gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-110300
|
5a39a8772f14dd001ac72539
|
Culture
|
Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods,[citation needed] instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. "Culture" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science. "Cultural sociology" is one of the largest sections of the American Sociological Association. The British establishment of cultural studies means the latter is often taught as a loosely distinct discipline in the UK.
|
Which sociologists tend to accept scientific methods?
|
Which sociologists tend to accept scientific methods?
|
[
"Which sociologists tend to accept scientific methods?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110301
|
5a39a8772f14dd001ac7253a
|
Culture
|
Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods,[citation needed] instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. "Culture" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science. "Cultural sociology" is one of the largest sections of the American Sociological Association. The British establishment of cultural studies means the latter is often taught as a loosely distinct discipline in the UK.
|
What has never been an important concept across many branches of sociology?
|
What has never been an important concept across many branches of sociology?
|
[
"What has never been an important concept across many branches of sociology?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110302
|
5728071d4b864d190016427c
|
Culture
|
The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.
|
Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?
|
Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?
|
[
"Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Marx, Durkheim, and Weber"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110303
|
5728071d4b864d190016427d
|
Culture
|
The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.
|
What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?
|
What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?
|
[
"What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?"
] |
{
"text": [
"popular culture, political control, and social class"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110304
|
5728071d4b864d190016427e
|
Culture
|
The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.
|
What is most of the research into sociological culture ?
|
What is most of the research into sociological culture ?
|
[
"What is most of the research into sociological culture ?"
] |
{
"text": [
"qualitative"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110305
|
5a39a9bc2f14dd001ac72547
|
Culture
|
The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.
|
Which three early theorists helped eliminate the sociology of culture?
|
Which three early theorists helped eliminate the sociology of culture?
|
[
"Which three early theorists helped eliminate the sociology of culture?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110306
|
5a39a9bc2f14dd001ac72548
|
Culture
|
The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.
|
What were the main elements for the field of Sociology culture?
|
What were the main elements for the field of Sociology culture?
|
[
"What were the main elements for the field of Sociology culture?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110307
|
5a39a9bc2f14dd001ac72549
|
Culture
|
The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.
|
What is the least of the research into sociological culture ?
|
What is the least of the research into sociological culture ?
|
[
"What is the least of the research into sociological culture ?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110308
|
5a39a9bc2f14dd001ac7254a
|
Culture
|
The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.
|
What were never concerns in the field?
|
What were never concerns in the field?
|
[
"What were never concerns in the field?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110309
|
572808a2ff5b5019007d9b72
|
Culture
|
In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.
|
Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom?
|
Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom?
|
[
"Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988)"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110310
|
572808a2ff5b5019007d9b73
|
Culture
|
In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.
|
What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams they identify culture as?
|
What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams they identify culture as?
|
[
"What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams they identify culture as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"consumption goods and leisure activities"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110311
|
572808a2ff5b5019007d9b74
|
Culture
|
In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.
|
What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist?
|
What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist?
|
[
"What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist?"
] |
{
"text": [
"art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110312
|
572808a2ff5b5019007d9b75
|
Culture
|
In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.
|
What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?
|
What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?
|
[
"What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?"
] |
{
"text": [
"saw patterns of consumption and leisure"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110313
|
5a39ab532f14dd001ac7254f
|
Culture
|
In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.
|
Which scientist created Marxism in the United Kingdom?
|
Which scientist created Marxism in the United Kingdom?
|
[
"Which scientist created Marxism in the United Kingdom?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110314
|
5a39ab532f14dd001ac72550
|
Culture
|
In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.
|
What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams discount culture as?
|
What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams discount culture as?
|
[
"What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams discount culture as?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110315
|
5a39ab532f14dd001ac72551
|
Culture
|
In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.
|
What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on individuals and the organization of destruction?
|
What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on individuals and the organization of destruction?
|
[
"What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on individuals and the organization of destruction?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110316
|
5a39ab532f14dd001ac72552
|
Culture
|
In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.
|
Where did Marxism begin?
|
Where did Marxism begin?
|
[
"Where did Marxism begin?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110317
|
572809bfff5b5019007d9b8e
|
Culture
|
In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western Civilization" or as "Globalism."
|
In the U.S what does "Cultural Studies" focus largely on in this field?
|
In the U.S what does "Cultural Studies" focus largely on in this field?
|
[
"In the U.S what does \"Cultural Studies\" focus largely on in this field?"
] |
{
"text": [
"popular culture"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110318
|
572809bfff5b5019007d9b8f
|
Culture
|
In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western Civilization" or as "Globalism."
|
Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United States?
|
Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United States?
|
[
"Who first coined the term \"Cultural Studies\" in the United States?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Richard Hoggart"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110319
|
572809bfff5b5019007d9b90
|
Culture
|
In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western Civilization" or as "Globalism."
|
What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964?
|
What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964?
|
[
"What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110320
|
572809bfff5b5019007d9b91
|
Culture
|
In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western Civilization" or as "Globalism."
|
The CCCS has since been associated with who?
|
The CCCS has since been associated with who?
|
[
"The CCCS has since been associated with who?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Stuart Hall"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110321
|
5a39ac6c2f14dd001ac72557
|
Culture
|
In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western Civilization" or as "Globalism."
|
In the UK what does "Cultural Studies" focus little on in this field?
|
In the UK what does "Cultural Studies" focus little on in this field?
|
[
"In the UK what does \"Cultural Studies\" focus little on in this field?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110322
|
5a39ac6c2f14dd001ac72558
|
Culture
|
In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western Civilization" or as "Globalism."
|
Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United Kingdom?
|
Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United Kingdom?
|
[
"Who first coined the term \"Cultural Studies\" in the United Kingdom?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110323
|
5a39ac6c2f14dd001ac72559
|
Culture
|
In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western Civilization" or as "Globalism."
|
What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1954?
|
What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1954?
|
[
"What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1954?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110324
|
5a39ac6c2f14dd001ac7255a
|
Culture
|
In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western Civilization" or as "Globalism."
|
The CCCS has since been disassociated with who?
|
The CCCS has since been disassociated with who?
|
[
"The CCCS has since been disassociated with who?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110325
|
57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc4
|
Culture
|
From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.
|
Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?
|
Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?
|
[
"Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110326
|
57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc5
|
Culture
|
From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.
|
What did Stuart and his colleagues create?
|
What did Stuart and his colleagues create?
|
[
"What did Stuart and his colleagues create?"
] |
{
"text": [
"international intellectual movement."
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110327
|
57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc6
|
Culture
|
From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.
|
In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?
|
In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?
|
[
"In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?"
] |
{
"text": [
"matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110328
|
57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc7
|
Culture
|
From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.
|
Capitalism can be referred to as what process?
|
Capitalism can be referred to as what process?
|
[
"Capitalism can be referred to as what process?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a process called globalization"
],
"answer_start": [
1491
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110329
|
5a39ad012f14dd001ac7255f
|
Culture
|
From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.
|
Who did Stuart Hall never work with?
|
Who did Stuart Hall never work with?
|
[
"Who did Stuart Hall never work with?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110330
|
5a39ad012f14dd001ac72560
|
Culture
|
From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.
|
What did Stuart and his colleagues eliminate?
|
What did Stuart and his colleagues eliminate?
|
[
"What did Stuart and his colleagues eliminate?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110331
|
5a39ad012f14dd001ac72561
|
Culture
|
From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.
|
Capitalism can never be referred to as what process?
|
Capitalism can never be referred to as what process?
|
[
"Capitalism can never be referred to as what process?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110332
|
5a39ad012f14dd001ac72562
|
Culture
|
From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.
|
In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often ignore?
|
In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often ignore?
|
[
"In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often ignore?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110333
|
57280ddfff5b5019007d9be6
|
Culture
|
In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]
|
The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?
|
The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?
|
[
"The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?"
] |
{
"text": [
"films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110334
|
57280ddfff5b5019007d9be7
|
Culture
|
In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]
|
Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?
|
Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?
|
[
"Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?"
] |
{
"text": [
"high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110335
|
57280ddfff5b5019007d9be8
|
Culture
|
In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]
|
What makes up cooperative cultural studies?
|
What makes up cooperative cultural studies?
|
[
"What makes up cooperative cultural studies? "
] |
{
"text": [
"based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110336
|
5a39adae2f14dd001ac7256d
|
Culture
|
In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]
|
The idea of text in cultural studies can never include what forms other than written language?
|
The idea of text in cultural studies can never include what forms other than written language?
|
[
"The idea of text in cultural studies can never include what forms other than written language?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110337
|
5a39adae2f14dd001ac7256e
|
Culture
|
In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]
|
Which two practices have become the least focused on in cultural studies?
|
Which two practices have become the least focused on in cultural studies?
|
[
"Which two practices have become the least focused on in cultural studies?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110338
|
5a39adae2f14dd001ac7256f
|
Culture
|
In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]
|
What disregards cooperative cultural studies?
|
What disregards cooperative cultural studies?
|
[
"What disregards cooperative cultural studies?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110339
|
5a39adae2f14dd001ac72570
|
Culture
|
In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]
|
What has never been studied by researchers?
|
What has never been studied by researchers?
|
[
"What has never been studied by researchers?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110340
|
57280eea3acd2414000df353
|
Culture
|
Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.
|
Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?
|
Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?
|
[
"Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?"
] |
{
"text": [
"late 1970s"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110341
|
57280eea3acd2414000df354
|
Culture
|
Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.
|
When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?
|
When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?
|
[
"When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1950s and 1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110342
|
57280eea3acd2414000df355
|
Culture
|
Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.
|
Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?
|
Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?
|
[
"Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110343
|
57280eea3acd2414000df356
|
Culture
|
Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.
|
Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?
|
Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?
|
[
"Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the University of Birmingham"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110344
|
5a39ae6c2f14dd001ac7257d
|
Culture
|
Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.
|
When did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop similar versions of cultural studies?
|
When did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop similar versions of cultural studies?
|
[
"When did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop similar versions of cultural studies?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110345
|
5a39ae6c2f14dd001ac7257e
|
Culture
|
Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.
|
When did the British version of cultural studies end?
|
When did the British version of cultural studies end?
|
[
"When did the British version of cultural studies end?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110346
|
5a39ae6c2f14dd001ac7257f
|
Culture
|
Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.
|
Who had influenced cultural studies in the United States?
|
Who had influenced cultural studies in the United States?
|
[
"Who had influenced cultural studies in the United States?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110347
|
5a39ae6c2f14dd001ac72580
|
Culture
|
Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.
|
Which University was not allowed to do research of cultural studies?
|
Which University was not allowed to do research of cultural studies?
|
[
"Which University was not allowed to do research of cultural studies?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110348
|
57281099ff5b5019007d9c42
|
Culture
|
In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]
|
Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?
|
Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?
|
[
"Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Lindlof and Taylor"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110349
|
57281099ff5b5019007d9c43
|
Culture
|
In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]
|
From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled to essentially control a culture?
|
From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled to essentially control a culture?
|
[
"From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled to essentially control a culture?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the economic base"
],
"answer_start": [
1035
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110350
|
5a39b0472f14dd001ac7258d
|
Culture
|
In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]
|
Which two wrote Cultural studies are grounded in a rationalist, conservative-pluralist tradition?
|
Which two wrote Cultural studies are grounded in a rationalist, conservative-pluralist tradition?
|
[
"Which two wrote Cultural studies are grounded in a rationalist, conservative-pluralist tradition?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110351
|
5a39b0472f14dd001ac7258e
|
Culture
|
In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]
|
What did they believe was unnecessary to control a culture from a Marxist view?
|
What did they believe was unnecessary to control a culture from a Marxist view?
|
[
"What did they believe was unnecessary to control a culture from a Marxist view?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110352
|
5a39b0472f14dd001ac7258f
|
Culture
|
In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]
|
Who contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art news and philosophy?
|
Who contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art news and philosophy?
|
[
"Who contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art news and philosophy?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110353
|
5a39b0472f14dd001ac72590
|
Culture
|
In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]
|
Which writer contributed to cultural studies from the field of science and French modernism?
|
Which writer contributed to cultural studies from the field of science and French modernism?
|
[
"Which writer contributed to cultural studies from the field of science and French modernism?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110354
|
5a39b0472f14dd001ac72591
|
Culture
|
In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]
|
What never criticized the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product?
|
What never criticized the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product?
|
[
"What never criticized the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110355
|
572818dfff5b5019007d9d2a
|
Culture
|
Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.
|
How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on?
|
How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on?
|
[
"How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on?"
] |
{
"text": [
"29 ways"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110356
|
572818dfff5b5019007d9d2b
|
Culture
|
Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.
|
What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to?
|
What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to?
|
[
"What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"enlightenment"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110357
|
572818dfff5b5019007d9d2c
|
Culture
|
Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.
|
What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways?
|
What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways?
|
[
"What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways?"
] |
{
"text": [
"secular society"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110358
|
5a39b12e2f14dd001ac72597
|
Culture
|
Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.
|
How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believe cultural consistency can be based on?
|
How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believe cultural consistency can be based on?
|
[
"How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believe cultural consistency can be based on?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110359
|
5a39b12e2f14dd001ac72598
|
Culture
|
Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.
|
What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be opposite of?
|
What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be opposite of?
|
[
"What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be opposite of?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110360
|
5a39b12e2f14dd001ac72599
|
Culture
|
Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.
|
What type of society was not seen from Raimon's 29 ways?
|
What type of society was not seen from Raimon's 29 ways?
|
[
"What type of society was not seen from Raimon's 29 ways?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110361
|
5a39b12e2f14dd001ac7259a
|
Culture
|
Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.
|
What kind of society is very religious?
|
What kind of society is very religious?
|
[
"What kind of society is very religious?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110362
|
5a39b12e2f14dd001ac7259b
|
Culture
|
Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.
|
Who pointed out there are 26 ways in which cultural change can be brought about?
|
Who pointed out there are 26 ways in which cultural change can be brought about?
|
[
"Who pointed out there are 26 ways in which cultural change can be brought about?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110363
|
57262c2c271a42140099d6ef
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Professional wrestling (colloquially abbreviated to pro wrestling or wrestling) is an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport. Taking the form of live events held by touring promotions, it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling, catch wrestling and various forms of martial arts, as well as an innovative style based on grappling (holds/throws), striking, and aerialism. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used.
|
What is professional wrestling abbreviated as?
|
What is professional wrestling abbreviated as?
|
[
"What is professional wrestling abbreviated as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"pro wrestling"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110364
|
57262c2c271a42140099d6f0
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Professional wrestling (colloquially abbreviated to pro wrestling or wrestling) is an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport. Taking the form of live events held by touring promotions, it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling, catch wrestling and various forms of martial arts, as well as an innovative style based on grappling (holds/throws), striking, and aerialism. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used.
|
What are a couple of styles of combat based on?
|
What are a couple of styles of combat based on?
|
[
"What are a couple of styles of combat based on?"
] |
{
"text": [
"classical wrestling, catch wrestling"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110365
|
57262c2c271a42140099d6f1
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Professional wrestling (colloquially abbreviated to pro wrestling or wrestling) is an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport. Taking the form of live events held by touring promotions, it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling, catch wrestling and various forms of martial arts, as well as an innovative style based on grappling (holds/throws), striking, and aerialism. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used.
|
Who are live events held by?
|
Who are live events held by?
|
[
"Who are live events held by?"
] |
{
"text": [
"touring promotions"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110366
|
57262c2c271a42140099d6f2
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Professional wrestling (colloquially abbreviated to pro wrestling or wrestling) is an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport. Taking the form of live events held by touring promotions, it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling, catch wrestling and various forms of martial arts, as well as an innovative style based on grappling (holds/throws), striking, and aerialism. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used.
|
What is professional wrestling?
|
What is professional wrestling?
|
[
"What is professional wrestling?"
] |
{
"text": [
"an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110367
|
57262c2c271a42140099d6f3
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Professional wrestling (colloquially abbreviated to pro wrestling or wrestling) is an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport. Taking the form of live events held by touring promotions, it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling, catch wrestling and various forms of martial arts, as well as an innovative style based on grappling (holds/throws), striking, and aerialism. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used.
|
What kind of style does wrestling show?
|
What kind of style does wrestling show?
|
[
"What kind of style does wrestling show?"
] |
{
"text": [
"it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110368
|
57262d8f89a1e219009ac4fc
|
Professional_wrestling
|
The content including match outcomes is choreographed and the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain. These facts were once kept highly secret, but they are now openly declared as the truth. By and large, the true nature of the content is ignored by the performing promotion in official media in order to sustain and promote the willing suspension of disbelief for the audience by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude. Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media (i.e., interviews) will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle.
|
How are the actions conducted?
|
How are the actions conducted?
|
[
"How are the actions conducted?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110369
|
57262d8f89a1e219009ac4fd
|
Professional_wrestling
|
The content including match outcomes is choreographed and the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain. These facts were once kept highly secret, but they are now openly declared as the truth. By and large, the true nature of the content is ignored by the performing promotion in official media in order to sustain and promote the willing suspension of disbelief for the audience by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude. Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media (i.e., interviews) will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle.
|
What are the fan encouraged to do?
|
What are the fan encouraged to do?
|
[
"What are the fan encouraged to do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"willing suspension of disbelief for the audience"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110370
|
57262d8f89a1e219009ac4fe
|
Professional_wrestling
|
The content including match outcomes is choreographed and the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain. These facts were once kept highly secret, but they are now openly declared as the truth. By and large, the true nature of the content is ignored by the performing promotion in official media in order to sustain and promote the willing suspension of disbelief for the audience by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude. Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media (i.e., interviews) will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle.
|
How is the end result of the match planned out?
|
How is the end result of the match planned out?
|
[
"How is the end result of the match planned out?"
] |
{
"text": [
"match outcomes is choreographed"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110371
|
57262d8f89a1e219009ac4ff
|
Professional_wrestling
|
The content including match outcomes is choreographed and the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain. These facts were once kept highly secret, but they are now openly declared as the truth. By and large, the true nature of the content is ignored by the performing promotion in official media in order to sustain and promote the willing suspension of disbelief for the audience by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude. Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media (i.e., interviews) will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle.
|
What do wrestlers have to say about the realness or fakeness of the matches?
|
What do wrestlers have to say about the realness or fakeness of the matches?
|
[
"What do wrestlers have to say about the realness or fakeness of the matches?"
] |
{
"text": [
"will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle."
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110372
|
57262e6bec44d21400f3dbc7
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls, professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe, and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry. While it has greatly declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century and a half of existence. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, and wrestling (along with boxing) was instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery.
|
What part of the world has wrestling become less popular in?
|
What part of the world has wrestling become less popular in?
|
[
"What part of the world has wrestling become less popular in?"
] |
{
"text": [
"it has greatly declined in Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110373
|
57262e6bec44d21400f3dbc8
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls, professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe, and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry. While it has greatly declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century and a half of existence. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, and wrestling (along with boxing) was instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery.
|
Where did wrestling originally come from?
|
Where did wrestling originally come from?
|
[
"Where did wrestling originally come from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110374
|
57262e6bec44d21400f3dbc9
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls, professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe, and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry. While it has greatly declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century and a half of existence. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, and wrestling (along with boxing) was instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery.
|
Where was wrestling later showcased in North America?
|
Where was wrestling later showcased in North America?
|
[
"Where was wrestling later showcased in North America?"
] |
{
"text": [
"later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110375
|
57262e6bec44d21400f3dbca
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls, professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe, and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry. While it has greatly declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century and a half of existence. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, and wrestling (along with boxing) was instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery.
|
What is wrestling now thought to be?
|
What is wrestling now thought to be?
|
[
"What is wrestling now thought to be?"
] |
{
"text": [
"is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110376
|
57262e6bec44d21400f3dbcb
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls, professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe, and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry. While it has greatly declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century and a half of existence. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, and wrestling (along with boxing) was instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery.
|
What did television do for wrestling?
|
What did television do for wrestling?
|
[
"What did television do for wrestling?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110377
|
5726316889a1e219009ac538
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video. Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas, including Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums, by promotions including the WWE, the NWA territory system, WCW, and AWA. Pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade are among the highest-selling pay-per-view programming each year. In modern day, internet programming has been utilized by a number of companies to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content, helping to generate internet-related revenue earnings from the evolving World Wide Web.
|
Where does the money made from wrestling come from?
|
Where does the money made from wrestling come from?
|
[
"Where does the money made from wrestling come from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110378
|
5726316889a1e219009ac539
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video. Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas, including Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums, by promotions including the WWE, the NWA territory system, WCW, and AWA. Pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade are among the highest-selling pay-per-view programming each year. In modern day, internet programming has been utilized by a number of companies to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content, helping to generate internet-related revenue earnings from the evolving World Wide Web.
|
Where large places are some of the major wrestling shows held at?
|
Where large places are some of the major wrestling shows held at?
|
[
"Where large places are some of the major wrestling shows held at?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110379
|
5726316889a1e219009ac53a
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video. Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas, including Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums, by promotions including the WWE, the NWA territory system, WCW, and AWA. Pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade are among the highest-selling pay-per-view programming each year. In modern day, internet programming has been utilized by a number of companies to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content, helping to generate internet-related revenue earnings from the evolving World Wide Web.
|
What has the internet been utilized for in wrestling?
|
What has the internet been utilized for in wrestling?
|
[
"What has the internet been utilized for in wrestling?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content"
],
"answer_start": [
940
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110380
|
5726316889a1e219009ac53b
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video. Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas, including Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums, by promotions including the WWE, the NWA territory system, WCW, and AWA. Pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade are among the highest-selling pay-per-view programming each year. In modern day, internet programming has been utilized by a number of companies to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content, helping to generate internet-related revenue earnings from the evolving World Wide Web.
|
what wrestling shows occur yearly?
|
what wrestling shows occur yearly?
|
[
"what wrestling shows occur yearly?"
] |
{
"text": [
"WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade"
],
"answer_start": [
693
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110381
|
5726316889a1e219009ac53c
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video. Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas, including Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums, by promotions including the WWE, the NWA territory system, WCW, and AWA. Pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade are among the highest-selling pay-per-view programming each year. In modern day, internet programming has been utilized by a number of companies to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content, helping to generate internet-related revenue earnings from the evolving World Wide Web.
|
In which decade did wrestling start becoming very popular?
|
In which decade did wrestling start becoming very popular?
|
[
"In which decade did wrestling start becoming very popular?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110382
|
5726320889a1e219009ac542
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, wrestling constitutes a recurring topic in both academia and the media. Several documentaries have been produced looking at professional wrestling, most notably, Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows featuring wrestler Bret Hart and directed by Paul Jay. There have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling; the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke.
|
What is one popular wrestling film?
|
What is one popular wrestling film?
|
[
"What is one popular wrestling film?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2008 film The Wrestler"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110383
|
5726320889a1e219009ac543
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, wrestling constitutes a recurring topic in both academia and the media. Several documentaries have been produced looking at professional wrestling, most notably, Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows featuring wrestler Bret Hart and directed by Paul Jay. There have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling; the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke.
|
What award was The Wrestler nominated for?
|
What award was The Wrestler nominated for?
|
[
"What award was The Wrestler nominated for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"several Oscar nominations"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110384
|
5726320889a1e219009ac544
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, wrestling constitutes a recurring topic in both academia and the media. Several documentaries have been produced looking at professional wrestling, most notably, Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows featuring wrestler Bret Hart and directed by Paul Jay. There have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling; the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke.
|
What are the names of a couple wrestling documentaries?
|
What are the names of a couple wrestling documentaries?
|
[
"What are the names of a couple wrestling documentaries?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110385
|
5726320889a1e219009ac545
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, wrestling constitutes a recurring topic in both academia and the media. Several documentaries have been produced looking at professional wrestling, most notably, Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows featuring wrestler Bret Hart and directed by Paul Jay. There have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling; the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke.
|
Where does wrestling keep coming up as a subject?
|
Where does wrestling keep coming up as a subject?
|
[
"Where does wrestling keep coming up as a subject?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in both academia and the media"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110386
|
572632cf89a1e219009ac55e
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Currently, the largest professional wrestling company worldwide is the United States-based WWE, which bought out many smaller regional companies in the late 20th century, as well as its primary US competitors WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in early 2001. Other prominent professional wrestling companies worldwide include the US-based Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in Mexico, and the Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), and Pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH) leagues.
|
What is the biggest wrestling company?
|
What is the biggest wrestling company?
|
[
"What is the biggest wrestling company?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the United States-based WWE"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110387
|
572632cf89a1e219009ac55f
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Currently, the largest professional wrestling company worldwide is the United States-based WWE, which bought out many smaller regional companies in the late 20th century, as well as its primary US competitors WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in early 2001. Other prominent professional wrestling companies worldwide include the US-based Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in Mexico, and the Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), and Pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH) leagues.
|
Which companies are some of WWE's competition?
|
Which companies are some of WWE's competition?
|
[
"Which companies are some of WWE's competition?"
] |
{
"text": [
"WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110388
|
572632cf89a1e219009ac560
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Currently, the largest professional wrestling company worldwide is the United States-based WWE, which bought out many smaller regional companies in the late 20th century, as well as its primary US competitors WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in early 2001. Other prominent professional wrestling companies worldwide include the US-based Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in Mexico, and the Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), and Pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH) leagues.
|
What are some other major wrestling companies?
|
What are some other major wrestling companies?
|
[
"What are some other major wrestling companies?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA)"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110389
|
572632cf89a1e219009ac561
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Currently, the largest professional wrestling company worldwide is the United States-based WWE, which bought out many smaller regional companies in the late 20th century, as well as its primary US competitors WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in early 2001. Other prominent professional wrestling companies worldwide include the US-based Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in Mexico, and the Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), and Pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH) leagues.
|
What is the name of a Japanese wrestling company?
|
What is the name of a Japanese wrestling company?
|
[
"What is the name of a Japanese wrestling company?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW)"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110390
|
5726338138643c19005ad2e9
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Gradually, the predetermined nature of professional wrestling became an open secret, as prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon) began to publicly admit that wrestling was entertainment, not competition. This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community, as some feel that exposure ruins the experience to the spectators as does exposure in illusionism. Despite the public admission of the theatrical nature of professional wrestling, many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports. For example, New York State still regulates "professional wrestling" through the New York State Athletic Commission (SAC).
|
Who confessed that wrestling was not competition?
|
Who confessed that wrestling was not competition?
|
[
"Who confessed that wrestling was not competition?"
] |
{
"text": [
"prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon)"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110391
|
5726338138643c19005ad2ea
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Gradually, the predetermined nature of professional wrestling became an open secret, as prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon) began to publicly admit that wrestling was entertainment, not competition. This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community, as some feel that exposure ruins the experience to the spectators as does exposure in illusionism. Despite the public admission of the theatrical nature of professional wrestling, many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports. For example, New York State still regulates "professional wrestling" through the New York State Athletic Commission (SAC).
|
How have people reacted to the revelation that wrestling is purely entertainment?
|
How have people reacted to the revelation that wrestling is purely entertainment?
|
[
"How have people reacted to the revelation that wrestling is purely entertainment?"
] |
{
"text": [
"This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110392
|
5726338138643c19005ad2eb
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Gradually, the predetermined nature of professional wrestling became an open secret, as prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon) began to publicly admit that wrestling was entertainment, not competition. This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community, as some feel that exposure ruins the experience to the spectators as does exposure in illusionism. Despite the public admission of the theatrical nature of professional wrestling, many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports. For example, New York State still regulates "professional wrestling" through the New York State Athletic Commission (SAC).
|
How do many U.S. states handle wrestling?
|
How do many U.S. states handle wrestling?
|
[
"How do many U.S. states handle wrestling?"
] |
{
"text": [
"many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110393
|
57263451ec44d21400f3dc35
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Professional wrestling shows can be considered a form of theatre in the round, with the ring, ringside area, and entryway comprising a thrust stage. However, there is a much more limited concept of a fourth wall than in most theatric performances. The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators to the sporting event being portrayed, and are encouraged to interact as such. This leads to a high level of audience participation; in fact, their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds. Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between "babyfaces" (often shortened to just "faces") and "heels". "Faces" (the "good guys") are those whose actions are intended to encourage the audience to cheer, while "heels" (the "bad guys") act to draw the spectators' ire.
|
How do the wrestlers treat the audience?
|
How do the wrestlers treat the audience?
|
[
"How do the wrestlers treat the audience?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110394
|
57263451ec44d21400f3dc36
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Professional wrestling shows can be considered a form of theatre in the round, with the ring, ringside area, and entryway comprising a thrust stage. However, there is a much more limited concept of a fourth wall than in most theatric performances. The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators to the sporting event being portrayed, and are encouraged to interact as such. This leads to a high level of audience participation; in fact, their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds. Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between "babyfaces" (often shortened to just "faces") and "heels". "Faces" (the "good guys") are those whose actions are intended to encourage the audience to cheer, while "heels" (the "bad guys") act to draw the spectators' ire.
|
How does the audience being acknowledged by the wrestlers impact the show?
|
How does the audience being acknowledged by the wrestlers impact the show?
|
[
"How does the audience being acknowledged by the wrestlers impact the show?"
] |
{
"text": [
"This leads to a high level of audience participation"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110395
|
57263451ec44d21400f3dc37
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Professional wrestling shows can be considered a form of theatre in the round, with the ring, ringside area, and entryway comprising a thrust stage. However, there is a much more limited concept of a fourth wall than in most theatric performances. The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators to the sporting event being portrayed, and are encouraged to interact as such. This leads to a high level of audience participation; in fact, their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds. Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between "babyfaces" (often shortened to just "faces") and "heels". "Faces" (the "good guys") are those whose actions are intended to encourage the audience to cheer, while "heels" (the "bad guys") act to draw the spectators' ire.
|
What can the audience do during a show?
|
What can the audience do during a show?
|
[
"What can the audience do during a show?"
] |
{
"text": [
"their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds."
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110396
|
57263451ec44d21400f3dc38
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Professional wrestling shows can be considered a form of theatre in the round, with the ring, ringside area, and entryway comprising a thrust stage. However, there is a much more limited concept of a fourth wall than in most theatric performances. The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators to the sporting event being portrayed, and are encouraged to interact as such. This leads to a high level of audience participation; in fact, their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds. Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between "babyfaces" (often shortened to just "faces") and "heels". "Faces" (the "good guys") are those whose actions are intended to encourage the audience to cheer, while "heels" (the "bad guys") act to draw the spectators' ire.
|
What kind of conflict can arise during a show?
|
What kind of conflict can arise during a show?
|
[
"What kind of conflict can arise during a show?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between \"babyfaces\" (often shortened to just \"faces\") and \"heels\"."
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110397
|
57263451ec44d21400f3dc39
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Professional wrestling shows can be considered a form of theatre in the round, with the ring, ringside area, and entryway comprising a thrust stage. However, there is a much more limited concept of a fourth wall than in most theatric performances. The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators to the sporting event being portrayed, and are encouraged to interact as such. This leads to a high level of audience participation; in fact, their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds. Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between "babyfaces" (often shortened to just "faces") and "heels". "Faces" (the "good guys") are those whose actions are intended to encourage the audience to cheer, while "heels" (the "bad guys") act to draw the spectators' ire.
|
Which of the wrestlers are the bad guys?
|
Which of the wrestlers are the bad guys?
|
[
"Which of the wrestlers are the bad guys?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"heels\" (the \"bad guys\")"
],
"answer_start": [
765
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110398
|
572634fc271a42140099d76d
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Most wrestling matches last for a set number of falls, with the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner. Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls ("best 2 out of 3") or 5 falls ("best 3 out of 5"). The standard for modern matches is one fall. However, even though it is now standard, many announcers will explicitly state this (e.g. "The following contest is set for one fall with a 20-minute time limit"). These matches are given a time limit; if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw. Modern matches are generally given a 10- to 30-minute time limit for standard matches; title matches can go for up to one hour. British wrestling matches held under Admiral-Lord Mountevans rules are 2 out of 3 falls.
|
Who wins in a wrestling match?
|
Who wins in a wrestling match?
|
[
"Who wins in a wrestling match?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner."
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110399
|
572634fc271a42140099d76e
|
Professional_wrestling
|
Most wrestling matches last for a set number of falls, with the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner. Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls ("best 2 out of 3") or 5 falls ("best 3 out of 5"). The standard for modern matches is one fall. However, even though it is now standard, many announcers will explicitly state this (e.g. "The following contest is set for one fall with a 20-minute time limit"). These matches are given a time limit; if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw. Modern matches are generally given a 10- to 30-minute time limit for standard matches; title matches can go for up to one hour. British wrestling matches held under Admiral-Lord Mountevans rules are 2 out of 3 falls.
|
How could a wrestler win in the past?
|
How could a wrestler win in the past?
|
[
"How could a wrestler win in the past?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls (\"best 2 out of 3\") or 5 falls (\"best 3 out of 5\")."
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.