gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-10200 | 56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a0 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. | What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to? | What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to? | [
"What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?"
] | {
"text": [
"insects"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10201 | 56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a1 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. | What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots? | What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots? | [
"What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?"
] | {
"text": [
"Frankia"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10202 | 56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a2 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. | What endosymbionts live in coral? | What endosymbionts live in coral? | [
"What endosymbionts live in coral? "
] | {
"text": [
"algae"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10203 | 5a7fe2908f0597001ac000ef | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. | What percent of alder tree root nodules provide essential nutrients to insects? | What percent of alder tree root nodules provide essential nutrients to insects? | [
"What percent of alder tree root nodules provide essential nutrients to insects?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10204 | 5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f0 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. | What organism includes diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and single-celled algae? | What organism includes diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and single-celled algae? | [
"What organism includes diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and single-celled algae?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10205 | 5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f1 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. | What percent of Frankia bacteria provide essential nutrients to insects? | What percent of Frankia bacteria provide essential nutrients to insects? | [
"What percent of Frankia bacteria provide essential nutrients to insects?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10206 | 5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f2 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. | What are the bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects called? | What are the bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects called? | [
"What are the bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10207 | 5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f3 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. | What percent of rhizobia and nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in alder tree root nodules? | What percent of rhizobia and nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in alder tree root nodules? | [
"What percent of rhizobia and nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in alder tree root nodules?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10208 | 56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a6 | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish. | What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales? | What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales? | [
"What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?"
] | {
"text": [
"barnacles"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10209 | 56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a7 | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish. | Name a parasitic ectosymbiont. | Name a parasitic ectosymbiont. | [
"Name a parasitic ectosymbiont."
] | {
"text": [
"lice"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10210 | 56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a8 | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish. | What is another name for ectosymbiosis? | What is another name for ectosymbiosis? | [
"What is another name for ectosymbiosis?"
] | {
"text": [
"exosymbiosis"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10211 | 5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000f9 | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish. | What mutualist ectosymbionts clean the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales? | What mutualist ectosymbionts clean the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales? | [
"What mutualist ectosymbionts clean the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10212 | 5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fa | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish. | What ectoparasites are also considered commensal ectosymbionts and mutualist ectosymbionts? | What ectoparasites are also considered commensal ectosymbionts and mutualist ectosymbionts? | [
"What ectoparasites are also considered commensal ectosymbionts and mutualist ectosymbionts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10213 | 5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fb | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish. | What is the name of the animal in which barnacles join to the jaw and inner surface of the digestive tract? | What is the name of the animal in which barnacles join to the jaw and inner surface of the digestive tract? | [
"What is the name of the animal in which barnacles join to the jaw and inner surface of the digestive tract?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10214 | 5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fc | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish. | What ectoparasites live on the body surface of cleaner fish? | What ectoparasites live on the body surface of cleaner fish? | [
"What ectoparasites live on the body surface of cleaner fish?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10215 | 56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ac | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships. | What is another term for mutualism? | What is another term for mutualism? | [
"What is another term for mutualism?"
] | {
"text": [
"interspecies reciprocal altruism"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10216 | 56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ad | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships. | Of what duration are symbiotic relationships? | Of what duration are symbiotic relationships? | [
"Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?"
] | {
"text": [
"lifelong"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10217 | 5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00101 | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships. | What is a term for a relationship between individuals of the same species where both individuals benefit? | What is a term for a relationship between individuals of the same species where both individuals benefit? | [
"What is a term for a relationship between individuals of the same species where both individuals benefit?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10218 | 5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00102 | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships. | Who restricts the definition of symbiosis to indicate both obligate and facultative concurrently? | Who restricts the definition of symbiosis to indicate both obligate and facultative concurrently? | [
"Who restricts the definition of symbiosis to indicate both obligate and facultative concurrently?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10219 | 5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00103 | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships. | What time span involving gradual biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic? | What time span involving gradual biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic? | [
"What time span involving gradual biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10220 | 5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00104 | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships. | What must interspecies reciprocal altruism be considered to fit the the definition of symbiosis? | What must interspecies reciprocal altruism be considered to fit the the definition of symbiosis? | [
"What must interspecies reciprocal altruism be considered to fit the the definition of symbiosis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10221 | 5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00105 | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships. | What mutualistic relationships fit the the definition of symbiosis? | What mutualistic relationships fit the the definition of symbiosis? | [
"What mutualistic relationships fit the the definition of symbiosis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10222 | 56de22074396321400ee25d1 | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. | What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines? | What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines? | [
"What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?"
] | {
"text": [
"mutualistic"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10223 | 56de22074396321400ee25d2 | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. | What do coral and algae produce together? | What do coral and algae produce together? | [
"What do coral and algae produce together?"
] | {
"text": [
"Coral reefs"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10224 | 56de22074396321400ee25d3 | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. | How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems? | How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems? | [
"How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?"
] | {
"text": [
"fix carbon from the air"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10225 | 56de22074396321400ee25d4 | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. | What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth? | What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth? | [
"What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?"
] | {
"text": [
"mycorrhyzal"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10226 | 5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010b | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. | What do herbivores have to digest animal prey? | What do herbivores have to digest animal prey? | [
"What do herbivores have to digest animal prey?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10227 | 5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010c | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. | Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go to after extracting water and minerals from the ground? | Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go to after extracting water and minerals from the ground? | [
"Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go to after extracting water and minerals from the ground?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10228 | 5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010d | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. | Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go back to after extracting carbon from the air? | Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go back to after extracting carbon from the air? | [
"Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go back to after extracting carbon from the air?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10229 | 5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010e | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. | What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines? | What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines? | [
"What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10230 | 5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010f | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. | What kind of fungi do coral reef depend on? | What kind of fungi do coral reef depend on? | [
"What kind of fungi do coral reef depend on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10231 | 56de22b84396321400ee25d9 | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles. | What lives with Ritteri sea anemones? | What lives with Ritteri sea anemones? | [
"What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?"
] | {
"text": [
"ocellaris clownfish"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10232 | 56de22b84396321400ee25da | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles. | What prevents the clownfish from being stung? | What prevents the clownfish from being stung? | [
"What prevents the clownfish from being stung?"
] | {
"text": [
"A special mucus"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10233 | 56de22b84396321400ee25db | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles. | What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have? | What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have? | [
"What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?"
] | {
"text": [
"mutual symbiosis"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10234 | 5a7ff6878f0597001ac00115 | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles. | What kind of clownfish eat the Ritteri sea anemones? | What kind of clownfish eat the Ritteri sea anemones? | [
"What kind of clownfish eat the Ritteri sea anemones?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10235 | 5a7ff6878f0597001ac00116 | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles. | What kind of sea anemone has special mucus to protect the clownfish? | What kind of sea anemone has special mucus to protect the clownfish? | [
"What kind of sea anemone has special mucus to protect the clownfish?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10236 | 5a7ff6878f0597001ac00117 | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles. | What organism do the clownfish use their stinging tentacles to protect? | What organism do the clownfish use their stinging tentacles to protect? | [
"What organism do the clownfish use their stinging tentacles to protect?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10237 | 5a7ff6878f0597001ac00118 | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles. | What type of relationship do Ritteri sea anemones have with anemone-eating fish? | What type of relationship do Ritteri sea anemones have with anemone-eating fish? | [
"What type of relationship do Ritteri sea anemones have with anemone-eating fish?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10238 | 5a7ff6878f0597001ac00119 | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles. | What do Ritteri sea anemones produce to evade predators? | What do Ritteri sea anemones produce to evade predators? | [
"What do Ritteri sea anemones produce to evade predators?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10239 | 56de23fe4396321400ee25e5 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish. | What species does this shrimp have a relationship with? | What species does this shrimp have a relationship with? | [
"What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?"
] | {
"text": [
"the goby fish"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10240 | 56de23fe4396321400ee25e8 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish. | What part of the fish is used to signal danger? | What part of the fish is used to signal danger? | [
"What part of the fish is used to signal danger?"
] | {
"text": [
"its tail"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10241 | 5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac0011f | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish. | What organism digs a burrow in the sand then touches the goby fish with its tail? | What organism digs a burrow in the sand then touches the goby fish with its tail? | [
"What organism digs a burrow in the sand then touches the goby fish with its tail?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10242 | 5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00120 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish. | What is the species of goby that both lives with a shrimp and cleans up ectoparasites on other fish? | What is the species of goby that both lives with a shrimp and cleans up ectoparasites on other fish? | [
"What is the species of goby that both lives with a shrimp and cleans up ectoparasites on other fish?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10243 | 5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00121 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish. | What behavior does the goby exhibit when it does not live with the shrimp? | What behavior does the goby exhibit when it does not live with the shrimp? | [
"What behavior does the goby exhibit when it does not live with the shrimp?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10244 | 5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00122 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish. | What behavior does the shrimp exhibit when it does not live with the goby? | What behavior does the shrimp exhibit when it does not live with the goby? | [
"What behavior does the shrimp exhibit when it does not live with the goby?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10245 | 5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00123 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish. | When a goby fish goes blind what does it become vulnerable to? | When a goby fish goes blind what does it become vulnerable to? | [
"When a goby fish goes blind what does it become vulnerable to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10246 | 56de24804396321400ee25f9 | Symbiosis | Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell. | What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs? | What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs? | [
"What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?"
] | {
"text": [
"non-obligate"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10247 | 5a7ffd938f0597001ac00129 | Symbiosis | Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell. | What species of crab has a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber? | What species of crab has a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber? | [
"What species of crab has a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10248 | 5a7ffd938f0597001ac0012a | Symbiosis | Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell. | What species of crab develops a cirumrotatory growth? | What species of crab develops a cirumrotatory growth? | [
"What species of crab develops a cirumrotatory growth?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10249 | 5a7ffd938f0597001ac0012b | Symbiosis | Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell. | What relationship is it considered when the bryozoans and hermit crabs do not live in a close relationship? | What relationship is it considered when the bryozoans and hermit crabs do not live in a close relationship? | [
"What relationship is it considered when the bryozoans and hermit crabs do not live in a close relationship?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10250 | 5a7ffd938f0597001ac0012c | Symbiosis | Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell. | Where is the cirumrotatory growth in the crab located? | Where is the cirumrotatory growth in the crab located? | [
"Where is the cirumrotatory growth in the crab located?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10251 | 56de25ab4396321400ee2609 | Symbiosis | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans. | When were the worms found? | When were the worms found? | [
"When were the worms found?"
] | {
"text": [
"the late 1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10252 | 56de25ab4396321400ee260a | Symbiosis | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans. | What does the bacteria give the worm? | What does the bacteria give the worm? | [
"What does the bacteria give the worm?"
] | {
"text": [
"nutrition"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10253 | 56de25ab4396321400ee260b | Symbiosis | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans. | What land is near the worms' first known location? | What land is near the worms' first known location? | [
"What land is near the worms' first known location?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Galapagos Islands"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10254 | 5a7fffd58f0597001ac00131 | Symbiosis | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans. | From where do the host obtain the hydrogen sulfide or methane? | From where do the host obtain the hydrogen sulfide or methane? | [
"From where do the host obtain the hydrogen sulfide or methane?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10255 | 5a7fffd58f0597001ac00132 | Symbiosis | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans. | When were the Galapagos Islands discovered? | When were the Galapagos Islands discovered? | [
"When were the Galapagos Islands discovered?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10256 | 5a7fffd58f0597001ac00133 | Symbiosis | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans. | What is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and the hydrothermal vents? | What is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and the hydrothermal vents? | [
"What is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and the hydrothermal vents?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10257 | 5a7fffd58f0597001ac00134 | Symbiosis | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans. | When were the symbiotic bacteria discovered? | When were the symbiotic bacteria discovered? | [
"When were the symbiotic bacteria discovered?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10258 | 5a7fffd58f0597001ac00135 | Symbiosis | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans. | Where does the symbiotic bacteria get nutrition from? | Where does the symbiotic bacteria get nutrition from? | [
"Where does the symbiotic bacteria get nutrition from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10259 | 56de27b94396321400ee2611 | Symbiosis | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity). | What is given to the host cell? | What is given to the host cell? | [
"What is given to the host cell?"
] | {
"text": [
"nutrients"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10260 | 56de27b94396321400ee2612 | Symbiosis | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity). | What does the host make that affect its genes? | What does the host make that affect its genes? | [
"What does the host make that affect its genes?"
] | {
"text": [
"specialized cells"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10261 | 56de27b94396321400ee2613 | Symbiosis | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity). | In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations? | In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations? | [
"In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?"
] | {
"text": [
"vertical transmission"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10262 | 5a8002878f0597001ac0013b | Symbiosis | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity). | From where does the endosymbiont gain nutrition? | From where does the endosymbiont gain nutrition? | [
"From where does the endosymbiont gain nutrition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10263 | 5a8002878f0597001ac0013c | Symbiosis | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity). | Who offers a location for the host cell to vertically transmit nutrition? | Who offers a location for the host cell to vertically transmit nutrition? | [
"Who offers a location for the host cell to vertically transmit nutrition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10264 | 5a8002878f0597001ac0013d | Symbiosis | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity). | When the offspring passes the genetic changes via vertical transmission what does the host cell obtain? | When the offspring passes the genetic changes via vertical transmission what does the host cell obtain? | [
"When the offspring passes the genetic changes via vertical transmission what does the host cell obtain?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10265 | 5a8002878f0597001ac0013e | Symbiosis | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity). | When the the host favors the endosymbiont's growth process what takes place? | When the the host favors the endosymbiont's growth process what takes place? | [
"When the the host favors the endosymbiont's growth process what takes place?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10266 | 5a8002878f0597001ac0013f | Symbiosis | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity). | Where can the specialized cells be found? | Where can the specialized cells be found? | [
"Where can the specialized cells be found?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10267 | 56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fc | Symbiosis | Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host. | What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host? | What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host? | [
"What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?"
] | {
"text": [
"drastic reduction in its genome size"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10268 | 56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fd | Symbiosis | Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host. | What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype? | What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype? | [
"What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?"
] | {
"text": [
"Muller's ratchet phenomenon"
],
"answer_start": [
1182
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10269 | 56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fe | Symbiosis | Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host. | What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations? | What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations? | [
"What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations?"
] | {
"text": [
"lack of selection mechanisms"
],
"answer_start": [
1420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10270 | 5a8006548f0597001ac00145 | Symbiosis | Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host. | What takes place when the host's lifestyle reduces the endosymbiont's genome size? | What takes place when the host's lifestyle reduces the endosymbiont's genome size? | [
"What takes place when the host's lifestyle reduces the endosymbiont's genome size?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10271 | 5a8006548f0597001ac00146 | Symbiosis | Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host. | What do the insects need for vertical transmission? | What do the insects need for vertical transmission? | [
"What do the insects need for vertical transmission?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10272 | 5a8006548f0597001ac00147 | Symbiosis | Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host. | What happens when there is an increase in the effective population sizes for free living bacteria? | What happens when there is an increase in the effective population sizes for free living bacteria? | [
"What happens when there is an increase in the effective population sizes for free living bacteria?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10273 | 5a8006548f0597001ac00148 | Symbiosis | Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host. | What happens when the DNA/RNA replications are retained? | What happens when the DNA/RNA replications are retained? | [
"What happens when the DNA/RNA replications are retained?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10274 | 56de2bedcffd8e1900b4b60c | Symbiosis | Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table". | What language do the roots of "commensal" come from? | What language do the roots of "commensal" come from? | [
"What language do the roots of \"commensal\" come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10275 | 56de2bedcffd8e1900b4b60d | Symbiosis | Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table". | What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other? | What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other? | [
"What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?"
] | {
"text": [
"Commensalism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10276 | 5a8008cf8f0597001ac0014f | Symbiosis | Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table". | What type of symbiotic relationship happens when there is a major affect on the other organism? | What type of symbiotic relationship happens when there is a major affect on the other organism? | [
"What type of symbiotic relationship happens when there is a major affect on the other organism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10277 | 5a8008cf8f0597001ac00150 | Symbiosis | Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table". | What takes place when the organisms are neither significantly harmed or helped? | What takes place when the organisms are neither significantly harmed or helped? | [
"What takes place when the organisms are neither significantly harmed or helped?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10278 | 5a8008cf8f0597001ac00151 | Symbiosis | Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table". | Commensalism explains a relationship between how many organisms when one gains most of the benefits? | Commensalism explains a relationship between how many organisms when one gains most of the benefits? | [
"Commensalism explains a relationship between how many organisms when one gains most of the benefits?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10279 | 5a8008cf8f0597001ac00152 | Symbiosis | Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table". | What word is derived from the medieval English word? | What word is derived from the medieval English word? | [
"What word is derived from the medieval English word?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10280 | 5a8008cf8f0597001ac00153 | Symbiosis | Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table". | Who is actually sharing a table? | Who is actually sharing a table? | [
"Who is actually sharing a table?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10281 | 56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b61e | Symbiosis | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants. | What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other? | What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other? | [
"What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other?"
] | {
"text": [
"inquilinism"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10282 | 56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b61f | Symbiosis | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants. | What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants? | What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants? | [
"What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants?"
] | {
"text": [
"metabiosis"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10283 | 56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b620 | Symbiosis | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants. | In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another? | In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another? | [
"In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another?"
] | {
"text": [
"phoresy"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10284 | 5a800af88f0597001ac00159 | Symbiosis | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants. | Where do the spiders build their webs on the hermit crabs? | Where do the spiders build their webs on the hermit crabs? | [
"Where do the spiders build their webs on the hermit crabs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10285 | 5a800af88f0597001ac0015a | Symbiosis | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants. | What is the term for a relationship where one organism refuses to provide a dwelling for the other? | What is the term for a relationship where one organism refuses to provide a dwelling for the other? | [
"What is the term for a relationship where one organism refuses to provide a dwelling for the other?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10286 | 5a800af88f0597001ac0015b | Symbiosis | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants. | What occurs when the spider utilizes phoresy with the hermit crab? | What occurs when the spider utilizes phoresy with the hermit crab? | [
"What occurs when the spider utilizes phoresy with the hermit crab?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10287 | 5a800af88f0597001ac0015c | Symbiosis | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants. | What can commensal relationships between plants and hermit crabs be considered? | What can commensal relationships between plants and hermit crabs be considered? | [
"What can commensal relationships between plants and hermit crabs be considered?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10288 | 5a800af88f0597001ac0015d | Symbiosis | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants. | When one organism gives away something another created what is it called? | When one organism gives away something another created what is it called? | [
"When one organism gives away something another created what is it called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10289 | 56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b630 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host. | Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what? | Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what? | [
"Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?"
] | {
"text": [
"A parasitic relationship"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10290 | 56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b631 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host. | What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host? | What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host? | [
"What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?"
] | {
"text": [
"necrotrophic"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10291 | 56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b632 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host. | What is it called when parasites need their host to live? | What is it called when parasites need their host to live? | [
"What is it called when parasites need their host to live?"
] | {
"text": [
"biotrophic"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10292 | 56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b633 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host. | What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage? | What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage? | [
"What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?"
] | {
"text": [
"as many as half"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10293 | 56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b634 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host. | Name a biotrophic organism. | Name a biotrophic organism. | [
"Name a biotrophic organism."
] | {
"text": [
"a tick"
],
"answer_start": [
801
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10294 | 5a800d438f0597001ac00163 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host. | What is the relationship termed if both organisms benefit? | What is the relationship termed if both organisms benefit? | [
"What is the relationship termed if both organisms benefit?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10295 | 5a800d438f0597001ac00164 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host. | What relationship happens after a biotrophic relationship occurs from a tick feeding on the blood of its host? | What relationship happens after a biotrophic relationship occurs from a tick feeding on the blood of its host? | [
"What relationship happens after a biotrophic relationship occurs from a tick feeding on the blood of its host?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10296 | 5a800d438f0597001ac00165 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host. | When both organisms benefit in an antipathetic symbiosis it is known as a? | When both organisms benefit in an antipathetic symbiosis it is known as a? | [
"When both organisms benefit in an antipathetic symbiosis it is known as a?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10297 | 5a800d438f0597001ac00166 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host. | What is an extremely unsuccessful mode of life? | What is an extremely unsuccessful mode of life? | [
"What is an extremely unsuccessful mode of life?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10298 | 5a800d438f0597001ac00167 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host. | How many fungi have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles? | How many fungi have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles? | [
"How many fungi have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10299 | 56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71e | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. | What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other? | What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other? | [
"What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amensalism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
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