gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-10100 | 5728341bff5b5019007d9ef2 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In June 1970, Nasser accepted the US-sponsored Rogers Plan, which called for an end to hostilities and an Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory, but it was rejected by Israel, the PLO, and most Arab states except Jordan. Nasser had initially rejected the plan, but conceded under pressure from the Soviet Union, which feared that escalating regional conflict could drag it into a war with the US. He also determined that a ceasefire could serve as a tactical step toward the strategic goal of recapturing the Suez Canal. Nasser forestalled any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel. In dozens of speeches and statements, Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender. Following Nasser's acceptance, Israel agreed to a ceasefire and Nasser used the lull in fighting to move SAM missiles towards the canal zone. | What did Nasser move to the canal zone? | What did Nasser move to the canal zone? | [
"What did Nasser move to the canal zone?"
] | {
"text": [
"SAM missiles"
],
"answer_start": [
839
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10101 | 572834c53acd2414000df6e5 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease—two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969. | When did Nasser die? | When did Nasser die? | [
"When did Nasser die?"
] | {
"text": [
"28 September 1970"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10102 | 572834c53acd2414000df6e6 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease—two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969. | How did Nasser die? | How did Nasser die? | [
"How did Nasser die?"
] | {
"text": [
"heart attack"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10103 | 572834c53acd2414000df6e7 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease—two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969. | Who was with Nasser when he died? | Who was with Nasser when he died? | [
"Who was with Nasser when he died?"
] | {
"text": [
"Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10104 | 572834c53acd2414000df6e8 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease—two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969. | What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969? | What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969? | [
"What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969?"
] | {
"text": [
"heart attacks"
],
"answer_start": [
713
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10105 | 572834c53acd2414000df6e9 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease—two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969. | How old were Nasser's brothers when they died? | How old were Nasser's brothers when they died? | [
"How old were Nasser's brothers when they died?"
] | {
"text": [
"in their fifties"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10106 | 572835783acd2414000df6f9 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas. | How many people attended Nasser's funeral? | How many people attended Nasser's funeral? | [
"How many people attended Nasser's funeral?"
] | {
"text": [
"at least five million"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10107 | 572835783acd2414000df6fa | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas. | At what landmark did the funeral procession begin? | At what landmark did the funeral procession begin? | [
"At what landmark did the funeral procession begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"the old RCC headquarters"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10108 | 572835783acd2414000df6fb | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas. | Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser's funeral? | Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser's funeral? | [
"Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser's funeral?"
] | {
"text": [
"Saudi King Faisal"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10109 | 572835783acd2414000df6fc | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas. | What leader twice fainted during the funeral? | What leader twice fainted during the funeral? | [
"What leader twice fainted during the funeral?"
] | {
"text": [
"Muammar Gaddafi"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10110 | 572835783acd2414000df6fd | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas. | Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser's funeral? | Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser's funeral? | [
"Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser's funeral?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alexei Kosygin"
],
"answer_start": [
684
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10111 | 57283627ff5b5019007d9f2e | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, "men, women, and children wept and wailed in the streets" after hearing of his death, according to Nutting. The general Arab reaction was one of mourning, with thousands of people pouring onto the streets of major cities throughout the Arab world. Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos, and in Jerusalem, roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting, "Nasser will never die." As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people, following his death, the headline of the Lebanese Le Jour read, "One hundred million human beings—the Arabs—are orphans." Sherif Hetata, a former political prisoner and later member Nasser's ASU, said that "Nasser's greatest achievement was his funeral. The world will never again see five million people crying together." | How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser's death? | How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser's death? | [
"How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser's death?"
] | {
"text": [
"Over a dozen"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10112 | 57283627ff5b5019007d9f2f | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, "men, women, and children wept and wailed in the streets" after hearing of his death, according to Nutting. The general Arab reaction was one of mourning, with thousands of people pouring onto the streets of major cities throughout the Arab world. Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos, and in Jerusalem, roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting, "Nasser will never die." As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people, following his death, the headline of the Lebanese Le Jour read, "One hundred million human beings—the Arabs—are orphans." Sherif Hetata, a former political prisoner and later member Nasser's ASU, said that "Nasser's greatest achievement was his funeral. The world will never again see five million people crying together." | How many people marched in Jerusalem? | How many people marched in Jerusalem? | [
"How many people marched in Jerusalem?"
] | {
"text": [
"75,000"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10113 | 57283627ff5b5019007d9f30 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, "men, women, and children wept and wailed in the streets" after hearing of his death, according to Nutting. The general Arab reaction was one of mourning, with thousands of people pouring onto the streets of major cities throughout the Arab world. Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos, and in Jerusalem, roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting, "Nasser will never die." As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people, following his death, the headline of the Lebanese Le Jour read, "One hundred million human beings—the Arabs—are orphans." Sherif Hetata, a former political prisoner and later member Nasser's ASU, said that "Nasser's greatest achievement was his funeral. The world will never again see five million people crying together." | Who said, "The world will never again see five million people crying together?" | Who said, "The world will never again see five million people crying together?" | [
"Who said, \"The world will never again see five million people crying together?\""
] | {
"text": [
"Sherif Hetata"
],
"answer_start": [
666
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10114 | 57283627ff5b5019007d9f31 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, "men, women, and children wept and wailed in the streets" after hearing of his death, according to Nutting. The general Arab reaction was one of mourning, with thousands of people pouring onto the streets of major cities throughout the Arab world. Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos, and in Jerusalem, roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting, "Nasser will never die." As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people, following his death, the headline of the Lebanese Le Jour read, "One hundred million human beings—the Arabs—are orphans." Sherif Hetata, a former political prisoner and later member Nasser's ASU, said that "Nasser's greatest achievement was his funeral. The world will never again see five million people crying together." | What did a Lebanese publication call the Arabs following Nasser's death? | What did a Lebanese publication call the Arabs following Nasser's death? | [
"What did a Lebanese publication call the Arabs following Nasser's death?"
] | {
"text": [
"orphans"
],
"answer_start": [
656
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10115 | 572836cc3acd2414000df71d | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort. | What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt? | What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt? | [
"What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt?"
] | {
"text": [
"British influence"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10116 | 572836cc3acd2414000df71e | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort. | What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt? | What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt? | [
"What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt?"
] | {
"text": [
"social justice"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10117 | 572836cc3acd2414000df71f | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort. | How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency? | How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency? | [
"How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency?"
] | {
"text": [
"improved considerably"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10118 | 572836cd3acd2414000df720 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort. | What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs? | What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs? | [
"What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs?"
] | {
"text": [
"war effort"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10119 | 5728377f3acd2414000df72f | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recovering in 1970. Egypt experienced a "golden age" of culture during Nasser's presidency, according to historian Joel Gordon, particularly in film, television, theater, radio, literature, fine arts, comedy, poetry, and music. Egypt under Nasser dominated the Arab world in these fields, producing cultural icons. | What reform, initiated by Nasser, caused the Egyptian economy to grow? | What reform, initiated by Nasser, caused the Egyptian economy to grow? | [
"What reform, initiated by Nasser, caused the Egyptian economy to grow?"
] | {
"text": [
"agrarian"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10120 | 5728377f3acd2414000df730 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recovering in 1970. Egypt experienced a "golden age" of culture during Nasser's presidency, according to historian Joel Gordon, particularly in film, television, theater, radio, literature, fine arts, comedy, poetry, and music. Egypt under Nasser dominated the Arab world in these fields, producing cultural icons. | What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on? | What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on? | [
"What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on?"
] | {
"text": [
"Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10121 | 5728377f3acd2414000df731 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recovering in 1970. Egypt experienced a "golden age" of culture during Nasser's presidency, according to historian Joel Gordon, particularly in film, television, theater, radio, literature, fine arts, comedy, poetry, and music. Egypt under Nasser dominated the Arab world in these fields, producing cultural icons. | How was Egyptian culture under Nasser refered to? | How was Egyptian culture under Nasser refered to? | [
"How was Egyptian culture under Nasser refered to?"
] | {
"text": [
"golden age"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10122 | 5728377f3acd2414000df732 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recovering in 1970. Egypt experienced a "golden age" of culture during Nasser's presidency, according to historian Joel Gordon, particularly in film, television, theater, radio, literature, fine arts, comedy, poetry, and music. Egypt under Nasser dominated the Arab world in these fields, producing cultural icons. | What was the most prominent thing Nasser nationalized? | What was the most prominent thing Nasser nationalized? | [
"What was the most prominent thing Nasser nationalized?"
] | {
"text": [
"Suez Canal"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10123 | 572838114b864d190016477a | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | During Mubarak's presidency, Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt, the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP). The party carried minor political influence, and splits between its members beginning in 1995 resulted in the gradual establishment of splinter parties, including Hamdeen Sabahi's 1997 founding of Al-Karama. Sabahi came in third place during the 2012 presidential election. Nasserist activists were among the founders of Kefaya, a major opposition force during Mubarak's rule. On 19 September 2012, four Nasserist parties (the ADNP, Karama, the National Conciliation Party, and the Popular Nasserist Congress Party) merged to form the United Nasserist Party. | What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president? | What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president? | [
"What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nasserist"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10124 | 572838114b864d190016477b | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | During Mubarak's presidency, Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt, the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP). The party carried minor political influence, and splits between its members beginning in 1995 resulted in the gradual establishment of splinter parties, including Hamdeen Sabahi's 1997 founding of Al-Karama. Sabahi came in third place during the 2012 presidential election. Nasserist activists were among the founders of Kefaya, a major opposition force during Mubarak's rule. On 19 September 2012, four Nasserist parties (the ADNP, Karama, the National Conciliation Party, and the Popular Nasserist Congress Party) merged to form the United Nasserist Party. | What was the first Nasserist political party? | What was the first Nasserist political party? | [
"What was the first Nasserist political party?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arab Democratic Nasserist Party"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10125 | 572838114b864d190016477c | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | During Mubarak's presidency, Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt, the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP). The party carried minor political influence, and splits between its members beginning in 1995 resulted in the gradual establishment of splinter parties, including Hamdeen Sabahi's 1997 founding of Al-Karama. Sabahi came in third place during the 2012 presidential election. Nasserist activists were among the founders of Kefaya, a major opposition force during Mubarak's rule. On 19 September 2012, four Nasserist parties (the ADNP, Karama, the National Conciliation Party, and the Popular Nasserist Congress Party) merged to form the United Nasserist Party. | What party came in third in the 2013 election? | What party came in third in the 2013 election? | [
"What party came in third in the 2013 election?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sabahi"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10126 | 572838114b864d190016477d | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | During Mubarak's presidency, Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt, the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP). The party carried minor political influence, and splits between its members beginning in 1995 resulted in the gradual establishment of splinter parties, including Hamdeen Sabahi's 1997 founding of Al-Karama. Sabahi came in third place during the 2012 presidential election. Nasserist activists were among the founders of Kefaya, a major opposition force during Mubarak's rule. On 19 September 2012, four Nasserist parties (the ADNP, Karama, the National Conciliation Party, and the Popular Nasserist Congress Party) merged to form the United Nasserist Party. | What consolated party was formed from several Nasserist groups? | What consolated party was formed from several Nasserist groups? | [
"What consolated party was formed from several Nasserist groups?"
] | {
"text": [
"United Nasserist Party"
],
"answer_start": [
678
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10127 | 572838912ca10214002da0fc | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was "his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile—more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote: | What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens? | What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens? | [
"What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens?"
] | {
"text": [
"availability to the public"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10128 | 572838912ca10214002da0fd | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was "his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile—more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote: | How many speeches did Nasser give? | How many speeches did Nasser give? | [
"How many speeches did Nasser give?"
] | {
"text": [
"1,359"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10129 | 572838912ca10214002da0fe | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was "his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile—more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote: | Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader? | Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader? | [
"Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nasser"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10130 | 572838912ca10214002da0ff | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was "his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile—more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote: | What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image? | What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image? | [
"What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image?"
] | {
"text": [
"press"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10131 | 572839254b864d1900164792 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, "nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and all Arab countries today". General malaise in Egyptian society, particularly during the Mubarak era, augmented nostalgia for Nasser's presidency, which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture. | Who was most critical of Nasser's rule? | Who was most critical of Nasser's rule? | [
"Who was most critical of Nasser's rule?"
] | {
"text": [
"Egyptian intellectuals"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10132 | 572839254b864d1900164793 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, "nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and all Arab countries today". General malaise in Egyptian society, particularly during the Mubarak era, augmented nostalgia for Nasser's presidency, which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture. | What event generated criticism of Nasser from Egypt's elite? | What event generated criticism of Nasser from Egypt's elite? | [
"What event generated criticism of Nasser from Egypt's elite?"
] | {
"text": [
"Six-Day War"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10133 | 572839254b864d1900164794 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, "nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and all Arab countries today". General malaise in Egyptian society, particularly during the Mubarak era, augmented nostalgia for Nasser's presidency, which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture. | During whose presidency were Egyptians nostalgic for Nasser? | During whose presidency were Egyptians nostalgic for Nasser? | [
"During whose presidency were Egyptians nostalgic for Nasser?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mubarak"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10134 | 572839254b864d1900164795 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, "nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and all Arab countries today". General malaise in Egyptian society, particularly during the Mubarak era, augmented nostalgia for Nasser's presidency, which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture. | What ideals are associated with Nasser's time as prsident? | What ideals are associated with Nasser's time as prsident? | [
"What ideals are associated with Nasser's time as prsident?"
] | {
"text": [
"national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10135 | 5728408d4b864d1900164808 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress, imprisoned thousands of dissidents, and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations. Islamists in Egypt, particularly members of the politically persecuted Brotherhood, viewed Nasser as oppressive, tyrannical, and demonic. Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a "confused Sultan" who employed stirring rhetoric, but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals. | Whad did Nasser's enemies call him? | Whad did Nasser's enemies call him? | [
"Whad did Nasser's enemies call him?"
] | {
"text": [
"dictator"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10136 | 5728408d4b864d1900164809 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress, imprisoned thousands of dissidents, and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations. Islamists in Egypt, particularly members of the politically persecuted Brotherhood, viewed Nasser as oppressive, tyrannical, and demonic. Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a "confused Sultan" who employed stirring rhetoric, but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals. | Who did Nasser imprison thousands of? | Who did Nasser imprison thousands of? | [
"Who did Nasser imprison thousands of?"
] | {
"text": [
"dissidents"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10137 | 5728408d4b864d190016480a | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress, imprisoned thousands of dissidents, and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations. Islamists in Egypt, particularly members of the politically persecuted Brotherhood, viewed Nasser as oppressive, tyrannical, and demonic. Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a "confused Sultan" who employed stirring rhetoric, but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals. | What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser? | What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser? | [
"What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser?"
] | {
"text": [
"confused Sultan"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10138 | 572841242ca10214002da1a0 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution's shortcomings on Nasser's concentration of power, and Egypt's lack of democracy on Nasser's political style and his government's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation. | What Egyptian party dismissed Nasser's popular appeal? | What Egyptian party dismissed Nasser's popular appeal? | [
"What Egyptian party dismissed Nasser's popular appeal?"
] | {
"text": [
"New Wafd Party"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10139 | 572841242ca10214002da1a1 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution's shortcomings on Nasser's concentration of power, and Egypt's lack of democracy on Nasser's political style and his government's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation. | Who blamed the 1952 revolution's failings on Nasser? | Who blamed the 1952 revolution's failings on Nasser? | [
"Who blamed the 1952 revolution's failings on Nasser?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alaa al-Din Desouki"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10140 | 572841242ca10214002da1a2 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution's shortcomings on Nasser's concentration of power, and Egypt's lack of democracy on Nasser's political style and his government's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation. | To what did critics attribute Nasser's popular appeal? | To what did critics attribute Nasser's popular appeal? | [
"To what did critics attribute Nasser's popular appeal?"
] | {
"text": [
"successful manipulation and demagoguery"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10141 | 572841e63acd2414000df7df | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people "rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a "guarantee of instability" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence of strong political institutions under his rule. Historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan wrote that Nasser was an irrational and irresponsible leader, blaming his inclination to solitary decision-making for Egypt's losses during the Suez War, among other events. Miles Copeland, Jr. , once described as Nasser's closest Western adviser, said that the barriers between Nasser and the outside world have grown so thick that all but the information that attest to his infallibility, indispensability, and immortality has been filtered out. | What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary? | What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary? | [
"What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary?"
] | {
"text": [
"intermediaries"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10142 | 572841e63acd2414000df7e0 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people "rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a "guarantee of instability" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence of strong political institutions under his rule. Historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan wrote that Nasser was an irrational and irresponsible leader, blaming his inclination to solitary decision-making for Egypt's losses during the Suez War, among other events. Miles Copeland, Jr. , once described as Nasser's closest Western adviser, said that the barriers between Nasser and the outside world have grown so thick that all but the information that attest to his infallibility, indispensability, and immortality has been filtered out. | What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability? | What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability? | [
"What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability?"
] | {
"text": [
"strong political institutions"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10143 | 572841e63acd2414000df7e1 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people "rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a "guarantee of instability" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence of strong political institutions under his rule. Historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan wrote that Nasser was an irrational and irresponsible leader, blaming his inclination to solitary decision-making for Egypt's losses during the Suez War, among other events. Miles Copeland, Jr. , once described as Nasser's closest Western adviser, said that the barriers between Nasser and the outside world have grown so thick that all but the information that attest to his infallibility, indispensability, and immortality has been filtered out. | Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader? | Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader? | [
"Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader?"
] | {
"text": [
"Abd al-Azim Ramadan"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10144 | 572841e63acd2414000df7e2 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people "rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a "guarantee of instability" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence of strong political institutions under his rule. Historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan wrote that Nasser was an irrational and irresponsible leader, blaming his inclination to solitary decision-making for Egypt's losses during the Suez War, among other events. Miles Copeland, Jr. , once described as Nasser's closest Western adviser, said that the barriers between Nasser and the outside world have grown so thick that all but the information that attest to his infallibility, indispensability, and immortality has been filtered out. | Who was Nasser's closest Western advisor? | Who was Nasser's closest Western advisor? | [
"Who was Nasser's closest Western advisor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Miles Copeland, Jr"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10145 | 572842a0ff5b5019007da030 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Zakaria Mohieddin, who was Nasser's vice president, said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign. He ceased consulting his colleagues and made more and more of the decisions himself. Although Nasser repeatedly said that a war with Israel will start at a time of his, or Arab, choosing, on 1967 he started a bluffing game "but a successful bluff means your opponent must not know which cards you are holding. In this case Nasser's opponent could see his hand in the mirror and knew he was only holding a pair of deuces" and Nasser knew that his army is not prepared yet. "All of this was out of character...His tendencies in this regard may have been accentuated by diabetes... That was the only rational explanation for his actions in 1967". | Who was Nasser's vice president? | Who was Nasser's vice president? | [
"Who was Nasser's vice president?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zakaria Mohieddin"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10146 | 572842a0ff5b5019007da031 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Zakaria Mohieddin, who was Nasser's vice president, said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign. He ceased consulting his colleagues and made more and more of the decisions himself. Although Nasser repeatedly said that a war with Israel will start at a time of his, or Arab, choosing, on 1967 he started a bluffing game "but a successful bluff means your opponent must not know which cards you are holding. In this case Nasser's opponent could see his hand in the mirror and knew he was only holding a pair of deuces" and Nasser knew that his army is not prepared yet. "All of this was out of character...His tendencies in this regard may have been accentuated by diabetes... That was the only rational explanation for his actions in 1967". | What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel? | What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel? | [
"What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel?"
] | {
"text": [
"bluffing"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10147 | 572842a0ff5b5019007da032 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Zakaria Mohieddin, who was Nasser's vice president, said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign. He ceased consulting his colleagues and made more and more of the decisions himself. Although Nasser repeatedly said that a war with Israel will start at a time of his, or Arab, choosing, on 1967 he started a bluffing game "but a successful bluff means your opponent must not know which cards you are holding. In this case Nasser's opponent could see his hand in the mirror and knew he was only holding a pair of deuces" and Nasser knew that his army is not prepared yet. "All of this was out of character...His tendencies in this regard may have been accentuated by diabetes... That was the only rational explanation for his actions in 1967". | What did Nasser do over the years of his rule? | What did Nasser do over the years of his rule? | [
"What did Nasser do over the years of his rule?"
] | {
"text": [
"gradually changed"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10148 | 572842a0ff5b5019007da033 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Zakaria Mohieddin, who was Nasser's vice president, said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign. He ceased consulting his colleagues and made more and more of the decisions himself. Although Nasser repeatedly said that a war with Israel will start at a time of his, or Arab, choosing, on 1967 he started a bluffing game "but a successful bluff means your opponent must not know which cards you are holding. In this case Nasser's opponent could see his hand in the mirror and knew he was only holding a pair of deuces" and Nasser knew that his army is not prepared yet. "All of this was out of character...His tendencies in this regard may have been accentuated by diabetes... That was the only rational explanation for his actions in 1967". | What did Mohieddin attribute Nassir's mistakes in 1967 to? | What did Mohieddin attribute Nassir's mistakes in 1967 to? | [
"What did Mohieddin attribute Nassir's mistakes in 1967 to?"
] | {
"text": [
"diabetes"
],
"answer_start": [
672
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10149 | 57284349ff5b5019007da040 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Through his actions and speeches, and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will, Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world. He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those countries—an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders. The extent of Nasser's centrality in the region made it a priority for incoming Arab nationalist heads of state to seek good relations with Egypt, in order to gain popular legitimacy from their own citizens. | What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations? | What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations? | [
"What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations?"
] | {
"text": [
"seek good relations with Egypt"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10150 | 57284349ff5b5019007da041 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Through his actions and speeches, and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will, Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world. He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those countries—an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders. The extent of Nasser's centrality in the region made it a priority for incoming Arab nationalist heads of state to seek good relations with Egypt, in order to gain popular legitimacy from their own citizens. | What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world? | What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world? | [
"What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world?"
] | {
"text": [
"several nationalist revolutions"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10151 | 57284349ff5b5019007da042 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Through his actions and speeches, and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will, Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world. He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those countries—an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders. The extent of Nasser's centrality in the region made it a priority for incoming Arab nationalist heads of state to seek good relations with Egypt, in order to gain popular legitimacy from their own citizens. | What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was? | What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was? | [
"What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was?"
] | {
"text": [
"communicated directly with the public masses"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10152 | 57284349ff5b5019007da043 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Through his actions and speeches, and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will, Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world. He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those countries—an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders. The extent of Nasser's centrality in the region made it a priority for incoming Arab nationalist heads of state to seek good relations with Egypt, in order to gain popular legitimacy from their own citizens. | What did Nasser symbolize? | What did Nasser symbolize? | [
"What did Nasser symbolize?"
] | {
"text": [
"the popular Arab will"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10153 | 572844272ca10214002da1f6 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as "leader of the Arabs". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the "parochialism" of successive Arab leaders "transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody". | Who was Algeria's first president, a fervent Nasserist? | Who was Algeria's first president, a fervent Nasserist? | [
"Who was Algeria's first president, a fervent Nasserist?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ben Bella"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10154 | 572844272ca10214002da1f7 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as "leader of the Arabs". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the "parochialism" of successive Arab leaders "transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody". | What Nasserist usurped the King of Yemen? | What Nasserist usurped the King of Yemen? | [
"What Nasserist usurped the King of Yemen?"
] | {
"text": [
"Abdullah al-Sallal"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10155 | 572844272ca10214002da1f8 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as "leader of the Arabs". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the "parochialism" of successive Arab leaders "transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody". | Which leader considered Nasser his hero? | Which leader considered Nasser his hero? | [
"Which leader considered Nasser his hero?"
] | {
"text": [
"Muammar Gaddafi"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10156 | 572844272ca10214002da1f9 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as "leader of the Arabs". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the "parochialism" of successive Arab leaders "transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody". | What leader took power in Sudan and was inspired by Nasser? | What leader took power in Sudan and was inspired by Nasser? | [
"What leader took power in Sudan and was inspired by Nasser?"
] | {
"text": [
"Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry"
],
"answer_start": [
604
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10157 | 572844272ca10214002da1fa | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as "leader of the Arabs". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the "parochialism" of successive Arab leaders "transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody". | What organization continued Nasser's philosophies? | What organization continued Nasser's philosophies? | [
"What organization continued Nasser's philosophies?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arab Nationalist Movement"
],
"answer_start": [
676
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10158 | 572844e12ca10214002da208 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine ("Saladin The Victorious"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film set the Egyptian box office record at the time, and focused on Nasser during the Suez Crisis. It is also considered a milestone in Egyptian and Arab cinema as the first film to dramatize the role of a modern-day Arab leader. Together with the 1999 Syrian biopic Gamal Abdel Nasser, the films marked the first biographical movies about contemporary public figures produced in the Arab world. | What 1963 film compared Nasser to Saladin? | What 1963 film compared Nasser to Saladin? | [
"What 1963 film compared Nasser to Saladin?"
] | {
"text": [
"El Nasser Salah El Dine"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10159 | 572844e12ca10214002da209 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine ("Saladin The Victorious"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film set the Egyptian box office record at the time, and focused on Nasser during the Suez Crisis. It is also considered a milestone in Egyptian and Arab cinema as the first film to dramatize the role of a modern-day Arab leader. Together with the 1999 Syrian biopic Gamal Abdel Nasser, the films marked the first biographical movies about contemporary public figures produced in the Arab world. | What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record? | What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record? | [
"What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nasser 56"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10160 | 572844e12ca10214002da20a | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine ("Saladin The Victorious"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film set the Egyptian box office record at the time, and focused on Nasser during the Suez Crisis. It is also considered a milestone in Egyptian and Arab cinema as the first film to dramatize the role of a modern-day Arab leader. Together with the 1999 Syrian biopic Gamal Abdel Nasser, the films marked the first biographical movies about contemporary public figures produced in the Arab world. | What was Nasser 56 about? | What was Nasser 56 about? | [
"What was Nasser 56 about?"
] | {
"text": [
"Suez Crisis"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10161 | 572844e12ca10214002da20b | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine ("Saladin The Victorious"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film set the Egyptian box office record at the time, and focused on Nasser during the Suez Crisis. It is also considered a milestone in Egyptian and Arab cinema as the first film to dramatize the role of a modern-day Arab leader. Together with the 1999 Syrian biopic Gamal Abdel Nasser, the films marked the first biographical movies about contemporary public figures produced in the Arab world. | What was the famous biopic about Nasser? | What was the famous biopic about Nasser? | [
"What was the famous biopic about Nasser?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gamal Abdel Nasser"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10162 | 572845633acd2414000df827 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, where they would live for the rest of their lives. Nasser's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured him relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty. | Who did Nasser marry in 1944? | Who did Nasser marry in 1944? | [
"Who did Nasser marry in 1944?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tahia Kazem"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10163 | 572845633acd2414000df828 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, where they would live for the rest of their lives. Nasser's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured him relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty. | Who introduced Nasser and his wife? | Who introduced Nasser and his wife? | [
"Who introduced Nasser and his wife?"
] | {
"text": [
"Abdel Hamid Kazim"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10164 | 572845633acd2414000df829 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, where they would live for the rest of their lives. Nasser's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured him relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty. | Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married? | Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married? | [
"Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manshiyat al-Bakri"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10165 | 572845633acd2414000df82a | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, where they would live for the rest of their lives. Nasser's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured him relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty. | What job of Nasser's offered him a comparably comfortable lifestyle? | What job of Nasser's offered him a comparably comfortable lifestyle? | [
"What job of Nasser's offered him a comparably comfortable lifestyle?"
] | {
"text": [
"officer corps"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10166 | 5728460d2ca10214002da21a | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza. | What was Nasser's principle vice? | What was Nasser's principle vice? | [
"What was Nasser's principle vice?"
] | {
"text": [
"chain smoking"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10167 | 5728460d2ca10214002da21b | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza. | How long was a typical workday for Nasser? | How long was a typical workday for Nasser? | [
"How long was a typical workday for Nasser?"
] | {
"text": [
"18-hour"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10168 | 5728460d2ca10214002da21c | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza. | What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960? | What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960? | [
"What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960?"
] | {
"text": [
"diabetes"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10169 | 5728460d2ca10214002da21d | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza. | What year did Nasser die? | What year did Nasser die? | [
"What year did Nasser die?"
] | {
"text": [
"1970"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10170 | 5728460d2ca10214002da21e | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza. | What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack? | What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack? | [
"What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack?"
] | {
"text": [
"influenza"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10171 | 56ddd7499a695914005b9606 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms." | What language does the word "symbiosis" come from? | What language does the word "symbiosis" come from? | [
"What language does the word \"symbiosis\" come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10172 | 56ddd7499a695914005b9607 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms." | What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to? | What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to? | [
"What type of organism did Frank apply the term \"symbiosis\" to?"
] | {
"text": [
"lichens"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10173 | 56ddd7499a695914005b9608 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms." | What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary? | What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary? | [
"What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?"
] | {
"text": [
"German"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10174 | 5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c3 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms." | What nationality was Albert Bernhard Frank? | What nationality was Albert Bernhard Frank? | [
"What nationality was Albert Bernhard Frank?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10175 | 5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c4 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms." | When did Heinrich Anton de Bary discover lichens? | When did Heinrich Anton de Bary discover lichens? | [
"When did Heinrich Anton de Bary discover lichens?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10176 | 5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c5 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms." | When was the the word "symbiosis" discovered? | When was the the word "symbiosis" discovered? | [
"When was the the word \"symbiosis\" discovered?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10177 | 5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c6 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms." | What year did Heinrich Anton de Bary become a mycologist? | What year did Heinrich Anton de Bary become a mycologist? | [
"What year did Heinrich Anton de Bary become a mycologist?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10178 | 5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c7 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms." | What year did Albert Bernhard Frank agree to define "symbiosis" as "the living together of unlike organisms."? | What year did Albert Bernhard Frank agree to define "symbiosis" as "the living together of unlike organisms."? | [
"What year did Albert Bernhard Frank agree to define \"symbiosis\" as \"the living together of unlike organisms.\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10179 | 56ddd9109a695914005b9617 | Symbiosis | The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism). | How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis? | How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis? | [
"How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?"
] | {
"text": [
"130 years"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10180 | 5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d3 | Symbiosis | The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism). | How long did it take for scientists to discover symbiosis? | How long did it take for scientists to discover symbiosis? | [
"How long did it take for scientists to discover symbiosis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10181 | 5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d4 | Symbiosis | The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism). | How many scientists believe that symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms? | How many scientists believe that symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms? | [
"How many scientists believe that symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10182 | 5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d5 | Symbiosis | The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism). | What textbooks describe the parasitic relationships as the only way to define symbiosis? | What textbooks describe the parasitic relationships as the only way to define symbiosis? | [
"What textbooks describe the parasitic relationships as the only way to define symbiosis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10183 | 5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d6 | Symbiosis | The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism). | What three words did de Bary use to define symbiosis? | What three words did de Bary use to define symbiosis? | [
"What three words did de Bary use to define symbiosis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10184 | 56ddda2d66d3e219004dad29 | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other? | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other? | [
"What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?"
] | {
"text": [
"obligate"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10185 | 56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2a | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone? | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone? | [
"What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?"
] | {
"text": [
"facultative"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10186 | 56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2b | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is an example of an obligate relationship? | What is an example of an obligate relationship? | [
"What is an example of an obligate relationship?"
] | {
"text": [
"lichens"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10187 | 5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000db | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without photosynthetic symbionts? | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without photosynthetic symbionts? | [
"What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without photosynthetic symbionts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10188 | 5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000dc | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship? | What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship? | [
"What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10189 | 5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000dd | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What organism demonstrates only the obligate symbiotic relationship? | What organism demonstrates only the obligate symbiotic relationship? | [
"What organism demonstrates only the obligate symbiotic relationship?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10190 | 5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000de | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without fungal symbionts? | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without fungal symbionts? | [
"What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without fungal symbionts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10191 | 5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000df | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where many organisms must depend on photosynthetic symbionts? | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where many organisms must depend on photosynthetic symbionts? | [
"What is the type of symbiotic relationship where many organisms must depend on photosynthetic symbionts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10192 | 56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4d | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. | What is an example of ectosymbiosis? | What is an example of ectosymbiosis? | [
"What is an example of ectosymbiosis?"
] | {
"text": [
"mistletoe"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10193 | 56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4e | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. | What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined? | What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined? | [
"What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?"
] | {
"text": [
"disjunctive symbiosis"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10194 | 56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4f | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. | What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner? | What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner? | [
"What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?"
] | {
"text": [
"endosymbiosis"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10195 | 5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e5 | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. | What organism lives in a state of both ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis? | What organism lives in a state of both ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis? | [
"What organism lives in a state of both ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10196 | 5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e6 | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. | What organism demonstrates disjunctive symbiosis? | What organism demonstrates disjunctive symbiosis? | [
"What organism demonstrates disjunctive symbiosis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10197 | 5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e7 | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. | What organism demonstrates conjunctive symbiosis? | What organism demonstrates conjunctive symbiosis? | [
"What organism demonstrates conjunctive symbiosis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10198 | 5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e8 | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. | What is it called when one symbiont lives within and has a bodily union with its partner? | What is it called when one symbiont lives within and has a bodily union with its partner? | [
"What is it called when one symbiont lives within and has a bodily union with its partner?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10199 | 5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e9 | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. | What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union? | What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union? | [
"What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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