For example he received the Conservation Legacy Award in 2015 for his substantial impact to conservation projects in the USA. Robert Nelsen is a co-founder and a Managing Director of ARCH Venture Partners. He has played a significant role in the creation, early sourcing, financing, and development of more than 100 companies, including over 39 which have reached valuations exceeding $1 billion. Mr. Nelsen is focused on generating new ideas for disruptive technologies or business models and partnering with founding management teams and entrepreneurs to execute on these visions by advancing novel platform technologies with the overarching goal of improving health care and outcomes. Recent successes include founding National Resilience to transform pharma manufacturing in the U.S., Vir Biotechnology’s COVID-19 antibody therapy, IPOS for Prime Medicine, Beam Therapeutics and Sana Biotechnology. Notable early-stage investments include Illumina (ILMN), Alnylam Pharmaceuticals (ALNY), Juno Therapeutics (sold to Celgene for $11.9 billion) and GRAIL (Sold to Illumina for $10 billion). Other prominent biotechnology and life sciences company investments include Array BioPharma (sold to Pfizer for $11.4 billion), Receptos (sold to Celgene for $7.2 billion), Sage Therapeutics (SAGE), Denali Therapeutics (DNLI), Karuna Therapeutics (KRTX), BEAM, Prime Medicine, Lyell Immunopharma, Editas (EDIT), Agios Pharmaceuticals (AGIO), Ikaria, deCODE Genetics (sold to Amgen), 10x Genomics, and Semma Therapeutics (sold to Vertex Pharmaceuticals), among others. Mr. Nelsen is a director of VIR, SANA, National Resilience, Lyell Immunopharma, and serves as Chairman of Hua Medicine, among others. Mr. Nelsen holds an M.B.A. from the University of Chicago and a B.S. from the University of Puget Sound with majors in Economics and Biology. Richard Garriott de Cayeux is an avid explorer and creator. His explorations have taken him on expeditions from pole to pole and across all seven continents, he has orbited the earth aboard the ISS and been on numerous deep submersible voyages including the Challenger Deep. Richard currently serves as the President of The Explorers Club. His work on expeditions commonly includes the search for extremophiles, environmental impacts and educational outreach. He has used exploration as the inspiration for much of his creations such as the virtual worlds he created through his 40-year career as a principal shaper of the video gaming industry. Richard is also a founding father of the video game industry. He has been inducted into the Computer Gaming Hall of Fame and has received the Industry Lifetime Achievement Award. He is credited with creating the now-ubiquitous term “avatar” for one’s virtual self and the category of massively multiplayer games (MMORPGs). Richard is also a principal shaper of commercial human spaceflight. He co-founded Space Adventures, the company which arranged the space flights for the first seven private citizens live aboard the International Space Station. The son of a NASA astronaut, he became the first second-generation astronaut and remains a key leader in civilian and commercial space as an investor and board member of institutions such as the X-Prize Foundation, Space Adventures, Space X and ZeroG Corp. Erik Anderson is a global innovation leader, investor and philanthropist. He is Founder and CEO of WestRiver Group, a thematically-driven investment platform that manages funds and builds companies in the global innovation economy. Anderson has received the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award, was named by Goldman Sachs as one of the Top 100 Most Intriguing Entrepreneurs and was also awarded the Transformative CEO Award by The CEO Forum Group. Early in his career, Seattle’s Puget Sound Business Journal recognized Anderson as one of the Top “40 under 40” young achievers and emerging leaders. He is also Chief Executive Officer of the DCRB+ Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs), which seek to identify impactful companies with scalable solutions to decarbonize the global economy. He currently serves on the Board of Directors for Hyzon Motors Inc., a zero-emissions, hydrogen-powered commercial vehicle company with leading fuel cell technology, as well as serving on the board of Solid Power, an industry-leading developer of all-solid-state battery cells Anderson became Vice Chairman of Callaway Golf Company in March 2021. Prior to Callaway, he served as the Executive Chairman of Topgolf Entertainment Group. Under his leadership, Topgolf became one of the fastest-growing sports and entertainment brands in the world. In 2020, he was ranked by Golf Inc. as the No. 4 Most Powerful Person in the Golf Industry and was No. 3 in 2019 and 2018 Galante is wildlife biologist and owner of Phantasticus Pictures (a wildlife media company) and host of several successful wildlife tv shows. His focus is on animals facing extinction, whether it be mislabeling or because of human wildlife conflicts. After growing up in the bush of Zimbabwe as the son of a safari business owner, Galante and his family fled to the United States where he finished his formal education. As a young and hungry biologist with a degree from the University of California, Santa Barbara, Galante pursued a career in high-risk wildlife biology fieldwork. Galante’s hands-on approach to wildlife, passion for nature and extraordinary background in tracking animals eventually led to the development of his own television show, Extinct or Alive, on Animal Planet. The show followed Galante as he traveled the globe searching for animals he believed have wrongfully been deemed extinct. Since 2018, Galante has captured evidence of the existence of eight animals once believed to be extinct. Galante continues to conduct field expeditions and surveys, working not just with believed-extinct animals but also with a wide range of other wildlife. His mission is to inspire and educate people about animals and adventure through the media, including hosting a wide range of programs on Discovery, on-camera expert interviews, and production of his own wildlife and natural history shows via his production company. He also communicates his mission through his public speaking at Congress, the United Nations and via his active social media presence. Galante is the most notable name on the topic of animals wrongfully being labeled extinct and brings a unique and experienced field perspective to the topic of de-extinction. Iain Douglas-Hamilton, D.Phil., CBE, is an authority on elephant behaviour and conservation. He attended Gordonstoun School, and later Oxford University where he earned a degree in Zoology and a D.Phil studying the Ecology and Behaviour of the African Elephant. His work in the 1960s paved the way for much of today’s understanding of elephants and current conservation practices. During the 1970s, he investigated the status of elephants throughout Africa and was the first to alert the world to the ivory poaching crisis. He chronicled the diminution of Africa’s elephant population by half between 1979 and 1989 and was instrumental in bringing about the world ivory trade ban. In 1993, Douglas-Hamilton founded Save the Elephants (STE) a charity dedicated specifically to elephants. Since that time Save the Elephants has conducted research on elephants across Africa and has increased public awareness of the many dangers that threaten elephants and the habitats in which they live. Fundamental to his work at STE, Douglas-Hamilton pioneered GPS tracking of elephants in Africa, which has become a standard and widely emulated survey technique; it also guides the deployment of rangers to protect vulnerable and key elephant populations. Douglas-Hamilton and his wife, Oria, have co-authored two award-winning books, Among the Elephants (1975) and Battle for the Elephants (1992), and have made several television films. Dr. Iain Douglas-Hamilton was awarded the 2010 Indianapolis Prize, one of the world’s leading awards for animal conservation. In 2013, The Elephant Crisis Fund (a joint initiative between Save the Elephants and San Francisco based NGO Wildlife Conservation Network) was established to confront the threat to elephants by supporting the most urgent, important and catalytic projects across the crisis to stop the killing, stop the trafficking and end the demand for ivory. In October 2014, he was presented with the George B. Rabb Conservation Medal by the Chicago Zoological Society (CZS) for his authoritative work to benefit African elephants. In 2015, he was awarded the Commander of the British Empire and was presented the Lifetime Achievement Award by San Diego Zoological Society with most recently being awarded the Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute’s (TAWIRI) Tanzania Wildlife Research Award for his lifelong devotion to elephants. Currently, he is focused on winning hearts and minds to help reduce the demand for ivory and focus on understanding elephants' reasons for movements and their deep history in time. The Honorable Aurelia Skipwith Giacometto is the General Counsel and co-founder of AVC Global. A premier logistics company that works with national governments to secure the entry and sale of pharmaceuticals into their countries. She recently served as CEO of the International Order of T. Roosevelt, a startup not-for-profit conservation organization, where she was responsible for establishing their infrastructure and developing their programs that aligned with the mission to preserve nature’s precious resources through conservation, education, and ingenuity through science and stewardship. Aurelia has over 15 years of experience in regulatory compliance in various fields of agriculture, environmental stewardship, and management of fish and wildlife populations. She worked as a biologist developing sustainable crops at Monsanto, and as a legal counsel at Alltech Inc., an all-natural livestock feed operation. In 2017, she was appointed by President Trump as Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Department of the Interior and 2019, she was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the 22nd Director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, where she led the 8500-employee agency with over 850 million acres of land and water to revolutionize business operations, improve service and grant more access to the American people. Aurelia is passionate and committed to wildlife, the environment, science, and sustainable development. In her spare time, she works on various projects, including applying new digital technologies toward conserving plants and wildlife and operating a thriving real estate rental business in Missouri, Indiana, and South Dakota. She received her Bachelor’s degree from Howard University, Master’s degree from Purdue University and law degree from University of Kentucky’s College of Law. She serves on several boards, including Ramaco Resources, a publicly-traded metallurgical coal company, Steamboat Institute, Rubicon Institute, and Ducks Unlimited’s Conservation Program Committee. Aurelia enjoys the outdoors and you will usually find her outside fishing, hunting, or running. She holds a sub-3-hour marathon time. Alta Charo, J.D. is the Knowles Professor Emerita of Law & Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin, where for over 30 years she has taught classes on biotechnology policy, food and drug law, public health law and bioethics. Alta is now the David A. Hamburg Inaugural Fellow at the Nuclear Threat Initiative, working in its global biosecurity program. She is also an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; the American Association for the Advancement of Science; and the National Academy of Medicine. She was a member of Pres. Clinton’s National Bioethics Advisory Commission, worked as a policy analyst at the congressional Office of Technology Assessment and the US Agency for International Development, and also served as a senior policy advisor together through the de-extinction of species. Not only do we contribute to biodiversity and conservation, we have the opportunity to reach back into the heritage of our ancestors and bring animals of great cultural and historical significance into our present lives. As great as the scientific advancement of this technology may be to the world, the cultural significance may dwarf the scientific achievement as our future ancestors look back on this inflection point in history.
4591	dbpedia	3	53	https://lister-institute.org.uk/royal-society-of-edinburgh-announces-both-lister-fellow-and-sac-member-as-2021-fellows/	en	Royal Society of Edinburgh announces both Lister Fellow and SAC Member as 2021 Fellows – Lister Institute	https://lister-institute…er-ico-32x32.png	https://lister-institute…er-ico-32x32.png	[ "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Lister-Logo-Large-Transparent-Background.png", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Lister-Logo-Large-Transparent-Background.png", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/lister-125-front-cover-min.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/JimW-Liz-Ballou-077-e1691419490180-min.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/summer2-min.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Lister-Logo-Large-Transparent-Background.png", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/michael-eddlestone-big.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ElizabethPatton-300x300-1.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Tim-Blower-300x300.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Simon-Bullock-300x300.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/pexels-padli-772478-scaled-min.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/cliona-o-farrelly-min.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/pexels-artempodrez-5726835-min-300x169.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/fellows-menu-image-min-200x300.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/pexels-padli-772478-scaled-min.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/pexels-artempodrez-5726835-min-300x169.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/fellows-menu-image-min-200x300.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/pexels-padli-772478-scaled-min.jpg", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Lister-Logo-Large-Transparent-Background.png", "https://lister-institute.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/amrc-150x150.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-04-27T17:33:40+00:00		en	https://lister-institute…er-ico-32x32.png		https://lister-institute.org.uk/royal-society-of-edinburgh-announces-both-lister-fellow-and-sac-member-as-2021-fellows/	We are absolutely delighted to share the news that two scientists associated with the Lister Institute have been elected as Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE). In her role as a member of the Lister’s Scientific Advisory Committee, she helps decide which promising young scientists should be awarded the Lister Prize.Both will join the RSE’s existing Fellows – numbering around 1,600 – whose work has made a significant contribution to every element of Scotland and Scottish society. Among this number are not only scientists, but also those involved with the arts, humanities, social science, business, and public service. Fellows have a fundamental role to play in the RSE’s aims of inspiring, engaging, and providing expertise. We wish Professor Eddleston and Professor Patton every success in their new role within the RSE.
4591	dbpedia	2	3	https://cockrell.utexas.edu/news/archive/9661-jah-receives-rare-election-to-royal-society-of-edinburgh	en	Jah Receives Rare Election to Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://cockrell.utexas.…ownload_1_SM.jpg	https://cockrell.utexas.…ownload_1_SM.jpg	[ "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/cselogo.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/images/faculty/Jah_2022_hi-res-download_1_SM.jpg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/cselogo-ko.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/Twitter-logo-ko.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/Instagram-logo-ko.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/YouTube-logo-ko.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/Facebook-logo-ko.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/LinkedIn-logo-ko.svg", "https://cockrell.utexas.edu/templates/www-2018/images/UT-informal-ko.svg", "https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=6656649&fmt=gif", "https://trkn.us/pixel/conv/ppt=2173;g=engineering_homepage;gid=12393;ord=[uniqueid]", "https://trkn.us/pixel/conv/ppt=2173;g=programs;gid=11532;ord=[uniqueid]", "https://trkn.us/pixel/conv/ppt=2173;g=graduate;gid=12394;ord=[uniqueid]", "https://trkn.us/pixel/conv/ppt=2173;g=admissions;gid=11531;ord=[uniqueid]" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-03-21T08:38:42-05:00	Space debris expert and Texas Engineer Moriba Jah has earned the rare honor of being elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE), Scotland’s National Academ	en	/templates/www-2018/favicon.ico	Cockrell School of Engineering	https://cockrell.utexas.edu/news/archive/9661-jah-receives-rare-election-to-royal-society-of-edinburgh	Space debris expert and Texas Engineer Moriba Jah has earned the rare honor of being elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE), Scotland’s National Academy. RSE elected 91 total fellows for 2023, but only six from outside the United Kingdom. Jah, an associate professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at The University of Texas at Austin, was chosen as a corresponding fellow, a designation reserved for luminaries from outside the U.K. The fellowship covers the full range of physical and life sciences, arts, humanities, social sciences, education, professions, industry, business and public life. “It is beyond words for me to express the honor of being selected into Scotland’s national academy of science as one of only six corresponding fellows,” Jah said. “I am extremely excited at the opportunity to work as a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh to make knowledge useful, especially regarding my life’s work in astrodynamics, space environmentalism and sustainability.” The RSE’s current fellowship comprises 1,800 people recognized as some of the greatest thinkers, researchers and practitioners in their fields working in or with organizations in Scotland today. Jah is an internationally cited expert in space debris and his ties to Scotland include membership in GlobalScot, Scotland’s international business network and the Scotland International Space Advisory Council. Fellows are chosen through a rigorous assessment of their achievements, professional standing and societal contribution. All fellowship candidates must be nominated by an existing fellow and supported by two others. Nominees are then put to a five-stage selection process. “It is a great privilege to welcome our new Fellows – they represent outstanding commitment and achievement at the highest level across a diverse range of sectors,” said professor Sir John Ball, president of The Royal Society of Edinburgh. “From scientific advancement that changes lives to leading business innovation recognized across the world, the RSE welcomes the best minds to harness their unique insight and make knowledge useful for the greater good.” The RSE and its fellows create a unique impact by: Inspiring and supporting talent through a wide-ranging program of research grants and awards; Engaging the public across Scotland on key contemporary issues through its outreach programs and a wide-ranging programme of public events; Providing impartial advice and expertise to inform policy and practice through in-depth examination of major issues and providing expert comment on topical matters; Promoting Scotland’s interests overseas through building relationships with sister academies across the world and facilitating research collaborations; Jah received the MacArthur Fellowship, often referred to as the “genius grant” last year. He has developed tools for more precisely determining the locations and possible orbital paths of the active and inactive satellites, rocket bodies and other debris in space. This knowledge gives scientists a better picture of where objects are related to each other and when a collision could occur. In tracking these objects, Jah and his colleagues have built complete catalogs of space objects in orbit. These tools — ASTRIAGraph and Wayfinder, a new version designed specifically for use by the general public — are online visualization tools, freely available to all, that integrate information from governments, industry and researchers. Jah is an outspoken advocate for space environmentalism, a framework for treating Earth’s orbit as a finite natural resource that needs to be preserved and protected. Jah has proposed policies to create a circular space economy, preventing pollution in the form of single-use satellites and incentivizing companies to reuse satellites rather than abandon them. In addition to his research, Jah is a co-founder and chief scientist at Privateer. His fellow co-founders in the private space venture are tech entrepreneur Alex Fieldingand Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple. Together they focus on similar areas to Jah’s research, collecting data on objects in orbit to allow space operators to move safely and effectively.
4591	dbpedia	2	2	https://rse.org.uk/leading-thinkers-and-practitioners-elected-as-rse-fellows/	en	Leading thinkers and practitioners elected as RSE Fellows	https://rse.org.uk/wp-co…llows-2023-1.jpg	https://rse.org.uk/wp-co…llows-2023-1.jpg	[ "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/RSE-New-Fellows-2023-1.jpg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Grainger-Katherine-edited.jpg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Beaumont_Mark-edited.jpeg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Newbeck_Lis.jpg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Watson_Robin.jpg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/RSE-New-Fellows-2023-1-600x400.jpg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ReSourcE-Winter-2023-mockup-small-600x400.jpg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/gov.scot-logo.jpg", "https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Lumber-Unsplash-scaled-1-600x400.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Sam Telford" ]	2023-03-21T10:06:59+00:00	Knowledge made useful	en	/favicon.ico	Royal Society of Edinburgh	https://rse.org.uk/leading-thinkers-and-practitioners-elected-as-rse-fellows/	91 Fellows have been elected to join The Royal Society of Edinburgh from across the sciences, education, the arts, business, and public life. Among those joining are Olympian Dame Katherine Grainger; world record holder Mark Beaumont BEM; Cardiovascular specialist, Professor Lis Neubeck; former CEO of Wood Plc, Robin Watson CBE; and author Andrew O’Hagan. The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE), Scotland’s National Academy, has announced its 2023 intake of Fellows, with 91 names representing science, arts, business, sports, civil society and academia from across Scotland and beyond. They will be joining the RSE’s current Fellowship, which comprises 1,800 people recognised as being some of the greatest thinkers, researchers and practitioners in their field working in or with organisations in Scotland today. This year, Dame Katherine Grainger DBE, Chair of UK Sport, receives the coveted Honorary Fellowship in recognition of her ability to engage and inspire people. Dame Katherine is one of Team GB’s most decorated athletes and the only female athlete – in any sport – to gain medals in five consecutive Olympic Games. She also works with several charities helping young people to access the benefits of sport and physical activity. Alongside her stellar sporting achievements, Dame Katherine has achieved a PhD in criminal law, and in 2020 was the first woman to be appointed Chancellor of the University of Glasgow since it was founded in 1451. Also joining the Fellowship this year is Andrew O’Hagan, the Scottish author whose 2020 novel, Mayflies, was recently adapted into a highly successful drama for BBC starring Martin Compston and Tony Curran. Born in Glasgow and raised in Ayrshire, Mr. O’Hagan has had a decorated career, including three booker prize nominations. He won the Glenfiddich Writer of the Year Award, the Los Angeles Times Book Award, and the E.M. Forster Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He is currently Editor-at-Large of the London Review of Books, and is a contributor to Esquire, the New York Review of Books, and the New Yorker. Others named as Fellows of the RSE this year include Mark Beaumont BEM, who holds the record for cycling round the world in less than 79 days. With a degree in economics and politics, Mr. Beaumont has spent 15 years working with a leading mid-market private equity firm and also became a partner at investment firm Eos Advisory in 2019. He was awarded the British Empire Medal for services to charity and sport in 2018. Mr. Beaumont has already invested in Scottish innovation in science, engineering and technology, and his unique networks, passion for performance and skills in public engagement will make him an inspirational adviser and advocate for the RSE. Professor Lis Neubeck, cardiac nurse and Head of Cardiovascular Health in the School of Health and Social Care at Edinburgh Napier University is another individual joining this year’s prestigious list of Fellows. Her research focuses on innovative solutions to secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, the identification and management of atrial fibrillation, and use of new technologies to improve access to health care. Her work across the international healthcare community, from being an honorary professor at Sydney Nursing School, to past President of the Association of Cardiovascular Nurses and Allied Professionals of the European Society of Cardiology means she brings extensive experience of overseas collaboration to the RSE. Robin Watson CBE, former chief executive of Wood Plc, the Scottish multinational engineering and consultancy company, was also elected as a Fellow for his services to business. Mr. Watson stepped down from his role at Wood Plc in 2022, where he spent 10 years on the board, seven of which as chief executive. He transformed the business into one of the world’s foremost engineering and consultancy companies, and was awarded his CBE in Her Majesty the Queen’s 2020 Birthday Honours, in recognition of services to international trade. His track record of global business impact, passion for developing the Scottish economy, huge appetite for encouraging academic and business partnerships and the reputation and standing to positively influence make him an asset to the RSE network. The full list of new Fellows 2023 are as follows: Honorary Fellow Corresponding Fellows Fellows
4591	dbpedia	3	13	https://www.strath.ac.uk/whystrathclyde/news/2023/twostrathclydeprofessorsnamedroyalsocietyofedinburghfellows/	en	Two Strathclyde Professors named Royal Society of Edinburgh Fellows	https://www.strath.ac.uk…c.0OTX0oUP5N.jpg	https://www.strath.ac.uk…c.0OTX0oUP5N.jpg	[ "https://www.strath.ac.uk/media/1newwebsite/webteam/logos/crest-jubilee-390x60.svg", "https://www.strath.ac.uk/media/1newwebsite/commsoffice/1600x600/xLearning_,a_Teaching_banner.png.pagespeed.ic.jr1g-Gz8-i.jpg", "https://www.strath.ac.uk/media/1newwebsite/commsoffice/330x330/craigclark.jpg", "https://www.strath.ac.uk/media/1newwebsite/commsoffice/330x330/xelisamorgera_330.jpg.pagespeed.ic._vmREpTCpc.jpg", "https://www.strath.ac.uk/media/1newwebsite/commsoffice/1600x600/xStrategic_Partnership_10-1600.jpg.pagespeed.ic.ytCbTQ6Iz5.jpg", "https://www.strath.ac.uk/media/1newwebsite/commsoffice/1600x600/xcourt_1600x600_getty.jpg.pagespeed.ic.SJCVw--zzp.jpg", "https://www.strath.ac.uk/media/1newwebsite/commsoffice/1600x600/xWorm_fossil.png.pagespeed.ic._wJduoNn4V.jpg", "https://www.strath.ac.uk/media/1newwebsite/commsoffice/1600x600/xMedicines_-_biomedicine_banner.jpg.pagespeed.ic.AdPSdz-oi9.jpg", "https://www.strath.ac.uk/media/1newwebsite/commsoffice/1600x600/xflamebanner_1600x600_getty.jpg.pagespeed.ic.qLXzrIwAB5.jpg", "https://www.strath.ac.uk/media/1newwebsite/commsoffice/1600x600/xQuantum_computer_1600_-_Getty.jpg.pagespeed.ic.u7KNBgt_AQ.jpg", "https://www.strath.ac.uk/media/1newwebsite/webteam/logos/200x60xstrathcrest-whitetext-202x60.png.pagespeed.ic.JP0d5Psbgb.png", "https://www.strath.ac.uk/media/1newwebsite/webteam/homepageimages/180x283xlocation-map.png.pagespeed.ic.AEmhTn-wTh.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2015-02-17T20:00:00		en	/media/1newwebsite/favicon/xapple-touch-icon.png,q20180627.pagespeed.ic.6DdtSMVOG0.png		https://www.strath.ac.uk/whystrathclyde/news/2023/twostrathclydeprofessorsnamedroyalsocietyofedinburghfellows/	Two University of Strathclyde Professors have been named Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE). Professor Craig Clark MBE, Professor of Practice for Space at the University, and Professor Elisa Morgera, Director of the Strathclyde-led One Ocean Hub, are among the 91 new Fellows announced by the RSE. The Fellowships recognise achievement in science, arts, business, sports, civil society and academia from across Scotland and beyond. Professor Clark is renowned for his pioneering work on commercialising small satellites, in particular CubeSats. He founded Clyde Space Ltd, Glasgow’s first space company, in 2005; the company produced UKube-1, Scotland’s first satellite, which was launched in July 2014, and received a Queen’s Award for Enterprise in 2017. Professor Clark was named an MBE in 2013 for services to Technology and Innovation. He is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and an Inductee to the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame. Professor Clark said: “The space sector is one of the fastest growing industry sectors in Scotland and I aim to engage within the Royal Society to ensure its continued growth and success. Personally, being named Fellow is an honour beyond anything I had thought possible and I am humbled to be named amongst this network of such prestigious individuals.” Professor Morgera is Professor of Global Environmental Law and a member of the Strathclyde Centre for Environmental Law and Governance (SCELG). She specialises in international, European and comparative environmental law, with a particular focus on the interaction between biodiversity law and human rights, equity and sustainability in natural resource development, oceans governance, and corporate accountability. She has also researched the environmental dimensions of the external relations of the European Union. As Director of the One Ocean Hub, Professor Morgera leads a global inter-disciplinary research collaboration of research institutions in the UK, Africa, South Pacific and the Caribbean, as well as UN agencies and other international partners. The One Ocean Hub is pioneering research on human rights and the marine environment with a view to better connecting marine and social sciences, and the arts, to support fair and inclusive decision-making for a healthy ocean whereby people and planet flourish. A key priority of the Hub is to ensure the knowledge, experiences and rights of those most-reliant upon the oceans, and disproportionately affected by our failure to protect them, are recognised. Professor Morgera said: “I look forward to exchanging insights and practices with other Fellows, and further exploring with them if some of the One Ocean Hub innovations can be of interest beyond the realms of ocean governance.” A number of alumni have also been named new Fellows, including: author Andrew O’Hagan; Dr Stephen Breslin, CEO of Glasgow Science Centre; Sarah Jardine, CEO of medical diagnostic imaging centre epipole and former Chief Operating Officer of the National Manufacturing Institute Scotland; Sharon Cowan, Professor of Feminist and Queer Legal Studies, University of Edinburgh; Alison Culpan, Scotland Director of the Association of the British Pharmeceutical Industry; Uzma Khan, Vice-Principal Economic Development & Innovation, University of Glasgow; Amina Shah, National Librarian and CEO National Library of Scotland; Robin Watson, former CEO of Wood Plc and Strathclyde Executive Leadership Awardee; former Fraser of Allander Institute Director Professor Graeme Roy, former Fraser of Allander Institute Director, Professor MNV Ravi Kumar, formerly of Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, who has been named a corresponding Fellow. RSE President Professor Sir John Ball said: “It is a great privilege to welcome our new Fellows – they represent outstanding commitment and achievement at the highest level across a diverse range of sectors. From scientific advancement that changes lives to leading business innovation recognised across the world, the RSE welcomes the best minds to harness their unique insight and make knowledge useful for the greater good. “Harnessing our Fellows’ talents and ideas allows us to mobilise a wide range of expertise to tackle some of the most complex challenges society faces. In welcoming our new Fellows, I look forward to seeing the positive effect they will have on society in Scotland and beyond.”
4591	dbpedia	0	46	https://mooreinstitute.ie/visiting-fellows-scheme/	en	Visiting Researchers	https://mooreinstitute.i…Banner-UoG-1.png	https://mooreinstitute.i…Banner-UoG-1.png	[ "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/themes/mi-2022/assets/images/logo-mi-uog.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/themes/mi-2022/assets/images/uog-url.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Web-Banner-UoG-1.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Stewart-King-Sept-2023-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Cera-new-image-July-2024-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Deirdre-Fennell-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Me_Headshot_Med-e1646661375254-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/eamon-maher-422x320-1-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Floriana-photo-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Gema-tv-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/haijing-duan-photo-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Naoko-Yagi-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nicolai-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Xiaojuan-Bie-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Graeme-Dean-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Haimo-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Liting-Xu-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/manuelgarin_foto2020_detall-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Matt-Poland-photo-July-2024-150x150.jpeg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Merve-KURT-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Monica-Pareschi-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Patricia-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Eric-sandweiss2.june-2021-1-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SIMONE-MARCENARO_picture-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Xiulan-YAN-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Cassie-Ulph-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Me_Headshot_Med-e1646661375254-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Faith--150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Photo-Janaina-Mirian-Rosa-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maciej-Maryl-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Naoko-Yagi-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nicolai-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/tomas2-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/lorraine_elliott_black_n_white_440x440-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/PilzAnna-002-scaled-e1648568780850-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Cera-Murtagh-e1646054592332-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/KH-website-photo-1-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lou-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Sarah-Heinz-e1646057149148-150x150.gif", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Inger-Marie-Okkenhaug-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Nivea-Bona-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Prof.-Brendan-OLeary-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Alexander-OHara-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Ní-Chonghaile-DSC_4616-2-ok-Joni-Nelson-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/dominique-clement-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/RosemaryPower.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Agnes-Lafont-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Alexander-OHara-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Anne-Driscoll-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/antonio-125x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Moore-BNevin-Headshot-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2017-10-06-at-2.27.00-PM-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Moore-Scott-2-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Brendan-Twomey-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Bridget-English-Author-photo-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/caroline-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Chris-Collins-2019-150x150.jpeg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/chris-maginn-150x150.jpeg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Ciaran2-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Claudia-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Daniel-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/David-Mcomish-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Ní-Chonghaile-DSC_4616-2-ok-Joni-Nelson-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Diarmuid-photo-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Dieter-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/emmet-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Federica-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Federico-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Flavia-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Frank-sh-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/HSchwarz-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/helen-sonner-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Hirota_Headshot-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ivan-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/jr-Carpenter-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Jack-M-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Goodrich-Headshot-Library-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/jelena-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/james-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Jose-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Julie-Crawshaw-headshot-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/justin-150x150.jpeg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/japan-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Kanchana-e1561718879471-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Kathryn-l-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Maeve-Lydon-Photo-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Mar-González-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Martin-H-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Menelos-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/M_D_Garasic_Photo-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/mo-m-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FP1_2126_klein-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Pippa-Marland-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/RosemaryPower.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/sanjin-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Sean-Murphy-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Sonja-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Stefan-Conference-Image-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/stephen-o-Neil-1-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/bibselfie-002-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/walker-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Gillen-Teesside-University-Website-Headshot-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Alinta-Krauth-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/alison-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Alvero-2-2-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Natasha-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Barry-Sheils-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Screen-Shot-2017-10-06-at-2.27.00-PM-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Charlotte-Chopin-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Connal-Parr-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/daniel-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/dara-e1517410670251-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/gange-david-new-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Debapriya-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Deirdre-Flynn-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Elizabeth-Patton-105x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Ellen-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Wolters-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/hilary-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Jason-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Jessica-1-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Jone-Miren-Hernandez-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/JudithHill-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/kerry-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Lekan-Balogun-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Maire-Cross-150x121.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/MacCarron-photo-150x150.jpeg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Margaret-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Maggie-Scull-198-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/matthew-noone-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Moncia-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Nadia-Smith-picture-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/patrick-ball-1-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Patrick-Duggan-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Peter-Glazer-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Ruud-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/sara-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Sean-Bor-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Shonagh-Hill-150x150.jpeg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Sinead-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Siobhan-OGorman-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/susanjones-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Tanguy-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Ailbhe-McDaid-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Alinne_Balduino-Pires-Fernandez-150x150.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Amy-Prendergast-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Anders-Ingram-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Ana-Pilz-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Bernhard-Bauer-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Brian-Dolber.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Brian-Stone-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Prof-Cahal-McLaughlin-137x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/catherine-manathunga11-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Cathy-Fitzgerald-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Prof-Claire-Jowitt-140x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Daniel-Sokatch-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Emer-OToole.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Prof-Federico-Lusetti-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Gerald-Power-115x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Prof-Gerry-Kearns-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Hywel-Meilyr-Griffiths-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Jackie-Ui-Chionna-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Prof-James-Livesey-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Joseph-Twist-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Kate-Houlden-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Kong-Fatt-Wong-Lin-133x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Kylie-Thomas-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Laura-Lovejoy-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Marion-Krauthaker-143x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Maureen-OConnor-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Prof-Michael-Rubenstein-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Prof-Norma-Clarke-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Peadar-O-Muircheartaigh-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Richard-Butler-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Prof-Roderick-Coover-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Ruth-Canning-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Sasha-Handley.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Prof-Scott-Rettberg-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Silvia-Loeffler-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Treasa-de-Loughry-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Trisia-Farrelly-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/IMG_0304-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dr-Vicky-Angelaki-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Angela-Byrne-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Breandan-Mac-Suibhne-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Christine-Cusick-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Christopher-Warren-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Cliona-O-Gallchoir-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Colin-Reid-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dalene-Swanson-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/David-O-Shaughnessy-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Eileen-Gilooly-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Elaine-Sisson-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Ellen-Scheible-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Franck-Cinato-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Gabor-Gelleri-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Gregory-Madden.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Guy-Cuthbertson-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Heather-Ladd-150x140.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Ian-Rae-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Jennifer-Hillman.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/John-Halsted-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Justin-Carville-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Laurent-Jaffro-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Lucy-Shipley-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Maria-Beville-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Maria-McGarrity-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Maurice-Fitzpatrick.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Outi-Paloposki-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Padraic-Kenney-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Patrick-Ball-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Paula-McFetridge.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Peter-Buckingham.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Peter-Glazer-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Salvatore-Scifo-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Sandra-Janssen-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/William-Desmond-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Adrian-Guelke-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Alexis-Tadie-140x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Alison-MacLeod.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Brad-Pasanek-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr.Brian-Frykenberg-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr.Brid-McGrath-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Carrie-Griffin-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Charles-Barr-130x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Claudia-Kinmonth-e1473412957558-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Coilin-Parsons-113x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Derek-Gladwin-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Dianne-Hall.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Elizabeth-Patton-105x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Ellen-McWilliams-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/George-Ferzoco-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Helen-OShea-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Ian-McBride-140x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Iwan-Michelangelo-DAprile-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Jack-Fennell-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Joan-Allen-150x103.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Jodi-Schneider-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-John-Gibney-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Lorenzo-Bosi.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Maria-McGarrity-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Martin-McCleery-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Michael-S-Neiberg-130x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Padhraig-Higgins-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Paul-Fagan-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Per-Landgren.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Peter-Webster-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Peter-Killeen-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Raymond-Mullen-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Rhys-Dafydd-Jones-140x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Robert-Baines-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Shelley-Troupe-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tim-Collins-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Timothy-Madigan-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Westley-Follett-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Adam-Kaul-135x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Brendan-OLeary-129x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Bret-Hirsch-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Bridget-Martin-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Carl-Wennerlind-106x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Chris-Maginn-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Efram-Sera-Shriar-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Ferdia-Stone-Davis-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Gerald-Power-115x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Giles-Bergel-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Helene-Lecossois-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Iain-Biggs-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr.-James-Moran-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kathleen-Costello-Sullivan-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Kevin-James-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-LIsbeth-Buchelt-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Mary-Mullen-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mayesha-Alam-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Paul-Arthur-100x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Roger-MacGinty-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Robert-Savage-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Ronan-McDonald-138x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Sandra-Mayer-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Ann-Heymann.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Charlotte-J-Headrick-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Gerald-Dawe-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Gunther-Lottes-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Jack-Richie-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Malte-Rehbein-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Patrick-Joyce.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Scott-A-Davison-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Alexandra-Parvan-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Dominic-Power-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Eamon-Maher-140x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Gabriel-Paquette-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof.-James-M-Smith-125x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Joan-Fitzpatrick-Dean-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Jose-Lanters.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Keith-Busby-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Ondrej-Pilny-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Raingard-Esser-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Prof-Shaun-Richards-100x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dr-Timothy-White-150x150.jpg", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/themes/mi-2022/assets/images/logo-sif.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/themes/mi-2022/assets/images/logo-eu.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/themes/mi-2022/assets/images/logo-deti.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/themes/mi-2022/assets/images/logo-hea-140x63.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/themes/mi-2022/assets/images/logo-edu.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/themes/mi-2022/assets/images/logo-irc.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/themes/mi-2022/assets/images/logo-sixth.png", "https://mooreinstitute.ie/wp-content/themes/mi-2022/assets/images/logo-marie.png", "https://www.universityofgalway.ie/cdn/images/footer_map.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Moore Institute" ]	2016-08-09T10:11:57+00:00		en		Moore Institute	https://mooreinstitute.ie/visiting-fellows-scheme/	Alexander O’Hara University of St. Andrews alexanderjohara@gmail.com Dr Alexander O’Hara is Honorary Research Fellow in the Department of Mediaeval History, University of St Andrews and was a Research Fellow at the Institut für Mittelalterforshung in the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna from 2009 to 2016 and a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He received his doctorate from the University of St Andrews where he held a Donald Bullough and a Carnegie Scholarship. He completed his research Masters at the University of Oxford in 2005 and was a Norwegian Government Research Scholar at the University of Oslo from 2002 to 2003. His research focuses on the inter-relationship between monastic groups and secular elites in the Early Middle Ages, the transformation of the Frankish world in the seventh century, the cult of the saints in the Early and High Middle Ages, early medieval hagiography and its manuscript transmission, and with the Irish monastic founder, Columbanus, and his Italian biographer, Jonas of Bobbio. He has completed a major new translation of Jonas of Bobbio’s three saints’ Lives with Professor Ian Wood published in 2017 with Liverpool University Press as Jonas of Bobbio: Life of Columbanus, Life of John of Réomé, and Life of Vedast. He was awarded a Research Grant from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) for “The Columbanian Network: Elite Identities and Christian Communities in Early Medieval Europe (550–750)” at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. This project, which ran from 2013 to 2016, explored how the role of monasteries and their relationship to the social world around them was transformed in the seventh century in Europe as monastic institutions became more integrated into social and political power networks. The project focused on one of the central actors in this process, the Irish ascetic exile and monastic founder, Columbanus (c. 550–615), and the monastic network he and his Frankish disciples established in Merovingian Gaul and Lombard Italy. Two further volumes have resulted from this project, a monograph and an edited volume: Jonas of Bobbio and the Legacy of Columbanus: Sanctity and Community in the Seventh Century and Columbanus and the Peoples of Post-Roman Europe, both published by Oxford University Press in 2018. He will be giving a series of lectures in Dublin, Galway, and Belfast in November 2018 on Columbanus, Robert Schuman, and the Idea of Europe for the European Year of Cultural Heritage funded by the European Union. Agnès Lafont University Paul Valery – Montpellier 3, France agnes.lafont@univ-montp3.fr Agnès Lafont is Associate Professor in Early Modern Literature at the University Paul-Valery Montpellier 3 (France) and a member of The Institute for Research on the Renaissance, the Neo-classical Age and the Enlightenment (IRCL), a joint research centre of the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3. Her essays have appeared in EMLS (Early Modern Literary Studies), Anglophonia (French Journal of English Studies), XVII-XVIII (Bulletin de la Société d'Études Anglo-Américaines des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles), Cahiers Charles V, Imago. Revista de Emblemática y cultura visual, Revue LISA/LISA e-journal as well as in scholarly collections such as Les Contemporains de Shakespeare (ed. L. Cottegnies, J.-M. Maguin and F. Laroque, Pléiade, Paris, 2009). Her first book is entitled Shakespeare’s Erotic Mythology and Ovidian Renaissance Culture (Routledge, 2013). Her second book is a collection of essays co-edited with Janice Valls-Russell and Charlotte Coffin, entitled Interweaving Myths in Shakespeare and his contemporaries (Manchester University Press, 2017) Dr. Lafont’s third book, also a collection of essays co-edited with Christian Belin and Nicholas Myers, is currently in circulation to presses. It is entitled: L’Image brisée aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Breaking the Image in the Renaissance (Paris, Classique Garnier, forthcoming 2019). She is assistant editor for Cahiers Elisabéthains since 2009 http://cae.sagepub.com/ From July 2012 to December 2012, she benefited from a Research Fellowship granted by the National Council of French Universities (CNU) to work on her first book. She was a visiting professor at The University of Texas at Austin for the 2018 Spring semester. Agnès will use her time at the Moore Institute to finalize her critical edition (English text with critical apparatus) of an Ovidian epyllion by William Barksted entitled Mirrha The Mother of Adonis: Or, Lustes Prodigies (1607) which freely translates and adapts Ovid’s Metamorphoses X.298-519 and explicitly offers itself as a prequel to Shakespeare’s Venus and Adonis. It narrates the incestuous love of Myrrha for her father, Cyniras, and the birth of their son, Adonis. She will also provide a seminar open to staff and students of the Institute and NUI Galway to present her project. While she’ll be at the Moore Institute, Agnès will primarily be working with Dr. Lindsay Reid as they share a keen interest on Tudor and Early Modern transmissions of classical mythology. They have started working together at the Renaissance Society of America (New Orleans, 2018) and are willing to establish a longstanding collaboration between their respective research centres. Alexander O’Hara University of St. Andrews alexanderjohara@gmail.com Dr Alexander O’Hara is Honorary Research Fellow in the Department of Mediaeval History, University of St Andrews and was a Research Fellow at the Institut für Mittelalterforshung in the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna from 2009 to 2016 and a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He received his doctorate from the University of St Andrews where he held a Donald Bullough and a Carnegie Scholarship. He completed his research Masters at the University of Oxford in 2005 and was a Norwegian Government Research Scholar at the University of Oslo from 2002 to 2003. His research focuses on the inter-relationship between monastic groups and secular elites in the Early Middle Ages, the transformation of the Frankish world in the seventh century, the cult of the saints in the Early and High Middle Ages, early medieval hagiography and its manuscript transmission, and with the Irish monastic founder, Columbanus, and his Italian biographer, Jonas of Bobbio. He has completed a major new translation of Jonas of Bobbio’s three saints’ Lives with Professor Ian Wood published in 2017 with Liverpool University Press as Jonas of Bobbio: Life of Columbanus, Life of John of Réomé, and Life of Vedast. He was awarded a Research Grant from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) for “The Columbanian Network: Elite Identities and Christian Communities in Early Medieval Europe (550–750)” at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. This project, which ran from 2013 to 2016, explored how the role of monasteries and their relationship to the social world around them was transformed in the seventh century in Europe as monastic institutions became more integrated into social and political power networks. The project focused on one of the central actors in this process, the Irish ascetic exile and monastic founder, Columbanus (c. 550–615), and the monastic network he and his Frankish disciples established in Merovingian Gaul and Lombard Italy. Two further volumes have resulted from this project, a monograph and an edited volume: Jonas of Bobbio and the Legacy of Columbanus: Sanctity and Community in the Seventh Century and Columbanus and the Peoples of Post-Roman Europe, both published by Oxford University Press in 2018. He will be giving a series of lectures in Dublin, Galway, and Belfast in November 2018 on Columbanus, Robert Schuman, and the Idea of Europe for the European Year of Cultural Heritage funded by the European Union. Anne Driscoll Brandeis University, Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism annemdriscoll@gmail.com US Fulbright Scholar 2018-2019, From the Benches to the Trenches: Investigating Wrongful Convictions Anne Driscoll is an award-winning journalist (Boston Globe, New York Times, People) who first began investigating wrongful convictions as senior reporter at the Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism at Brandeis University in 2006. Her investigative work directly contributed to the exoneration of Angel Echavarria, who was sentenced to life without parole and served 21 years for a murder he didn’t commit before his release in 2015. Her role with the Justice Brandeis Law Project at the Schuster Institute included seminar-style meetings with undergraduate students to discuss presumed wrongful conviction cases, explore new leads and further case investigations. She was selected as a US Fulbright scholar and worked with the Irish Innocence Project at Griffith College in Dublin for the 2013-2014 academic year and taught law and journalism students journalism skills in order to further investigations of wrongful conviction cases. Through her work, the Irish Innocence Project became one of only two innocence organizations out of 68 recognized by the Innocence Network with a collaborative model of including both law and journalism students as caseworkers. The following year, she was hired as project manager of the Irish Innocence Project at Griffith College Dublin and she organized the first ever International Wrongful Conviction Conference and Film Festival. During her tenure, the Irish Innocence Project also helped obtain the first posthumous presidential pardon of Harry Gleeson, wrongfully convicted and hanged in 1941 for the murder of his neighbor Molly McCarthy in Tipperary. Anne is currently a second-time US Fulbright scholar (2018-2019) teaching about wrongful convictions and investigative techniques to law and journalism students at the National University of Ireland, Galway and is also conducting research to establish a National Registry of Exonerations in Ireland. Originally trained as a social worker who spent years counseling court-involved adolescent girls, she remains a licensed certified social worker in Massachusetts and is the author of a self-help series of guidebooks for girls called Girl to Girl. As a journalist, she has devoted her career to covering issues of human rights, social justice, and human development and has sought to make a difference in the world, one story at a time. She was the 2016 recipient of the Salem Award for Human Rights and Social Justice, is a Moth storyteller and the author of the Amazon Kindle mini-memoir series Irish You Were Here. She has been selected to give a TEDx talk about wrongful convictions on October 21, 2018 entitled Bearing Witness in Jacksonville, Florida. Bridget English University of Illinois at Chicago Bridgetrenglish@gmail.com Dr. Bridget English is currently a Visiting Lecturer at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She received her PhD in English from Maynooth University, where she was also a lecturer. In addition to the wide array of literature and writing courses she taught at the above institutions she also taught for several years in New York. She is a specialist in modern and contemporary Irish literature and culture, with particular research interests in theories of the novel, modernism, and the medical humanities. Her monograph, Laying Out the Bones: Death and Dying in the Modern Irish Novel (Syracuse U.P. 2017), examines the ways that Irish wake and funeral rituals shape novelistic discourse, arguing that the treatment of death in Irish novels offers a way of making sense of mortality and provides insight into Ireland’s cultural and historical experience of death. Additional publications include book chapters on John McGahern, Anne Enright, and a forthcoming chapter on Irish crime fiction. At the Moore Institute, English will conduct research on the themes of medicine, illness, and bodily pain in the context of modernism, and twentieth-century and contemporary Irish writing. This research will contribute to English’s current book project, “Self-Destructive Modernisms: Suicide, Medicine, and Failure in the Modernist Novel” which attends to the ways that the modernist novel registers the conflicts between the empirical knowledge of medicine and the subjective human experiences of modernity in order to determine the role of novelistic narrative in mediating bodily and psychological suffering. Taking the contrast between medical determinism—that psychological phenomena are explained by a combination of environmental and genetic factors—and humanistic medicine as its starting point, this study takes a transnational approach to Irish, American, and British novels in order to consider the ways that medical narratives influence the modernist aesthetics of rational thought and faith in technological innovation. Analyzing a cross-section of novels that related to the themes of suicide and failure—Elizabeth Bowen’s The House in Paris, Samuel Beckett’s The Unnameable, William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Tender is the Night, James Joyce’s Ulysses and Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway—“Self-Destructive Modernisms” interrogates the complex relationship between modernist novels and medical narratives in the transnational context of empire and nation (re) building. Chris Collins University of Nottingham christopher.collins@nottingham.ac.uk Chris is an Assistant Professor of Drama at the University of Nottingham, U.K. He has published widely on Irish theatre, including two monographs on the work of Irish writer, J.M. Synge (Theatre and Residual Culture [Palgrave: 2016], and J.M. Synge’s The Playboy of the Western World [Routledge: 2016]). He is currently writing his third book on Synge entitled J.M. Synge and the Time of His Life. Synge witnessed and wrote about profound changes to Irish society and culture during his short lifetime: 1871-1909. This was a Victorian age of progress, and everything needed to be clocked: from the time it took the Galway train to travel to Dublin, to those cultures of the empire that had supposedly failed to evolve. Synge had a keen interest in how progress should be measured, and his plays and prose offer unique perspectives on the measurement of time and the modernisation of Irish society. Synge’s fascination with time also had a particular personal appeal. As early as 1899 Synge knew he was dying young. Immediately thereafter he set about travelling Ireland, writing prose, verse and plays about spaces and places that were rapidly changing in front of his eyes. His reflections on time helped him cope with his own knowledge that he was dying young. A mixture of biography, social history and critical analysis of his plays and prose, the significance of this project is that it will explore how Synge staged and wrote about linear and non-linear time in the Ireland of his time, both as a reflection on modernisation and as a coping mechanism for the finiteness of time in his personal life. Chris will be using his time at the Moore Institute to consult the digital archives of Synge’s diaries, journals and notebooks, as well as the Abbey Theatre and Druid Theatre digital archives. Chris Maginn Fordham University, New York cmaginn@fordham.edu Chris Maginn is Professor of History and the former Director of the Institute of Irish Studies at Fordham University in New York. He received his doctorate from the National University of Ireland, Galway. He has published widely on Irish and British history, with a particular focus on the Anglo-Irish relationship in the Tudor period. His first book ‘Civilizing’ Gaelic Leinster: the extension of Tudor rule in the O’Byrne and O’Toole lordships (Dublin, 2005) was awarded the National University of Ireland’s Irish Historical Research Prize in 2005. He co-wrote, with Steven Ellis, the textbook The Making of the British Isles: the state of Britain and Ireland, 1450-1660 (London, 2007). He is also the author of William Cecil, Ireland, and the Tudor State (Oxford, 2012) and The Tudor Discovery of Ireland (Dublin, 2015). He was the Irish American Cultural Institute/NUIG Fellow in Irish Studies at the Centre for Irish Studies in 2014 and in 2016 he co-edited a collection of essays entitled Frontiers, states and identity in early modern Ireland and beyond: essays in honour of Steven G. Ellis (Dublin, 2016). While at the Moore Institute, he will be working on a book which aims to explore how the Tudor kings and queens communicated their rule in Ireland. The research will concentrate on operational forms of communication – like the relationship between the transmission within government circles of information and the influence which that information exerted on the making of political policy – and more abstract forms of communication, like the crown’s use of orality, printed texts, symbolism and political messaging, both to make its power felt and to articulate its aims. Central to the consideration of this latter form of communication will be an analysis of the ultimate failure of the Tudors to counter the widely-held view, expressed at the time and ever since, that their true aim was to conquer Ireland. In addition to this, he will be exploring the history of the town of Galway in the later sixteenth century. Daniel Fernández Fuentes Fundación Cultura de Paz (Spain). lagartofernandez@gmail.com EDUC-ACTORS: FROM CONTEXT TO TEXT. Rethinking the education on peace, conflict transformation, social justice and global citizenship through the lens of the Arts. Education is at the center of the ethical, socio-political and environmental crisis we are currently experiencing. As expressed by UNESCO in its Program of Action for the Creation of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence, the hope of emerging from this global crisis lies in educating about values, attitudes and behaviors that reflect and inspire sharing through social interaction, fostering the distinctive faculties of the human species: commitment, reflection, imagination and creativity, facilitating interculturality and communication (and not only information). Likewise, the Incheon Declaration resulting from the World Education Forum 2015 urgently urges us to prepare a unified educational agenda that aspires to be holistic and inclusive, based on human rights and dignity; social justice; inclusion; cultural, linguistic and ethnic diversity; and co-responsibility within the wide frame of global citizenship. But what would such a unified educational agenda look like in practice, and what kind of future does it envision? UNESCO’s vision would seem to be a world at peace. Yet the meaning of peace is often assumed to be settled by those who advance the cause of peace, even if this entails appropriating the narratives of the oppressed, and even though – as argued by Oliver Richmond and J. P. Lederach – many attempts at conflict resolution have ended in co-optation, i.e. attempts to forcibly abolish disharmony in situations where people are raising legitimate issues about social justice, reconciliation, identity, gender, culture, or development, among others. As Arjun Appadurai states, the transformation of such structural violence involves the defense of communication processes, in a world suffering from endless information: etymological communication implies community, sharing, and common sense, as well as the aspiration to expand what we all have in common. Hence, peace should be envisioned as an agonistic process, such that conflict is understood as inherent to social life, and it is a force that holds the opportunity for the transformation of social conditions. A process of learning, at the individual and social level, to make sense of the internal and external violence that exists around and within us. As the victimizer is inside each of us, the human impulse to violence is what needs to be addressed, through participatory processes which aim to transform the ways in which conflict plays out at the micro-level of inter-subjective relations. These necessary participatory processes have set the basis that defines the dynamic pedagogical proposal that I am currently developing, which aims to simultaneously learn and teach how to deal with human inner and outer forms of violence: “EDUC-ACTORS: FROM CONTEXT TO TEXT. Rethinking the education on peace, conflict transformation, social justice, and global citizenship - Towards a participatory, integrative and critical pedagogy inspired in the culture of peace and non-violence, applied through the narratives in first person, the new technologies, informed by the transformative power of creativity and the arts.” Such proposal of participatory pedagogy follows the thread proposed by Paolo Freire, seeking to honor the narratives that contest official history and identity – those imposed by the victors as much as through the educational spaces where they are enforced upon victims – thus perpetuating violence. These contesting narratives include not only written or oral rational forms, but all creative expressions, heightening our ability to tell our own stories through the art of music, dance, theater, painting, photography, audiovisuals, digital media, and poetry. Therefore, a model of participatory pedagogy of conflict transformation would be informed by the arts such as Katherine Wood explores: “The arts fundamentally change the discourse around conflict and peace...The transformative power of the arts largely lies in the fact that art operates in the physical, emotional, and existential realms. Existentially, the arts express and interpret the human search for meaning, purpose, community, identity, and values by which to live. These values, material or otherwise, are deeply embedded in the lives of individuals, groups, and nations, with roots in differing views of the world. The arts can open and enlarge someone’s worldview and enhance understanding of another’s, leading to empathy and inclusion.” During my research, as a Visiting Scholar at the Center for the Study of Genocide and Human Rights at Rutgers University (2016 to present), I concluded that attempting to rethink peace studies and peace education would require an empirical, global research concerned with context-specific interpretations of peace, staging contestations through the arts, thereby disturbing the ways that metanarratives regarding peace and violence tend to ignore local histories, and contextualized struggles. This journey is leading, as Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Budd L. Hall and Rajesh Tandon urge us, to un-learn in order to be able to “decolonize” our minds and our pedagogical practices, while encouraging us to stand up for encouraging us to generate our own meanings of individual and communal memory, cultural translation and intercultural dialogue. Identifying and exploring good practices of participatory conflict transformation pedagogy informed by the arts, in places where violence is more evident in a daily basis, has to do with the relevance of University as universitas: the word without action is empty, and scientific concepts without experience are vain. These experiences would be sought among significant educators, mediators, artivists, and advocates which invite the arts to facilitate the transformation of inner and outer conflicts in a nonviolent way. These indispensable exchanges inform the second phase of the project: a pedagogical pilot proposal which would outline an academic curriculum focused on participatory conflict transformation methodologies which articulate around the languages of the arts. The scope of the previous international research favors a much needed pedagogical approach that acknowledges and integrates Western, Eastern and Indigenous worldviews. The pedagogical curriculum proposal would understand peace as an ever-evolving and dynamic process of nonviolent conflict transformation. An integrative and holistic process, as defined by Linda Groff, which aspires to equal the importance of building positive "outer" peace (Western approach), inner/spiritual peace (Eastern approach), and the urgency to eradicate violence against the environment (Indigenous/Animistic/Earth-based approach). David McOmish University of Glasgow David.McOmish@glasgow.ac.uk David completed a PhD in Classics at the University of Glasgow (2010), where he also latterly worked as a full-time, fixed-term Teaching Fellow in Latin Literature and Language (2011). From 2012-2015, he was Research Fellow and Lead Researcher on the AHRC-funded Delitiae project at Glasgow, which examined the role and place of Latin Literature and Literary Culture in early modern Scotland. The majority of David's time on the project was spent researching the astronomical and mathematical work of Adam King, an Edinburgh native and long-time Professor of Mathematics and Philosophy at the University of Paris, whose work will be the focus of David's stay at the Moore Institute. More recently, David was Research Fellow at the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute in Innsbruck, Austria, where he worked on Adam King’s Latin didactic verse and prose commentary and its function as a conduit for the delivery of the new sciences of the early modern period into the University of Edinburgh in the 17th century. Currently an Honorary Research Fellow, David continues his work on Adam King at the Centre for Research Collections at Edinburgh University, where he is transcribing and critically assessing the large manuscript edition that contains King's prose and verse. In the last year, he has published some of his research findings on the impact of cross-confessional (Calvinist and Jesuitical) ideas upon Adam King's approach to teaching science (History of Universities 31.2, 153-172, Oxford 2018), exploring how King openly embraced the philosophy of protestant reformer Petrus Ramus, while also producing a substantial (and pointed) corpus of pro-Catholic, Counter-Reformation material. David will use his time at the Moore Institute to edit and develop the first full critical edition (parallel Latin and English text with critical apparatus) of the poetry of Adam King. He will provide weekly reading groups open to staff and students of the Institute and NUI Galway on a selection of King's poetry. These reading sessions will offer an opportunity to explore the ways in which King's dual confessional identity informs his approach to natural philosophy in his didactic (scientific) poetry and commentary, his Counter-Reformation prose and verse, and his pro-Stuart political propaganda poems. This year, David will be presenting his work on Adam King at Scientiae 2019 (held in Belfast this year), and also the Fédération internationale des associations d'études classiques 2019 conference. Emmet Marron NUI Galway marronemmet@gmail.com Dr Emmet Marron works primarily on Early Medieval monastic landscapes, with a focus on the Post-Roman West. Although his background is in Archaeology his work takes an interdisciplinary approach to the topic, with a particular interest in the contrast between hagiographical texts and the archaeological reality, as well as in ethnicity and ethnic identity in the period spanning the 4th to the 8th centuries. A graduate of NUI, Galway, from 2008 to 2012 he conducted his Ph.D at the Moore Institute as part of the IRC and Mellon Foundation funded Columbanus’ Life and Legacy Project. His doctoral thesis focussed on the first monastery founded on the continent by the influential Irish monk, Saint Columbanus, at Annegray in Eastern France. Archaeological work carried out as part of Dr Marron’s research at Annegray under the auspices of the Moore Institute (2009-2013) represent the first campaign of archaeological fieldwork carried out by an Irish HEI on the continent. In 2013 Dr Marron was awarded a post-doctoral fellowship as part of the Columbanus’ Life and Legacy Project at the Moore Institute, during which time he oversaw the completion of further overseas archaeological fieldwork with collaborative fieldschools at Annegray (France), Bobbio (Italy) and Cleenish (Northern Ireland). During this time, he was also involved in the formation of Making Europe: Columbanus and his Legacy, an international scientific committee drawing together researchers in complimentary disciplines from across Europe to collaborate on the study of St Columbanus in the run up to the 2015 anniversary of the saint’s death. In addition to a series of collaborative fieldwork projects (Cleenish, Annegray, Bobbio), the committee oversaw the successful organisation of three international conferences – held at Bangor, Luxeuil and Bobbio - focussing on different aspects of Columbanus’ influence over the course of the anniversary year. Expanding out from the focus on Annegray, in 2016 Dr Marron was awarded a Marie Skłodowska Curie Individual Fellowship for his project The Chronology of Monastic Landscapes in Early Medieval Europe (ChroMoLEME), based at Newcastle University. The project aimed to interrogate the motif of the ‘desertum’, commonly found in hagiographical treatments of monastic foundations, through the use of landscape analysis on a number of key Early Medieval monasteries across Europe – a significant element in the project’s approach to this question was the application of Historical Landscape Characterisation to sites in continental Europe, in contexts where this approach had never been used before. As part of the ChroMoLEME project Dr Marron held a successful conference at the British School at Rome on the question of the ‘desertum’, the proceedings of which will form part of an upcoming edited volume as part of Brepols’ Boundaries, Borders, Landscape series. During his time at the Moore Institute Emmet will be working with former supervisor on the Columbanus’ Life and Legacy Project, Conor Newman, to edit the proceedings of the 2015 anniversary conference held in Bangor, Co. Down. To date fellow members of the Making Europe Committee have overseen the publication of the proceedings of the Bobbio and Luxeuil conferences. As such, the Bangor proceedings will represent not only the final volume in an important treatment of Saint Columbanus, but also the successful culmination of work underway at the Moore Institute since 2008. Heike Schwarz Augsburg University, Germany heike.schwarz@philhist.uni-augsburg.de Dr. Heike Schwarz is a post-doc lecturer in American studies and Comparative studies at Augsburg University. She studied American studies, politics, philosophy and law. She is currently writing her habilitation project, or second book, with the working title Psychoterratica: Concepts of Solastalgia and Nature Distress Syndrome in (World) Fiction which includes approaches of the environmental humanities and medical humanities. She has published on fiction, film and graphic novels in the fields of psychiatry and fiction, disability studies, popular culture studies, dementia studies, medical and environmental humanities and ecopsychology. She has received a number of fellowships for studies in Europe and the United States, she is also a Fulbright fellow and recently worked at the University of Pittsburgh as visiting scholar. She co-edited the essay collection Border Stories: Narration of Peace, Conflict and Communication as a book publication of an international conference. The co-edited book with Dr. Tina-Karen Pusse and Rebecca Downes from NUI Galway Madness in the Woods: Representations of the Ecologlical Uncanny will be published this year. She finished her PhD project in 2013 with her interdisciplinary study Beware of the Other Side(s): Multiple Personality Disorder and Dissociative Identity Disorder in American Fiction. This study emerged from an interdisciplinary angle including the history of American psychiatric diagnoses and their reflection in American fiction and how both fields were mutually entangled and interdependent. The second book project title Psychoterratica refers to an ecocritical and ecopsychological approach to the fiction analysed in the book. This approach is based on the interdisciplinary field of medical humanities, an emerging discipline which pinpoints the relevance of literary representation of illness and diagnoses, shaping a general understanding of (contemporary) diseases and conditions. Combining medical humanities with the field of environmental studies or ecocriticsm, the projects aims at analysing (world) literature in order to unveil mental as well as physical conditions that develop because of environmental and climate change or global warming. Through the literary works, various cultural communities around the world and individual artists express and represent their physical as well as psychological conditions that emerge because of environmental change that literally endangers their indigenous and various other cultural backgrounds. The ecocritical embedment of the study moreover highlights the interconnectedness of human beings with their non-human surroundings and follows, for example, the term “solastalgia” given by Australian anthropologist Glenn Albrecht who defines this term also as “nature distress syndrome” after environmental change. The focus on health and climate change usually entails sociological and empirical studies, whereas in this book project the main sources are literary works in which the interconnection of health and environment becomes obvious. Apart from the WHO and its medical health report approach, the cultural outputs of various communities and artists dealing with environmental change need to be considered and heard. At Moore Institute she will continue her research and will also present at the summer school “Posthumanist Ecocriticism”. The Moore Institute fellowship enables her to add an Irish perspective to her interdisciplinary work. J. R. Carpenter University of Plymouth writingcoastlines@gmail.com J. R. Carpenter is a artist, writer, and practice-led researcher working across performance writing, digital literature, cartography, and media archaeology. Questions about place, displacement, migration, and climate change pervade her work. She was awarded a PhD from University of the Arts London in 2015. During a postdoctoral visiting fellowship at the Eccles Centre for American Studies at the British Library she researched an Island of Demons which appeared on maps off Newfoundland in the early 1500s persisting into the 1700s. Portions of this research were presented through the British Library’s Summer Scholar series and published on the British Library American Collections Blog. She received funding from the Canada Council for the Arts to further this research at the Centre for Newfoundland Studies at Memorial University in St John’s. She has presented keynote addresses based on this research at international symposiums including “On the Inhabitability of Cartographic Worlds” at the University of Paris 8 and “Transient Topographies: Space and Interface in Digital Literature and Art,” the second Galway Digital Cultures Initiative conference, which took place at the Moore Institute in April 2018. She has since been commissioned by the « Mondes, interfaces et environnements à l’ère du numérique » research group at the University of Paris 8 to create a new web-based work based on practice-led research undertaken in the cartographic collections at the Archives nationales in Paris. Carpenter is an award-winning author of print and digital poetry. Her web-based work The Gathering Cloud won the New Media Writing Prize 2016 and has since been exhibited in Denmark, Norway, Romania, the USA, and the UK. A print book by the same name was published by Uniformbooks in 2017. Her debut poetry collection An Ocean of Static was Highly Commended for the Forward Prizes 2018. It launched at the British Library in London and has since been presented at Cúirt International Festival of Literature, Edinburgh International Book Festival, and Oslo Poisefilm Festival. During her fellowship at the Moore Institute, Carpenter will further her research into phantom islands of the North Atlantic with a particular focus on the islands which the Irish Saint Brendan is said to have landed upon during a voyage begun in AD 512. A Saint Brendan’s Island has migrated westward on maps of the North Atlantic for over 1000 years. Today, a Saint Brendan’s Island hovers just off the larger island of Newfoundland. Carpenter’s research explores the navigational aspects of the narrative of Saint Brendan’s Island, and in the textual and cartographic modes through which it has been propigated over the centuries. How might the medieval navigational narrative be adapted to (or even akin to) contemporary digital narratives as they move through multiple times, places, and media? How might this multi-media story, composed of religious allegory, hearsay, maps, and scraps of manuscripts, be adapted for the web? Jacqueline-Bethel Mougoué Baylor University JB_mougoue@Baylor.edu Jacqueline-Bethel Mougoué is an interdisciplinary feminist scholar of Africa who is particularly interested in how constructions of gender inform the comportment and performances of the body, religious beliefs, and political ideologies in Cameroon. Currently, she is an Assistant Professor of History at Baylor University. Mougoué received her M.A. and Ph.D. in history from Purdue University. She holds an additional degree from Purdue, a Graduate Certificate in Women’s, Gender, & Sexuality Studies (WGSS) from the WGSS Program. Mougoué’s first book, Gender, Separatist Politics and Embodied Nationalism in Cameroon is forthcoming with the University of Michigan Press in 2019. Mougoué’s scholarly articles have appeared in Gender & History, Journal of West African History, Feminist Africa, and Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism. As a 2019-20 Visiting Fellow at the Moore Institute, Mougoué will be working on her second book project, Manhood, Religion and Transcontinental Networks in Africa. The book will examine the history of the Bahá’í Faith and masculine identities in English-Speaking Cameroon from the 1950s to the 1980s. It examines how religious identities, and extensive networks, shaped the performance of manhood when men converted to Bahá’í— a religion founded in Iran that teaches the essential worth of all religions, that believe in one God. Young men who could not find jobs after attending Christian mission schools, found conversion to Bahá’í an appealing alternative. Through it they found jobs as Bahá’í missionaries, converting Africans throughout the continent, including a king in Benin in the 1970s. Further, they forged extensive social and economic transcontinental networks that would eventually extend to Israel, and lead to marriages that spanned national and racial lines. Through Bahá’í, young men found new ways to (re)claim economic power, social standing, and ultimately, masculine ideals that informed the respect they gained as Bahá’í missionaries. The project draws from a wide array of sources to analyze and visually represent the interplay of ideas about proper codes of conduct for men and constructions of religious authority: birthday cards from the 1950s, oral interviews with men who converted in the 1950s and 1960s, and 1970s studio portraits of Bahá’í converts. Jelena Đureinović Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany Jelena.Dureinovic@geschichte.uni-giessen.de Jelena Đureinović is an instructor of record in East European History and a Career Development Grant recipient at the International Graduate Centre for the Study of Culture at the University of Giessen. She submitted her PhD thesis in Modern and Contemporary History in 2018, entitled “Glory for the Defeated: Memory of Second World War Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution in Contemporary Serbia”, and is currently waiting for the defence. In 2017-18, she was a visiting fellow at the Centre for Southeast European Studies at the University of Graz, funded by the Scholarship Foundation of the Republic of Austria. She was also a visiting researcher at the Institute of Culture and Memory Studies of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2016. Jelena has contributed to numerous international summer schools, workshops, and MOOCs as a lecturer. Her paper on legal rehabilitation of Dragoljub Mihailović in Serbia was selected for the Best Doctoral Student Paper Award in category Balkans by the Association for the Study of Nationalities in 2015. Jelena’s most recent publications include: “(Trans)National Memories of the Common Past in the Post-Yugoslav Space”, in History and Belonging: Representations of the Past in Contemporary European Politics, edited by Stefan Berger and Caner Tekin (Berghahn Books, 2018), “Law as an Instrument and as a Mirror of Official Memory Politics: The Mechanism for Rehabilitating Victims of Communism in Serbia”, Review of Central and East European Law, 43(2): 232-51 (2018), and “To Each Their Own: Politics of Memory, Narratives about Victims of Communism and Perspectives on Bleiburg in Contemporary Serbia”, Croatian Political Science Review, 55(2): 89-111 (2018). Jelena is currently conceptualising her postdoctoral research project on transnational Cold War history and teaching on the same subject at the undergraduate level as the Career Development Grant recipient at the University of Giessen. The postdoc project, under the title “When Red Turned Green Yellow: Ireland and Yugoslavia in the Emerging Cold War”, examines Ireland and Yugoslavia during the fascinating time when both countries had to define and re-define their state identities and negotiate their sovereignty and position in the global political order. The research contributes to national histories of Ireland and Yugoslavia by observing them through the lens of the Cold War that goes beyond the binary understanding of this period reduced to superpower rivalry. The project focuses on three themes: anti-communism and representations of socialist Yugoslavia in Ireland in the immediate postwar period; contact zones such as decolonisation, the Palestine question, and the UN peacekeeping missions; and on the story of two small states searching for their position. The project centres on the theme of state sovereignty in the Cold War, with Ireland still trying to negotiate post-imperial sovereignty after British rule and Yugoslavia establishing a unique form of socialist sovereignty outside the bloc. As a 2019-20 Visiting Fellow at the Moore Institute, Jelena will be working with the Irish Newspaper Archive, focusing on the reception of the postwar trials in Yugoslavia in the wider context of Irish anti-communism and its religious dimension Justin Dolan Stover Idaho State University stovjust@isu.edu Dr Justin Dolan Stover is Assistant Professor of Transnational European History in the field of Violence, War & Conflict at Idaho State University, and serves as Secretary to the American Conference for Irish Studies. He was conferred with a Ph.D. in history from Trinity College Dublin (2011), an M.A. in twentieth century Irish history and politics from University College Dublin (2005), and a B.Sc. in history from Central Michigan University (2003). His research examines the Irish Revolution, 1913-1923, which has framed his publications on a variety of subjects, and include, among other pieces, “Families, Vulnerability and Sexual Violence during the Irish Revolution,” in Perceptions of Pregnancy: From the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century, ed. Jennifer Evans and Ciara Meehan; “Violence, Trauma, and Memory in Ireland: The Psychological Impact of War and Revolution on a Liminal Society, 1916-1923,” in Aftershock: Psychological Trauma and the Legacies of the First World War, ed. Jason Crouthamel and Peter Leese; and, “Redefining Allegiance: Loyalty, Treason and the Foundation of the Irish Free State 1922-32,” in A Formative Decade: Politics, Economics and Identity in Ireland, 1921-32, ed. Mel Farrell, Jason Knirck, and Ciara Meehan. His current research explores the environmental history of the Irish Revolution. Specifically, the environmental impact of guerrilla war and counter-insurgency, localized destruction of property and agrarian conflict, and post-revolutionary landscape reclamation, compensation, and restoration. This work highlights how war damage transcended political, ideological, and class divisions throughout this period, affecting both urban and rural areas, and the roads, bridges, and communications infrastructure that connected them. Methods of destruction were as equally diverse. Trees were felled to block roads, houses and creameries were burned to intimidate enemies and disrupt the agricultural economy, roads were trenched and intentionally flooded, and fields were spiked to prevent grazing. In this sense, larger and more iconic incidents, such the 1916 Easter Rising, the sack of Balbriggan and burning of Cork City in 1920, though devastating, were outliers against much more frequent, low-scale rural and agricultural destruction. Post-revolutionary Ireland was slow to repair damaged landscapes, a fact that presented a nation politically transformed yet physically and socially unhealed. Elements of this work have appeared in Century Ireland; in Paris – Capital of Irish Culture: France, Ireland and the Republic, 1798–1916, ed. Pierre Joannon and Kevin Whelan; and as a podcast, “Toward an Environmental History of the Irish Revolution,” from a talk given at the Institute of Irish Studies Seminar, Queen’s University Belfast. With Dr Kelly Sullivan, New York University, he is editing a thematic issue of the journal Éire-Ireland on Irish environments, and is writing on political ecology in Irish nationalist literature for The Cambridge History of Irish Literature and the Environment. While in residence, Dr Stover will continue writing his first monograph, Enduring Ruin: Environmental Destruction and the Irish Revolution, 1916-23, which will benefit from the Moore Institute’s unique research space and collaborative atmosphere, and collections within the James Hardiman Library. Working with his sponsor, Dr Nessa Cronin, Centre for Irish Studies, Dr Stover also hopes to host one of NUI Galway’s Student Academic Skills Training Workshops, and lead an M.A./Ph.D. seminar on methods in Irish environmental history. Further afield, he hopes to meet with members of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, and the Irish Heritage Council, while also taking advantage to visit local sites of revolutionary violence where environmental destruction occurred. Jyoti Atwal Jawaharlal Nehru University jyotiatjnu@gmail.com Dr Jyoti Atwal is Associate Professor at the Centre for Historical Studies, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. In 2017 she was also appointed as an Adjunct Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland for a period of 5 years. She has authored Real and Imagined Widows: Gender Relations in Colonial North India. New Delhi: Primus Books, 2016. Her area of interest is Indian women in the reformist, nationalist and contemporary perspectives; socio-cultural and religious aspects of women’s lives in colonial and post colonial India; women’s agenda and the nation; autobiographies of women and narratives of the personal and the political domains; politics of representations of gender relations in colonial India; entangled histories of Indian, Irish and British women. She is currently working on a biography of an Irish suffragette, Margaret Cousins (1878-1954). Besides a Masters level course on Women in Colonial India, she teaches an MA and MPhil lecture Course on Women in Ireland: Reforms, Movements and Revolutions (1840-1930) at JNU. In 2017 she received a grant of € 5,500 by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Government of Ireland. Since 2015 she is member of the Editorial Board of Women’s History Review ( Taylor and Francis, UK). She is also member of the Advisory Committee of India Study Centre Cork, University College Cork, Ireland. She is a member of the Advisory Committee of PINNACLE Project led by , Prof Deirdre Raftery at University Collge Dublin to examine the professional needs and career trajectories of women teachers in India and in Pakistan. She has been a Visiting Fellow at Triniy College Dublin, Dublin City University and University College Cork. In 2018 she delivered the second V V Giri Memorial Lecture at University College Dublin She has been collaborating for teaching and research with Dr Ciara Breathnach (UL), Dr Sarah – Anne Buckley (NUIG), Dr Conor Mulvagh (UCD), Dr Lidia Guzy (UCC), Prof Jane Ohlmeyer and Prof Eunan O’Halpin at TCD. During her Moore Fellowship she will work on Cultural Nationalism and Revivalism in Early Twentieth-Century Ireland and India. India and Ireland share a common colonial past. Both nations evolved methodologies of freedom struggle – varying from revolutionary tactics, to non-violent passive resistance against British control. However, another popular premises that India Ireland share is a literary legacy. While Rabindranath Tagore’s friendship with Yeats in the nineteenth century is well known to Irish and Indian scholars, some of the other significant connections have been ignored. She plans to look at theatre and music as important arenas of forging unity of purpose. She proposes that India and Ireland were both trying to identify symbols to create a national ideal in late nineteenth century. Theatre and music provided a fertile ground for this purpose. Through the Dublin life of James Cousins, W.B Yeats, Lady Gregory and Synge; and through exploration of early years of Abbey Theatre and Irish National Theatre Society, she plans to capture this synergy. The leaders of the Abbey Theatre also embodied vegetarianism and occult. There were regular readings of the Hindu text ‘Bhagawat Gita’ in Dublin circles and promotion of vegetarian restaurants. There has been no study to look at these interactions as potential arenas of forging nationalisms through esoteric universalism and anti-colonial politics. I plan to focus my time in NUI Galway on collections in the Abbey Theatre Digital Archives. I will also consult collections such as the Michael Cusack collection. She shall be focusing on the poet and play writerJames Cousins, who was married to Margaret Elizabeth Cousins (co-founder of the Irish Women’s Franchise League). They both moved to India in 1915 at the invitation of the Theosophist or a humanitarian worker or an anti colonial activist in India. Both were fiercelycommitted to voting rights campaign for women and other forms of public service; and most significantly they joined in the Gandhian challenge to colonialism after 1920s. The couple stayed in Dublin from 1902 till 1915 and actively participated in several sessions of occult and planchette writing with Yeats and his group. The politics of women’s voting rights (intertwined with British suffragettes) and anti-colonialism were the two main political agendas of the couple. She plans to submit an article to Irish Historical Studies on this work, and perhaps a similar publication in India. She will use the materials from the research conducted in NUI Galway to frame modules for Irish history course. She will wokr with Dr Sarah-Anne Buckley at the Department of History. Kanchana Mahadevan University of Mumbai kanchmaha@yahoo.co.in Kanchana Mahadevan is Professor at the Department of Philosophy, University of Mumbai. She works in the areas of continental philosophy, political theory and gender studies. She also writes on interdisciplinary subjects such as aesthetics and film. Her special focus is care and decolonization. She has published in journals and anthologies, both nationally and internationally. Her book Between Femininity and Feminism: Colonial and Postcolonial Perspectives on Care (published by the Indian Council of Philosophical Research in collaboration with DK Printworld New Delhi in 2014) examines the relevance of Western feminist philosophy in the Indian context. She has taught at the Department of Political Science & Centre for Ethics and Global Politics, Luiss University, Rome as Visiting Professor (April-May 2016) and Visiting Research Professor (April-May 2019). She was Justitia Amplificata Senior Fellow at Goethe University Frankfurt, Frei University Berlin and Forschungskolleg Humanwissenschaften, Bad Homburg (April, 2018 to May 18, 2018) working on the gendered dimension of the secularism debate in India and the Habermasian post-secular. In her project at the Moore Institute she will be working on “Contemporary Indian Aesthetics: Philosophical Interventions”. This project focuses on contemporary Indian art practice through philosophy, gender and the politics of decolonization. Arthur Danto noted that contemporary art can accommodate diversity through its freedom from linear art history determined by the West. Moving beyond Danto, this project argues that such freedom enabled non-Eurocentric art practice in multiple geo-political and socio-cultural global contexts. The Indian context, for instance, demystifies art from stultifying formalisms through interpretations without being restricted to Danto’s cognitivism. Both contemporary Indian visual art and film offer multiple kinds of art practice that are distinctly Indian nevertheless. This project investigates the construction of the Indian art object, as different from the Western, both in form and content. It examines the extent to which diverse and yet related narratives of decolonization, nationalism and cosmopolitanism influence such a construct, which also has similarities with its Western counterpart. It discerns contemporary art practice as opening up an aesthetics in which interpretation, rather than direct perception are integral. This project explores the extent to which gender remains an absent-presence in philosophical theorizations of art, despite its explicit presence in Indian art practice. Kathryn Laing Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick kathryn.laing@mic.ul.ie Kathryn Laing lectures in the Department of English Language and Literature, Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick. Her teaching and research interests are principally in late nineteenth-century Irish women’s writing, New Woman fiction, modernist women writers, periodical and print culture. She has published widely on Rebecca West, Virginia Woolf, George Moore, F. Mabel Robinson and Irish writer, Hannah Lynch. Recent and forthcoming publications include: ‘Hannah Lynch and Narratives of the Irish Literary Revival’, New Hibernia Review 20:1 (Spring 2016) and ‘An Outpour of Ink’: From the ‘Young Rebecca’ to ‘the most important signature of these years,’ Rebecca West 1911–1920 in Women, Periodicals, and Print Culture in Britain, 1890s-1920s: the Modernist Period, eds. Faith Binckes and Carey Snyder (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019). Her critical biography, Hannah Lynch: Irish Writer, Cosmopolitan, New Woman, co-written with Faith Binckes, will be published by Cork University Press in May 2019. She is the co-founder and administrator of the ‘Irish Women’s Writing Network (1880-1920) Network’, established in 2016 (https://irishwomenswritingnetwork.com). A co-edited collection with Sinéad Mooney, Irish Women Writers at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: Alternative Histories, New Narratives, will be published by EER (Edward Everett Root Publishers), in association with the Network, in 2019. She is also General Editor with Sinéad Mooney of two recently launched series to be published by EER: ‘Key Irish Women Writers’ and ‘Irish Women Writers: Texts and Contexts’. While at the Moore Institute she will start new work on late nineteenth-century Irish women writers and their literary and publishing circles. This research stems from a broader interest in the field of turn of the twentieth-century Irish women’s writing and it connects with the second part of her project at the Institute – developing the ‘Irish Women’s Writing (1880-1920) Network’ website. This was set up to facilitate connections and conversations between scholars and to develop a digital platform where information about research and publications on forgotten Irish women writers, forthcoming conferences and other information, can be shared. The aim is to continue development of the website, with the assistance of expertise in the digital humanities available at the Institute, creating a database for retrieved documents, out of print publications, archival material and more. Maeve Lydon University of Victoria / Carleton University- Canada mlydon@uvic.ca Maeve lives on the traditional territories of the Coast Salish indigenous peoples in what is now called Victoria in British Columbia, on the west coast of Canada. Her Moore Institute research is called - Mapping our Common Ground in Ireland and Canada: The Power of Placenames, Local Knowledge and Community Mapping for Eco-Cultural Restoration and Decolonizing Landscapes. Focusing on the Tim Robinson Archive at NUIG , Maeve wants to research post colonial perspectives on placenames and maps and the politics of translation and cultural revival in Ireland. She wants to address its relevance and application to the Canadian context focused on placemaking, sustainability and the resurgence by Indigenous peoples to recover their own language, culture, land. As in the Galway and Ireland of the 1930’s and continuing to the present time, Indigenous peoples and First Nations in Canada, increasingly supported by academia and the immigrant-settler population, are focused on transforming and 'de-colonizing' education and research cultures including revitalizing indigenous languages and ways of knowing and living. Maeve want to situate Robinson's own story and context and navigate how he "found' "lost' placenames and recovered forgotten histories associated with their ''origins'' , and to explore the impact of his work on local and regional communities. She will also explore how Robinson's work could be used in the use/ recovery/ retrieval of indigenous placenames and cultures of placemaking/community mapping in the pan-Canadian context while identifying points of convergence and divergence between the two nations. Maeve has published for both academic and community audiences and works in community-campus partnership and network -NGO development with a focus on participatory research and capacity building/training for sustainability and social-environmental justice. A longer term goal for the Fellowship is to increase scholar, student and community based research, projects and partnerships between Victoria/Canada and Galway/Ireland and their respective wild west coasts and vibrant communities, cities and campuses. Besides the research and writing an article Maeve will also give a workshop on community mapping, support the Community Knowledge Initiative (CKI) at NUIG and participate in the 7th EUGEO Conference on the Geography of Europe. The daughter of Irish parents from Galway, Maeve works nationally as the coordinator of Community Campus Engage Canada based in Carleton University (Ottawa) and also with the University of Victoria and community groups /NGOs on sustainability projects and community - green mapping. Martin Hurcombe University of Bristol, UK m.j.hurcombe@bristol.ac.uk Martin Hurcombe is Professor of French Studies at the University of Bristol, UK, and a specialist of early twentieth-century French political culture, history and literature. His PhD examined the French combat novel of the First World War, arguing that the experience of combat led to a fundamental shift in the way that a generation of French intellectuals experienced time and space and, consequently, the world around them, exploring the political ramifications of these experiences. It was published in 2004 as Novelists in Conflict: Ideology and the Absurd in the French Combat Novel of the Great War. His second book, France and the Spanish Civil War: Cultural Representations of the War next Door, 1936-1945 (2011), studied the extent to which the war beyond the Pyrenees served a utopian function for both the radical left and right in France, offering forms of social reorganisation and new models with which to oppose the French Third Republic. His interest in utopia as critical tool for examining the present and imagining the future is also evident in his most recent book, co-authored with Matryn Cornick and Angela Kershaw: French Political Travel Writing in the Inter-War Years: Radical Departures. He has also published extensively on twentieth-century French crime fiction and, most recently, on the memory of Nazi collaboration in three French, Norwegian, and Swedish crime novels. With Simon Kemp, he is the co-editor of the only study of the award-winning French crime writer Sébastien Japrisot (Sébastien Japrisot: The Art of Crime, 2009). He is also one of the founding editors of the Journal of War and Culture Studies. His current project represents something of a departure from his interest in war and culture, however, whilst still combining his fascination with the political, historical, and textual. This new project explores the history of cycling literature in France. The relationship between a range of textual practices and cycling in France is a long and complex one. Moreover, writing about sport, and especially cycling, is a serious business for the French. This project traces the relationship between road cycling, the national and regional press, key authors and journalists (such as Pierre Chany and Antoine Blondin), and the impact of new media on the way that cycling is narrated. It explores ideas of national, regional and political identities as well as issues of class, gender and race. During his visiting fellowship, he will be working closely with colleagues from the research group Sports & Exercise: Attitudes and Representation. Mirko Daniel Garasic LUISS University mdgarasic@fulbrightmail.org Mirko D. Garasic is a Research Scholar at the UNESCO Chair in Bioethics and Human Rights where he is involved in a European Union’s Horizon 2020 Project (I-Consent) on improving the guidelines for informed consent. He is also a Visiting Professor in Neuroethics at IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca. He holds a Ph.D. in Political Theory from LUISS University, Rome -where he is an Adjunct Professor in Bioethics. Previously, he was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Tel Aviv University, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Monash University. Since the beginning of his Ph.D., he worked in four continents and published in five: in 2009 he was a Visiting Scholar at the Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, while in 2010, he spent a semester at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences in Mumbai. During his time in India he also collaborated with the Center for the Study of Ethics and Rights. In the following academic year, he was a Yale University and Hastings Center Visiting Scholar thanks to a Fulbright Scholarship. He participated in numerous international conferences and he has received various awards and grants. Among other venues, his work has been published in the American Journal of Bioethics, BMC Medical Ethics, Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, Topoi and The Hastings Center Report. His first book Guantanamo and other cases of enforced medical treatment (Springer, 2015) has been extensively discussed by international scholars in the prestigious Journal of Medical Ethics. During his time at the Moore Institute, he will be working on a project concerning the new challenges and opportunities for informed consent and advanced directives specific to wearable robots. He will also give a talk on the need for regulation of cognitive enhancers. Patricia Plummer Duisburg-Essen University, Germany Patricia.plummer@uni-due.de Patricia Plummer is Professor of English and Postcolonial Studies at Duisburg-Essen University, Germany. Her publications, research and teaching focus on English literature and culture since 1700, on Orientalism, travel writing and religion, postcolonial literatures as well as gender and popular culture. She received her doctorate at Mainz University and was Invited Visiting Professor of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies at Koblenz University (2005); more recently she has held visiting research fellowships at The University of Sydney (2015), Australian National University (2016), and has been Visiting Professor at Macquarie University (2019) in order to conduct research on her ongoing project “Gender, Art and Theosophy”, which aims at reconstructing the life and works of the ‘forgotten’ Anglo-Australian painter and theosophist Louisa Le Freimann (1863-1956). Patricia Plummer is the author of a monograph on style in Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist (2003) and has, inter alia, co-edited volumes on women’s studies (Perspektiven der Frauenforschung, 1998) and feminist crime fiction (Frauen auf der Spur, 2001). She is a principal investigator within the DFG-funded research group “Ambiguity and Difference: Historical and Cultural Dynamics” (2019-2021; project: “Unveiling Orientalism: Ambiguity in British Discourse on Travel of the Long Eighteenth Century”). While at Moore Institute Patricia will focus on gender and popular culture. Her project “Detecting Women and Power in the 21st Century” is connected to and builds on research on innovations in the crime genre in terms of gender, race and indigeneity that she has carried out over the past two decades. Writers hailed as Irish ‘Queens of Crime’ such as Alex Barclay, Tana French, Niamh O’Connor, Louise Phillips, Jane Casey and Jo Spain all began publishing crime fiction in the 21st century. Similar waves of women’s crime writing emerged in the USA in the late 1970s and in Germany in the late 1980s – each inspired by feminist ideas in the wake of the Second Women’s Movement. Given that popular literature and culture reflect on social change and at the same time have the potential to challenge traditions and create new role models, Patricia is interested in finding out what prompted these authors to take to the genre so recently, how they adapt the genre to the Irish context and how they reflect on current debates, e.g. the Suffrage Centenary and the #MeToo-Movement. Pippa Marland University of Leeds P.J.Marland@leeds.ac.uk Dr Pippa Marland is a Research Fellow in the School of English at the University of Leeds, working on the AHRC-funded ‘Land Lines: Modern British Nature Writing’ project. She received her PhD from the University of Worcester in 2016, where she was also a lecturer, with a thesis on ‘The Island Imagination’ – a study of the representation of ‘islandness’ in contemporary non-fiction. A significant section of the thesis was devoted to Tim Robinson’s Aran writings – Stones of Aran: Pilgrimage and Stones of Aran: Labyrinth – and, indeed, Robinson’s concept of the ‘good step’, a motif that runs through both volumes of the Aran diptych, lies at the heart of the research. She is in the process of preparing a book based on her PhD entitled Ecocriticism and the Island: Readings from the British-Irish Archipelago, due to be published in the Rowman and Littlefield series ‘Rethinking the Island’ series in early 2020. She is also working on a co-edited collection for Routledge – Walking, Landscape, and Environment , forthcoming in 2019. She has published widely on ecocriticism, new nature writing, ecopoetry, and archipelagic perspectives, and was recipient of both the EASLCE and the ASLE-UK and Ireland awards for Best Postgraduate Essay in Ecocriticism, for articles on W.G. Sebald and Kathleen Jamie, respectively. During 2019 she will be taking up a Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship, also at the University of Leeds, studying the representation of farming in modern British nature writing. While at the Moore Institute as a Visiting Fellow, Dr Marland will be carrying out research on the Tim Robsinon archive in the James Hardiman Library, looking in particular at the way in which Robinson condenses and orders material from his extensive Aran notebooks and diaries into the final, complex and challenging form of the Aran diptych. She will be presenting her findings at a guest seminar for the Irish Studies Spring series at NUI Galway. Seán Murphy Western Washington University Sean.Murphy@wwu.edu Dr. Seán Murphy is associate professor of medieval studies in the Department of Liberal Studies at Western Washington University, where he teaches courses on the cultural history of medieval Europe and the ancient Mediterranean, with particular emphasis on the history of relations between Jewish and Christian cultures and, separately, the history of erotics. A native of the State of Maine, Dr. Murphy earned his A.B., M.A., and Ph.D. at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. He was a lecturer for three years at the University of Toronto, before moving to his current position in Washington State. Dr. Murphy has published widely on attitudes towards ancient Jewish law and imagined Jewishness in Christian cultures of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. His published articles and chapters include focused studies of Peter Abelard (d. 1142) and William of Auvergne (d. 1249) and their respective contemporaries, as well as sustained studies of Christian concerns about “Judaizing” in theology and law. As a 2018-19 Visiting Fellow at the Moore Institute, where he is affiliated with the Centre for Ancient, Medieval, and Pre-Modern Studies, Dr. Murphy will complete a book-length project that includes: the first-ever English translation (in fact, the first translation into any language) of William of Auvergne’s De legibus (On Laws); a corrected version of the 1674 Latin edition of De legibus; and an introductory essay and notes on William’s treatise. De legibus integrates a number of theoretical issues in the study of law and religion, including the relation between natural and revealed law, between law and virtue, and between literal and spiritual interpretation of the Bible; it also includes four chapters on the life and law of Muhammad. Fundamentally, De legibus is a study of the Law of Moses, its nature and purpose in ancient Judaism and in Christianity. William promotes, with significant qualifications, ancient Jewish law as a powerful remedy for contemporary Christian idolatry, a highly unusual position in the 13th century, when most Christian intellectuals rejected any literal interpretation and application of the non-moral commands of the Law. De legibus, then, is a crucial source for our understanding of how Christian constructions of Judaism, as well as Islam and paganism, developed in a period of deteriorating relations between Christians and Jews. In addition to his work on William of Auvergne, Dr. Murphy, while at NUIG, will begin formal study of Old Irish and modern Irish, renewing an interest in Irish studies that began long ago when he worked as a professional archaeologist on the first excavations (1990) undertaken at King John’s Castle in Limerick City. Debapriya Basu Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India debapriya.06@gmail.com Project Title in The Moore Institute: The Examinations of Anne Askew Online Debapriya Basu teaches English and literary studies in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, in Assam, India. Her doctoral research is on the printed writings of non-aristocratic sixteenth century women poets, namely Isabella Whitney, Anne Vaughan Locke and Anne Dowriche. Her other interest is digital humanities, specifically digital scholarly editing. Apart from involvement in several projects of digital archiving and hypertexts undertaken by the School of Cultural Texts and Records (SCTR) located at her alma mater Jadavpur University, she has taught modules in advanced text technologies at the SCTR’s postgraduate diploma course on Digital Humanities and Cultural Informatics. She was Project Supervisor in the 'Bichitra Tagore Online Variorum' (a variorum documentary digital edition of Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore's manuscript and printed writings in Bengali and English) and is a contributor in Bichitra: The Making of an Online Tagore Variorum (Springer, 2015), edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri. Her current work involves creating an electronic edition of the works of the English Protestant martyr Anne Askew (available at www.anne-askew.humanities.uva.nl), funded by an Erasmus Mundus fellowship to the University of Amsterdam and supported by IIT Guwahati's Start Up Grant Programme. She has contributed to the University of Edinburgh Institute of Advanced Studies in the Humanities' 'Dangerous Women' project (http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/09/16/anne-askew-2/) in this connection. At the Moore Institute Debapriya looks forward to further exploring the possibilities of the electronic scholarly edition of Anne Askew’s texts. Her objective is to expand specific aspects of the pilot as the output of the second phase during the tenure of the Fellowship with input and ideas exchanged with colleagues at the Moore Institute. The Fellowship will enable her to go one step further in the conceptualisation and execution of an edition in which the primary texts are electronically malleable according to the reader’s needs without losing their structural identities, and the notion of the critical apparatus is examined and expanded to include a networked set of digital documents and tools to offer background and context. This will be achieved with support from the Moore Institute’s expert experience in innovations in digital humanities and the special collections of the Hardiman Library. Jessica Pliley Texas State University. pliley@txstate.edu Jessica Pliley is an associate professor of the history of women, genders, and sexualities at Texas State University in San Marcos, TX. She earned her Ph.D. in comparative women’s history at the Ohio State University in 2010. She is the author of Policing Sexuality: The Mann Act and the Making of the FBI, published by Harvard in 2014, which examines the origins and implementation of the United States’ 1910 White Slave Traffic Act before World War II. She co-edited Global Anti-Vice Activism: Fighting Drink, Drugs and Immorality, 1880 – 1950 with Harald Fischer-Tiné and Robert Kramm (Cambridge, 2016). This collection of essays takes a global history approach to consider the role of regulation of bodily habits to colonial and state modernization schemes of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Her articles have appeared in the Journal of Women’s History, the Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, and the Journal of the History of Sexuality, as well as several peer-reviewed edited collections. Dr. Pliley is an advisory board member of the AHRC-funded project, Trafficking Past: Exploring Sex, Work, and Migration in Modern History (https://traffickingpast.uk/), a network of feminist historians of sex work, migration, and gendered forms of labor that is meant to facilitate collaboration through a series of workshops and conferences and by providing a digital space for the exchange of ideas and sources. She is also the co-organizer of Yale University’s Working Group on Modern Day Slavery at the Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition (https://glc.yale.edu/ModernSlavery/WorkingGroup), a two-year initiative that will culminate in an international conference in November 2018 and an edited book. Additionally, she is the book review editor of the Journal of Women’s History. Her area of research examines the intersections of migration policy and immigration, policing and law enforcement, and sex work and other forms of intimate labor. Her new book-length project, which is in the process of being conceptualized, will tackle the global story of anti-trafficking activism from the 1880s to 2000. She is also looking at how local communities along the US-Canadian border policed prostitution and enforced international anti-sex trafficking conventions. Máire Cross Newcastle University, UK m.f.cross@ncl.ac.uk The Project Title in The Moore Institute: The influence of Ireland on the social investigator Flora Tristan (1803-1844). The influence of Ireland on the social investigator Flora Tristan (1803-1844) My research focuses through an interdisciplinary lens on nineteenth-century political ideas of the early nineteenth-century feminist socialist writer and activist, Flora Tristan (1803–1844). I wish to undertake an investigation of the Irish dimension present in a French thinker who is recognised as one of France’s key socialist feminists yet whose intellectual strength is still relatively unexplored. The aim of the study is: • to understand the style and scope of Flora Tristan’s knowledge of Ireland in relation to her contemporaries Daniel O’ Connell, Alexis de Tocqueville and Gustave de Beaumont • to measure the influence of Irish affairs in a transnational setting of socialist and feminist activism • to establish the originality of Flora Tristan’s contribution to political thought as a result of her consciousness of the Irish experience. Education: PhD: The Relationship between Feminism and Socialism in the Life and Work of Flora Tristan 1803–44, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1989 MA (Distinction): Contemporary European Studies, University of Reading, 1976 BA (Hons): West European Studies (II (i)), University of Ulster, 1975 Having worked as Professor of French Studies in the School of Modern Languages from 2005 until my retirement in 2017, I am continuing my research activities as an Emerita Professor. I am the Series Editor (with David Hopkin, Oxford) of the Manchester University Press Studies in Modern French History where we welcome proposals for publication from all parts of the world. I am supervising a PhD student and maintaining my links with the Newcastle Labour and Society History Group. My current research project is a double biography of Flora Tristan and her biographer Jules-L Puech. As the leading scholar of Flora Tristan studies with the first annotated translation of her journal and the first book ever published on her correspondence, I have published and presented papers in French History and in Gender Studies in a wide international community. I was President of the Society for the Study of French History from 2014 to 217. From to 2005 to 2013 I served as President of the Association for the Study of Modern and Contemporary France (ASM&CF) and was on the executive committee of the Association of University Professors and Heads of French from 2003 to 2013. I am a member of the editorial board of the journal French History and a trustee of the Society for the Study of French history (SSFH). 2015 saw my appointment to the positions of Head of Research of the Centre for Nineteenth-Century Studies (CNCS), Durham University, a position I held for 18 months. Publications: Cross MF. Regeneration through Empire: French Pronatalists and Colonial Settlement in the Third Republic. French Studies 2016, 70(3), 456-457. Olivier Szerwiniack Université de Picardie Jules Verne oswk@laposte.net Project title in The Moore Institute: The Epistula ad Dardanum: an annotated critical edition and translation with a study of its sources, manuscript diffusion, iconography and posterity. I will talk about the textual problems of the short letter known as Epistula ad Dardanum de diversis generibus musicorum (Letter to Dardanus about different kinds of musical instruments) during the colloquium organised by Dr Bisagni about this text and medieval music on the 24th of May. The Epistula ad Dardanum de diversis generibus musicorum is a fascinating text, of probable Irish origin, which provides descriptions and allegorical interpretations of the musical instruments mentioned in the Bible. Falsely attributed to Jerome, this text has been widely diffused throughout medieval Europe in more than 70 manuscripts dating from the 9th century onwards. Several of them are accompanied by illustrations depicting the biblical instruments. This short letter raises many questions concerning its author, its date of composition, its sources, its influence on medieval iconography of musical instruments and its posterity. To answer all these questions, a critical edition based on all the known manuscripts is urgently needed. Over the past year, Dr Bisagni and I have begun to collaborate towards the production of such a critical edition. Thanks to a scholarship provided by the University of Picardy Jules Verne, where I am Maître de conférences (equivalent to senior lecturer) of Classical and Medieval Latin, Dr Bisagni spent the month of June 2017 in Amiens and we were able to discuss the project and plan the work ahead. As far as I am concerned, my main task consists in analysing all the copies of the text of which the Institut de recherche et d’histoire des Textes (IRHT-CNRS) in Paris has a microfilm. In particular, I am comparing these copies in order to establish the stemma codicum (the genealogical tree of these manuscripts). Moreover I am analysing the contents of the manuscripts in order to understand in which scholarly context the Letter to Dardanus was most frequently copied : biblical exegesis, allegory, or music theory. I am also trying to determine the exact relationship between the Letter to Dardanus and Rhabanus Maurus’ chapter on music, De musica et partibus eius, included in his encyplopedic work De mundo (On the World) written in 843. As there is no critical edition of De mundo, I must look at the 9th century Rhabanus manuscripts to find variant readings and possible indications of sources written in the margins of those manuscripts Bio: Senior Lecturer (Maître de conférences) of Classical and Medieval Latin at the Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens. My PhD was about the study of Latin historians by Irish scholars in the Middle Ages : « Recherches sur l’étude des historiens latins par les Irlandais au Moyen Âge », 22 January 2000, Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études, IVth section ; Mention : « Très honorable avec les félicitations du jury à l’unanimité » ; Supervisor : Pierre-Yves Lambert ; Jury : François Dolbeau (ÉPHÉ IV), Pierre Flobert (SorbonneÉPHÉ IV), François Kerlouégan (Besançon), Bernard Merdrignac (Rennes) and Pádraig Ó Riain (UCC). I also got a Diploma of Study of Old Irish in June 1992 at Trinity College Dublin (Jury : Liam Breatnach and Damian McManus).
4591	dbpedia	3	29	https://kids.kiddle.co/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society	en	Fellow of the Royal Society facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…oyal_Society.jpg	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…oyal_Society.jpg	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/6/6c/Entrance_to_The_Royal_Society.jpg/300px-Entrance_to_The_Royal_Society.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/3/3b/Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton%2C_1689.jpg/240px-Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton%2C_1689.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/e/e3/Weston_Library_Opening_by_John_Cairns_20.3.15-139_%28cropped%2C_Hawking%29.jpg/240px-Weston_Library_Opening_by_John_Cairns_20.3.15-139_%28cropped%2C_Hawking%29.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/b/b1/BillBryson02.JPG/240px-BillBryson02.JPG", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5d/Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg/240px-Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5c/Ramanujan.jpg/240px-Ramanujan.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/0/06/Sir_David_Frederick_Attenborough_at_Weston_Library_Opening_20.3.15_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Sir_David_Frederick_Attenborough_at_Weston_Library_Opening_20.3.15_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/f/f1/Professor_Brian_Cox_OBE_FRS.jpg/260px-Professor_Brian_Cox_OBE_FRS.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5f/Kids_robot.svg/60px-Kids_robot.svg.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn Fellow of the Royal Society facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society	Quick facts for kids Fellowship of the Royal Society Headquarters of the Royal Society in Carlton House Terrace in London Date 1663; 361 years ago ( ) Location London Country United Kingdom Currently held by Approximately 8,000 (1,743 living Fellows) Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS and HonFRS) is an award granted by the Fellows of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made a "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science, and medical science". Fellowship of the Society, the oldest known scientific academy in continuous existence, is a significant honour. It has been awarded to many eminent scientists throughout history, including Isaac Newton (1672), Benjamin Franklin (1756), Charles Babbage (1816), Michael Faraday (1824), Charles Darwin (1839), Ernest Rutherford (1903), Srinivasa Ramanujan (1918), Albert Einstein (1921), Paul Dirac (1930), Winston Churchill (1941), Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1944), Dorothy Hodgkin (1947), Alan Turing (1951), Lise Meitner (1955) and Francis Crick (1959). More recently, fellowship has been awarded to Stephen Hawking (1974), David Attenborough (1983), Tim Hunt (1991), Elizabeth Blackburn (1992), Raghunath Mashelkar (1998), Tim Berners-Lee (2001), Venki Ramakrishnan (2003), Atta-ur-Rahman (2006), Andre Geim (2007), James Dyson (2015), Ajay Kumar Sood (2015), Subhash Khot (2017), Elon Musk (2018), Elaine Fuchs (2019) and around 8,000 others in total, including over 280 Nobel Laureates since 1900. As of October 2018 , there are approximately 1,689 living Fellows, Foreign and Honorary Members, of whom 85 are Nobel Laureates. Fellowship of the Royal Society has been described by The Guardian as "the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar" with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year. Fellowships Up to 60 new Fellows (FRS), honorary (HonFRS) and foreign members (ForMemRS) are elected annually in late April or early May, from a pool of around 700 proposed candidates each year. New Fellows can only be nominated by existing Fellows for one of the fellowships described below: Fellow Every year, up to 52 new fellows are elected from the United Kingdom, the rest of the Commonwealth of Nations and Ireland, which make up around 90% of the society. Each candidate is considered on their merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community. Fellows are elected for life on the basis of excellence in science and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRS. Foreign member Every year, fellows elect up to ten new foreign members. Like fellows, foreign members are elected for life through peer review on the basis of excellence in science. As of 2016 , there are around 165 foreign members, who are entitled to use the post-nominal ForMemRS. Honorary fellow Honorary Fellowship is an honorary academic title awarded to candidates who have given distinguished service to the cause of science, but do not have the kind of scientific achievements required of Fellows or Foreign Members. Honorary Fellows include the World Health Organization's Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (2022), Bill Bryson (2013), Melvyn Bragg (2010), Robin Saxby (2015), David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville (2008), Onora O'Neill (2007), John Maddox (2000), Patrick Moore (2001) and Lisa Jardine (2015). Honorary Fellows are entitled to use the post nominal letters HonFRS. Former statute 12 fellowships Statute 12 is a legacy mechanism for electing members before official honorary membership existed in 1997. Fellows elected under statute 12 include David Attenborough (1983) and John Palmer, 4th Earl of Selborne (1991). Royal Fellow The Council of the Royal Society can recommend members of the British royal family for election as Royal Fellow of the Royal Society. As of 2023 there are four royal fellows: Charles III, elected 1978 Anne, Princess Royal, elected 1987 Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, elected 1990 William, Prince of Wales, elected 2009 Elizabeth II was not a Royal Fellow, but provided her patronage to the society, as all reigning British monarchs have done since Charles II of England. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1951) was elected under statute 12, not as a Royal Fellow. Election of new fellows The election of new fellows is announced annually in May, after their nomination and a period of peer-reviewed selection. Nomination Each candidate for Fellowship or Foreign Membership is nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society (a proposer and a seconder), who sign a certificate of proposal. Previously, nominations required at least five fellows to support each nomination by the proposer, which was criticised for supposedly establishing an old boy network and elitist gentlemen's club. The certificate of election (see for example) includes a statement of the principal grounds on which the proposal is being made. There is no limit on the number of nominations made each year. In 2015, there were 654 candidates for election as Fellows and 106 candidates for Foreign Membership. Selection The Council of the Royal Society oversees the selection process and appoints 10 subject area committees, known as Sectional Committees, to recommend the strongest candidates for election to the Fellowship. The final list of up to 52 Fellowship candidates and up to 10 Foreign Membership candidates is confirmed by the Council in April, and a secret ballot of Fellows is held at a meeting in May. A candidate is elected if they secure two-thirds of votes of those Fellows voting. An indicative allocation of 18 Fellowships can be allocated to candidates from Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences; and up to 10 from Applied Sciences, Human Sciences and Joint Physical and Biological Sciences. A further maximum of six can be 'Honorary', 'General' or 'Royal' Fellows. Nominations for Fellowship are peer reviewed by Sectional Committees, each with at least 12 members and a Chair (all of whom are Fellows of the Royal Society). Members of the 10 Sectional Committees change every three years to mitigate in-group bias. Each Sectional Committee covers different specialist areas including: Computer science Mathematics Astronomy and physics Chemistry Engineering Earth science and environmental science Molecules of Life Cell biology Multicellular organisms Patterns in Populations Admission New Fellows are admitted to the Society at a formal admissions day ceremony held annually in July, when they sign the Charter Book and the Obligation which reads: "We who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise, that we will endeavour to promote the good of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, and to pursue the ends for which the same was founded; that we will carry out, as far as we are able, those actions requested of us in the name of the Council; and that we will observe the Statutes and Standing Orders of the said Society. Provided that, whensoever any of us shall signify to the President under our hands, that we desire to withdraw from the Society, we shall be free from this Obligation for the future". Since 2014, portraits of Fellows at the admissions ceremony have been published without copyright restrictions in Wikimedia Commons under a more permissive Creative Commons license which allows wider re-use. Research fellowships and other awards In addition to the main fellowships of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS & HonFRS), other fellowships are available which are applied for by individuals, rather than through election. These fellowships are research grant awards and holders are known as Royal Society Research Fellows. University research fellowships (URFs): Royal Society University Research Fellowships are for outstanding scientists in the UK who are in the early stages of their research career and have the potential to become leaders in their field. Previous holders of URFs to have been elected FRS at a later date include Richard Borcherds (1994), Jean Beggs (1998), Frances Ashcroft (1999), Athene Donald (1999) and John Pethica (1999). More recent awardees include Terri Attwood, Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, Brian Cox, Sarah Bridle, Shahn Majid, Tanya Monro, Beth Shapiro, David J. Wales and Katherine Willis. Royal Society Leverhulme Trust senior research fellowships are for scientists who would benefit from a period of full-time research without teaching and administrative duties, supported by the Leverhulme Trust. Newton advanced fellowships provide established international researchers with an opportunity to develop the research strengths and capabilities of their research group. These are provided by the Newton Fund as part of the UK's official development assistance. Industry fellowships are for academic scientists who want to work on a collaborative project with industry, and for scientists in industry who want to work on a collaborative project with an academic organisation. Dorothy Hodgkin fellowships are for outstanding scientists in the UK at an early stage of their research career who require a flexible working pattern due to personal circumstances. These fellowships are named after Dorothy Hodgkin. In addition to the award of Fellowship (FRS, HonFRS & ForMemRS) and the Research Fellowships described above, several other awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society are also given. See also In Spanish: Miembro de la Royal Society para niños
4591	dbpedia	0	0	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711452	en	Arthur Schuster	https://upload.wikimedia…m_Orpen_1912.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…m_Orpen_1912.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arthur_Schuster_by_William_Orpen_1912.jpg/220px-Arthur_Schuster_by_William_Orpen_1912.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Schuster_Arthur_signature_2.png/220px-Schuster_Arthur_signature_2.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Anglo-German physicist (1851-1934)	en	/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png		https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711452	Anglo-German physicist (1851-1934) Franz Arthur Friedrich Schuster Sir Franz Arthur Friedrich Schuster edit Language Label Description Also known as English Arthur Schuster Anglo-German physicist (1851-1934) Franz Arthur Friedrich Schuster Sir Franz Arthur Friedrich Schuster Statements Identifiers
4591	dbpedia	1	67	https://journals.aps.org/OutstandingReferees	en	Physical Review Journals	https://cdn.journals.aps.org/development/journals/images/favicon.ico	https://cdn.journals.aps.org/development/journals/images/favicon.ico	[ "https://cdn.journals.aps.org/development/journals/images/aps-logo.svg", "https://cdn.journals.aps.org/development/journals/images/plp_logo_no_text.png", "https://cdn.journals.aps.org/files/OutstandingPin.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	//cdn.journals.aps.org/development/journals/images/favicon.ico		null	Outstanding Referees Program The Outstanding Referee program was instituted in 2008 to recognize scientists who have been exceptionally helpful in assessing manuscripts for publication in the APS journals. By means of the program, APS expresses its appreciation to all referees, whose efforts in peer review not only keep the standards of the journals at a high level, but in many cases also help authors to improve the quality and readability of their articles – even those that are not published by APS. The highly selective Outstanding Referee program annually recognizes about 150 of the roughly 91,600 currently active referees. Like Fellowship in the APS, this is a lifetime award. In this year, 2024, 156 Outstanding Referees were selected. Our Editors select the honorees based on the quality, number, and timeliness of their reports, without regard for membership in the APS, country of origin, or field of research. Referees are rewarded for their work carried out since 1978, the earliest year for which we have accurate data on referee reports returned. The decisions are difficult and there are many excellent referees who are still to be recognized. The honorees come from over 58 different countries. All listed in the table have been notified, offered the option of anonymity, and will receive a lapel pin and a certificate. The Outstanding Referees are to be congratulated and thanked for their outstanding service to the physics community. Shift-click to sort on multiple columns
4591	dbpedia	2	32	https://www.linkedin.com/posts/royalsoced_rse-fellowship-nominations-are-open-for-2025-activity-7203651763701174273-RiOw	en	Royal Society of Edinburgh on LinkedIn: RSE Fellowship nominations are open for 2025. 🔴 Nominations can only be…	https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E10AQE5skM4pjP0bg/image-shrink_1280/image-shrink_1280/0/1717484417464?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=u4fJkQB_GT1zsftfqNJVQ9EaLvjqEDQTqgWokQ2sk6Y	https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E10AQE5skM4pjP0bg/image-shrink_1280/image-shrink_1280/0/1717484417464?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=u4fJkQB_GT1zsftfqNJVQ9EaLvjqEDQTqgWokQ2sk6Y	[ "https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E3DAQHOOoxIMP61fA/image-scale_191_1128/image-scale_191_1128/0/1721642803032/royalsoced_cover?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=fB3p9esX3ZzrSahnD120JXeNbVOFo7xqBGT2j3SqP-Q" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Royal Society of Edinburgh" ]	2024-06-04T07:00:17.803000+00:00	RSE Fellowship nominations are open for 2025. 🔴 Nominations can only be submitted by RSE Fellows. 🏆 Qualification for election, excellence in outstanding…	en	https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca		https://www.linkedin.com/posts/royalsoced_rse-fellowship-nominations-are-open-for-2025-activity-7203651763701174273-RiOw	❔ What are the factors influencing faculty engagement in #sustainability? ❔ How can we identify levers of #action and provide support? These and other questions are addressed by the recent Sulitest Survey. IAU is pleased to be amongst the partners in this project. Read about their findings and suggested types of engagement in #highereducation now! 📈 Full report here: https://lnkd.in/gTacAJQK ⬇ Read more below Attended my first EGOS (European Group for Organizational Studies) colloquium in Milan. Presented my work-in-progress with my co-author Sari. A pleasure to be part of this community. The dynamic relationship between organizations and sustainability are at the forefront of interests in academic research. There was a lot to learn as academics from over 90 countries showcased their current work and insights on time, innovation, and sustainability. Interesting discoveries of innovation and how time-related risks in sustainable actions impact organizations globally. There are many complex issues to be solved that require rigorous research and collaboration between academia and industry practioners in the critical transition towards a more sustainable economy. More so, the consequences of making (or not making) actions and their long-term impacts need transparency so that organizations can make informative decisions. Times Higher Education's Impact Rankings are the largest and most comprehensive global university ranking dedicated to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The 2024 edition will be launching on June 12th at our Global Sustainable Development Congress (GSDC), in Bangkok, Thailand. The ranking has seen tremendous growth since its inception in 2019. Over 2,100 universities in 120 countries will be participating in the 2024 edition, a growth of over 350% since its first year. This is a testament to the important work that universities are doing towards achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (all universities participate voluntarily and for free). Furthermore, we are seeing the fastest growth in participation from universities in emerging markets including across Africa, ASEAN countries and LATAM, which is excitedly mirrored with dozens of top 10 performances across the SDGs, highlighting that excellence comes in many forms that traditional rankings often don't capture. Click here to book your ticket to the Global Sustainable Development Congress: https://lnkd.in/gTdRQsd9 If you're interested in accessing the data and insights behind the Impact Rankings, you can learn more about DataPoints here: https://lnkd.in/e5ZpcDmi We have published our Inclusive Research and Knowledge Exchange Strategy which actively promotes diversity in all its forms, ensures equitable access to research opportunities, and cultivates an environment where all voices can be heard, valued and celebrated. Professor Damien Page, Deputy Vice-Chancellor, branded it a "big step forward for us as a university", adding, "not only will it guide us to becoming a truly research-rich university, it positions us as leaders in the field of inclusive research and knowledge exchange activity." Find out more about the strategy's three key areas of focus here 👇 We were privileged to welcome Dr Farveh Farivar from Curtin University in Australia as she generously shared her expertise in the Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (#fsQCA) approach during the seminar organised by our People, Work and Organisations Research Group at Northumbria University. In a remarkable display of knowledge, Faarveh not only expounded upon the theoretical foundations of this methodology but also provided illuminating empirical examples from her own research. Her presentation style was not only insightful but also immensely beneficial in imparting fundamentals of fsQCA, sparking enthusiasm among participants for incorporating this method into future projects. Among the participants, comprising both PhD students and academics, interactive discussions took place as some colleagues engaged with Farveh, exchanging valuable experiences in the practical application of fsQCA. This dynamic interaction facilitated a rich exchange of knowledge, fostering an environment ripe for potential collaborations among participants. Dr Farveh's presentation yesterday not only served as an educational opportunity but also laid the groundwork for the establishment of collaborative endeavours and the continued exploration of the fsQCA methodology in diverse research projects. #researchmethods #researchers #academicadventure #academicresearch #learninganddevelopment #learning #knowledgeexchange #knowledgesharing Calling all PRME signatory schools - It's rare that ICN Bachelor and Master students benefit from opportunities to speak to an international community on their research underway. PhD students have more opportunities. It's even rarer that Bachelor and Master students have opportunities to publish their work. PhD students have greater incentives and opportunities to publish their work however they often face rejections and multiple rewrites before succeeding to publish. Today all students are encouraged to integrate sustainability in their research. BBU is launching their 1st International Sustainability Student Conference on Friday April 26th. It's a fantastic opportunity for Bachelor, Master and PhD students who are already engaged in sustainability research to present their work underway in 15 minutes online in English to an international student and professor circle. The new deadline to submit a short abstract is April 8th. REF 2028: The RSE's and Young Academy of Scotland's vision for diverse and collaborative research culture. We have welcomed the opportunity to respond to the four UK higher education funding bodies’ consultation on the proposed changes for the Research Excellence Framework 2028. https://lnkd.in/e5F2Yzn3 While Higher Education Institutions might address all the questions in the consultation, the response presented here concentrates on several topics that the RSE is best placed to address, which capture general cross-sectoral trends rather than reflect on the impact of proposed changes on individual institutions. Key recommendations ➡
4591	dbpedia	3	87	https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/exams/diploma-ceremonies	en	Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh	https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/s…8359166970_n.jpg		[ "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/images/icon_facebook.png", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/images/icon_twitter.png", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/images/icon-linkedin.png", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/logo_0.jpg", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/380478619_326346366450453_3278118086296859989_n.jpg", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/78858719_1205053472998663_6519365282761277440_n.jpg", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/380382025_326346509783772_6074778658359166970_n.jpg", "https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/380374712_326348523116904_8995756842933933232_n.jpg" ]	[ "https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/jkdOekfsgpw?rel=0" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2012-11-23T16:02:00+00:00	Candidates passing MRCP(UK) are welcome to the college to celebrate this achievement with a diploma ceremony. 380478619_326346366450453_3278118086296859989_n.jpg Diploma ceremonies are a highlight of the college calendar as it provides an opportunity to come together and celebrate with family and friends. We believe it is important to celebrate after all the hard work,	en	https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/glazed_STARTERKIT/favicon.ico		https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/exams/diploma-ceremonies	Where does the ceremony take place? Ceremonies are held in the Physicians' International Conference Centre. Our examinations team will attend the ceremony to help with anything you need. There will also be tours of our historic building. What are the timings? Registration and refreshements from 5pm, the Ceremony will begin at 6pm with the buffet dinner being served from 7pm. Will there be food/drink? Welcome refreshments will be provided before the ceremony and following the ceremony there will be a hot, sit-down buffet dinner in our Great Hall and New Library. What should I wear? Dress code: Lounge suits and ladies' equivalent or national dress Is it family friendly? Family and young children are welcome to join the day. There will be colouring in and puzzles available for children and a photographer available for family portraits. Do I need to stay for dinner? No, you can book to attend the Ceremony only. Are gowns worn? All diplomates will wear Edinburgh Collegiate Gowns, a link to book these with Ede & Ravenscroft will be sent to you when your Ceremony booking is confirmed. How many guests can I bring? You may bring up to 4 guests including children to the Ceremony. What if my family cannot attend? All our Ceremonies are live streamed so if your guests are not able to travel they will still be able to join you for your special day. Do I need to book the photographer in advance? No need to book in advance, our photographer will be available to take your family photograph. Payment can be made direct to photographer on the evening. There will also be a photograph of you receiving your diploma from the President. You will need to order the diploma photo separately unless you are a member of the college. Members will receive their diploma photo free of charge. Below you can see a video of one of our diploma ceremonies:
4591	dbpedia	3	68	https://smws.com/	en	Welcome to The Scotch Malt Whisky Society – You Belong Here	https://cdn11.bigcommerc…jpg?t=1722615422		[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=417233618666889&ev=PageView&noscript=1&a=plbigcommerce1.2&eid=store-9-prd-us-central1-120282903288", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/stencil/24994800-3859-013d-ae06-7ec31f7f8a62/e/a1372930-3242-013d-cdc2-0efbecc0ed80/img/uk.jpg", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/stencil/24994800-3859-013d-ae06-7ec31f7f8a62/e/a1372930-3242-013d-cdc2-0efbecc0ed80/img/eu.jpg", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/stencil/24994800-3859-013d-ae06-7ec31f7f8a62/e/a1372930-3242-013d-cdc2-0efbecc0ed80/img/world.jpg", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/images/stencil/144x100/logo_1596638266__53986.original.png", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/stencil/24994800-3859-013d-ae06-7ec31f7f8a62/e/a1372930-3242-013d-cdc2-0efbecc0ed80/img/logo-full.png", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/stencil/24994800-3859-013d-ae06-7ec31f7f8a62/e/a1372930-3242-013d-cdc2-0efbecc0ed80/img/uk.jpg", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/stencil/24994800-3859-013d-ae06-7ec31f7f8a62/e/a1372930-3242-013d-cdc2-0efbecc0ed80/img/eu.jpg", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/stencil/24994800-3859-013d-ae06-7ec31f7f8a62/e/a1372930-3242-013d-cdc2-0efbecc0ed80/img/world.jpg", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/images/stencil/original/image-manager/smws-homepage.jpg?t=1722615422", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/images/stencil/original/image-manager/a-passion-shared-600x900px.png?t=1702375023", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/images/stencil/original/image-manager/untitled-design-2023-04-05t122519.935.png?t=1680693940", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/images/stencil/original/image-manager/single-cask-whisky.png?t=1659713133", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/images/stencil/original/image-manager/whisky-tasting-events-600x900px.png?t=1702375135", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/images/stencil/original/image-manager/600x900-homepage.png?t=1722616017", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/images/stencil/original/image-manager/cta-block-752x236.png?t=1722613940", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/stencil/24994800-3859-013d-ae06-7ec31f7f8a62/e/a1372930-3242-013d-cdc2-0efbecc0ed80/img/logo-footer.png", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/stencil/24994800-3859-013d-ae06-7ec31f7f8a62/e/a1372930-3242-013d-cdc2-0efbecc0ed80/img/logo-footer.png", "https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-vagfena5nz/stencil/24994800-3859-013d-ae06-7ec31f7f8a62/e/a1372930-3242-013d-cdc2-0efbecc0ed80/img/payment-icons.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://cdn11.bigcommerc…png?t=1596638266		https://smws.com/	WELCOME TO THE SCOTCH MALT WHISKY SOCIETY YOU BELONG HERE The Scotch Malt Whisky Society’s origins are unconventional, founded by ‘Maverick-in-Chief’ Pip Hills out of a sense of adventure, an endless discovery of whisky, friendship and fun. We started out in 1983 with a few friends in Edinburgh sharing single cask whisky and experiencing a flavour epiphany. Forty years on, we are a worldwide whisky club with over 41,000 members who treasure flavour and the joy of shared experiences with whisky in its purest form – once sampled, never forgotten. Come on in and join us on a journey of endless discovery. JOIN THE SOCIETY JOIN THE GATHERING September is approaching and that only means one thing at The Scotch Malt Whisky Society – it’s time for our annual Gathering celebrations to get into full swing.