gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-11000 | 5ad2afe5d7d075001a429f22 | Anthropology | Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies. | What disciplines is Anthropolgy forced to confront? | What disciplines is Anthropolgy forced to confront? | [
"What disciplines is Anthropolgy forced to confront?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11001 | 5ad2afe5d7d075001a429f23 | Anthropology | Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies. | What builds upon knowledge from Anthropology? | What builds upon knowledge from Anthropology? | [
"What builds upon knowledge from Anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11002 | 5ad2afe5d7d075001a429f24 | Anthropology | Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies. | What began in modern day Greece? | What began in modern day Greece? | [
"What began in modern day Greece?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11003 | 5ad2afe5d7d075001a429f25 | Anthropology | Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies. | What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology developed from? | What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology developed from? | [
"What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology developed from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11004 | 5733afdc4776f41900661027 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades. | What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by? | What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by? | [
"What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?"
] | {
"text": [
"structuralist and postmodern theories"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11005 | 5733afdc4776f41900661028 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades. | When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology? | When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology? | [
"When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [
"During the 1970s and 1990s"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11006 | 5733afdc4776f41900661029 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades. | What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology? | What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology? | [
"What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [
"nature and production of knowledge"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11007 | 5733afdc4776f4190066102a | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades. | What two fields remained largely positivist? | What two fields remained largely positivist? | [
"What two fields remained largely positivist? "
] | {
"text": [
"archaeology and biological anthropology"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11008 | 5733afdc4776f4190066102b | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades. | What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades? | What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades? | [
"What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades?"
] | {
"text": [
"cohesion"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11009 | 5ad2b940d7d075001a42a054 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades. | what has heavily influenced structuralists and postmodern theories? | what has heavily influenced structuralists and postmodern theories? | [
"what has heavily influenced structuralists and postmodern theories?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11010 | 5ad2b940d7d075001a42a055 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades. | When was there a shift towards the positivist traditions? | When was there a shift towards the positivist traditions? | [
"When was there a shift towards the positivist traditions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11011 | 5ad2b940d7d075001a42a056 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades. | What did archeology and biological anthropology largly shift away from? | What did archeology and biological anthropology largly shift away from? | [
"What did archeology and biological anthropology largly shift away from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11012 | 5ad2b940d7d075001a42a057 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades. | What has been cohesive over the last several decades? | What has been cohesive over the last several decades? | [
"What has been cohesive over the last several decades?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11013 | 5733b084d058e614000b6061 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. | What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology? | What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology? | [
"What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sociocultural anthropology"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11014 | 5733b084d058e614000b6062 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. | What studies the way people make sense of the world around them? | What studies the way people make sense of the world around them? | [
"What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cultural anthropology"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11015 | 5733b084d058e614000b6063 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. | Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups? | Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups? | [
"Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?"
] | {
"text": [
"social"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11016 | 5733b084d058e614000b6064 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. | What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of? | What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of? | [
"What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?"
] | {
"text": [
"social structures,"
],
"answer_start": [
662
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11017 | 5733b084d058e614000b6065 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. | What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology? | What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology? | [
"What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [
"hard-and-fast"
],
"answer_start": [
786
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11018 | 5ad2bcd8d7d075001a42a0a6 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. | What draws together the aces of Sociocultural anthropology? | What draws together the aces of Sociocultural anthropology? | [
"What draws together the aces of Sociocultural anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11019 | 5ad2bcd8d7d075001a42a0a7 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. | What studies how people use the world around them? | What studies how people use the world around them? | [
"What studies how people use the world around them?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11020 | 5ad2bcd8d7d075001a42a0a8 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. | What type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and their history? | What type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and their history? | [
"What type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and their history?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11021 | 5ad2bcd8d7d075001a42a0a9 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. | What type off anthropology has a hard-and-fast distinction from social anthropology? | What type off anthropology has a hard-and-fast distinction from social anthropology? | [
"What type off anthropology has a hard-and-fast distinction from social anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11022 | 5733b177d058e614000b6079 | Anthropology | Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. | What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms? | What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms? | [
"What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?"
] | {
"text": [
"cultural relativism"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11023 | 5733b177d058e614000b607a | Anthropology | Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. | What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate? | What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate? | [
"What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate?"
] | {
"text": [
"reductionism in cross-cultural comparison"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11024 | 5733b177d058e614000b607b | Anthropology | Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. | What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research? | What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research? | [
"What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ethnography"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11025 | 5733b177d058e614000b607c | Anthropology | Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. | What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology? | What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology? | [
"What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [
"Participant observation"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11026 | 5733b177d058e614000b607d | Anthropology | Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. | What is a needlessly complicated word which means "conceptual"? | What is a needlessly complicated word which means "conceptual"? | [
"What is a needlessly complicated word which means \"conceptual\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"emic"
],
"answer_start": [
821
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11027 | 5ad2c034d7d075001a42a0e8 | Anthropology | Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. | What is cultural relativism guided by? | What is cultural relativism guided by? | [
"What is cultural relativism guided by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11028 | 5ad2c034d7d075001a42a0e9 | Anthropology | Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. | What moderates accepting other cultures on their own terms? | What moderates accepting other cultures on their own terms? | [
"What moderates accepting other cultures on their own terms?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11029 | 5ad2c034d7d075001a42a0ea | Anthropology | Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. | What is one of the foundational methods of Ethnology? | What is one of the foundational methods of Ethnology? | [
"What is one of the foundational methods of Ethnology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11030 | 5ad2c034d7d075001a42a0eb | Anthropology | Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. | What does social anthropology involve the comarision of? | What does social anthropology involve the comarision of? | [
"What does social anthropology involve the comarision of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11031 | 5733b22f4776f41900661071 | Anthropology | The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology). | Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of? | Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of? | [
"Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sociocultural"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11032 | 5733b22f4776f41900661072 | Anthropology | The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology). | Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in? | Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in? | [
"Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?"
] | {
"text": [
"resolution"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11033 | 5733b22f4776f41900661073 | Anthropology | The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology). | What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about? | What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about? | [
"What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?"
] | {
"text": [
"consumption and exchange"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11034 | 5733b22f4776f41900661074 | Anthropology | The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology). | What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology? | What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology? | [
"What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [
"language"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11035 | 5733b22f4776f41900661075 | Anthropology | The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology). | What is a human universal? | What is a human universal? | [
"What is a human universal?"
] | {
"text": [
"kinship"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11036 | 5ad2c389d7d075001a42a13a | Anthropology | The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology). | What is the study of kinship and ancestory? | What is the study of kinship and ancestory? | [
"What is the study of kinship and ancestory?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11037 | 5ad2c389d7d075001a42a13b | Anthropology | The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology). | What type of anthropology covers the formation of conflict? | What type of anthropology covers the formation of conflict? | [
"What type of anthropology covers the formation of conflict?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11038 | 5733b2e14776f41900661085 | Anthropology | Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. | What field studies human's past through material remains? | What field studies human's past through material remains? | [
"What field studies human's past through material remains?"
] | {
"text": [
"Archaeology"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11039 | 5733b2e14776f41900661086 | Anthropology | Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. | What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of? | What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of? | [
"What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of?"
] | {
"text": [
"cultural and material lives of past societies"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11040 | 5733b2e14776f41900661087 | Anthropology | Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. | What can archaeologists deduce from material remains? | What can archaeologists deduce from material remains? | [
"What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?"
] | {
"text": [
"human behavior and cultural practices"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11041 | 5733b2e14776f41900661088 | Anthropology | Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. | What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups? | What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups? | [
"What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups?"
] | {
"text": [
"past human groups"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11042 | 5733b2e14776f41900661089 | Anthropology | Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. | How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations? | How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations? | [
"How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?"
] | {
"text": [
"in similar ways"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11043 | 5ad2d6a8d7d075001a42a420 | Anthropology | Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. | What is the study of humanity? | What is the study of humanity? | [
"What is the study of humanity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11044 | 5ad2d6a8d7d075001a42a421 | Anthropology | Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. | What creates patterns of past humane behavior? | What creates patterns of past humane behavior? | [
"What creates patterns of past humane behavior?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11045 | 5ad2d6a8d7d075001a42a422 | Anthropology | Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. | What do Ethnoarchaelogist study to get a better understanding of past humane goups? | What do Ethnoarchaelogist study to get a better understanding of past humane goups? | [
"What do Ethnoarchaelogist study to get a better understanding of past humane goups?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11046 | 5733b36dd058e614000b60a4 | Anthropology | Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. | What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications? | What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications? | [
"What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications?"
] | {
"text": [
"Linguistic"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11047 | 5733b36dd058e614000b60a5 | Anthropology | Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. | What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on? | What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on? | [
"What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?"
] | {
"text": [
"anthropological"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11048 | 5733b36dd058e614000b60a6 | Anthropology | Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. | What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to? | What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to? | [
"What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?"
] | {
"text": [
"interpretation of sociocultural processes"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11049 | 5733b36dd058e614000b60a7 | Anthropology | Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. | What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on? | What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on? | [
"What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?"
] | {
"text": [
"sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11050 | 5ad2d810d7d075001a42a43e | Anthropology | Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. | What subdivision of linguistics studies human communication? | What subdivision of linguistics studies human communication? | [
"What subdivision of linguistics studies human communication?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11051 | 5ad2d810d7d075001a42a43f | Anthropology | Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. | What is the analysis of of linguistic anthropology? | What is the analysis of of linguistic anthropology? | [
"What is the analysis of of linguistic anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11052 | 5ad2d810d7d075001a42a440 | Anthropology | Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. | What related fields draw on linguistic anthropology? | What related fields draw on linguistic anthropology? | [
"What related fields draw on linguistic anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11053 | 5733b425d058e614000b60bc | Anthropology | One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. | What is a cultural phenomenon? | What is a cultural phenomenon? | [
"What is a cultural phenomenon? "
] | {
"text": [
"art"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11054 | 5733b425d058e614000b60bd | Anthropology | One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. | What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts? | What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts? | [
"What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?"
] | {
"text": [
"do not exist"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11055 | 5733b425d058e614000b60be | Anthropology | One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. | What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on? | What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on? | [
"What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?"
] | {
"text": [
"evident 'aesthetic' qualities"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11056 | 5733b425d058e614000b60bf | Anthropology | One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. | When was Art as Cultural System penned? | When was Art as Cultural System penned? | [
"When was Art as Cultural System penned?"
] | {
"text": [
"1983"
],
"answer_start": [
650
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11057 | 5733b425d058e614000b60c0 | Anthropology | One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. | What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of? | What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of? | [
"What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of?"
] | {
"text": [
"culturally specific 'aesthetics'"
],
"answer_start": [
751
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11058 | 5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4b8 | Anthropology | One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. | What is a central problem of the study of art? | What is a central problem of the study of art? | [
"What is a central problem of the study of art?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11059 | 5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4b9 | Anthropology | One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. | What categories of art do not exixt in most Wester contests? | What categories of art do not exixt in most Wester contests? | [
"What categories of art do not exixt in most Wester contests?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11060 | 5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4ba | Anthropology | One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. | When did Boas write The Way of the Masks? | When did Boas write The Way of the Masks? | [
"When did Boas write The Way of the Masks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11061 | 5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4bb | Anthropology | One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. | What have anthropologists triet to turn the anthropology of culturally specific aesthetics into? | What have anthropologists triet to turn the anthropology of culturally specific aesthetics into? | [
"What have anthropologists triet to turn the anthropology of culturally specific aesthetics into?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11062 | 5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4bc | Anthropology | One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. | When did Greetz write Primitive Art? | When did Greetz write Primitive Art? | [
"When did Greetz write Primitive Art?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11063 | 5733c6b3d058e614000b6223 | Anthropology | Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. | What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media? | What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media? | [
"What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?"
] | {
"text": [
"Media anthropology"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11064 | 5733c6b3d058e614000b6224 | Anthropology | Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. | Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context? | Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context? | [
"Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?"
] | {
"text": [
"ethnographic"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11065 | 5733c6b3d058e614000b6225 | Anthropology | Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. | What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search? | What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search? | [
"What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?"
] | {
"text": [
"cyber"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11066 | 5733c6b3d058e614000b6226 | Anthropology | Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. | Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years? | Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years? | [
"Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?"
] | {
"text": [
"early 1990s"
],
"answer_start": [
878
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11067 | 5733c6b3d058e614000b6227 | Anthropology | Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. | Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context? | Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context? | [
"Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?"
] | {
"text": [
"media reception"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11068 | 5ad2dbabd7d075001a42a4fe | Anthropology | Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. | What is the study of Mass Media? | What is the study of Mass Media? | [
"What is the study of Mass Media?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11069 | 5ad2dbabd7d075001a42a4ff | Anthropology | Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. | What type of anthropology involves the internet and roboticas? | What type of anthropology involves the internet and roboticas? | [
"What type of anthropology involves the internet and roboticas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11070 | 5ad2dbabd7d075001a42a500 | Anthropology | Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. | What form of media began to lose its presence in the 1990's? | What form of media began to lose its presence in the 1990's? | [
"What form of media began to lose its presence in the 1990's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11071 | 5733c775d058e614000b6237 | Anthropology | Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. | What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film? | What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film? | [
"What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?"
] | {
"text": [
"Visual"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11072 | 5733c775d058e614000b6238 | Anthropology | Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. | What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under? | What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under? | [
"What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?"
] | {
"text": [
"visual representation"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11073 | 5733c775d058e614000b6239 | Anthropology | Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. | What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology? | What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology? | [
"What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [
"all"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11074 | 5733c775d058e614000b623a | Anthropology | Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. | What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with? | What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with? | [
"What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?"
] | {
"text": [
"ethnographic film"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11075 | 5ad2ea14604f3c001a3fd9bf | Anthropology | Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. | What type of anthropology involves photographers? | What type of anthropology involves photographers? | [
"What type of anthropology involves photographers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11076 | 5ad2ea14604f3c001a3fd9c0 | Anthropology | Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. | What type of representation does ethnographic film study? | What type of representation does ethnographic film study? | [
"What type of representation does ethnographic film study?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11077 | 5ad2ea14604f3c001a3fd9c1 | Anthropology | Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. | What term has replaced Visual anthropology? | What term has replaced Visual anthropology? | [
"What term has replaced Visual anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11078 | 5733c827d058e614000b623f | Anthropology | Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective. | Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior? | Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior? | [
"Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?"
] | {
"text": [
"Economic"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11079 | 5733c827d058e614000b6240 | Anthropology | Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective. | Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior? | Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior? | [
"Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?"
] | {
"text": [
"historic, geographic and cultural"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11080 | 5733c827d058e614000b6241 | Anthropology | Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective. | What is economic anthropology highly critical of? | What is economic anthropology highly critical of? | [
"What is economic anthropology highly critical of?"
] | {
"text": [
"discipline of economics"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11081 | 5733c827d058e614000b6242 | Anthropology | Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective. | Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology? | Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology? | [
"Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bronislaw Malinowski"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11082 | 5733c827d058e614000b6243 | Anthropology | Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective. | What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon? | What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon? | [
"What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?"
] | {
"text": [
"exchange"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11083 | 5ad2eb36604f3c001a3fd9c5 | Anthropology | Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective. | What type of anthropology attempts explain human finances? | What type of anthropology attempts explain human finances? | [
"What type of anthropology attempts explain human finances?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11084 | 5ad2eb36604f3c001a3fd9c6 | Anthropology | Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective. | What study focuses on the history of human economics rather than culural? | What study focuses on the history of human economics rather than culural? | [
"What study focuses on the history of human economics rather than culural?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11085 | 5ad2eb36604f3c001a3fd9c7 | Anthropology | Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective. | What alternative to gift-giving exchange did Mauss study? | What alternative to gift-giving exchange did Mauss study? | [
"What alternative to gift-giving exchange did Mauss study?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11086 | 5ad2eb36604f3c001a3fd9c8 | Anthropology | Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective. | What school of thought did Marx found? | What school of thought did Marx found? | [
"What school of thought did Marx found?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11087 | 5733cb994776f4190066125c | Anthropology | Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. | What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to? | What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to? | [
"What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?"
] | {
"text": [
"traditional concerns"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11088 | 5733cb994776f4190066125d | Anthropology | Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. | What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture? | What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture? | [
"What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"history and colonialism"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11089 | 5733cb994776f4190066125e | Anthropology | Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. | Who were the original affluent society? | Who were the original affluent society? | [
"Who were the original affluent society?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hunter-gatherers"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11090 | 5733cb994776f4190066125f | Anthropology | Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. | What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world? | What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world? | [
"What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"population"
],
"answer_start": [
697
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11091 | 5733cb994776f41900661260 | Anthropology | Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. | What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of? | What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of? | [
"What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of?"
] | {
"text": [
"industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism"
],
"answer_start": [
991
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11092 | 5ad2ec9c604f3c001a3fd9cd | Anthropology | Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. | What field of study removes Historical Materialism from the traditional concernsw of anthropology? | What field of study removes Historical Materialism from the traditional concernsw of anthropology? | [
"What field of study removes Historical Materialism from the traditional concernsw of anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11093 | 5ad2ec9c604f3c001a3fd9ce | Anthropology | Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. | What did Political Economy introduce to quwestions of history and coloialism? | What did Political Economy introduce to quwestions of history and coloialism? | [
"What did Political Economy introduce to quwestions of history and coloialism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11094 | 5ad2ec9c604f3c001a3fd9cf | Anthropology | Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. | Who makes up only a small part of the world's population? | Who makes up only a small part of the world's population? | [
"Who makes up only a small part of the world's population?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11095 | 5ad2ec9c604f3c001a3fd9d0 | Anthropology | Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. | Who has helped spread capitalism around the world? | Who has helped spread capitalism around the world? | [
"Who has helped spread capitalism around the world?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11096 | 5733cc56d058e614000b629f | Anthropology | Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development). | What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems? | What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems? | [
"What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?"
] | {
"text": [
"Applied"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11097 | 5733cc56d058e614000b62a0 | Anthropology | Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development). | What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce? | What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce? | [
"What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?"
] | {
"text": [
"change or stability"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11098 | 5733cc56d058e614000b62a1 | Anthropology | Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development). | What type of action does applied anthropology initiate? | What type of action does applied anthropology initiate? | [
"What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?"
] | {
"text": [
"direct"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11099 | 5733cc56d058e614000b62a2 | Anthropology | Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development). | What side of anthropology is applied anthropology? | What side of anthropology is applied anthropology? | [
"What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [
"the practical side"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
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