gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
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| title
stringlengths 3
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| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-110100
|
5710224aa58dae1900cd68d9
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.
|
In what year was Thomas Graunger executed?
|
In what year was Thomas Graunger executed?
|
[
"In what year was Thomas Graunger executed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1642"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110101
|
5710224aa58dae1900cd68da
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.
|
Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles?
|
Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles?
|
[
"Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Twenty-two"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110102
|
5710224aa58dae1900cd68db
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.
|
How old was George Stinney when he was executed?
|
How old was George Stinney when he was executed?
|
[
"How old was George Stinney when he was executed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"14"
],
"answer_start": [
643
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110103
|
5710224aa58dae1900cd68dc
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.
|
What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley?
|
What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley?
|
[
"What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley?"
] |
{
"text": [
"gas chamber"
],
"answer_start": [
754
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110104
|
5ad3fc3c604f3c001a3ffb85
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.
|
About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1842?
|
About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1842?
|
[
"About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1842?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110105
|
5ad3fc3c604f3c001a3ffb86
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.
|
In what year was Thomas Graunger freed?
|
In what year was Thomas Graunger freed?
|
[
" In what year was Thomas Graunger freed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110106
|
5ad3fc3c604f3c001a3ffb87
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.
|
Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as adults?
|
Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as adults?
|
[
" Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as adults?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110107
|
5ad3fc3c604f3c001a3ffb88
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.
|
How old was George Stinney when he was freed?
|
How old was George Stinney when he was freed?
|
[
" How old was George Stinney when he was freed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110108
|
5ad3fc3c604f3c001a3ffb89
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.
|
What method was used to free Leonard Shockley?
|
What method was used to free Leonard Shockley?
|
[
" What method was used to free Leonard Shockley?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110109
|
571022aba58dae1900cd68e2
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.
|
As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?
|
As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?
|
[
"As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Director of Corrections"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110110
|
571022aba58dae1900cd68e3
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.
|
What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?
|
What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?
|
[
"What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Oklahoma"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110111
|
571022aba58dae1900cd68e4
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.
|
What race was Clayton Lockett?
|
What race was Clayton Lockett?
|
[
"What race was Clayton Lockett?"
] |
{
"text": [
"African-American"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110112
|
571022aba58dae1900cd68e5
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.
|
What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?
|
What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?
|
[
"What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?"
] |
{
"text": [
"heart attack"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110113
|
571022aba58dae1900cd68e6
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.
|
What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?
|
What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?
|
[
"What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?"
] |
{
"text": [
"nitrogen"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110114
|
5ad3fec3604f3c001a3ffc5f
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.
|
As of May 2011, what was Robert Patton's job title?
|
As of May 2011, what was Robert Patton's job title?
|
[
"As of May 2011, what was Robert Patton's job title?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110115
|
5ad3fec3604f3c001a3ffc60
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.
|
What state executed Robert Patton in May 2014?
|
What state executed Robert Patton in May 2014?
|
[
" What state executed Robert Patton in May 2014?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110116
|
5ad3fec3604f3c001a3ffc61
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.
|
What religion was Clayton Lockett?
|
What religion was Clayton Lockett?
|
[
" What religion was Clayton Lockett?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110117
|
5ad3fec3604f3c001a3ffc62
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.
|
What was Clayton Lockett's crime?
|
What was Clayton Lockett's crime?
|
[
"What was Clayton Lockett's crime?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110118
|
5ad3fec3604f3c001a3ffc63
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.
|
What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for freedoms in 2015?
|
What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for freedoms in 2015?
|
[
" What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for freedoms in 2015?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110119
|
57102369a58dae1900cd68f6
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.
|
Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration?
|
Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration?
|
[
"Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration?"
] |
{
"text": [
"socio-economic"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110120
|
57102369a58dae1900cd68f7
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.
|
According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty cheapen?
|
According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty cheapen?
|
[
"According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty cheapen?"
] |
{
"text": [
"human life"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110121
|
57102369a58dae1900cd68f8
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.
|
According to death penalty opponents, on whose moral level does execution place the government?
|
According to death penalty opponents, on whose moral level does execution place the government?
|
[
"According to death penalty opponents, on whose moral level does execution place the government?"
] |
{
"text": [
"criminals involved in murder"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110122
|
57102369a58dae1900cd68f9
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.
|
What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment isn't effective at doing?
|
What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment isn't effective at doing?
|
[
"What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment isn't effective at doing?"
] |
{
"text": [
"deterring crime"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110123
|
57102369a58dae1900cd68fa
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.
|
Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?
|
Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?
|
[
"Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the innocent"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110124
|
5ad3fb5d604f3c001a3ffb4b
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.
|
Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some people who agree with the death penalty see in its administration?
|
Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some people who agree with the death penalty see in its administration?
|
[
"Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some people who agree with the death penalty see in its administration?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110125
|
5ad3fb5d604f3c001a3ffb4c
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.
|
According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty strengthen?
|
According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty strengthen?
|
[
"According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty strengthen?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110126
|
5ad3fb5d604f3c001a3ffb4d
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.
|
According to death penalty supporters, on whose moral level does execution place the government?
|
According to death penalty supporters, on whose moral level does execution place the government?
|
[
" According to death penalty supporters, on whose moral level does execution place the government?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110127
|
5ad3fb5d604f3c001a3ffb4e
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.
|
What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment is effective at doing?
|
What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment is effective at doing?
|
[
"What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment is effective at doing?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110128
|
5ad3fb5d604f3c001a3ffb4f
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.
|
Who do death penalty opponents believe will never be executed?
|
Who do death penalty opponents believe will never be executed?
|
[
" Who do death penalty opponents believe will never be executed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110129
|
571023c2a58dae1900cd6900
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)
|
According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?
|
According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?
|
[
"According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sixteen"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110130
|
571023c2a58dae1900cd6901
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)
|
In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?
|
In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?
|
[
"In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1988"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110131
|
571023c2a58dae1900cd6902
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)
|
In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?
|
In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?
|
[
"In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?"
] |
{
"text": [
"March 2005"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110132
|
571023c2a58dae1900cd6903
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)
|
In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?
|
In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?
|
[
"In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?"
] |
{
"text": [
"5"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110133
|
571023c2a58dae1900cd6904
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)
|
Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?
|
Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?
|
[
"Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?"
] |
{
"text": [
"18"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110134
|
5ad3fc7c604f3c001a3ffba1
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)
|
According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the oldest age at which a person might be executed?
|
According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the oldest age at which a person might be executed?
|
[
"According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the oldest age at which a person might be executed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110135
|
5ad3fc7c604f3c001a3ffba2
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)
|
In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma postponed?
|
In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma postponed?
|
[
" In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma postponed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110136
|
5ad3fc7c604f3c001a3ffba3
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)
|
In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons postponed?
|
In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons postponed?
|
[
" In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons postponed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110137
|
5ad3fc7c604f3c001a3ffba4
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)
|
In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be constitutional?
|
In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be constitutional?
|
[
"In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be constitutional?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110138
|
5ad3fc7c604f3c001a3ffba5
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)
|
Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the maximum age to be executed in the United States?
|
Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the maximum age to be executed in the United States?
|
[
"Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the maximum age to be executed in the United States?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110139
|
57102438b654c5140001f84f
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.
|
In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?
|
In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?
|
[
"In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1919"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110140
|
57102438b654c5140001f850
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.
|
What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?
|
What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?
|
[
"What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hanging"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110141
|
57102438b654c5140001f851
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.
|
In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?
|
In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?
|
[
"In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the local sheriff"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110142
|
57102438b654c5140001f852
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.
|
In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?
|
In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?
|
[
"In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1890"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110143
|
5ad3fd67604f3c001a3ffbdf
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.
|
In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be outside of a jail?
|
In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be outside of a jail?
|
[
"In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be outside of a jail?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110144
|
5ad3fd67604f3c001a3ffbe0
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.
|
What procedure did Missouri use to free prisoners in 1919?
|
What procedure did Missouri use to free prisoners in 1919?
|
[
" What procedure did Missouri use to free prisoners in 1919?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110145
|
5ad3fd67604f3c001a3ffbe1
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.
|
In the Missouri of 1959, who handed out passes to witness executions?
|
In the Missouri of 1959, who handed out passes to witness executions?
|
[
"In the Missouri of 1959, who handed out passes to witness executions?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110146
|
5ad3fd67604f3c001a3ffbe2
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.
|
In approximately what year did a movement in favor of public executions begin in the US?
|
In approximately what year did a movement in favor of public executions begin in the US?
|
[
"In approximately what year did a movement in favor of public executions begin in the US?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110147
|
57102482b654c5140001f857
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."
|
Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986?
|
Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986?
|
[
"Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Toney Anaya"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110148
|
57102482b654c5140001f858
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."
|
Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?
|
Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?
|
[
"Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?"
] |
{
"text": [
"New Mexico"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110149
|
57102482b654c5140001f859
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."
|
Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991?
|
Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991?
|
[
"Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Dick Celeste"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110150
|
57102482b654c5140001f85a
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."
|
How many women were on Ohio's death row in 1991?
|
How many women were on Ohio's death row in 1991?
|
[
"How many women were on Ohio's death row in 1991?"
] |
{
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110151
|
57102482b654c5140001f85b
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."
|
In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida?
|
In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida?
|
[
"In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1979"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110152
|
5ad3fe16604f3c001a3ffc21
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."
|
Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1936?
|
Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1936?
|
[
"Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1936?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110153
|
5ad3fe16604f3c001a3ffc22
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."
|
Of what state was Toney Anaya senator?
|
Of what state was Toney Anaya senator?
|
[
" Of what state was Toney Anaya senator?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110154
|
5ad3fe16604f3c001a3ffc23
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."
|
Who was Governor of Nebraska in 1991?
|
Who was Governor of Nebraska in 1991?
|
[
" Who was Governor of Nebraska in 1991?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110155
|
5ad3fe16604f3c001a3ffc24
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."
|
How many men were on Ohio's death row in 1991?
|
How many men were on Ohio's death row in 1991?
|
[
" How many men were on Ohio's death row in 1991?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110156
|
5ad3fe16604f3c001a3ffc25
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."
|
In what year did Bob Graham become Senator of Florida?
|
In what year did Bob Graham become Senator of Florida?
|
[
"In what year did Bob Graham become Senator of Florida?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110157
|
571024d8b654c5140001f861
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.
|
Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?
|
Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?
|
[
"Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Kansas"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110158
|
571024d8b654c5140001f862
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.
|
Who did Idaho execute in 2011?
|
Who did Idaho execute in 2011?
|
[
"Who did Idaho execute in 2011?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Paul Ezra Rhoades"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110159
|
571024d8b654c5140001f863
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.
|
Who was executed on October 30, 2012?
|
Who was executed on October 30, 2012?
|
[
"Who was executed on October 30, 2012?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Donald Moeller"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110160
|
571024d8b654c5140001f864
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.
|
Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?
|
Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?
|
[
"Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"12"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110161
|
571024d8b654c5140001f865
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.
|
Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?
|
Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?
|
[
"Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1992"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110162
|
5ad3fe50604f3c001a3ffc35
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.
|
Along with North Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?
|
Along with North Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?
|
[
"Along with North Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110163
|
5ad3fe50604f3c001a3ffc36
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.
|
Who did Idaho execute in 2013?
|
Who did Idaho execute in 2013?
|
[
" Who did Idaho execute in 2013?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110164
|
5ad3fe50604f3c001a3ffc37
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.
|
Who was freed on October 30, 2012?
|
Who was freed on October 30, 2012?
|
[
" Who was freed on October 30, 2012?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110165
|
5ad3fe50604f3c001a3ffc39
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.
|
Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner freed in Wyoming?
|
Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner freed in Wyoming?
|
[
"Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner freed in Wyoming?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110166
|
5710257ea58dae1900cd691a
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
|
How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?
|
How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?
|
[
"How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?"
] |
{
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110167
|
5710257ea58dae1900cd691b
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
|
What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?
|
What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?
|
[
"What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?"
] |
{
"text": [
"sodium thiopental"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110168
|
5710257ea58dae1900cd691c
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
|
When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?
|
When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?
|
[
"When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2011"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110169
|
5710257ea58dae1900cd691d
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
|
In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?
|
In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?
|
[
"In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Italy"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110170
|
5710257ea58dae1900cd691e
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
|
What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?
|
What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?
|
[
"What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Torture Regulation"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110171
|
5ad3fe7f604f3c001a3ffc3f
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
|
How many hours does it take to administer lethal injection?
|
How many hours does it take to administer lethal injection?
|
[
" How many hours does it take to administer lethal injection?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110172
|
5ad3fe7f604f3c001a3ffc40
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
|
What lethal injection drug is not manufactured by Hospira?
|
What lethal injection drug is not manufactured by Hospira?
|
[
" What lethal injection drug is not manufactured by Hospira?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110173
|
5ad3fe7f604f3c001a3ffc41
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
|
When did Hospira begin to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?
|
When did Hospira begin to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?
|
[
"When did Hospira begin to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110174
|
5ad3fe7f604f3c001a3ffc42
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
|
In what state does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?
|
In what state does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?
|
[
"In what state does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110175
|
5ad3f4f3604f3c001a3ff96d
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In the decades since Furman, new questions have emerged about whether or not prosecutorial arbitrariness has replaced sentencing arbitrariness. A study by Pepperdine University School of Law published in Temple Law Review, "Unpredictable Doom and Lethal Injustice: An Argument for Greater Transparency in Death Penalty Decisions," surveyed the decision-making process among prosecutors in various states. The authors found that prosecutors' capital punishment filing decisions remain marked by local "idiosyncrasies," suggesting they are not in keeping with the spirit of the Supreme Court's directive. This means that "the very types of unfairness that the Supreme Court sought to eliminate" may still "infect capital cases." Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria. California law, for example, has 22 "special circumstances," making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases. The 32 death penalty states have varying numbers and types of "death qualifiers" – circumstances that allow for capital charges. The number varies from a high of 34 in California to 22 in Colorado and Delaware to 12 in Texas, Nebraska, Georgia and Montana. The study's authors call for reform of state procedures along the lines of reforms in the federal system, which the U.S. Department of Justice initiated with a 1995 protocol. Crimes subject to the death penalty vary by jurisdiction. All jurisdictions that use capital punishment designate the highest grade of murder a capital crime, although most jurisdictions require aggravating circumstances. Treason against the United States, as well as treason against the states of Arkansas, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri are capital offenses.
|
What University studied "Predictable Doom"?
|
What University studied "Predictable Doom"?
|
[
"What University studied \"Predictable Doom\"?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110176
|
5ad3f4f3604f3c001a3ff96e
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In the decades since Furman, new questions have emerged about whether or not prosecutorial arbitrariness has replaced sentencing arbitrariness. A study by Pepperdine University School of Law published in Temple Law Review, "Unpredictable Doom and Lethal Injustice: An Argument for Greater Transparency in Death Penalty Decisions," surveyed the decision-making process among prosecutors in various states. The authors found that prosecutors' capital punishment filing decisions remain marked by local "idiosyncrasies," suggesting they are not in keeping with the spirit of the Supreme Court's directive. This means that "the very types of unfairness that the Supreme Court sought to eliminate" may still "infect capital cases." Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria. California law, for example, has 22 "special circumstances," making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases. The 32 death penalty states have varying numbers and types of "death qualifiers" – circumstances that allow for capital charges. The number varies from a high of 34 in California to 22 in Colorado and Delaware to 12 in Texas, Nebraska, Georgia and Montana. The study's authors call for reform of state procedures along the lines of reforms in the federal system, which the U.S. Department of Justice initiated with a 1995 protocol. Crimes subject to the death penalty vary by jurisdiction. All jurisdictions that use capital punishment designate the highest grade of murder a capital crime, although most jurisdictions require aggravating circumstances. Treason against the United States, as well as treason against the states of Arkansas, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri are capital offenses.
|
How many cases are not special circumstances in California?
|
How many cases are not special circumstances in California?
|
[
"How many cases are not special circumstances in California?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110177
|
5ad3f4f3604f3c001a3ff96f
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
In the decades since Furman, new questions have emerged about whether or not prosecutorial arbitrariness has replaced sentencing arbitrariness. A study by Pepperdine University School of Law published in Temple Law Review, "Unpredictable Doom and Lethal Injustice: An Argument for Greater Transparency in Death Penalty Decisions," surveyed the decision-making process among prosecutors in various states. The authors found that prosecutors' capital punishment filing decisions remain marked by local "idiosyncrasies," suggesting they are not in keeping with the spirit of the Supreme Court's directive. This means that "the very types of unfairness that the Supreme Court sought to eliminate" may still "infect capital cases." Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria. California law, for example, has 22 "special circumstances," making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases. The 32 death penalty states have varying numbers and types of "death qualifiers" – circumstances that allow for capital charges. The number varies from a high of 34 in California to 22 in Colorado and Delaware to 12 in Texas, Nebraska, Georgia and Montana. The study's authors call for reform of state procedures along the lines of reforms in the federal system, which the U.S. Department of Justice initiated with a 1995 protocol. Crimes subject to the death penalty vary by jurisdiction. All jurisdictions that use capital punishment designate the highest grade of murder a capital crime, although most jurisdictions require aggravating circumstances. Treason against the United States, as well as treason against the states of Arkansas, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri are capital offenses.
|
What happened in 1997?
|
What happened in 1997?
|
[
"What happened in 1997?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110178
|
5727b6064b864d1900163b0a
|
Culture
|
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.
|
How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define "Culture" in short?
|
How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define "Culture" in short?
|
[
" How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define \"Culture\" in short?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the way of life"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110179
|
5727b6064b864d1900163b0b
|
Culture
|
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.
|
What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?
|
What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?
|
[
"What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Terror Management Theory"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110180
|
5727b6064b864d1900163b0c
|
Culture
|
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.
|
What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture?
|
What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture?
|
[
"What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture?"
] |
{
"text": [
"larger brain"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110181
|
5a396b042f14dd001ac72311
|
Culture
|
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.
|
How does the Cambridge Swedish Dictionary define "Culture" in short?
|
How does the Cambridge Swedish Dictionary define "Culture" in short?
|
[
"How does the Cambridge Swedish Dictionary define \"Culture\" in short?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110182
|
5a396b042f14dd001ac72312
|
Culture
|
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.
|
What is the name of a theory that culture is a series of locations and world rules?
|
What is the name of a theory that culture is a series of locations and world rules?
|
[
"What is the name of a theory that culture is a series of locations and world rules?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110183
|
5a396b042f14dd001ac72313
|
Culture
|
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.
|
What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become unaware of Culture?
|
What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become unaware of Culture?
|
[
"What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become unaware of Culture?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110184
|
5a396b042f14dd001ac72314
|
Culture
|
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.
|
What are Homo Sapiens able to avoid as a result of having a larger brain?
|
What are Homo Sapiens able to avoid as a result of having a larger brain?
|
[
"What are Homo Sapiens able to avoid as a result of having a larger brain?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110185
|
5a396b042f14dd001ac72315
|
Culture
|
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.
|
What is defined as "the way of life, especially the supernatural customs and beliefs, of a particular individual at a particular time?"
|
What is defined as "the way of life, especially the supernatural customs and beliefs, of a particular individual at a particular time?"
|
[
"What is defined as \"the way of life, especially the supernatural customs and beliefs, of a particular individual at a particular time?\""
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110186
|
5727ba4b4b864d1900163b9c
|
Culture
|
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.
|
Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?
|
Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?
|
[
"Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?"
] |
{
"text": [
"50,000 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110187
|
5727ba4b4b864d1900163b9d
|
Culture
|
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.
|
Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today.
|
Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today.
|
[
"Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today."
] |
{
"text": [
"kinship, gender and marriage"
],
"answer_start": [
921
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110188
|
5727ba4b4b864d1900163b9e
|
Culture
|
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.
|
What does the term "concept material culture" cover?
|
What does the term "concept material culture" cover?
|
[
"What does the term \"concept material culture\" cover?"
] |
{
"text": [
"technology, architecture and art"
],
"answer_start": [
1212
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110189
|
5a3975a52f14dd001ac72341
|
Culture
|
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.
|
What is not a defining aspect of what it means to be human?
|
What is not a defining aspect of what it means to be human?
|
[
"What is not a defining aspect of what it means to be human?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110190
|
5a3975a52f14dd001ac72342
|
Culture
|
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.
|
When were humans able to understand culture fully?
|
When were humans able to understand culture fully?
|
[
"When were humans able to understand culture fully?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110191
|
5a3975a52f14dd001ac72343
|
Culture
|
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.
|
What does the term "concept immaterial culture" cover?
|
What does the term "concept immaterial culture" cover?
|
[
"What does the term \"concept immaterial culture\" cover?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110192
|
5a3975a52f14dd001ac72344
|
Culture
|
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.
|
What is excluded from the cultural heritage of a society?
|
What is excluded from the cultural heritage of a society?
|
[
"What is excluded from the cultural heritage of a society?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110193
|
5a3975a52f14dd001ac72345
|
Culture
|
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.
|
What cultural universals no longer exist in humans?
|
What cultural universals no longer exist in humans?
|
[
"What cultural universals no longer exist in humans?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110194
|
5727bf163acd2414000deb55
|
Culture
|
In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious – discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.
|
What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly?
|
What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly?
|
[
"What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly?"
] |
{
"text": [
"body modification, clothing or jewelry"
],
"answer_start": [
763
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110195
|
5727bf163acd2414000deb56
|
Culture
|
In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious – discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.
|
Around what time did Mass Culture emerge?
|
Around what time did Mass Culture emerge?
|
[
"Around what time did Mass Culture emerge?"
] |
{
"text": [
"20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
927
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110196
|
5727bf163acd2414000deb57
|
Culture
|
In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious – discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.
|
What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?
|
What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?
|
[
"What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness"
],
"answer_start": [
1057
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110197
|
5a3977502f14dd001ac72355
|
Culture
|
In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious – discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.
|
What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture invisibly?
|
What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture invisibly?
|
[
"What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture invisibly?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110198
|
5a3977502f14dd001ac72356
|
Culture
|
In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious – discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.
|
Around what time did Mass Culture end?
|
Around what time did Mass Culture end?
|
[
"Around what time did Mass Culture end?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-110199
|
5a3977502f14dd001ac72357
|
Culture
|
In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious – discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.
|
What do no schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?
|
What do no schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?
|
[
"What do no schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
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