gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-10300 | 56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71f | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | What kinds of amensalism are there? | What kinds of amensalism are there? | [
"What kinds of amensalism are there?"
] | {
"text": [
"competition and antibiosis"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10301 | 56de418fcffd8e1900b4b720 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it? | When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it? | [
"When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?"
] | {
"text": [
"competition"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10302 | 56de418fcffd8e1900b4b721 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | What does the black walnut give out that kills plants? | What does the black walnut give out that kills plants? | [
"What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?"
] | {
"text": [
"juglone"
],
"answer_start": [
1155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10303 | 5a800ffd8f0597001ac0016d | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | What happens when a larger or stronger organism shares a resource with a smaller or weaker organism? | What happens when a larger or stronger organism shares a resource with a smaller or weaker organism? | [
"What happens when a larger or stronger organism shares a resource with a smaller or weaker organism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10304 | 5a800ffd8f0597001ac0016e | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | What happens when the sapling can take up rainwater and deplete some soil nutrients? | What happens when the sapling can take up rainwater and deplete some soil nutrients? | [
"What happens when the sapling can take up rainwater and deplete some soil nutrients?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10305 | 5a800ffd8f0597001ac0016f | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | What happens when one organism is helped by another through a chemical secretion? | What happens when one organism is helped by another through a chemical secretion? | [
"What happens when one organism is helped by another through a chemical secretion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10306 | 5a800ffd8f0597001ac00170 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | What secrets juglone, a substance which enhances many herbaceous plants within its root zone? | What secrets juglone, a substance which enhances many herbaceous plants within its root zone? | [
"What secrets juglone, a substance which enhances many herbaceous plants within its root zone?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10307 | 5a800ffd8f0597001ac00171 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | What are two types of antibiosis? | What are two types of antibiosis? | [
"What are two types of antibiosis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10308 | 56de42a94396321400ee2730 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with? | What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with? | [
"What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?"
] | {
"text": [
"weevils"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10309 | 56de42a94396321400ee2731 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | What does the Spanish ibex eat? | What does the Spanish ibex eat? | [
"What does the Spanish ibex eat?"
] | {
"text": [
"shrub"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10310 | 56de42a94396321400ee2732 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants? | What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants? | [
"What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amensalism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10311 | 5a8012f38f0597001ac00177 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | What happens if a weevil eats from an ibex? | What happens if a weevil eats from an ibex? | [
"What happens if a weevil eats from an ibex?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10312 | 5a8012f38f0597001ac00178 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | What happens when the grass causes damage to an animal's hoof? | What happens when the grass causes damage to an animal's hoof? | [
"What happens when the grass causes damage to an animal's hoof?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10313 | 5a8012f38f0597001ac00179 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | What ethnicity are the ibex and the weevils? | What ethnicity are the ibex and the weevils? | [
"What ethnicity are the ibex and the weevils?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10314 | 5a8012f38f0597001ac0017a | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | What is altered if the presence of ibex has little detrimental effect on the number of weevil? | What is altered if the presence of ibex has little detrimental effect on the number of weevil? | [
"What is altered if the presence of ibex has little detrimental effect on the number of weevil?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10315 | 5a8012f38f0597001ac0017b | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | What genus are the Spanish ibex? | What genus are the Spanish ibex? | [
"What genus are the Spanish ibex?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10316 | 56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74b | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | What type of relationship harms both organisms? | What type of relationship harms both organisms? | [
"What type of relationship harms both organisms?"
] | {
"text": [
"Synnecrosis"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10317 | 56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74c | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis? | What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis? | [
"What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?"
] | {
"text": [
"death"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10318 | 56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74d | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | How common is synnecrosis in the natural world? | How common is synnecrosis in the natural world? | [
"How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?"
] | {
"text": [
"uncommon"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10319 | 56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74e | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | Why do bees sting even though it will kill them? | Why do bees sting even though it will kill them? | [
"Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?"
] | {
"text": [
"to protect the hive"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10320 | 5a8015308f0597001ac00181 | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | What happens if a bee does not protect the hive? | What happens if a bee does not protect the hive? | [
"What happens if a bee does not protect the hive?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10321 | 5a8015308f0597001ac00182 | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | What is a common type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved? | What is a common type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved? | [
"What is a common type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10322 | 5a8015308f0597001ac00183 | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | What does the long enduring condition and the interaction eventually cause? | What does the long enduring condition and the interaction eventually cause? | [
"What does the long enduring condition and the interaction eventually cause?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10323 | 5a8015308f0597001ac00184 | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | What always happens to the victims of the bee sting? | What always happens to the victims of the bee sting? | [
"What always happens to the victims of the bee sting?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10324 | 5a8015308f0597001ac00185 | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | What happens if the bee does not die? | What happens if the bee does not die? | [
"What happens if the bee does not die?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10325 | 56de4520cffd8e1900b4b759 | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, an... | What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria? | What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria? | [
"What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?"
] | {
"text": [
"the evolution of all eukaryotes"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10326 | 56de4520cffd8e1900b4b75a | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, an... | What are eukaryotes? | What are eukaryotes? | [
"What are eukaryotes?"
] | {
"text": [
"plants, animals, fungi, and protists"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10327 | 5a80173a8f0597001ac0018b | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, an... | What do all organelles have that is their own? | What do all organelles have that is their own? | [
"What do all organelles have that is their own?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10328 | 5a80173a8f0597001ac0018c | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, an... | What has received more attention than other interactions such as predation or competition? | What has received more attention than other interactions such as predation or competition? | [
"What has received more attention than other interactions such as predation or competition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10329 | 5a80173a8f0597001ac0018d | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, an... | What eukaryotes create various sorts of bacteria? | What eukaryotes create various sorts of bacteria? | [
"What eukaryotes create various sorts of bacteria?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10330 | 5a80173a8f0597001ac0018e | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, an... | What always depends on the cell for the process of division? | What always depends on the cell for the process of division? | [
"What always depends on the cell for the process of division?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10331 | 56de4796cffd8e1900b4b777 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among ... | What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution? | What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution? | [
"What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"symbiosis"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10332 | 56de4796cffd8e1900b4b779 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among ... | Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution? | Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution? | [
"Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dorion Sagan"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10333 | 5a80193e8f0597001ac00193 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among ... | What is the biologist Darwin famous for? | What is the biologist Darwin famous for? | [
"What is the biologist Darwin famous for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10334 | 5a80193e8f0597001ac00194 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among ... | What is strongly based only upon uncooperative interaction and independence? | What is strongly based only upon uncooperative interaction and independence? | [
"What is strongly based only upon uncooperative interaction and independence?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10335 | 5a80193e8f0597001ac00195 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among ... | Who was the last to utter this quote "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."? | Who was the last to utter this quote "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."? | [
"Who was the last to utter this quote \"Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking.\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10336 | 5a80193e8f0597001ac00196 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among ... | What is not considered a driving force behind evolution? | What is not considered a driving force behind evolution? | [
"What is not considered a driving force behind evolution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10337 | 5a80193e8f0597001ac00197 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among ... | Who currently disagrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution? | Who currently disagrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution? | [
"Who currently disagrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10338 | 56de49434396321400ee2774 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants ... | How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators? | How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators? | [
"How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?"
] | {
"text": [
"a major role"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10339 | 56de49434396321400ee2775 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants ... | What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple? | What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple? | [
"What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?"
] | {
"text": [
"nectar and large sticky pollen"
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10340 | 56de49434396321400ee2776 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants ... | What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect? | What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect? | [
"What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?"
] | {
"text": [
"dependent"
],
"answer_start": [
753
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10341 | 5a801c2e8f0597001ac0019d | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants ... | What gave rise to a select group of plants? | What gave rise to a select group of plants? | [
"What gave rise to a select group of plants?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10342 | 5a801c2e8f0597001ac0019e | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants ... | What flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively complex flowers? | What flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively complex flowers? | [
"What flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively complex flowers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10343 | 5a801c2e8f0597001ac0019f | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants ... | What did bats develop to access and collect these rich food sources? | What did bats develop to access and collect these rich food sources? | [
"What did bats develop to access and collect these rich food sources?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10344 | 5a801c2e8f0597001ac001a0 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants ... | What did birds develop to access and collect these rich food sources? | What did birds develop to access and collect these rich food sources? | [
"What did birds develop to access and collect these rich food sources?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10345 | 5a801c2e8f0597001ac001a1 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants ... | What animals need to be modified in order to be correspondingly adapted? | What animals need to be modified in order to be correspondingly adapted? | [
"What animals need to be modified in order to be correspondingly adapted?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10346 | 56e01244231d4119001abf16 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other informa... | Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images? | Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images? | [
"Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?"
] | {
"text": [
"fumetti"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10347 | 56e01244231d4119001abf17 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other informa... | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics? | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics? | [
"In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"speech balloons"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10348 | 56e01244231d4119001abf18 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other informa... | What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century? | What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century? | [
"What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?"
] | {
"text": [
"online webcomics"
],
"answer_start": [
756
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10349 | 56e01244231d4119001abf19 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other informa... | The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics? | The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics? | [
"The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"narrative pacing"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10350 | 5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd0 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other informa... | Which form of comics entails the use of autographic images? | Which form of comics entails the use of autographic images? | [
"Which form of comics entails the use of autographic images?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10351 | 5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd1 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other informa... | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics? | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics? | [
"In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10352 | 5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd2 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other informa... | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the non-dialogue in comics? | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the non-dialogue in comics? | [
"In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the non-dialogue in comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10353 | 5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd3 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other informa... | What type of comic has taken off in the 20th century? | What type of comic has taken off in the 20th century? | [
"What type of comic has taken off in the 20th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10354 | 5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd4 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other informa... | The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged don't help with what aspect of comics? | The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged don't help with what aspect of comics? | [
"The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged don't help with what aspect of comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10355 | 56e01379231d4119001abf20 | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European com... | When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons? | When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons? | [
"When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?"
] | {
"text": [
"1830s"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10356 | 56e01379231d4119001abf22 | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European com... | Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938? | Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938? | [
"Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?"
] | {
"text": [
"Superman"
],
"answer_start": [
711
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10357 | 56e01379231d4119001abf23 | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European com... | What is Japanese cartooning known as? | What is Japanese cartooning known as? | [
"What is Japanese cartooning known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"manga"
],
"answer_start": [
783
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10358 | 5acf6c2d77cf76001a684dda | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European com... | When did Rodolphe Töpffer create news? | When did Rodolphe Töpffer create news? | [
"When did Rodolphe Töpffer create news?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10359 | 5acf6c2d77cf76001a684ddb | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European com... | Which superhero appeared in comics in 1983? | Which superhero appeared in comics in 1983? | [
"Which superhero appeared in comics in 1983?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10360 | 5acf6c2d77cf76001a684ddc | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European com... | Which antihero appeared in comics in 1938? | Which antihero appeared in comics in 1938? | [
"Which antihero appeared in comics in 1938?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10361 | 5acf6c2d77cf76001a684ddd | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European com... | What is Chinese cartooning known as? | What is Chinese cartooning known as? | [
"What is Chinese cartooning known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10362 | 5acf6c2d77cf76001a684dde | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European com... | What is Japanese cartooning not known as? | What is Japanese cartooning not known as? | [
"What is Japanese cartooning not known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10363 | 56e014a37aa994140058e2c3 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also... | French comics are also known as what? | French comics are also known as what? | [
"French comics are also known as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"bandes dessinées"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10364 | 56e014a37aa994140058e2c4 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also... | When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural? | When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural? | [
"When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?"
] | {
"text": [
"when it refers to the medium"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10365 | 56e014a37aa994140058e2c5 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also... | The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what? | The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what? | [
"The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?"
] | {
"text": [
"recurring characters"
],
"answer_start": [
792
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10366 | 56e014a37aa994140058e2c6 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also... | Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things? | Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things? | [
"Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?"
] | {
"text": [
"images and text"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10367 | 56e014a37aa994140058e2c7 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also... | What are Japanese comics called? | What are Japanese comics called? | [
"What are Japanese comics called?"
] | {
"text": [
"manga"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10368 | 5acf6cc177cf76001a684dee | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also... | French comics are not known as what? | French comics are not known as what? | [
"French comics are not known as what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10369 | 5acf6cc177cf76001a684def | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also... | When is the term comics considered multiple rather than plural? | When is the term comics considered multiple rather than plural? | [
"When is the term comics considered multiple rather than plural?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10370 | 5acf6cc177cf76001a684df0 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also... | The non-historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what? | The non-historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what? | [
"The non-historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10371 | 5acf6cc177cf76001a684df1 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also... | No experts believe comics is a combination of what two things? | No experts believe comics is a combination of what two things? | [
"No experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10372 | 5acf6cc177cf76001a684df2 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also... | What are Japanese comics never called? | What are Japanese comics never called? | [
"What are Japanese comics never called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10373 | 56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cd | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans h... | Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe? | Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe? | [
"Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rodolphe Töpffer"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10374 | 56e01a8f7aa994140058e2ce | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans h... | Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America? | Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America? | [
"Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?"
] | {
"text": [
"Richard F. Outcault"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10375 | 56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cf | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans h... | When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers? | When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers? | [
"When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?"
] | {
"text": [
"1890s"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10376 | 56e01a8f7aa994140058e2d0 | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans h... | What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II? | What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II? | [
"What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?"
] | {
"text": [
"satirical"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10377 | 5acf6d3877cf76001a684e02 | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans h... | Who is best known for being the last comics creator in Europe? | Who is best known for being the last comics creator in Europe? | [
"Who is best known for being the last comics creator in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10378 | 5acf6d3877cf76001a684e03 | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans h... | Who is least known for being the first comics creator in Europe? | Who is least known for being the first comics creator in Europe? | [
"Who is least known for being the first comics creator in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10379 | 5acf6d3877cf76001a684e04 | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans h... | Who is considered to be the last comic creator in America? | Who is considered to be the last comic creator in America? | [
"Who is considered to be the last comic creator in America?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10380 | 5acf6d3877cf76001a684e05 | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans h... | When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in books? | When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in books? | [
"When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in books?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10381 | 5acf6d3877cf76001a684e06 | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans h... | What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War I? | What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War I? | [
"What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War I?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10382 | 56e01bf5231d4119001abf29 | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the ... | In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics? | In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics? | [
"In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lascaux cave paintings"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10383 | 56e01bf5231d4119001abf2a | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the ... | What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | [
"What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10384 | 56e01bf5231d4119001abf2b | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the ... | In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics? | In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics? | [
"In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"hieroglyphs"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10385 | 56e01bf5231d4119001abf2c | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the ... | In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | [
"In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Trajan's Column"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10386 | 5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0c | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the ... | In France, what did historians find that they consider a irrelevant for comics? | In France, what did historians find that they consider a irrelevant for comics? | [
"In France, what did historians find that they consider a irrelevant for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10387 | 5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0d | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the ... | What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be irrelevant for comics? | What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be irrelevant for comics? | [
"What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be irrelevant for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10388 | 5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0e | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the ... | What Donatello work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | What Donatello work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | [
"What Donatello work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10389 | 5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0f | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the ... | In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics? | In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics? | [
"In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10390 | 5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e10 | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the ... | In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics? | In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics? | [
"In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10391 | 56e01d2f231d4119001abf33 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character ... | What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century? | What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century? | [
"What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Glasgow Looking Glass"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10392 | 56e01d2f231d4119001abf34 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character ... | When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin? | When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin? | [
"When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"1825"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10393 | 56e01d2f231d4119001abf35 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character ... | In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical? | In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical? | [
"In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?"
] | {
"text": [
"Punch"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10394 | 56e01d2f231d4119001abf36 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character ... | Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine? | Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine? | [
"Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ally Sloper"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10395 | 56e01d2f231d4119001abf37 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character ... | When did Ally Sloper first appear? | When did Ally Sloper first appear? | [
"When did Ally Sloper first appear?"
] | {
"text": [
"1884"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10396 | 5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e20 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character ... | What was the last illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century? | What was the last illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century? | [
"What was the last illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10397 | 5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e21 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character ... | When did The Glasgow Looking Glass end? | When did The Glasgow Looking Glass end? | [
"When did The Glasgow Looking Glass end?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10398 | 5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e22 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character ... | In Britain, what was the least liked illustrated humor periodical? | In Britain, what was the least liked illustrated humor periodical? | [
"In Britain, what was the least liked illustrated humor periodical?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10399 | 5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e23 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character ... | Which comic character was the last to appear in a weekly magazine? | Which comic character was the last to appear in a weekly magazine? | [
"Which comic character was the last to appear in a weekly magazine?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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