gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-110200 | 5a3977502f14dd001ac72358 | Culture | In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less compl... | What school of philosophy argues that culture is never used politically? | What school of philosophy argues that culture is never used politically? | [
"What school of philosophy argues that culture is never used politically?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110201 | 5a3977502f14dd001ac72359 | Culture | In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less compl... | What perspective holds that the basis of culture is found in devolved biological dispositions? | What perspective holds that the basis of culture is found in devolved biological dispositions? | [
"What perspective holds that the basis of culture is found in devolved biological dispositions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110202 | 5727c37eff5b5019007d94a0 | Culture | When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "cult... | What does the term "Count Noun" mean? | What does the term "Count Noun" mean? | [
"What does the term \"Count Noun\" mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"a culture"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110203 | 5727c37eff5b5019007d94a1 | Culture | When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "cult... | What cultural traits fall under the term count noun? | What cultural traits fall under the term count noun? | [
"What cultural traits fall under the term count noun?"
] | {
"text": [
"customs, traditions and values of a society or community"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110204 | 5727c37eff5b5019007d94a2 | Culture | When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "cult... | What falls within the term "cultural anthropology"? | What falls within the term "cultural anthropology"? | [
"What falls within the term \"cultural anthropology\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110205 | 5a39784f2f14dd001ac72369 | Culture | When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "cult... | What can never be used as a count noun? | What can never be used as a count noun? | [
"What can never be used as a count noun?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110206 | 5a39784f2f14dd001ac7236a | Culture | When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "cult... | What is a concept that values an angry coexistence and mutual disrespect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory? | What is a concept that values an angry coexistence and mutual disrespect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory? | [
"What is a concept that values an angry coexistence and mutual disrespect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110207 | 5a39784f2f14dd001ac7236b | Culture | When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "cult... | What term is no longer used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society? | What term is no longer used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society? | [
"What term is no longer used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110208 | 5a39784f2f14dd001ac7236c | Culture | When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "cult... | What perspective holds that cultures can be easily ranked and evaluated? | What perspective holds that cultures can be easily ranked and evaluated? | [
"What perspective holds that cultures can be easily ranked and evaluated?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110209 | 5727c8104b864d1900163cfc | Culture | The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for hu... | What is the modern term "culture" based on? | What is the modern term "culture" based on? | [
"What is the modern term \"culture\" based on?"
] | {
"text": [
"term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110210 | 5727c8104b864d1900163cfd | Culture | The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for hu... | Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero? | Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero? | [
"Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero?"
] | {
"text": [
"Samuel Pufendorf"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110211 | 5727c8104b864d1900163cfe | Culture | The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for hu... | Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it? | Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it? | [
"Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it?"
] | {
"text": [
"no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110212 | 5a3979992f14dd001ac7237b | Culture | The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for hu... | What term was used by the Ancient Roman Emperor Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes? | What term was used by the Ancient Roman Emperor Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes? | [
"What term was used by the Ancient Roman Emperor Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110213 | 5a3979992f14dd001ac7237c | Culture | The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for hu... | What had written in it an agricultural metaphor for the destruction of a philosophical soul? | What had written in it an agricultural metaphor for the destruction of a philosophical soul? | [
"What had written in it an agricultural metaphor for the destruction of a philosophical soul?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110214 | 5a3979992f14dd001ac7237d | Culture | The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for hu... | Who first introduced the metaphor later used by Cicero? | Who first introduced the metaphor later used by Cicero? | [
"Who first introduced the metaphor later used by Cicero?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110215 | 5a3979992f14dd001ac7237e | Culture | The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for hu... | Who assumed that philosophy was man's natural perfection? | Who assumed that philosophy was man's natural perfection? | [
"Who assumed that philosophy was man's natural perfection?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110216 | 5727f325ff5b5019007d9914 | Culture | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture? | What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture? | [
"What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture? "
] | {
"text": [
"social dynamics and promoting new cultural models"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110217 | 5727f325ff5b5019007d9915 | Culture | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women? | What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women? | [
"What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women?"
] | {
"text": [
"U.S. feminist movement"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110218 | 5727f325ff5b5019007d9916 | Culture | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics? | Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics? | [
"Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics?"
] | {
"text": [
"ice age"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110219 | 5a397a882f14dd001ac72397 | Culture | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | What never changes due to social conflicts along with developing of technologies? | What never changes due to social conflicts along with developing of technologies? | [
"What never changes due to social conflicts along with developing of technologies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110220 | 5a397a882f14dd001ac72398 | Culture | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | Which time period was used in the example of shifts in physical dynamics? | Which time period was used in the example of shifts in physical dynamics? | [
"Which time period was used in the example of shifts in physical dynamics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110221 | 5a397a882f14dd001ac72399 | Culture | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly excluding women? | What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly excluding women? | [
"What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly excluding women?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110222 | 5a397a882f14dd001ac7239a | Culture | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | What structures were not changed due to the U.S. feminist movement? | What structures were not changed due to the U.S. feminist movement? | [
"What structures were not changed due to the U.S. feminist movement?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110223 | 5a397a882f14dd001ac7239b | Culture | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | What conditions are never a factor? | What conditions are never a factor? | [
"What conditions are never a factor?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110224 | 5727f460ff5b5019007d991a | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | What may impact social dynamics and technical development? | What may impact social dynamics and technical development? | [
"What may impact social dynamics and technical development?"
] | {
"text": [
"War or competition over resources"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110225 | 5727f460ff5b5019007d991b | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States? | In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States? | [
"In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"fast food"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110226 | 5727f460ff5b5019007d991c | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean? | What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean? | [
"What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"the sharing of ideas"
],
"answer_start": [
574
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110227 | 5727f460ff5b5019007d991d | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products? | Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products? | [
"Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products?"
] | {
"text": [
"Diffusion of innovations"
],
"answer_start": [
803
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110228 | 5a397b6a2f14dd001ac723ab | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | What is internally affected via contact between societies? | What is internally affected via contact between societies? | [
"What is internally affected via contact between societies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110229 | 5a397b6a2f14dd001ac723ac | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | In the example given, what seemed common when introduced into China but is exotic in the United States? | In the example given, what seemed common when introduced into China but is exotic in the United States? | [
"In the example given, what seemed common when introduced into China but is exotic in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110230 | 5a397b6a2f14dd001ac723ad | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | What does the term Stimulus infusion mean? | What does the term Stimulus infusion mean? | [
"What does the term Stimulus infusion mean?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110231 | 5a397b6a2f14dd001ac723ae | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | What refers to technological or tangible infusion from one culture to another? | What refers to technological or tangible infusion from one culture to another? | [
"What refers to technological or tangible infusion from one culture to another?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110232 | 5a397b6a2f14dd001ac723af | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | What theory presents a research-based model of why and when groups and cultures adopt old ideas, practices, and products? | What theory presents a research-based model of why and when groups and cultures adopt old ideas, practices, and products? | [
"What theory presents a research-based model of why and when groups and cultures adopt old ideas, practices, and products?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110233 | 5727f60f3acd2414000df0e1 | Culture | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Again... | Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity". | Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity". | [
"Who said the following statement? \"Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity\"."
] | {
"text": [
"Immanuel Kant"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110234 | 5727f60f3acd2414000df0e2 | Culture | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Again... | What does the term Sapere aude mean? | What does the term Sapere aude mean? | [
"What does the term Sapere aude mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dare to be wise"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110235 | 5727f60f3acd2414000df0e3 | Culture | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Again... | Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality? | Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality? | [
"Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?"
] | {
"text": [
"Johann Gottfried Herder"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110236 | 5a397c642f14dd001ac723bf | Culture | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Again... | Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred maturity" | Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred maturity" | [
"Who said the following statement? \"Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred maturity\""
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110237 | 5a397c642f14dd001ac723c0 | Culture | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Again... | Who argued that immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think dependently? | Who argued that immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think dependently? | [
"Who argued that immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think dependently?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110238 | 5a397c642f14dd001ac723c1 | Culture | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Again... | What term was considered man's emergence into his self-incurred immaturity? | What term was considered man's emergence into his self-incurred immaturity? | [
"What term was considered man's emergence into his self-incurred immaturity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110239 | 5a397c642f14dd001ac723c2 | Culture | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Again... | Who argued that human creativity is not as important as human rationality? | Who argued that human creativity is not as important as human rationality? | [
"Who argued that human creativity is not as important as human rationality?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110240 | 5a397c642f14dd001ac723c3 | Culture | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Again... | Who proposed an individualistic form of bildung? | Who proposed an individualistic form of bildung? | [
"Who proposed an individualistic form of bildung?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110241 | 5727f7802ca10214002d9a5e | Culture | In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out o... | Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology? | Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology? | [
"Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wilhelm von Humboldt"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110242 | 5727f7802ca10214002d9a5f | Culture | In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out o... | During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture? | During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture? | [
"During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"Romantic era"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110243 | 5727f7802ca10214002d9a60 | Culture | In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out o... | What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era? | What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era? | [
"What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?"
] | {
"text": [
"Weltanschauung"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110244 | 5a397e982f14dd001ac723db | Culture | In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out o... | Which Prussian linguist called for an ontology? | Which Prussian linguist called for an ontology? | [
"Which Prussian linguist called for an ontology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110245 | 5a397e982f14dd001ac723dc | Culture | In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out o... | Which era did scholars of Germany develop a less inclusive culture? | Which era did scholars of Germany develop a less inclusive culture? | [
"Which era did scholars of Germany develop a less inclusive culture?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110246 | 5a397e982f14dd001ac723dd | Culture | In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out o... | What was the Russian name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era? | What was the Russian name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era? | [
"What was the Russian name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110247 | 5a397e982f14dd001ac723de | Culture | In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out o... | Which scholars were never concerned with nationalist movements? | Which scholars were never concerned with nationalist movements? | [
"Which scholars were never concerned with nationalist movements?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110248 | 5727f88a4b864d19001640f2 | Culture | In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); diffe... | According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared? | According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared? | [
"According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?"
] | {
"text": [
"elementary ideas"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110249 | 5727f88a4b864d19001640f3 | Culture | In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); diffe... | What was the name of the person argued for "The psychic unity of mankind"? | What was the name of the person argued for "The psychic unity of mankind"? | [
"What was the name of the person argued for \"The psychic unity of mankind\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"Adolf Bastian"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110250 | 5727f88a4b864d19001640f4 | Culture | In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); diffe... | Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture? | Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture? | [
"Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"Franz Boas"
],
"answer_start": [
493
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110251 | 5a397fa12f14dd001ac723ed | Culture | In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); diffe... | What did Adolf Bastian believe all human societies ignored? | What did Adolf Bastian believe all human societies ignored? | [
"What did Adolf Bastian believe all human societies ignored?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110252 | 5a397fa12f14dd001ac723ee | Culture | In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); diffe... | Who argued for "The psychic separation of mankind"? | Who argued for "The psychic separation of mankind"? | [
"Who argued for \"The psychic separation of mankind\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110253 | 5a397fa12f14dd001ac723ef | Culture | In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); diffe... | Who first taught Bastian's ideas on culture? | Who first taught Bastian's ideas on culture? | [
"Who first taught Bastian's ideas on culture?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110254 | 5a397fa12f14dd001ac723f0 | Culture | In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); diffe... | What Hungarian term means "folk ideas"? | What Hungarian term means "folk ideas"? | [
"What Hungarian term means \"folk ideas\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110255 | 5a397fa12f14dd001ac723f1 | Culture | In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); diffe... | What view did not have a paved way for modern understanding? | What view did not have a paved way for modern understanding? | [
"What view did not have a paved way for modern understanding?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110256 | 5727fa303acd2414000df137 | Culture | In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, ... | What did culture refer to in practice? | What did culture refer to in practice? | [
"What did culture refer to in practice?"
] | {
"text": [
"élite ideal"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110257 | 5727fa303acd2414000df138 | Culture | In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, ... | What was associated with culture during this German practice? | What was associated with culture during this German practice? | [
"What was associated with culture during this German practice?"
] | {
"text": [
"art, classical music, and haute cuisine"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110258 | 5727fa303acd2414000df139 | Culture | In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, ... | Art and music were some of these forms of cultural related to what type of living? | Art and music were some of these forms of cultural related to what type of living? | [
"Art and music were some of these forms of cultural related to what type of living?"
] | {
"text": [
"urban life"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110259 | 5727fa303acd2414000df13a | Culture | In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, ... | The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period? | The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period? | [
"The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?"
] | {
"text": [
"inequalities within European societies."
],
"answer_start": [
616
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110260 | 5a399c492f14dd001ac7248b | Culture | In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, ... | What did culture never refer to in practice? | What did culture never refer to in practice? | [
"What did culture never refer to in practice?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110261 | 5a399c492f14dd001ac7248c | Culture | In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, ... | What was associated with culture during this American practice? | What was associated with culture during this American practice? | [
"What was associated with culture during this American practice?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110262 | 5a399c492f14dd001ac7248d | Culture | In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, ... | What movement had little interest in folklore? | What movement had little interest in folklore? | [
"What movement had little interest in folklore?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110263 | 5a399c492f14dd001ac7248e | Culture | In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, ... | When did the idea of "culture" stop in Europe? | When did the idea of "culture" stop in Europe? | [
"When did the idea of \"culture\" stop in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110264 | 5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad2 | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | How did Matthew Arnold view "Culture" with? | How did Matthew Arnold view "Culture" with? | [
"How did Matthew Arnold view \"Culture\" with?"
] | {
"text": [
"anarchy"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110265 | 5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad3 | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | Which two philosophers contrasted "culture" with the state of nature? | Which two philosophers contrasted "culture" with the state of nature? | [
"Which two philosophers contrasted \"culture\" with the state of nature?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110266 | 5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad4 | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | Which race was considered living "in a state of nature" by the Europeans? | Which race was considered living "in a state of nature" by the Europeans? | [
"Which race was considered living \"in a state of nature\" by the Europeans?"
] | {
"text": [
"Native Americans"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110267 | 5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad5 | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | "In a state of nature" was divided into two groups, what where they? | "In a state of nature" was divided into two groups, what where they? | [
"\"In a state of nature\" was divided into two groups, what where they?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"civilized\" and \"uncivilized.\""
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110268 | 5a399d472f14dd001ac7249b | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | Matthew Arnold blended "culture" with what? | Matthew Arnold blended "culture" with what? | [
"Matthew Arnold blended \"culture\" with what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110269 | 5a399d472f14dd001ac7249c | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | Who combined "culture" with "the state of nature"? | Who combined "culture" with "the state of nature"? | [
"Who combined \"culture\" with \"the state of nature\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110270 | 5a399d472f14dd001ac7249d | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | Which race was considered living "outside of nature" by the Europeans? | Which race was considered living "outside of nature" by the Europeans? | [
"Which race was considered living \"outside of nature\" by the Europeans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110271 | 5a399d472f14dd001ac7249e | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | What concept contains no contrast between it? | What concept contains no contrast between it? | [
"What concept contains no contrast between it?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110272 | 5a399d472f14dd001ac7249f | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | What location is never more civilized than others? | What location is never more civilized than others? | [
"What location is never more civilized than others?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110273 | 5727fec0ff5b5019007d9a72 | Culture | Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produce... | What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture? | What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture? | [
"What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"folk music"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110274 | 5727fec0ff5b5019007d9a73 | Culture | Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produce... | Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent? | Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent? | [
"Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent?"
] | {
"text": [
"classical music"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110275 | 5727fec0ff5b5019007d9a74 | Culture | Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produce... | What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people? | What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people? | [
"What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?"
] | {
"text": [
"noble savages"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110276 | 5a399e2c2f14dd001ac724b7 | Culture | Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produce... | What type of music did critics associate with respected high culture? | What type of music did critics associate with respected high culture? | [
"What type of music did critics associate with respected high culture?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110277 | 5a399e2c2f14dd001ac724b8 | Culture | Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produce... | Which type of music is always superficial and decadent? | Which type of music is always superficial and decadent? | [
"Which type of music is always superficial and decadent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110278 | 5a399e2c2f14dd001ac724b9 | Culture | Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produce... | When was there no differentiation between higher and lower culture? | When was there no differentiation between higher and lower culture? | [
"When was there no differentiation between higher and lower culture?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110279 | 5a399e2c2f14dd001ac724ba | Culture | Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produce... | What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the foreign people? | What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the foreign people? | [
"What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the foreign people?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110280 | 5728004a3acd2414000df1e1 | Culture | Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolica... | Who's definition of culture did anthropologist accept? | Who's definition of culture did anthropologist accept? | [
"Who's definition of culture did anthropologist accept?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tylor's"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110281 | 5728004a3acd2414000df1e2 | Culture | Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolica... | What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture? | What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture? | [
"What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology."
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110282 | 5728004a3acd2414000df1e3 | Culture | Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolica... | In which century did "culture" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge? | In which century did "culture" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge? | [
"In which century did \"culture\" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge?"
] | {
"text": [
"20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110283 | 5a399f132f14dd001ac724d3 | Culture | Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolica... | Who's definition of culture did anthropologists reject? | Who's definition of culture did anthropologists reject? | [
"Who's definition of culture did anthropologists reject?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110284 | 5a399f132f14dd001ac724d4 | Culture | Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolica... | What four fields make up European anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture? | What four fields make up European anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture? | [
"What four fields make up European anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110285 | 5a399f132f14dd001ac724d5 | Culture | Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolica... | Which century had "culture" as a secondary concept of European anthropology emerge? | Which century had "culture" as a secondary concept of European anthropology emerge? | [
"Which century had \"culture\" as a secondary concept of European anthropology emerge?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110286 | 5a399f132f14dd001ac724d6 | Culture | Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolica... | What commonly refers to the universal human capacity to hack human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically decoded experiences socially? | What commonly refers to the universal human capacity to hack human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically decoded experiences socially? | [
"What commonly refers to the universal human capacity to hack human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically decoded experiences socially?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110287 | 572802a8ff5b5019007d9adc | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals? | Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals? | [
"Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals?"
] | {
"text": [
"Georg Simmel"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110288 | 572802a8ff5b5019007d9add | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel? | What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel? | [
"What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?"
] | {
"text": [
"ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110289 | 572802a8ff5b5019007d9ade | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | What does non-material culture refer to? | What does non-material culture refer to? | [
"What does non-material culture refer to?"
] | {
"text": [
"non physical ideas"
],
"answer_start": [
586
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110290 | 572802a8ff5b5019007d9adf | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | The term material culture is only relevant to what? | The term material culture is only relevant to what? | [
"The term material culture is only relevant to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"archeological and anthropological studies"
],
"answer_start": [
902
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110291 | 5a39a5cc2f14dd001ac7251d | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | Who referred to culture as a cultivation of groups? | Who referred to culture as a cultivation of groups? | [
"Who referred to culture as a cultivation of groups?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110292 | 5a39a5cc2f14dd001ac7251e | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | What detracts from the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel? | What detracts from the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel? | [
"What detracts from the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110293 | 5a39a5cc2f14dd001ac7251f | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | What does non-material culture ignore? | What does non-material culture ignore? | [
"What does non-material culture ignore?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110294 | 5a39a5cc2f14dd001ac72520 | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | The term material culture is not relevant to what? | The term material culture is not relevant to what? | [
"The term material culture is not relevant to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110295 | 5728040b4b864d1900164234 | Culture | Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmod... | Where did sociology culture stem from? | Where did sociology culture stem from? | [
"Where did sociology culture stem from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Weimar Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110296 | 5728040b4b864d1900164235 | Culture | Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmod... | Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology? | Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology? | [
"Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alfred Weber"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110297 | 5728040b4b864d1900164236 | Culture | Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmod... | What do cultural sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture? | What do cultural sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture? | [
"What do cultural sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"scientific methods"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110298 | 5a39a8772f14dd001ac72537 | Culture | Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmod... | Where did sociology culture become rejected? | Where did sociology culture become rejected? | [
"Where did sociology culture become rejected?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110299 | 5a39a8772f14dd001ac72538 | Culture | Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmod... | Who was the last to refer to culture as sociology? | Who was the last to refer to culture as sociology? | [
"Who was the last to refer to culture as sociology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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