gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-111200 | 5731a18fe17f3d140042228c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome offers no native creation myth, and little mythography to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales (immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, ... | To the Romans who ruled all aspects of heaven and earth? | To the Romans who ruled all aspects of heaven and earth? | [
"To the Romans who ruled all aspects of heaven and earth?"
] | {
"text": [
"immortal gods"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111201 | 5731a18fe17f3d140042228d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome offers no native creation myth, and little mythography to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales (immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, ... | What did the Romans do for those deities that favored Rome? | What did the Romans do for those deities that favored Rome? | [
"What did the Romans do for those deities that favored Rome? "
] | {
"text": [
"Rome honoured them"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111202 | 5731a18fe17f3d140042228e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome offers no native creation myth, and little mythography to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales (immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, ... | What did Rome make the myriad various cults? | What did Rome make the myriad various cults? | [
"What did Rome make the myriad various cults?"
] | {
"text": [
"lawful"
],
"answer_start": [
633
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111203 | 5731a18fe17f3d140042228f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome offers no native creation myth, and little mythography to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales (immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, ... | What was basic facet of Roman religious experience? | What was basic facet of Roman religious experience? | [
"What was basic facet of Roman religious experience?"
] | {
"text": [
"Change"
],
"answer_start": [
829
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111204 | 5731a3b00fdd8d15006c6417 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Several versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested", consistently personified the div... | To the Romans who was the most powerful of the gods? | To the Romans who was the most powerful of the gods? | [
"To the Romans who was the most powerful of the gods?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jupiter"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111205 | 5731a3b00fdd8d15006c6418 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Several versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested", consistently personified the div... | What did Jupiter personify in regards to Rome's highest offices? | What did Jupiter personify in regards to Rome's highest offices? | [
"What did Jupiter personify in regards to Rome's highest offices?"
] | {
"text": [
"divine authority"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111206 | 5731a3b00fdd8d15006c6419 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Several versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested", consistently personified the div... | What gods did Juno and Minerva replace in Roman religious practice? | What gods did Juno and Minerva replace in Roman religious practice? | [
"What gods did Juno and Minerva replace in Roman religious practice?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mars and Quirinus"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111207 | 5731a3b00fdd8d15006c641a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Several versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested", consistently personified the div... | From where does the practice of linking various gods into grouping come? | From where does the practice of linking various gods into grouping come? | [
"From where does the practice of linking various gods into grouping come?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greek in origin"
],
"answer_start": [
1057
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111208 | 5731a3b00fdd8d15006c641b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Several versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested", consistently personified the div... | Of what did the linking of Greek and Roman deities promote a feeling? | Of what did the linking of Greek and Roman deities promote a feeling? | [
"Of what did the linking of Greek and Roman deities promote a feeling? "
] | {
"text": [
"heritage"
],
"answer_start": [
1284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111209 | 5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic bl... | What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances? | What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances? | [
"What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances?"
] | {
"text": [
"commonplace"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111210 | 5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic bl... | To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices pertain? | To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices pertain? | [
"To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices pertain? "
] | {
"text": [
"lawful Roman"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111211 | 5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic bl... | What were the characteristics of state religious observances? | What were the characteristics of state religious observances? | [
"What were the characteristics of state religious observances?"
] | {
"text": [
"impressive, costly, and centralised"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111212 | 5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic bl... | Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome? | Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome? | [
"Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome? "
] | {
"text": [
"individual"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111213 | 5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic bl... | What type of deities did Roman communities have? | What type of deities did Roman communities have? | [
"What type of deities did Roman communities have?"
] | {
"text": [
"patron"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111214 | 5731a76fe17f3d14004222c3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal gro... | How many religious celebrations did Rome have? | How many religious celebrations did Rome have? | [
"How many religious celebrations did Rome have?"
] | {
"text": [
"forty"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111215 | 5731a76fe17f3d14004222c4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal gro... | What type of day were there more of in Rome? | What type of day were there more of in Rome? | [
" What type of day were there more of in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"sacred days"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111216 | 5731a76fe17f3d14004222c5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal gro... | With what were Roman festivals organized in accordance? | With what were Roman festivals organized in accordance? | [
"With what were Roman festivals organized in accordance?"
] | {
"text": [
"seasonal"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111217 | 5731a76fe17f3d14004222c6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal gro... | What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate? | What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate? | [
"What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate?"
] | {
"text": [
"local"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111218 | 5731a76fe17f3d14004222c7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal gro... | Instead of the public, what did some religious rites only require? | Instead of the public, what did some religious rites only require? | [
"Instead of the public, what did some religious rites only require?"
] | {
"text": [
"particular groups"
],
"answer_start": [
732
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111219 | 5731a97bb9d445190005e439 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to ... | What type of festivals happened when events warranted them? | What type of festivals happened when events warranted them? | [
"What type of festivals happened when events warranted them?"
] | {
"text": [
"fulfillment of religious vows"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111220 | 5731a97bb9d445190005e43a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to ... | What is an example of an event organized religious celebration? | What is an example of an event organized religious celebration? | [
"What is an example of an event organized religious celebration?"
] | {
"text": [
"The triumph"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111221 | 5731a97bb9d445190005e43b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to ... | In what aspect of the festival did political figures try to out do each other? | In what aspect of the festival did political figures try to out do each other? | [
"In what aspect of the festival did political figures try to out do each other?"
] | {
"text": [
"public display"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111222 | 5731a97bb9d445190005e43c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to ... | Under what auspices did public displays come during the Principate? | Under what auspices did public displays come during the Principate? | [
"Under what auspices did public displays come during the Principate?"
] | {
"text": [
"Imperial"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111223 | 5731a97bb9d445190005e43d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to ... | Who paid for the most lavish of festival events? | Who paid for the most lavish of festival events? | [
"Who paid for the most lavish of festival events?"
] | {
"text": [
"emperors"
],
"answer_start": [
553
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111224 | 5731ab21b9d445190005e44d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival... | What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do? | What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do? | [
"What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"reinterpretation"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111225 | 5731ab21b9d445190005e44e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival... | What did Augustus wish to do for Roman religion? | What did Augustus wish to do for Roman religion? | [
"What did Augustus wish to do for Roman religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"reform"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111226 | 5731ab21b9d445190005e44f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival... | What poet wrote a long poem describing Roman religious holidays? | What poet wrote a long poem describing Roman religious holidays? | [
"What poet wrote a long poem describing Roman religious holidays?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ovid"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111227 | 5731ab21b9d445190005e450 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival... | What was lacking in the presentation of religious events in Rome? | What was lacking in the presentation of religious events in Rome? | [
"What was lacking in the presentation of religious events in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"authoritative calendar"
],
"answer_start": [
1207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111228 | 5731ab21b9d445190005e451 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival... | Under whose rule were new Christian festivals added to previous Roman holidays? | Under whose rule were new Christian festivals added to previous Roman holidays? | [
"Under whose rule were new Christian festivals added to previous Roman holidays?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christian"
],
"answer_start": [
1281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111229 | 5731aca5e99e3014001e61be | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer t... | Around what aspect did the Romans a lot space? | Around what aspect did the Romans a lot space? | [
"Around what aspect did the Romans a lot space?"
] | {
"text": [
"ritual"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111230 | 5731aca5e99e3014001e61bf | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer t... | What religious practice did Rome use to determine ritual? | What religious practice did Rome use to determine ritual? | [
"What religious practice did Rome use to determine ritual?"
] | {
"text": [
"augury"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111231 | 5731aca5e99e3014001e61c0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer t... | What Roman word was used to refer to the scared precinct? | What Roman word was used to refer to the scared precinct? | [
"What Roman word was used to refer to the scared precinct?"
] | {
"text": [
"templum"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111232 | 5731aca5e99e3014001e61c1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer t... | What common Latin words were used to mean a shrine or building? | What common Latin words were used to mean a shrine or building? | [
"What common Latin words were used to mean a shrine or building?"
] | {
"text": [
"aedes, delubrum, or fanum"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111233 | 5731aca5e99e3014001e61c2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer t... | What monuments were the some of most visible of Roman culture? | What monuments were the some of most visible of Roman culture? | [
"What monuments were the some of most visible of Roman culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"temples"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111234 | 5731ae300fdd8d15006c643d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action,... | What did each offering require to be valid in Roman religion? | What did each offering require to be valid in Roman religion? | [
"What did each offering require to be valid in Roman religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"prayer"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111235 | 5731ae300fdd8d15006c643e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action,... | What did Pliny the Elder think that a sacrifice without prayer was? | What did Pliny the Elder think that a sacrifice without prayer was? | [
"What did Pliny the Elder think that a sacrifice without prayer was?"
] | {
"text": [
"useless"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111236 | 5731ae300fdd8d15006c643f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action,... | What act alone had power in Roman thought? | What act alone had power in Roman thought? | [
"What act alone had power in Roman thought?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prayer"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111237 | 5731ae300fdd8d15006c6440 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action,... | What knowledge was of importance in the potency of prayer? | What knowledge was of importance in the potency of prayer? | [
"What knowledge was of importance in the potency of prayer?"
] | {
"text": [
"correct verbal formulas"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111238 | 5731ae300fdd8d15006c6441 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action,... | What was missing in the formulas of prayer in Rome? | What was missing in the formulas of prayer in Rome? | [
"What was missing in the formulas of prayer in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"personal expression"
],
"answer_start": [
1104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111239 | 5731af92e99e3014001e61c8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consu... | When did the sacrifices to the deities of the heavens occur? | When did the sacrifices to the deities of the heavens occur? | [
"When did the sacrifices to the deities of the heavens occur? "
] | {
"text": [
"daylight"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111240 | 5731af92e99e3014001e61c9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consu... | What color was the sacrifice mandated to be for heaven deities? | What color was the sacrifice mandated to be for heaven deities? | [
"What color was the sacrifice mandated to be for heaven deities?"
] | {
"text": [
"white"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111241 | 5731af92e99e3014001e61ca | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consu... | What type of sacrifices were offered to gods with earth connections? | What type of sacrifices were offered to gods with earth connections? | [
"What type of sacrifices were offered to gods with earth connections?"
] | {
"text": [
"fertile"
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111242 | 5731af92e99e3014001e61cb | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consu... | What event was held after the sacrifice? | What event was held after the sacrifice? | [
"What event was held after the sacrifice?"
] | {
"text": [
"banquet"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111243 | 5731af92e99e3014001e61cc | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consu... | Who ate the meat of the sacrifice during the after sacrifice banquet? | Who ate the meat of the sacrifice during the after sacrifice banquet? | [
"Who ate the meat of the sacrifice during the after sacrifice banquet?"
] | {
"text": [
"officials and priests"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111244 | 5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the... | When were the gods below and the dead celebrated? | When were the gods below and the dead celebrated? | [
"When were the gods below and the dead celebrated?"
] | {
"text": [
"nighttime"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111245 | 5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the... | What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered? | What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered? | [
"What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered?"
] | {
"text": [
"dark, fertile"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111246 | 5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the... | How was the sacrifice to the gods below handled? | How was the sacrifice to the gods below handled? | [
"How was the sacrifice to the gods below handled?"
] | {
"text": [
"burnt offering"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111247 | 5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the... | What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice? | What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice? | [
"What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice?"
] | {
"text": [
"shared banquet"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111248 | 5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the... | What feature had importance in sacrifices? | What feature had importance in sacrifices? | [
"What feature had importance in sacrifices?"
] | {
"text": [
"Color"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111249 | 5731b729b9d445190005e4a7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In ... | What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion? | What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion? | [
"What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"divine agencies"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111250 | 5731b729b9d445190005e4a8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In ... | What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters? | What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters? | [
"What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Divine"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111251 | 5731b729b9d445190005e4a9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In ... | What was expected when the divine intervention benefited the patron? | What was expected when the divine intervention benefited the patron? | [
"What was expected when the divine intervention benefited the patron?"
] | {
"text": [
"gratitude"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111252 | 5731b729b9d445190005e4aa | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In ... | What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome? | What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome? | [
"What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"public rites"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111253 | 5731b729b9d445190005e4ab | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In ... | What was the point of public procession to the god's temples? | What was the point of public procession to the god's temples? | [
"What was the point of public procession to the god's temples?"
] | {
"text": [
"supplicating the gods"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111254 | 5731b8a4e17f3d140042231b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionall... | What type of circumstances were called for in times of extreme difficulties? | What type of circumstances were called for in times of extreme difficulties? | [
"What type of circumstances were called for in times of extreme difficulties?"
] | {
"text": [
"Extraordinary"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111255 | 5731b8a4e17f3d140042231c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionall... | What offering was Jupiter promised during the Second Punic War? | What offering was Jupiter promised during the Second Punic War? | [
"What offering was Jupiter promised during the Second Punic War?"
] | {
"text": [
"every animal born"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111256 | 5731b8a4e17f3d140042231d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionall... | From whom was Rome asking for protection? | From whom was Rome asking for protection? | [
"From whom was Rome asking for protection?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hannibal"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111257 | 5731b8a4e17f3d140042231e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionall... | What happened to the sacrifice if the god failed to uphold the agreement? | What happened to the sacrifice if the god failed to uphold the agreement? | [
"What happened to the sacrifice if the god failed to uphold the agreement?"
] | {
"text": [
"withheld"
],
"answer_start": [
611
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111258 | 5731b8a4e17f3d140042231f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionall... | What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii? | What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii? | [
"What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii?"
] | {
"text": [
"bull"
],
"answer_start": [
826
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111259 | 5731b9b9e99e3014001e6204 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | What were the exta of a sacrifice? | What were the exta of a sacrifice? | [
"What were the exta of a sacrifice?"
] | {
"text": [
"entrails"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111260 | 5731b9b9e99e3014001e6205 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | How were the exta read in Roman religious practice? | How were the exta read in Roman religious practice? | [
"How were the exta read in Roman religious practice?"
] | {
"text": [
"disciplina Etrusca"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111261 | 5731b9b9e99e3014001e6206 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | What part of the sacrifice were reserved for the gods? | What part of the sacrifice were reserved for the gods? | [
"What part of the sacrifice were reserved for the gods?"
] | {
"text": [
"exta and blood"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111262 | 5731b9b9e99e3014001e6207 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | What part of the sacrifice was shared among humans? | What part of the sacrifice was shared among humans? | [
"What part of the sacrifice was shared among humans?"
] | {
"text": [
"meat"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111263 | 5731b9b9e99e3014001e6208 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | Into what was the god's portion of the sacrifice placed? | Into what was the god's portion of the sacrifice placed? | [
"Into what was the god's portion of the sacrifice placed?"
] | {
"text": [
"fire on the altar"
],
"answer_start": [
708
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111264 | 5731bb00e99e3014001e6218 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "s... | What type of sacrifice was rare in Rome? | What type of sacrifice was rare in Rome? | [
"What type of sacrifice was rare in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Human"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111265 | 5731bb00e99e3014001e6219 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "s... | What act was repulsive to Romans? | What act was repulsive to Romans? | [
"What act was repulsive to Romans?"
] | {
"text": [
"Human sacrifice"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111266 | 5731bb00e99e3014001e621a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "s... | How were sacrifices of humans carried out in Rome? | How were sacrifices of humans carried out in Rome? | [
"How were sacrifices of humans carried out in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"buried"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111267 | 5731bb00e99e3014001e621b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "s... | Before the invasion of what area was human sacrifice carried out? | Before the invasion of what area was human sacrifice carried out? | [
"Before the invasion of what area was human sacrifice carried out?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gaul"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111268 | 5731bb00e99e3014001e621c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "s... | When was the invasion of Gaul by Rome? | When was the invasion of Gaul by Rome? | [
"When was the invasion of Gaul by Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"113 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111269 | 5731bc54e17f3d1400422349 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | During what war was the first gladiator munus held? | During what war was the first gladiator munus held? | [
"During what war was the first gladiator munus held?"
] | {
"text": [
"First Punic War"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111270 | 5731bc54e17f3d140042234a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | How was the gladiatorial combat described? | How was the gladiatorial combat described? | [
"How was the gladiatorial combat described? "
] | {
"text": [
"funeral blood-rite"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111271 | 5731bc54e17f3d140042234b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | What was not the ultimate purpose of gladiatorial rites? | What was not the ultimate purpose of gladiatorial rites? | [
"What was not the ultimate purpose of gladiatorial rites?"
] | {
"text": [
"death"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111272 | 5731bc54e17f3d140042234c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | In what way was gladiatorial combat considered? | In what way was gladiatorial combat considered? | [
"In what way was gladiatorial combat considered?"
] | {
"text": [
"as an offering"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111273 | 5731bc54e17f3d140042234d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | How did later Christians view Gladiatorial combats? | How did later Christians view Gladiatorial combats? | [
"How did later Christians view Gladiatorial combats?"
] | {
"text": [
"human sacrifice"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111274 | 5731bd96b9d445190005e4ed | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military exec... | Who was the founder of the Roman Republic? | Who was the founder of the Roman Republic? | [
"Who was the founder of the Roman Republic?"
] | {
"text": [
"L. Junius Brutus"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111275 | 5731bd96b9d445190005e4ee | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military exec... | What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania? | What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania? | [
"What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania?"
] | {
"text": [
"woolen dolls"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111276 | 5731bd96b9d445190005e4ef | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military exec... | Who was Mania in Roman religion? | Who was Mania in Roman religion? | [
"Who was Mania in Roman religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mother of the Lares"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111277 | 5731bd96b9d445190005e4f0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military exec... | What leader was the first consul of the Roman Republic? | What leader was the first consul of the Roman Republic? | [
"What leader was the first consul of the Roman Republic?"
] | {
"text": [
"L. Junius Brutus"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111278 | 5731bd96b9d445190005e4f1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military exec... | What acts were sometimes arranged so as to be sacrifices? | What acts were sometimes arranged so as to be sacrifices? | [
"What acts were sometimes arranged so as to be sacrifices?"
] | {
"text": [
"executions"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111279 | 5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committe... | What act did Romans view as obnoxious? | What act did Romans view as obnoxious? | [
"What act did Romans view as obnoxious?"
] | {
"text": [
"human sacrifice"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111280 | 5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committe... | To whom was human sacrifice usually attributed? | To whom was human sacrifice usually attributed? | [
"To whom was human sacrifice usually attributed?"
] | {
"text": [
"enemies"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111281 | 5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committe... | What did Rome do about human sacrifice? | What did Rome do about human sacrifice? | [
"What did Rome do about human sacrifice?"
] | {
"text": [
"banned it"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111282 | 5731bed90fdd8d15006c64ea | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committe... | As what did the law of 81 BC view human sacrifice? | As what did the law of 81 BC view human sacrifice? | [
"As what did the law of 81 BC view human sacrifice?"
] | {
"text": [
"murder"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111283 | 5731bed90fdd8d15006c64eb | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committe... | What ruler banned human sacrifice empire wide? | What ruler banned human sacrifice empire wide? | [
"What ruler banned human sacrifice empire wide?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hadrian"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111284 | 5731c01cb9d445190005e501 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | Who was the senior priest of the household in Rome? | Who was the senior priest of the household in Rome? | [
"Who was the senior priest of the household in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"pater familias"
],
"answer_start": [
2
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111285 | 5731c01cb9d445190005e502 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | Which individual in the household was responsible for the Vesta cult? | Which individual in the household was responsible for the Vesta cult? | [
"Which individual in the household was responsible for the Vesta cult?"
] | {
"text": [
"wife"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111286 | 5731c01cb9d445190005e503 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome? | Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome? | [
"Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aeneas"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111287 | 5731c01cb9d445190005e504 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | From what city did Aeneas bring the lares cult? | From what city did Aeneas bring the lares cult? | [
"From what city did Aeneas bring the lares cult?"
] | {
"text": [
"Troy"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111288 | 5731c01cb9d445190005e505 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | What was put in the temple of Vesta? | What was put in the temple of Vesta? | [
"What was put in the temple of Vesta?"
] | {
"text": [
"Palladium"
],
"answer_start": [
556
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111289 | 5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual w... | On what kind of system was Roman religious law focused? | On what kind of system was Roman religious law focused? | [
"On what kind of system was Roman religious law focused?"
] | {
"text": [
"ritualised"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111290 | 5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual w... | What form of religion was atheism considered to be? | What form of religion was atheism considered to be? | [
"What form of religion was atheism considered to be? "
] | {
"text": [
"Religious neglect"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111291 | 5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual w... | What results did proper religious practices produce? | What results did proper religious practices produce? | [
"What results did proper religious practices produce?"
] | {
"text": [
"harmony and prosperity."
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111292 | 5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual w... | What could deviations from proper religious practices cause? | What could deviations from proper religious practices cause? | [
"What could deviations from proper religious practices cause?"
] | {
"text": [
"divine anger"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111293 | 5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual w... | What did participation in public religious rites show about the individual? | What did participation in public religious rites show about the individual? | [
"What did participation in public religious rites show about the individual?"
] | {
"text": [
"commitment"
],
"answer_start": [
819
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111294 | 5731c36fb9d445190005e515 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to... | What organization payed for the maintenance official cults? | What organization payed for the maintenance official cults? | [
"What organization payed for the maintenance official cults?"
] | {
"text": [
"state"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111295 | 5731c36fb9d445190005e516 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to... | Who funded non-official religious cults? | Who funded non-official religious cults? | [
"Who funded non-official religious cults?"
] | {
"text": [
"private individuals"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111296 | 5731c36fb9d445190005e517 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to... | What group benefited from non- official cults? | What group benefited from non- official cults? | [
"What group benefited from non- official cults? "
] | {
"text": [
"own communities"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111297 | 5731c36fb9d445190005e518 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to... | What group presented the opening ceremonies of the Parentalia festival? | What group presented the opening ceremonies of the Parentalia festival? | [
"What group presented the opening ceremonies of the Parentalia festival?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vestals"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111298 | 5731c36fb9d445190005e519 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to... | What individuals had the right to regulate all cults? | What individuals had the right to regulate all cults? | [
"What individuals had the right to regulate all cults?"
] | {
"text": [
"censor and pontifices"
],
"answer_start": [
753
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111299 | 5731cbc10fdd8d15006c6537 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. ... | What was lacking as to the profession of a priest class in Rome? | What was lacking as to the profession of a priest class in Rome? | [
"What was lacking as to the profession of a priest class in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"separate priestly caste"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
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