gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-111300 | 5731cbc10fdd8d15006c6538 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. ... | What authority in a community sponsored religious rites? | What authority in a community sponsored religious rites? | [
"What authority in a community sponsored religious rites? "
] | {
"text": [
"highest"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111301 | 5731cbc10fdd8d15006c6539 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. ... | What type of religious participants were available for consultation? | What type of religious participants were available for consultation? | [
"What type of religious participants were available for consultation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Specialists"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111302 | 5731cbc10fdd8d15006c653a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. ... | Which member of a family functioned as priest? | Which member of a family functioned as priest? | [
"Which member of a family functioned as priest?"
] | {
"text": [
"paterfamilias"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111303 | 5731cbc10fdd8d15006c653b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. ... | What were the earliest priesthoods? | What were the earliest priesthoods? | [
"What were the earliest priesthoods? "
] | {
"text": [
"flamines"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111304 | 5731cd7fe17f3d1400422429 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices incre... | Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings? | Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings? | [
"Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings?"
] | {
"text": [
"rex sacrorum"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111305 | 5731cd7fe17f3d140042242a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices incre... | What type of authority did the rex sacrorum lack? | What type of authority did the rex sacrorum lack? | [
"What type of authority did the rex sacrorum lack?"
] | {
"text": [
"civil"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111306 | 5731cd7fe17f3d140042242b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices incre... | What group's power increased after the rise of the Roman Republic? | What group's power increased after the rise of the Roman Republic? | [
"What group's power increased after the rise of the Roman Republic?"
] | {
"text": [
"Republican pontifices"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111307 | 5731cd7fe17f3d140042242c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices incre... | What individual became more powerful during the late Republic? | What individual became more powerful during the late Republic? | [
"What individual became more powerful during the late Republic?"
] | {
"text": [
"pontifex maximus"
],
"answer_start": [
780
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111308 | 5731cd7fe17f3d140042242d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices incre... | By the late Republic, what position had become largely symbolic? | By the late Republic, what position had become largely symbolic? | [
"By the late Republic, what position had become largely symbolic?"
] | {
"text": [
"rex sacrorum"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111309 | 5731cf22e99e3014001e62d0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | What group selected public priests in Rome? | What group selected public priests in Rome? | [
"What group selected public priests in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"collegia"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111310 | 5731cf22e99e3014001e62d1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | What was the term of office for a priest in Rome? | What was the term of office for a priest in Rome? | [
"What was the term of office for a priest in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"lifetime"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111311 | 5731cf22e99e3014001e62d2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | What limited an individual's access to religious offices? | What limited an individual's access to religious offices? | [
"What limited an individual's access to religious offices?"
] | {
"text": [
"law"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111312 | 5731cf22e99e3014001e62d3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | Because of the lack of pay, what was the type of honor in being a priest? | Because of the lack of pay, what was the type of honor in being a priest? | [
"Because of the lack of pay, what was the type of honor in being a priest?"
] | {
"text": [
"costly"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111313 | 5731cf22e99e3014001e62d4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | What did a priesthood in the Imperial cult gain a provencial? | What did a priesthood in the Imperial cult gain a provencial? | [
"What did a priesthood in the Imperial cult gain a provencial?"
] | {
"text": [
"Roman citizenship"
],
"answer_start": [
1298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111314 | 5731d079e99e3014001e62da | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | How many Vestals were there in Rome? | How many Vestals were there in Rome? | [
"How many Vestals were there in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111315 | 5731d079e99e3014001e62db | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | Of what was Vesta the goddess? | Of what was Vesta the goddess? | [
"Of what was Vesta the goddess?"
] | {
"text": [
"hearth"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111316 | 5731d079e99e3014001e62dc | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | Of what were the Vestals protectors? | Of what were the Vestals protectors? | [
"Of what were the Vestals protectors?"
] | {
"text": [
"vital flame"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111317 | 5731d079e99e3014001e62dd | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | What was the benefit of being a Vestal? | What was the benefit of being a Vestal? | [
"What was the benefit of being a Vestal?"
] | {
"text": [
"political influence"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111318 | 5731d079e99e3014001e62de | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | To whom did the Vestal answer? | To whom did the Vestal answer? | [
"To whom did the Vestal answer?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pontifex Maximus"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111319 | 5731d21ae99e3014001e62f6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastit... | What vow was required of Vestals? | What vow was required of Vestals? | [
"What vow was required of Vestals?"
] | {
"text": [
"chastity"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111320 | 5731d21ae99e3014001e62f7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastit... | What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal's chastity? | What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal's chastity? | [
"What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal's chastity?"
] | {
"text": [
"buried alive"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111321 | 5731d21ae99e3014001e62f8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastit... | What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties? | What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties? | [
"What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties?"
] | {
"text": [
"devoted"
],
"answer_start": [
561
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111322 | 5731d21ae99e3014001e62f9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastit... | How were the Vestals' devotion to Rome's security viewed to be ? | How were the Vestals' devotion to Rome's security viewed to be ? | [
"How were the Vestals' devotion to Rome's security viewed to be ?"
] | {
"text": [
"essential"
],
"answer_start": [
625
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111323 | 5731d21ae99e3014001e62fa | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastit... | What was the honor granted a Vestal ? | What was the honor granted a Vestal ? | [
"What was the honor granted a Vestal ?"
] | {
"text": [
"religious"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111324 | 5731d3b3e17f3d140042245d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festi... | Where could a householder rekindle the home's flame? | Where could a householder rekindle the home's flame? | [
"Where could a householder rekindle the home's flame?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vesta's flame"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111325 | 5731d3b3e17f3d140042245e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festi... | For what state artifacts did the Vestals care? | For what state artifacts did the Vestals care? | [
"For what state artifacts did the Vestals care?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lares and Penates"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111326 | 5731d3b3e17f3d140042245f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festi... | What was the Vestal festival called? | What was the Vestal festival called? | [
"What was the Vestal festival called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vestalia"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111327 | 5731d3b3e17f3d1400422460 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festi... | To what part of official state sacrifices did the Vestals attend? | To what part of official state sacrifices did the Vestals attend? | [
"To what part of official state sacrifices did the Vestals attend?"
] | {
"text": [
"mola salsa"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111328 | 5731d3b3e17f3d1400422461 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festi... | What was the nature of the role of the Vestals in state sacrifices? | What was the nature of the role of the Vestals in state sacrifices? | [
"What was the nature of the role of the Vestals in state sacrifices?"
] | {
"text": [
"Indirect"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111329 | 5731d546e99e3014001e6312 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well... | What group's status was improved by Augustus' religious reforms? | What group's status was improved by Augustus' religious reforms? | [
"What group's status was improved by Augustus' religious reforms?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vestals"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111330 | 5731d546e99e3014001e6313 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well... | What advantage was there in being a Vestal at games? | What advantage was there in being a Vestal at games? | [
"What advantage was there in being a Vestal at games?"
] | {
"text": [
"seating"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111331 | 5731d546e99e3014001e6314 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well... | For whose cult were the Vestals appointed as priestesses? | For whose cult were the Vestals appointed as priestesses? | [
"For whose cult were the Vestals appointed as priestesses?"
] | {
"text": [
"Livia"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111332 | 5731d546e99e3014001e6315 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well... | Until what time did the Vestal retain their social distinctions? | Until what time did the Vestal retain their social distinctions? | [
"Until what time did the Vestal retain their social distinctions?"
] | {
"text": [
"4th century"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111333 | 5731d546e99e3014001e6316 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well... | Which emperor disbanded the Vestals? | Which emperor disbanded the Vestals? | [
"Which emperor disbanded the Vestals?"
] | {
"text": [
"Theodosius I"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111334 | 5731d6d4e99e3014001e631c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) had been marked by Romulus himsel... | In what area did public rites take place in Rome? | In what area did public rites take place in Rome? | [
"In what area did public rites take place in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"sacred precinct"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111335 | 5731d6d4e99e3014001e631d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) had been marked by Romulus himsel... | What person marked the religious area ritually? | What person marked the religious area ritually? | [
"What person marked the religious area ritually?"
] | {
"text": [
"augur"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111336 | 5731d6d4e99e3014001e631e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) had been marked by Romulus himsel... | What was the original meaning of the templum in Latin? | What was the original meaning of the templum in Latin? | [
"What was the original meaning of the templum in Latin?"
] | {
"text": [
"sacred space"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111337 | 5731d6d4e99e3014001e631f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) had been marked by Romulus himsel... | Who designated the first boundary of Rome? | Who designated the first boundary of Rome? | [
"Who designated the first boundary of Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Romulus"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111338 | 5731d6d4e99e3014001e6320 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) had been marked by Romulus himsel... | What did augers seek to understand through observances? | What did augers seek to understand through observances? | [
"What did augers seek to understand through observances?"
] | {
"text": [
"divine will"
],
"answer_start": [
656
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111339 | 5731d97fe99e3014001e632e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors... | What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods? | What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods? | [
"What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods?"
] | {
"text": [
"examination of entrails"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111340 | 5731d97fe99e3014001e632f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors... | Which of the entrails was especially important to augury? | Which of the entrails was especially important to augury? | [
"Which of the entrails was especially important to augury?"
] | {
"text": [
"liver"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111341 | 5731d97fe99e3014001e6330 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors... | To which group can haruspicy to traced? | To which group can haruspicy to traced? | [
"To which group can haruspicy to traced?"
] | {
"text": [
"Etruscan"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111342 | 5731d97fe99e3014001e6331 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors... | What type of private individual had several generals and politicians used to validate their actions? | What type of private individual had several generals and politicians used to validate their actions? | [
"What type of private individual had several generals and politicians used to validate their actions?"
] | {
"text": [
"diviners"
],
"answer_start": [
764
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111343 | 5731d97fe99e3014001e6332 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors... | What type of diviners did the armies use to determine the will of the gods? | What type of diviners did the armies use to determine the will of the gods? | [
"What type of diviners did the armies use to determine the will of the gods?"
] | {
"text": [
"public haruspices"
],
"answer_start": [
805
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111344 | 5731daede99e3014001e6342 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for rit... | What were considered to be natural transgressions by the Romans? | What were considered to be natural transgressions by the Romans? | [
"What were considered to be natural transgressions by the Romans?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prodigies"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111345 | 5731daede99e3014001e6343 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for rit... | What did prodigies show the Romans? | What did prodigies show the Romans? | [
"What did prodigies show the Romans?"
] | {
"text": [
"divine anger"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111346 | 5731daede99e3014001e6344 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for rit... | Of what were prodigies predictors? | Of what were prodigies predictors? | [
"Of what were prodigies predictors?"
] | {
"text": [
"conflict and misfortune"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111347 | 5731daede99e3014001e6345 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for rit... | What did the expiation of a prodigy impose? | What did the expiation of a prodigy impose? | [
"What did the expiation of a prodigy impose?"
] | {
"text": [
"dedicated rites"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111348 | 5731daede99e3014001e6346 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for rit... | What group determined the truth of a prodigy? | What group determined the truth of a prodigy? | [
"What group determined the truth of a prodigy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Senate"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111349 | 5731e68eb9d445190005e63d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains ... | What author wrote of disaster prodigies? | What author wrote of disaster prodigies? | [
"What author wrote of disaster prodigies?"
] | {
"text": [
"Livy"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111350 | 5731e68eb9d445190005e63e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains ... | Of what did the greater prodigies require in sacrifice? | Of what did the greater prodigies require in sacrifice? | [
"Of what did the greater prodigies require in sacrifice?"
] | {
"text": [
"greater victims"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111351 | 5731e68eb9d445190005e63f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains ... | What type of sacrifices were required to expiate the minor prodigies ? | What type of sacrifices were required to expiate the minor prodigies ? | [
"What type of sacrifices were required to expiate the minor prodigies ?"
] | {
"text": [
"lesser victims"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111352 | 5731e68eb9d445190005e640 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains ... | What is the only proof of religious success over prodigies? | What is the only proof of religious success over prodigies? | [
"What is the only proof of religious success over prodigies?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rome's victory"
],
"answer_start": [
854
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111353 | 5731e68eb9d445190005e641 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains ... | Of what did Livy think the prodigies proved about Roman religion? | Of what did Livy think the prodigies proved about Roman religion? | [
"Of what did Livy think the prodigies proved about Roman religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"widespread failure"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111354 | 5731e806b9d445190005e651 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votiv... | From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come? | From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come? | [
"From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come?"
] | {
"text": [
"educated elite"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111355 | 5731e806b9d445190005e652 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votiv... | What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead? | What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead? | [
"What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead?"
] | {
"text": [
"archaic"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111356 | 5731e806b9d445190005e653 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votiv... | What did the ancient Romans expect after death? | What did the ancient Romans expect after death? | [
"What did the ancient Romans expect after death?"
] | {
"text": [
"afterlife"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111357 | 5731e806b9d445190005e654 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votiv... | With whom did the early Romans expect to associate? | With whom did the early Romans expect to associate? | [
"With whom did the early Romans expect to associate?"
] | {
"text": [
"gods"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111358 | 5731e806b9d445190005e655 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votiv... | What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings? | What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings? | [
"What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings?"
] | {
"text": [
"monumental endowments"
],
"answer_start": [
675
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111359 | 5731ea07b9d445190005e679 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion? | What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion? | [
"What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"Funeral and commemorative"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111360 | 5731ea07b9d445190005e67a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time? | What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time? | [
"What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time?"
] | {
"text": [
"sow"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111361 | 5731ea07b9d445190005e67b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering? | What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering? | [
"What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering?"
] | {
"text": [
"less well-off"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111362 | 5731ea07b9d445190005e67c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead? | What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead? | [
"What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead? "
] | {
"text": [
"Parentalia"
],
"answer_start": [
940
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111363 | 5731ea07b9d445190005e67d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What goddess was an intermediary between the dead and the living? | What goddess was an intermediary between the dead and the living? | [
"What goddess was an intermediary between the dead and the living?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ceres"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111364 | 5731ec3db9d445190005e6a1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wi... | What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's? | What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's? | [
"What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christian"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111365 | 5731ec3db9d445190005e6a2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wi... | What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians? | What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians? | [
"What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tombs"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111366 | 5731ec3db9d445190005e6a3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wi... | What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for? | What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for? | [
"What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for?"
] | {
"text": [
"alms of food"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111367 | 5731ec3db9d445190005e6a4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wi... | When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians? | When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians? | [
"When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians?"
] | {
"text": [
"AD 567"
],
"answer_start": [
682
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111368 | 5731ec3db9d445190005e6a5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wi... | How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead? | How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead? | [
"How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead?"
] | {
"text": [
"ritual pollution"
],
"answer_start": [
805
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111369 | 5731ed92e99e3014001e63d8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperia... | How were Roman camps laid out? | How were Roman camps laid out? | [
"How were Roman camps laid out?"
] | {
"text": [
"standard pattern"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111370 | 5731ed92e99e3014001e63d9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperia... | For what purpose were Roman camps arranged? | For what purpose were Roman camps arranged? | [
"For what purpose were Roman camps arranged?"
] | {
"text": [
"defense and religious ritual"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111371 | 5731ed92e99e3014001e63da | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperia... | Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions? | Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions? | [
"Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111372 | 5731ed92e99e3014001e63db | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperia... | What was in the center of each Roman camp? | What was in the center of each Roman camp? | [
"What was in the center of each Roman camp?"
] | {
"text": [
"commander's headquarters"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111373 | 5731ed92e99e3014001e63dc | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperia... | What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become? | What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become? | [
"What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become?"
] | {
"text": [
"divine templum"
],
"answer_start": [
809
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111374 | 5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6675 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured... | What type of personnel did every camp have? | What type of personnel did every camp have? | [
"What type of personnel did every camp have?"
] | {
"text": [
"religious"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111375 | 5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6676 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured... | What officer headed the religious personnel of a Roman camp? | What officer headed the religious personnel of a Roman camp? | [
"What officer headed the religious personnel of a Roman camp?"
] | {
"text": [
"senior magistrate-commander"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111376 | 5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6677 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured... | In the Imperial era, what cult did legionnaires follow? | In the Imperial era, what cult did legionnaires follow? | [
"In the Imperial era, what cult did legionnaires follow?"
] | {
"text": [
"emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
656
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111377 | 5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6678 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured... | Even in other places, of what did the legions keep observance? | Even in other places, of what did the legions keep observance? | [
"Even in other places, of what did the legions keep observance?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rome's official festivals"
],
"answer_start": [
768
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111378 | 5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6679 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured... | What person was considered to be "Mother of the camp''? | What person was considered to be "Mother of the camp''? | [
"What person was considered to be \"Mother of the camp''?"
] | {
"text": [
"Empress"
],
"answer_start": [
1091
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111379 | 5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ec | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same... | What was a Roman general's most extreme offering? | What was a Roman general's most extreme offering? | [
"What was a Roman general's most extreme offering?"
] | {
"text": [
"devotio"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111380 | 5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ed | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same... | What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle? | What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle? | [
"What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle?"
] | {
"text": [
"Decius Mus"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111381 | 5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ee | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same... | With what does the devotio link to military ethics? | With what does the devotio link to military ethics? | [
"With what does the devotio link to military ethics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Roman gladiator"
],
"answer_start": [
1021
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111382 | 5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ef | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same... | By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle? | By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle? | [
"By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle?"
] | {
"text": [
"disastrous consequences"
],
"answer_start": [
926
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111383 | 5731f0ffe99e3014001e63f0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same... | Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus? | Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus? | [
"Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus?"
] | {
"text": [
"Livy"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111384 | 5731f24bb9d445190005e6d3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices." In defiance of the omen, ... | What general was consul in 249 BC? | What general was consul in 249 BC? | [
"What general was consul in 249 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"Publius Claudius Pulcher"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111385 | 5731f24bb9d445190005e6d4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices." In defiance of the omen, ... | What type of campaign did Publius fight? | What type of campaign did Publius fight? | [
"What type of campaign did Publius fight?"
] | {
"text": [
"sea"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111386 | 5731f24bb9d445190005e6d5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices." In defiance of the omen, ... | What was Publius's critical mistake in his sea campaign? | What was Publius's critical mistake in his sea campaign? | [
"What was Publius's critical mistake in his sea campaign?"
] | {
"text": [
"defiance of the omen"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111387 | 5731f24bb9d445190005e6d6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices." In defiance of the omen, ... | How did Publius fare in his battle? | How did Publius fare in his battle? | [
"How did Publius fare in his battle?"
] | {
"text": [
"defeated"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111388 | 5731f24bb9d445190005e6d7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices." In defiance of the omen, ... | What was the cause of Publius's failures according to Roman feeling? | What was the cause of Publius's failures according to Roman feeling? | [
"What was the cause of Publius's failures according to Roman feeling?"
] | {
"text": [
"impiety"
],
"answer_start": [
570
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111389 | 5731f389e99e3014001e6414 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, ... | What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances? | What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances? | [
"What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances?"
] | {
"text": [
"limited"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111390 | 5731f389e99e3014001e6415 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, ... | What religious act did women not perform? | What religious act did women not perform? | [
"What religious act did women not perform?"
] | {
"text": [
"animal sacrifice"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111391 | 5731f389e99e3014001e6416 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, ... | What priesthood was reserved solely for women? | What priesthood was reserved solely for women? | [
"What priesthood was reserved solely for women?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vestals"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111392 | 5731f389e99e3014001e6417 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, ... | What Roman rites excluded men? | What Roman rites excluded men? | [
"What Roman rites excluded men?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bona Dea"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111393 | 5731f389e99e3014001e6418 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, ... | With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions? | With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions? | [
"With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions? "
] | {
"text": [
"motherhood"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111394 | 5731f519e17f3d1400422577 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean... | What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions? | What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions? | [
"What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions?"
] | {
"text": [
"superstitio"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111395 | 5731f519e17f3d1400422578 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean... | Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome? | Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome? | [
"Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than was necessary"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111396 | 5731f519e17f3d1400422579 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean... | What was excessive religio equated with in Rome? | What was excessive religio equated with in Rome? | [
"What was excessive religio equated with in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"superstition"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111397 | 5731f519e17f3d140042257a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean... | What was the basis of Roman religion? | What was the basis of Roman religion? | [
"What was the basis of Roman religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"knowledge"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111398 | 5731f519e17f3d140042257b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean... | What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be? | What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be? | [
"What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be?"
] | {
"text": [
"inappropriate"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111399 | 5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66a7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consul... | What type of diviners were suspect in Rome? | What type of diviners were suspect in Rome? | [
"What type of diviners were suspect in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"private diviners"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
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