gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-10300 | 56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71f | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. | What kinds of amensalism are there? | What kinds of amensalism are there? | [
"What kinds of amensalism are there?"
] | {
"text": [
"competition and antibiosis"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10301 | 56de418fcffd8e1900b4b720 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. | When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it? | When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it? | [
"When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?"
] | {
"text": [
"competition"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10302 | 56de418fcffd8e1900b4b721 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. | What does the black walnut give out that kills plants? | What does the black walnut give out that kills plants? | [
"What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?"
] | {
"text": [
"juglone"
],
"answer_start": [
1155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10303 | 5a800ffd8f0597001ac0016d | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. | What happens when a larger or stronger organism shares a resource with a smaller or weaker organism? | What happens when a larger or stronger organism shares a resource with a smaller or weaker organism? | [
"What happens when a larger or stronger organism shares a resource with a smaller or weaker organism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10304 | 5a800ffd8f0597001ac0016e | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. | What happens when the sapling can take up rainwater and deplete some soil nutrients? | What happens when the sapling can take up rainwater and deplete some soil nutrients? | [
"What happens when the sapling can take up rainwater and deplete some soil nutrients?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10305 | 5a800ffd8f0597001ac0016f | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. | What happens when one organism is helped by another through a chemical secretion? | What happens when one organism is helped by another through a chemical secretion? | [
"What happens when one organism is helped by another through a chemical secretion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10306 | 5a800ffd8f0597001ac00170 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. | What secrets juglone, a substance which enhances many herbaceous plants within its root zone? | What secrets juglone, a substance which enhances many herbaceous plants within its root zone? | [
"What secrets juglone, a substance which enhances many herbaceous plants within its root zone?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10307 | 5a800ffd8f0597001ac00171 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. | What are two types of antibiosis? | What are two types of antibiosis? | [
"What are two types of antibiosis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10308 | 56de42a94396321400ee2730 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it. | What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with? | What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with? | [
"What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?"
] | {
"text": [
"weevils"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10309 | 56de42a94396321400ee2731 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it. | What does the Spanish ibex eat? | What does the Spanish ibex eat? | [
"What does the Spanish ibex eat?"
] | {
"text": [
"shrub"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10310 | 56de42a94396321400ee2732 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it. | What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants? | What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants? | [
"What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amensalism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10311 | 5a8012f38f0597001ac00177 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it. | What happens if a weevil eats from an ibex? | What happens if a weevil eats from an ibex? | [
"What happens if a weevil eats from an ibex?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10312 | 5a8012f38f0597001ac00178 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it. | What happens when the grass causes damage to an animal's hoof? | What happens when the grass causes damage to an animal's hoof? | [
"What happens when the grass causes damage to an animal's hoof?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10313 | 5a8012f38f0597001ac00179 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it. | What ethnicity are the ibex and the weevils? | What ethnicity are the ibex and the weevils? | [
"What ethnicity are the ibex and the weevils?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10314 | 5a8012f38f0597001ac0017a | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it. | What is altered if the presence of ibex has little detrimental effect on the number of weevil? | What is altered if the presence of ibex has little detrimental effect on the number of weevil? | [
"What is altered if the presence of ibex has little detrimental effect on the number of weevil?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10315 | 5a8012f38f0597001ac0017b | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it. | What genus are the Spanish ibex? | What genus are the Spanish ibex? | [
"What genus are the Spanish ibex?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10316 | 56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74b | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used. | What type of relationship harms both organisms? | What type of relationship harms both organisms? | [
"What type of relationship harms both organisms?"
] | {
"text": [
"Synnecrosis"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10317 | 56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74c | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used. | What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis? | What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis? | [
"What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?"
] | {
"text": [
"death"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10318 | 56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74d | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used. | How common is synnecrosis in the natural world? | How common is synnecrosis in the natural world? | [
"How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?"
] | {
"text": [
"uncommon"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10319 | 56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74e | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used. | Why do bees sting even though it will kill them? | Why do bees sting even though it will kill them? | [
"Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?"
] | {
"text": [
"to protect the hive"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10320 | 5a8015308f0597001ac00181 | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used. | What happens if a bee does not protect the hive? | What happens if a bee does not protect the hive? | [
"What happens if a bee does not protect the hive?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10321 | 5a8015308f0597001ac00182 | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used. | What is a common type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved? | What is a common type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved? | [
"What is a common type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10322 | 5a8015308f0597001ac00183 | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used. | What does the long enduring condition and the interaction eventually cause? | What does the long enduring condition and the interaction eventually cause? | [
"What does the long enduring condition and the interaction eventually cause?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10323 | 5a8015308f0597001ac00184 | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used. | What always happens to the victims of the bee sting? | What always happens to the victims of the bee sting? | [
"What always happens to the victims of the bee sting?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10324 | 5a8015308f0597001ac00185 | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used. | What happens if the bee does not die? | What happens if the bee does not die? | [
"What happens if the bee does not die?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10325 | 56de4520cffd8e1900b4b759 | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid. | What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria? | What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria? | [
"What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?"
] | {
"text": [
"the evolution of all eukaryotes"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10326 | 56de4520cffd8e1900b4b75a | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid. | What are eukaryotes? | What are eukaryotes? | [
"What are eukaryotes?"
] | {
"text": [
"plants, animals, fungi, and protists"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10327 | 5a80173a8f0597001ac0018b | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid. | What do all organelles have that is their own? | What do all organelles have that is their own? | [
"What do all organelles have that is their own?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10328 | 5a80173a8f0597001ac0018c | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid. | What has received more attention than other interactions such as predation or competition? | What has received more attention than other interactions such as predation or competition? | [
"What has received more attention than other interactions such as predation or competition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10329 | 5a80173a8f0597001ac0018d | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid. | What eukaryotes create various sorts of bacteria? | What eukaryotes create various sorts of bacteria? | [
"What eukaryotes create various sorts of bacteria?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10330 | 5a80173a8f0597001ac0018e | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid. | What always depends on the cell for the process of division? | What always depends on the cell for the process of division? | [
"What always depends on the cell for the process of division?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10331 | 56de4796cffd8e1900b4b777 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking." | What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution? | What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution? | [
"What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"symbiosis"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10332 | 56de4796cffd8e1900b4b779 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking." | Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution? | Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution? | [
"Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dorion Sagan"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10333 | 5a80193e8f0597001ac00193 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking." | What is the biologist Darwin famous for? | What is the biologist Darwin famous for? | [
"What is the biologist Darwin famous for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10334 | 5a80193e8f0597001ac00194 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking." | What is strongly based only upon uncooperative interaction and independence? | What is strongly based only upon uncooperative interaction and independence? | [
"What is strongly based only upon uncooperative interaction and independence?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10335 | 5a80193e8f0597001ac00195 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking." | Who was the last to utter this quote "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."? | Who was the last to utter this quote "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."? | [
"Who was the last to utter this quote \"Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking.\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10336 | 5a80193e8f0597001ac00196 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking." | What is not considered a driving force behind evolution? | What is not considered a driving force behind evolution? | [
"What is not considered a driving force behind evolution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10337 | 5a80193e8f0597001ac00197 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking." | Who currently disagrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution? | Who currently disagrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution? | [
"Who currently disagrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10338 | 56de49434396321400ee2774 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect. | How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators? | How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators? | [
"How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?"
] | {
"text": [
"a major role"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10339 | 56de49434396321400ee2775 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect. | What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple? | What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple? | [
"What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?"
] | {
"text": [
"nectar and large sticky pollen"
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10340 | 56de49434396321400ee2776 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect. | What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect? | What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect? | [
"What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?"
] | {
"text": [
"dependent"
],
"answer_start": [
753
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10341 | 5a801c2e8f0597001ac0019d | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect. | What gave rise to a select group of plants? | What gave rise to a select group of plants? | [
"What gave rise to a select group of plants?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10342 | 5a801c2e8f0597001ac0019e | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect. | What flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively complex flowers? | What flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively complex flowers? | [
"What flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively complex flowers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10343 | 5a801c2e8f0597001ac0019f | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect. | What did bats develop to access and collect these rich food sources? | What did bats develop to access and collect these rich food sources? | [
"What did bats develop to access and collect these rich food sources?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10344 | 5a801c2e8f0597001ac001a0 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect. | What did birds develop to access and collect these rich food sources? | What did birds develop to access and collect these rich food sources? | [
"What did birds develop to access and collect these rich food sources?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10345 | 5a801c2e8f0597001ac001a1 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect. | What animals need to be modified in order to be correspondingly adapted? | What animals need to be modified in order to be correspondingly adapted? | [
"What animals need to be modified in order to be correspondingly adapted?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10346 | 56e01244231d4119001abf16 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images? | Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images? | [
"Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?"
] | {
"text": [
"fumetti"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10347 | 56e01244231d4119001abf17 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics? | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics? | [
"In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"speech balloons"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10348 | 56e01244231d4119001abf18 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century? | What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century? | [
"What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?"
] | {
"text": [
"online webcomics"
],
"answer_start": [
756
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10349 | 56e01244231d4119001abf19 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics? | The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics? | [
"The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"narrative pacing"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10350 | 5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd0 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | Which form of comics entails the use of autographic images? | Which form of comics entails the use of autographic images? | [
"Which form of comics entails the use of autographic images?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10351 | 5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd1 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics? | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics? | [
"In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10352 | 5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd2 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the non-dialogue in comics? | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the non-dialogue in comics? | [
"In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the non-dialogue in comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10353 | 5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd3 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | What type of comic has taken off in the 20th century? | What type of comic has taken off in the 20th century? | [
"What type of comic has taken off in the 20th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10354 | 5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd4 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. | The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged don't help with what aspect of comics? | The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged don't help with what aspect of comics? | [
"The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged don't help with what aspect of comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10355 | 56e01379231d4119001abf20 | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia. | When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons? | When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons? | [
"When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?"
] | {
"text": [
"1830s"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10356 | 56e01379231d4119001abf22 | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia. | Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938? | Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938? | [
"Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?"
] | {
"text": [
"Superman"
],
"answer_start": [
711
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10357 | 56e01379231d4119001abf23 | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia. | What is Japanese cartooning known as? | What is Japanese cartooning known as? | [
"What is Japanese cartooning known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"manga"
],
"answer_start": [
783
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10358 | 5acf6c2d77cf76001a684dda | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia. | When did Rodolphe Töpffer create news? | When did Rodolphe Töpffer create news? | [
"When did Rodolphe Töpffer create news?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10359 | 5acf6c2d77cf76001a684ddb | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia. | Which superhero appeared in comics in 1983? | Which superhero appeared in comics in 1983? | [
"Which superhero appeared in comics in 1983?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10360 | 5acf6c2d77cf76001a684ddc | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia. | Which antihero appeared in comics in 1938? | Which antihero appeared in comics in 1938? | [
"Which antihero appeared in comics in 1938?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10361 | 5acf6c2d77cf76001a684ddd | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia. | What is Chinese cartooning known as? | What is Chinese cartooning known as? | [
"What is Chinese cartooning known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10362 | 5acf6c2d77cf76001a684dde | Comics | The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia. | What is Japanese cartooning not known as? | What is Japanese cartooning not known as? | [
"What is Japanese cartooning not known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10363 | 56e014a37aa994140058e2c3 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | French comics are also known as what? | French comics are also known as what? | [
"French comics are also known as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"bandes dessinées"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10364 | 56e014a37aa994140058e2c4 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural? | When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural? | [
"When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?"
] | {
"text": [
"when it refers to the medium"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10365 | 56e014a37aa994140058e2c5 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what? | The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what? | [
"The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?"
] | {
"text": [
"recurring characters"
],
"answer_start": [
792
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10366 | 56e014a37aa994140058e2c6 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things? | Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things? | [
"Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?"
] | {
"text": [
"images and text"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10367 | 56e014a37aa994140058e2c7 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | What are Japanese comics called? | What are Japanese comics called? | [
"What are Japanese comics called?"
] | {
"text": [
"manga"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10368 | 5acf6cc177cf76001a684dee | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | French comics are not known as what? | French comics are not known as what? | [
"French comics are not known as what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10369 | 5acf6cc177cf76001a684def | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | When is the term comics considered multiple rather than plural? | When is the term comics considered multiple rather than plural? | [
"When is the term comics considered multiple rather than plural?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10370 | 5acf6cc177cf76001a684df0 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | The non-historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what? | The non-historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what? | [
"The non-historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10371 | 5acf6cc177cf76001a684df1 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | No experts believe comics is a combination of what two things? | No experts believe comics is a combination of what two things? | [
"No experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10372 | 5acf6cc177cf76001a684df2 | Comics | The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult. | What are Japanese comics never called? | What are Japanese comics never called? | [
"What are Japanese comics never called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10373 | 56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cd | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe? | Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe? | [
"Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rodolphe Töpffer"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10374 | 56e01a8f7aa994140058e2ce | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America? | Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America? | [
"Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?"
] | {
"text": [
"Richard F. Outcault"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10375 | 56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cf | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers? | When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers? | [
"When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?"
] | {
"text": [
"1890s"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10376 | 56e01a8f7aa994140058e2d0 | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II? | What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II? | [
"What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?"
] | {
"text": [
"satirical"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10377 | 5acf6d3877cf76001a684e02 | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | Who is best known for being the last comics creator in Europe? | Who is best known for being the last comics creator in Europe? | [
"Who is best known for being the last comics creator in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10378 | 5acf6d3877cf76001a684e03 | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | Who is least known for being the first comics creator in Europe? | Who is least known for being the first comics creator in Europe? | [
"Who is least known for being the first comics creator in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10379 | 5acf6d3877cf76001a684e04 | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | Who is considered to be the last comic creator in America? | Who is considered to be the last comic creator in America? | [
"Who is considered to be the last comic creator in America?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10380 | 5acf6d3877cf76001a684e05 | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in books? | When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in books? | [
"When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in books?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10381 | 5acf6d3877cf76001a684e06 | Comics | The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. | What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War I? | What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War I? | [
"What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War I?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10382 | 56e01bf5231d4119001abf29 | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics? | In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics? | [
"In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lascaux cave paintings"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10383 | 56e01bf5231d4119001abf2a | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | [
"What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10384 | 56e01bf5231d4119001abf2b | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics? | In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics? | [
"In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"hieroglyphs"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10385 | 56e01bf5231d4119001abf2c | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | [
"In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Trajan's Column"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10386 | 5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0c | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | In France, what did historians find that they consider a irrelevant for comics? | In France, what did historians find that they consider a irrelevant for comics? | [
"In France, what did historians find that they consider a irrelevant for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10387 | 5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0d | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be irrelevant for comics? | What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be irrelevant for comics? | [
"What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be irrelevant for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10388 | 5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0e | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | What Donatello work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | What Donatello work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics? | [
"What Donatello work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10389 | 5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0f | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics? | In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics? | [
"In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10390 | 5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e10 | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b] | In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics? | In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics? | [
"In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10391 | 56e01d2f231d4119001abf33 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century? | What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century? | [
"What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Glasgow Looking Glass"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10392 | 56e01d2f231d4119001abf34 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin? | When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin? | [
"When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"1825"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10393 | 56e01d2f231d4119001abf35 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical? | In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical? | [
"In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?"
] | {
"text": [
"Punch"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10394 | 56e01d2f231d4119001abf36 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine? | Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine? | [
"Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ally Sloper"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10395 | 56e01d2f231d4119001abf37 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | When did Ally Sloper first appear? | When did Ally Sloper first appear? | [
"When did Ally Sloper first appear?"
] | {
"text": [
"1884"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10396 | 5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e20 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | What was the last illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century? | What was the last illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century? | [
"What was the last illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10397 | 5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e21 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | When did The Glasgow Looking Glass end? | When did The Glasgow Looking Glass end? | [
"When did The Glasgow Looking Glass end?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10398 | 5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e22 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | In Britain, what was the least liked illustrated humor periodical? | In Britain, what was the least liked illustrated humor periodical? | [
"In Britain, what was the least liked illustrated humor periodical?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10399 | 5acf6e3a77cf76001a684e23 | Comics | Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884. | Which comic character was the last to appear in a weekly magazine? | Which comic character was the last to appear in a weekly magazine? | [
"Which comic character was the last to appear in a weekly magazine?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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