gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-111400 | 5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66a8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consul... | What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners? | What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners? | [
"What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners?"
] | {
"text": [
"will of the gods"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111401 | 5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66a9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consul... | What action was not to be sought by state diviners? | What action was not to be sought by state diviners? | [
"What action was not to be sought by state diviners?"
] | {
"text": [
"foretelling the future"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111402 | 5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66aa | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consul... | What group of people were several times expelled from Rome? | What group of people were several times expelled from Rome? | [
"What group of people were several times expelled from Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Astrologers and magicians"
],
"answer_start": [
493
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111403 | 5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66ab | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consul... | What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius? | What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius? | [
"What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius?"
] | {
"text": [
"death"
],
"answer_start": [
695
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111404 | 5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bb | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the i... | What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic? | What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic? | [
"What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic?"
] | {
"text": [
"magi"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111405 | 5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bc | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the i... | To what did the term magi originally refer? | To what did the term magi originally refer? | [
"To what did the term magi originally refer?"
] | {
"text": [
"Persian priests"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111406 | 5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bd | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the i... | Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use? | Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use? | [
"Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pliny the Elder"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111407 | 5731fb920fdd8d15006c66be | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the i... | What was the title of Pliny's work on magic? | What was the title of Pliny's work on magic? | [
"What was the title of Pliny's work on magic?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"History of magical arts\""
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111408 | 5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bf | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the i... | Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air? | Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air? | [
"Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air?"
] | {
"text": [
"Apollonius of Tyana"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111409 | 5731fd11e17f3d14004225b1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest ... | Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus? | Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus? | [
"Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sextus Pompeius"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111410 | 5731fd11e17f3d14004225b2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest ... | What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens? | What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens? | [
"What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens?"
] | {
"text": [
"Erichtho"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111411 | 5731fd11e17f3d14004225b3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest ... | What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining? | What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining? | [
"What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining?"
] | {
"text": [
"order of gods"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111412 | 5731fd11e17f3d14004225b4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest ... | How was Erichtho portrayed? | How was Erichtho portrayed? | [
"How was Erichtho portrayed?"
] | {
"text": [
"stereotypical witch"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111413 | 5731fd11e17f3d14004225b5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest ... | From what country did Erichtho come? | From what country did Erichtho come? | [
"From what country did Erichtho come?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thessaly"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111414 | 5731ff05e17f3d14004225c5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although... | What forbid harmful incantations? | What forbid harmful incantations? | [
"What forbid harmful incantations?"
] | {
"text": [
"Twelve Tables"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111415 | 5731ff05e17f3d14004225c6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although... | What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community? | What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community? | [
"What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community? "
] | {
"text": [
"Chthonic"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111416 | 5731ff05e17f3d14004225c7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although... | What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid? | What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid? | [
"What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid?"
] | {
"text": [
"public gaze"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111417 | 5731ff05e17f3d14004225c8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although... | What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances? | What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances? | [
"What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances?"
] | {
"text": [
"indistinguishable"
],
"answer_start": [
762
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111418 | 5731ff05e17f3d14004225c9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although... | Where was magic conducted in Rome? | Where was magic conducted in Rome? | [
"Where was magic conducted in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"outside the sacred boundary"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111419 | 573200880fdd8d15006c66cf | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense... | What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times? | What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times? | [
"What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times?"
] | {
"text": [
"Archaeology"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111420 | 573200880fdd8d15006c66d0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense... | What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world? | What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world? | [
"What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world?"
] | {
"text": [
"defixiones"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111421 | 573200880fdd8d15006c66d1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense... | What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong? | What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong? | [
"What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong?"
] | {
"text": [
"law and justice"
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111422 | 573200880fdd8d15006c66d2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense... | Until what era did spells persist in the empire? | Until what era did spells persist in the empire? | [
"Until what era did spells persist in the empire?"
] | {
"text": [
"7th century AD"
],
"answer_start": [
737
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111423 | 573200880fdd8d15006c66d3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense... | What era produced a decline in the use of spells? | What era produced a decline in the use of spells? | [
"What era produced a decline in the use of spells?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christian era"
],
"answer_start": [
767
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111424 | 573201d7b9d445190005e713 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actua... | What male group dominated all aspects of Rome? | What male group dominated all aspects of Rome? | [
"What male group dominated all aspects of Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"aristocracy"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111425 | 573201d7b9d445190005e714 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actua... | Of what class was more than half of Rome's population? | Of what class was more than half of Rome's population? | [
"Of what class was more than half of Rome's population?"
] | {
"text": [
"slave or free non-citizens"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111426 | 573201d7b9d445190005e715 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actua... | What was the lowest class of Roman citizens? | What was the lowest class of Roman citizens? | [
"What was the lowest class of Roman citizens?"
] | {
"text": [
"plebeians"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111427 | 573201d7b9d445190005e716 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actua... | How many adult males were able to vote in Rome? | How many adult males were able to vote in Rome? | [
"How many adult males were able to vote in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Less than a quarter"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111428 | 573201d7b9d445190005e717 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actua... | What organization was Rome's official caretaker? | What organization was Rome's official caretaker? | [
"What organization was Rome's official caretaker?"
] | {
"text": [
"the senate"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111429 | 573203aae99e3014001e644c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually... | The link between what groups was necessary to Rome? | The link between what groups was necessary to Rome? | [
"The link between what groups was necessary to Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"religious and political"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111430 | 573203aae99e3014001e644d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually... | Where was the basic power in Rome to be found? | Where was the basic power in Rome to be found? | [
"Where was the basic power in Rome to be found?"
] | {
"text": [
"patrician elite"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111431 | 573203aae99e3014001e644e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually... | What group was excluded from high offices ? | What group was excluded from high offices ? | [
"What group was excluded from high offices ?"
] | {
"text": [
"plebeians"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111432 | 573203aae99e3014001e644f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually... | Who did the Senate select to settle a strike by the lower classes? | Who did the Senate select to settle a strike by the lower classes? | [
"Who did the Senate select to settle a strike by the lower classes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Camillus"
],
"answer_start": [
725
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111433 | 573203aae99e3014001e6450 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually... | To whom was a temple dedicated at the settlement of the strike? | To whom was a temple dedicated at the settlement of the strike? | [
"To whom was a temple dedicated at the settlement of the strike?"
] | {
"text": [
"Concordia"
],
"answer_start": [
850
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111434 | 573207f5e17f3d14004225d9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber... | What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility? | What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility? | [
"What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility? "
] | {
"text": [
"political traditions and religious cults"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111435 | 573207f5e17f3d14004225da | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber... | What cult arrived from southern Italy? | What cult arrived from southern Italy? | [
"What cult arrived from southern Italy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dionysus"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111436 | 573207f5e17f3d14004225db | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber... | During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular? | During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular? | [
"During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular?"
] | {
"text": [
"Punic crisis"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111437 | 573207f5e17f3d14004225dc | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber... | To what Roman god was Dionysus similar? | To what Roman god was Dionysus similar? | [
"To what Roman god was Dionysus similar?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bacchus"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111438 | 573207f5e17f3d14004225dd | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber... | With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced? | With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced? | [
"With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced?"
] | {
"text": [
"divine hierarchy"
],
"answer_start": [
876
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111439 | 57320a29e99e3014001e6456 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus.... | What appointment was the start of Cesar's political rise? | What appointment was the start of Cesar's political rise? | [
"What appointment was the start of Cesar's political rise?"
] | {
"text": [
"pontifex maximus"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111440 | 57320a29e99e3014001e6457 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus.... | What did the Augustan settlement signify in Rome's classes? | What did the Augustan settlement signify in Rome's classes? | [
"What did the Augustan settlement signify in Rome's classes?"
] | {
"text": [
"cultural shift"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111441 | 57320a29e99e3014001e6458 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus.... | What did the claims of officials imply about the nature of the individuals? | What did the claims of officials imply about the nature of the individuals? | [
"What did the claims of officials imply about the nature of the individuals?"
] | {
"text": [
"divinely inspired"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111442 | 57320a29e99e3014001e6459 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus.... | In what year was Cesar made pontifex maximus? | In what year was Cesar made pontifex maximus? | [
"In what year was Cesar made pontifex maximus?"
] | {
"text": [
"63 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111443 | 57320a29e99e3014001e645a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus.... | How were opportunities limited in the principate for the citizens of Rome? | How were opportunities limited in the principate for the citizens of Rome? | [
"How were opportunities limited in the principate for the citizens of Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"by law"
],
"answer_start": [
914
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111444 | 57320ba7e99e3014001e6478 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to... | At the end of the regal period, what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas? | At the end of the regal period, what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas? | [
"At the end of the regal period, what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas?"
] | {
"text": [
"plebeian"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111445 | 57320ba7e99e3014001e6479 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to... | With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period? | With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period? | [
"With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period?"
] | {
"text": [
"neighbours"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111446 | 57320ba7e99e3014001e647a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to... | What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad? | What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad? | [
"What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad?"
] | {
"text": [
"Minerva"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111447 | 57320ba7e99e3014001e647b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to... | In what style was the temple to Minerva built? | In what style was the temple to Minerva built? | [
"In what style was the temple to Minerva built?"
] | {
"text": [
"Etruscan"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111448 | 57320ba7e99e3014001e647c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to... | What gods were in the Capitoline triad? | What gods were in the Capitoline triad? | [
"What gods were in the Capitoline triad?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jupiter, Juno and Minerva"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111449 | 57320d61b9d445190005e791 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic re... | Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League? | Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League? | [
"Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League?"
] | {
"text": [
"Diana"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111450 | 57320d61b9d445190005e792 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic re... | To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount? | To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount? | [
"To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jupiter Latiaris"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111451 | 57320d61b9d445190005e793 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic re... | What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ? | What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ? | [
"What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hercules"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111452 | 57320d61b9d445190005e794 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic re... | For what group was Castor a patron? | For what group was Castor a patron? | [
"For what group was Castor a patron?"
] | {
"text": [
"cavalry"
],
"answer_start": [
646
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111453 | 57320d61b9d445190005e795 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic re... | From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill? | From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill? | [
"From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sicily"
],
"answer_start": [
819
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111454 | 57320eef0fdd8d15006c6729 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus follo... | What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC? | What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC? | [
"What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"Magna Mater"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111455 | 57320eef0fdd8d15006c672a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus follo... | What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult? | What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult? | [
"What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bacchus"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111456 | 57320eef0fdd8d15006c672b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus follo... | In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive? | In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive? | [
"In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive?"
] | {
"text": [
"186 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111457 | 57320eef0fdd8d15006c672c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus follo... | In what year was Diana brought into the pomerium? | In what year was Diana brought into the pomerium? | [
"In what year was Diana brought into the pomerium?"
] | {
"text": [
"179 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111458 | 57320eef0fdd8d15006c672d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus follo... | What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC? | What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC? | [
"What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mars"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111459 | 5732113b0fdd8d15006c6747 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals. In... | The spread of all things Greek provided what for the interpretation of Rome's religions? | The spread of all things Greek provided what for the interpretation of Rome's religions? | [
"The spread of all things Greek provided what for the interpretation of Rome's religions?"
] | {
"text": [
"model"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111460 | 5732113b0fdd8d15006c6748 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals. In... | What writer defined the development of the gods? | What writer defined the development of the gods? | [
"What writer defined the development of the gods?"
] | {
"text": [
"Euhemerus"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111461 | 5732113b0fdd8d15006c6749 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals. In... | At the end of the Republic, who read the Stoic interpretations of Roman gods and religion? | At the end of the Republic, who read the Stoic interpretations of Roman gods and religion? | [
"At the end of the Republic, who read the Stoic interpretations of Roman gods and religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"literate elite"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111462 | 5732113b0fdd8d15006c674a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals. In... | What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro? | What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro? | [
"What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro?"
] | {
"text": [
"devotion and cult."
],
"answer_start": [
1005
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111463 | 5732113b0fdd8d15006c674b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals. In... | What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction? | What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction? | [
"What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction?"
] | {
"text": [
"Euhemerus' theory"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111464 | 573212f70fdd8d15006c675d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably... | What did many Romans claim in the Republican era? | What did many Romans claim in the Republican era? | [
"What did many Romans claim in the Republican era?"
] | {
"text": [
"divine ancestor"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111465 | 573212f70fdd8d15006c675e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably... | What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods? | What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods? | [
"What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods?"
] | {
"text": [
"personal claim"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111466 | 573212f70fdd8d15006c675f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably... | What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor? | What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor? | [
"What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Venus Genetrix"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111467 | 573212f70fdd8d15006c6760 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably... | Of what were such claims of deity relations the start? | Of what were such claims of deity relations the start? | [
"Of what were such claims of deity relations the start?"
] | {
"text": [
"Imperial cult"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111468 | 573212f70fdd8d15006c6761 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably... | What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood? | What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood? | [
"What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood? "
] | {
"text": [
"Vergil"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111469 | 573214afe99e3014001e64e2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. H... | By the end of the Republic, what offices were increasingly joined? | By the end of the Republic, what offices were increasingly joined? | [
"By the end of the Republic, what offices were increasingly joined?"
] | {
"text": [
"religious and political"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111470 | 573214afe99e3014001e64e3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. H... | What Roman figure was given wide and lifeime powers? | What Roman figure was given wide and lifeime powers? | [
"What Roman figure was given wide and lifeime powers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Augustus"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111471 | 573214afe99e3014001e64e4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. H... | How many priesthoods was Augustus given? | How many priesthoods was Augustus given? | [
"How many priesthoods was Augustus given?"
] | {
"text": [
"unprecedented number"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111472 | 573214afe99e3014001e64e5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. H... | How were Augustus's reforms viewed? | How were Augustus's reforms viewed? | [
"How were Augustus's reforms viewed?"
] | {
"text": [
"adaptive, restorative and regulatory"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111473 | 573214afe99e3014001e64e6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. H... | As a return to what did Augustus portray the Vestals in his reforms? | As a return to what did Augustus portray the Vestals in his reforms? | [
"As a return to what did Augustus portray the Vestals in his reforms?"
] | {
"text": [
"Roman morality"
],
"answer_start": [
799
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111474 | 573217f50fdd8d15006c678b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent o... | From what were countries in the empire free? | From what were countries in the empire free? | [
"From what were countries in the empire free?"
] | {
"text": [
"Roman religious law"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111475 | 573217f50fdd8d15006c678c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent o... | What were Rome's policies in regards to foreign peoples? | What were Rome's policies in regards to foreign peoples? | [
"What were Rome's policies in regards to foreign peoples?"
] | {
"text": [
"inclusionist policies"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111476 | 573217f50fdd8d15006c678d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent o... | What was Rome's policy towards government? | What was Rome's policy towards government? | [
"What was Rome's policy towards government?"
] | {
"text": [
"Autonomy and concord"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111477 | 573217f50fdd8d15006c678e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent o... | What did foreign cults gradually begin to display in similarity to Roman cults? | What did foreign cults gradually begin to display in similarity to Roman cults? | [
"What did foreign cults gradually begin to display in similarity to Roman cults? "
] | {
"text": [
"Romanised"
],
"answer_start": [
936
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111478 | 573217f50fdd8d15006c678f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent o... | What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire? | What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire? | [
"What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire?"
] | {
"text": [
"centralised legal requirement"
],
"answer_start": [
1144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111479 | 57321b19b9d445190005e7fb | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods ... | To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters? | To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters? | [
"To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters?"
] | {
"text": [
"traditional gods"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111480 | 57321b19b9d445190005e7fc | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods ... | What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas? | What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas? | [
"What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas?"
] | {
"text": [
"diis deabusque omnibus"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111481 | 57321b19b9d445190005e7fd | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods ... | What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas? | What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas? | [
"What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas?"
] | {
"text": [
"domestic"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111482 | 57321b19b9d445190005e7fe | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods ... | What act of provincials brought new gods into the military? | What act of provincials brought new gods into the military? | [
"What act of provincials brought new gods into the military?"
] | {
"text": [
"conscription"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111483 | 57321b19b9d445190005e7ff | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods ... | What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire? | What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire? | [
"What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire?"
] | {
"text": [
"citizenship"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111484 | 57321ccfb9d445190005e80f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso tha... | What Roman leader aspired to be a living god? | What Roman leader aspired to be a living god? | [
"What Roman leader aspired to be a living god?"
] | {
"text": [
"Julius Caesar"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111485 | 57321ccfb9d445190005e810 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso tha... | What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting? | What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting? | [
"What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting?"
] | {
"text": [
"divine monarchy"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111486 | 57321ccfb9d445190005e811 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso tha... | To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult? | To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult? | [
"To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult? "
] | {
"text": [
"Augustus"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111487 | 57321ccfb9d445190005e812 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso tha... | For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable? | For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable? | [
"For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable?"
] | {
"text": [
"integrated"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111488 | 57321ccfb9d445190005e813 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso tha... | By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact? | By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact? | [
"By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact?"
] | {
"text": [
"Imperial cult"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111489 | 57321f30b9d445190005e823 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maxi... | What was the emperor's rule in Rome? | What was the emperor's rule in Rome? | [
"What was the emperor's rule in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"divinely approved"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111490 | 57321f30b9d445190005e824 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maxi... | As first citizen, what must the emperor's mores represent? | As first citizen, what must the emperor's mores represent? | [
"As first citizen, what must the emperor's mores represent?"
] | {
"text": [
"traditional"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111491 | 57321f30b9d445190005e825 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maxi... | As a living divus, what was the emperor to Rome? | As a living divus, what was the emperor to Rome? | [
"As a living divus, what was the emperor to Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"father of his country"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111492 | 57321f30b9d445190005e826 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maxi... | After his death, how was the emperor's afterlife decided? | After his death, how was the emperor's afterlife decided? | [
"After his death, how was the emperor's afterlife decided?"
] | {
"text": [
"vote in the Senate"
],
"answer_start": [
481
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111493 | 57321f30b9d445190005e827 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maxi... | What did emperors before Diocletian try to guarantee in religion? | What did emperors before Diocletian try to guarantee in religion? | [
"What did emperors before Diocletian try to guarantee in religion? "
] | {
"text": [
"traditional cults"
],
"answer_start": [
1177
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111494 | 573220fce99e3014001e653a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left fe... | What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome? | What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome? | [
"What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111495 | 573220fce99e3014001e653b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left fe... | What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period? | What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period? | [
"What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period?"
] | {
"text": [
"synagogues"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111496 | 573220fce99e3014001e653c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left fe... | When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome? | When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome? | [
"When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"63 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111497 | 573220fce99e3014001e653d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left fe... | Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome? | Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome? | [
"Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Julius Caesar"
],
"answer_start": [
653
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111498 | 573220fce99e3014001e653e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left fe... | In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome? | In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome? | [
"In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christianity"
],
"answer_start": [
1002
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111499 | 573222f30fdd8d15006c67eb | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to... | What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD? | What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD? | [
"What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christians"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
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