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stringlengths 24
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| title
stringlengths 3
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| context
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| question
stringlengths 1
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stringlengths 1
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| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-113900
|
56f98a3f9e9bad19000a0a72
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.
|
When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?
|
When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?
|
[
"When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?"
] |
{
"text": [
"between 1940 and 1979"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113901
|
56f98a3f9e9bad19000a0a73
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.
|
When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?
|
When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?
|
[
"When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?"
] |
{
"text": [
"between 1961 and 1968"
],
"answer_start": [
792
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113902
|
5a56dafb6349e2001acdcfa2
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.
|
What was released by Porton Down in 2002?
|
What was released by Porton Down in 2002?
|
[
"What was released by Porton Down in 2002?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113903
|
5a56dafb6349e2001acdcfa3
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.
|
What did Porton Down do between 1940 and 1979?
|
What did Porton Down do between 1940 and 1979?
|
[
"What did Porton Down do between 1940 and 1979?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113904
|
5a56dafb6349e2001acdcfa4
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.
|
What was the purpose of Porton Down releasing germs on the public unknowingly?
|
What was the purpose of Porton Down releasing germs on the public unknowingly?
|
[
"What was the purpose of Porton Down releasing germs on the public unknowingly?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113905
|
5a56dafb6349e2001acdcfa5
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.
|
What does Torquay say about the secret germ warfare tests?
|
What does Torquay say about the secret germ warfare tests?
|
[
"What does Torquay say about the secret germ warfare tests?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113906
|
5a56dafb6349e2001acdcfa6
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.
|
What is the Guardian asking for regarding the secret tests?
|
What is the Guardian asking for regarding the secret tests?
|
[
"What is the Guardian asking for regarding the secret tests?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113907
|
56f98fca9b226e1400dd1582
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.
|
How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters?
|
How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters?
|
[
"How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters?"
] |
{
"text": [
"£240m"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113908
|
56f98fca9b226e1400dd1583
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.
|
When were the helicopters ordered?
|
When were the helicopters ordered?
|
[
"When were the helicopters ordered?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1995"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113909
|
56f98fca9b226e1400dd1584
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.
|
Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored, rather than used?
|
Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored, rather than used?
|
[
"Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored, rather than used?"
] |
{
"text": [
"National Audit Office"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113910
|
56f98fca9b226e1400dd1585
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.
|
In what year were the helicopters brought into service?
|
In what year were the helicopters brought into service?
|
[
"In what year were the helicopters brought into service?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2010"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113911
|
56f98fca9b226e1400dd1586
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.
|
What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project?
|
What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project?
|
[
"What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project?"
] |
{
"text": [
"£500m"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113912
|
5a56dc506349e2001acdcfac
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.
|
In 1995 what did the National Audit Office order?
|
In 1995 what did the National Audit Office order?
|
[
"In 1995 what did the National Audit Office order?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113913
|
5a56dc506349e2001acdcfad
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.
|
When were the helicopters with safety faults ordered by the Audit Office?
|
When were the helicopters with safety faults ordered by the Audit Office?
|
[
"When were the helicopters with safety faults ordered by the Audit Office?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113914
|
5a56dc506349e2001acdcfae
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.
|
Since what year have the helicopters with safety faults been stored?
|
Since what year have the helicopters with safety faults been stored?
|
[
"Since what year have the helicopters with safety faults been stored?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113915
|
5a56dc506349e2001acdcfaf
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.
|
How much did the helicopters with safety faults cost when ordered in 2010?
|
How much did the helicopters with safety faults cost when ordered in 2010?
|
[
"How much did the helicopters with safety faults cost when ordered in 2010?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113916
|
5a56dc506349e2001acdcfb0
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.
|
When were the helicopters flown with safety faults in Afghanistan put in service?
|
When were the helicopters flown with safety faults in Afghanistan put in service?
|
[
"When were the helicopters flown with safety faults in Afghanistan put in service?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113917
|
56f990289b226e1400dd158c
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.
|
Which aircraft manufacturer got a contract with the MoD?
|
Which aircraft manufacturer got a contract with the MoD?
|
[
"Which aircraft manufacturer got a contract with the MoD?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Boeing"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113918
|
56f990289b226e1400dd158d
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.
|
When was the Boeing contract signed?
|
When was the Boeing contract signed?
|
[
"When was the Boeing contract signed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"April 2008"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113919
|
56f990289b226e1400dd158e
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.
|
Who is downgrading the Chinook helicopters?
|
Who is downgrading the Chinook helicopters?
|
[
"Who is downgrading the Chinook helicopters?"
] |
{
"text": [
"QinetiQ"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113920
|
56f990289b226e1400dd158f
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.
|
How much was the Boeing contract worth?
|
How much was the Boeing contract worth?
|
[
"How much was the Boeing contract worth?"
] |
{
"text": [
"£90m"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113921
|
56f990289b226e1400dd1590
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.
|
What was removed from the Chinook helicopters?
|
What was removed from the Chinook helicopters?
|
[
"What was removed from the Chinook helicopters?"
] |
{
"text": [
"more advanced equipment"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113922
|
5a56dd956349e2001acdcfb6
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.
|
What did Chinook sign in April 2008?
|
What did Chinook sign in April 2008?
|
[
"What did Chinook sign in April 2008?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113923
|
5a56dd956349e2001acdcfb7
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.
|
What will Boeing downgrade?
|
What will Boeing downgrade?
|
[
"What will Boeing downgrade?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113924
|
5a56dd956349e2001acdcfb8
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.
|
What will Boeing remove from the Chinooks?
|
What will Boeing remove from the Chinooks?
|
[
"What will Boeing remove from the Chinooks?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113925
|
5a56dd956349e2001acdcfb9
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.
|
When was a contract signed for more advanced equipment?
|
When was a contract signed for more advanced equipment?
|
[
"When was a contract signed for more advanced equipment?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113926
|
5a56dd956349e2001acdcfba
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.
|
What was Chinook looking for when signing the contract?
|
What was Chinook looking for when signing the contract?
|
[
"What was Chinook looking for when signing the contract?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113927
|
56f990bd9b226e1400dd15a2
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.
|
When was the TA budget withdrawn?
|
When was the TA budget withdrawn?
|
[
"When was the TA budget withdrawn?"
] |
{
"text": [
"October 2009"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113928
|
56f990bd9b226e1400dd15a3
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.
|
How much money was allocated to the volunteer Territorial Army?
|
How much money was allocated to the volunteer Territorial Army?
|
[
"How much money was allocated to the volunteer Territorial Army?"
] |
{
"text": [
"£20m"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113929
|
56f990bd9b226e1400dd15a4
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.
|
When was the training for the TA supposed to resume?
|
When was the training for the TA supposed to resume?
|
[
"When was the training for the TA supposed to resume?"
] |
{
"text": [
"April 2010"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113930
|
56f990bd9b226e1400dd15a5
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.
|
How much of the UK's troops are provided by the TA?
|
How much of the UK's troops are provided by the TA?
|
[
"How much of the UK's troops are provided by the TA?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a small percentage"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113931
|
56f990bd9b226e1400dd15a6
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.
|
How often do the TA troops regularly train?
|
How often do the TA troops regularly train?
|
[
"How often do the TA troops regularly train?"
] |
{
"text": [
"weekly evenings and monthly weekends"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113932
|
5a56dfd96349e2001acdcfc0
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.
|
What was the Territorial Army criticized for removing from the MoD?
|
What was the Territorial Army criticized for removing from the MoD?
|
[
"What was the Territorial Army criticized for removing from the MoD?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113933
|
5a56dfd96349e2001acdcfc1
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.
|
What did the Territorial Army removing the MoD budget end up causing?
|
What did the Territorial Army removing the MoD budget end up causing?
|
[
"What did the Territorial Army removing the MoD budget end up causing?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113934
|
5a56dfd96349e2001acdcfc2
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.
|
What was eventually restored by the TA?
|
What was eventually restored by the TA?
|
[
"What was eventually restored by the TA?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113935
|
5a56dfd96349e2001acdcfc3
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.
|
What percentage of the troops take part in other courses?
|
What percentage of the troops take part in other courses?
|
[
"What percentage of the troops take part in other courses?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113936
|
5a56dfd96349e2001acdcfc4
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.
|
How often did the MoD members train in 2009?
|
How often did the MoD members train in 2009?
|
[
"How often did the MoD members train in 2009?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113937
|
56f991b19b226e1400dd15b6
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.
|
By how much did the MoD go over its equipment budget?
|
By how much did the MoD go over its equipment budget?
|
[
"By how much did the MoD go over its equipment budget?"
] |
{
"text": [
"£6.5bn"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113938
|
56f991b19b226e1400dd15b7
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.
|
When was the overbudget amount discovered?
|
When was the overbudget amount discovered?
|
[
"When was the overbudget amount discovered?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2013"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113939
|
56f991b19b226e1400dd15b8
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.
|
What are some of the criticisms that have been directed at the MoD?
|
What are some of the criticisms that have been directed at the MoD?
|
[
"What are some of the criticisms that have been directed at the MoD?"
] |
{
"text": [
"poor management and financial control"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113940
|
56f991b19b226e1400dd15b9
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.
|
What is a long-range estimate on fulfillment of some of the equipment orders made by the MoD?
|
What is a long-range estimate on fulfillment of some of the equipment orders made by the MoD?
|
[
"What is a long-range estimate on fulfillment of some of the equipment orders made by the MoD?"
] |
{
"text": [
"up to 39 years"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113941
|
56f991b19b226e1400dd15ba
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.
|
Past projects ordered by the MoD have taken what type of time frame to fulfill?
|
Past projects ordered by the MoD have taken what type of time frame to fulfill?
|
[
"Past projects ordered by the MoD have taken what type of time frame to fulfill?"
] |
{
"text": [
"up to 10 and even as much as 15 years"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113942
|
5a56ed8e770dc0001aeefc58
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.
|
For how long did the MoD go over its equipment budget?
|
For how long did the MoD go over its equipment budget?
|
[
"For how long did the MoD go over its equipment budget?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113943
|
5a56ed8e770dc0001aeefc59
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.
|
How long has the MoD existed?
|
How long has the MoD existed?
|
[
"How long has the MoD existed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113944
|
5a56ed8e770dc0001aeefc5a
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.
|
How long has the MoD been poorly managed?
|
How long has the MoD been poorly managed?
|
[
"How long has the MoD been poorly managed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113945
|
5a56ed8e770dc0001aeefc5b
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.
|
What has the government had for 10 to 15 years?
|
What has the government had for 10 to 15 years?
|
[
"What has the government had for 10 to 15 years?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113946
|
5a56ed8e770dc0001aeefc5c
|
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
|
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.
|
What was the Mod's equipment budget in 2013?
|
What was the Mod's equipment budget in 2013?
|
[
"What was the Mod's equipment budget in 2013?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113947
|
572a12a83f37b3190047869d
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).
|
Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?
|
Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?
|
[
"Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Philosophy of space and time"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113948
|
572a12a83f37b3190047869e
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).
|
The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?
|
The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?
|
[
"The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?"
] |
{
"text": [
"early analytic philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113949
|
572a12a83f37b3190047869f
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).
|
The philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?
|
The philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?
|
[
"The philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the mind"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113950
|
572a12a83f37b319004786a0
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).
|
The philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time?
|
The philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time?
|
[
"The philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time? "
] |
{
"text": [
"unidirectional"
],
"answer_start": [
544
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113951
|
5a4264aec95734001a8bbe12
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).
|
What philosophy does ontology concern?
|
What philosophy does ontology concern?
|
[
"What philosophy does ontology concern?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113952
|
5a4264aec95734001a8bbe13
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).
|
What was the study of space and time inspired by?
|
What was the study of space and time inspired by?
|
[
"What was the study of space and time inspired by?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113953
|
5a4264aec95734001a8bbe14
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).
|
What does not change over time?
|
What does not change over time?
|
[
"What does not change over time?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113954
|
5a4264aec95734001a8bbe15
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).
|
The flow within what is multidirectional?
|
The flow within what is multidirectional?
|
[
"The flow within what is multidirectional?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113955
|
572a13263f37b319004786a5
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.
|
Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?
|
Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?
|
[
"Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ptahhotep"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113956
|
572a13263f37b319004786a6
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.
|
When do the Vedas date back to?
|
When do the Vedas date back to?
|
[
"When do the Vedas date back to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"late 2nd millennium BC"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113957
|
572a13263f37b319004786a7
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.
|
Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?
|
Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?
|
[
"Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113958
|
572a13263f37b319004786a8
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.
|
What do the Vedas describe?
|
What do the Vedas describe?
|
[
"What do the Vedas describe?"
] |
{
"text": [
"ancient Hindu cosmology"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113959
|
572a13263f37b319004786a9
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.
|
How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?
|
How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?
|
[
"How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?"
] |
{
"text": [
"4,320,000 years"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113960
|
5a426c80c95734001a8bbe1a
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.
|
What was first recorded in the 26th century BC.
|
What was first recorded in the 26th century BC.
|
[
"What was first recorded in the 26th century BC."
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113961
|
5a426c80c95734001a8bbe1b
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.
|
Who warned people not to increase the time o following desire?
|
Who warned people not to increase the time o following desire?
|
[
"Who warned people not to increase the time o following desire?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113962
|
5a426c80c95734001a8bbe1c
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.
|
What is the name of the earliest Egyptian texts?
|
What is the name of the earliest Egyptian texts?
|
[
"What is the name of the earliest Egyptian texts?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113963
|
5a426c80c95734001a8bbe1d
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.
|
What texts date to 2000 BC?
|
What texts date to 2000 BC?
|
[
"What texts date to 2000 BC?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113964
|
5a426c80c95734001a8bbe1e
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.
|
How long did the Greeksd think a cyle of time was?
|
How long did the Greeksd think a cyle of time was?
|
[
"How long did the Greeksd think a cyle of time was?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113965
|
572a13e71d04691400779745
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood." But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).
|
Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?
|
Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?
|
[
"Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?"
] |
{
"text": [
"St. Augustine"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113966
|
572a13e71d04691400779746
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood." But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).
|
What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?
|
What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?
|
[
"What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the difficulty"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113967
|
572a13e71d04691400779747
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood." But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).
|
Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation?
|
Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation?
|
[
"Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation? "
] |
{
"text": [
"Augustine"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113968
|
572a13e71d04691400779748
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood." But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).
|
What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?
|
What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?
|
[
"What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the knowledge of the movement of things"
],
"answer_start": [
627
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113969
|
572a13e71d04691400779749
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood." But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).
|
Where did Augustine say time could not appear?
|
Where did Augustine say time could not appear?
|
[
"Where did Augustine say time could not appear?"
] |
{
"text": [
"where there are no creatures to measure its passing"
],
"answer_start": [
697
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113970
|
5a427714c95734001a8bbe24
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood." But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).
|
Who deiscusses the nature of time in his first book?
|
Who deiscusses the nature of time in his first book?
|
[
"Who deiscusses the nature of time in his first book?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113971
|
5a427714c95734001a8bbe25
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood." But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).
|
What does St Augustine think common speech adiquetly describes?
|
What does St Augustine think common speech adiquetly describes?
|
[
"What does St Augustine think common speech adiquetly describes?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113972
|
5a427714c95734001a8bbe26
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood." But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).
|
What did Aristotle present the first philisophical argument for?
|
What did Aristotle present the first philisophical argument for?
|
[
"What did Aristotle present the first philisophical argument for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113973
|
5a427714c95734001a8bbe27
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood." But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).
|
Who said time exists everywhere?
|
Who said time exists everywhere?
|
[
"Who said time exists everywhere?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113974
|
572a14abaf94a219006aa7bb
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."
|
Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?
|
Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?
|
[
"Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications? "
] |
{
"text": [
"al-Haytham"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113975
|
572a14abaf94a219006aa7bc
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."
|
Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?
|
Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?
|
[
"Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Book of Optics"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113976
|
572a14abaf94a219006aa7bd
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."
|
Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?
|
Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?
|
[
"Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Aristotle's"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113977
|
572a14abaf94a219006aa7be
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."
|
Alhazen's experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?
|
Alhazen's experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?
|
[
"Alhazen's experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things"
],
"answer_start": [
724
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113978
|
572a14abaf94a219006aa7bf
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."
|
Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?
|
Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?
|
[
"Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?"
] |
{
"text": [
"next to nothing"
],
"answer_start": [
805
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113979
|
5a42a04e4a4859001aac724d
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."
|
Who discussed space perceptions in the 1100's?
|
Who discussed space perceptions in the 1100's?
|
[
"Who discussed space perceptions in the 1100's?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113980
|
5a42a04e4a4859001aac724e
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."
|
What book was written in the the 11th century about time?
|
What book was written in the the 11th century about time?
|
[
"What book was written in the the 11th century about time?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113981
|
5a42a04e4a4859001aac724f
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."
|
Who disputed al-Haytham's definition of topos?
|
Who disputed al-Haytham's definition of topos?
|
[
"Who disputed al-Haytham's definition of topos?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113982
|
5a42a04e4a4859001aac7250
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."
|
What did Euclid and Ptolemy tie the visual perception of space to?
|
What did Euclid and Ptolemy tie the visual perception of space to?
|
[
"What did Euclid and Ptolemy tie the visual perception of space to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113983
|
5a42a04e4a4859001aac7251
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."
|
Who said vision is autonomious?
|
Who said vision is autonomious?
|
[
"Who said vision is autonomious?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113984
|
572a15386aef05140015524c
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.
|
When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.
|
When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.
|
[
"When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time."
] |
{
"text": [
"1781"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113985
|
572a15386aef05140015524d
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.
|
What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?
|
What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?
|
[
"What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Critique of Pure Reason"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113986
|
572a15386aef05140015524e
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.
|
What did Kant describe time as?
|
What did Kant describe time as?
|
[
"What did Kant describe time as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a priori notion"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113987
|
572a15386aef05140015524f
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.
|
What did Kant say was similar notion to time?
|
What did Kant say was similar notion to time?
|
[
"What did Kant say was similar notion to time?"
] |
{
"text": [
"space"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113988
|
572a15386aef051400155250
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.
|
What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?
|
What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?
|
[
"What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"sense experience"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113989
|
5a42b2484a4859001aac72b1
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.
|
Who published Critique of Pure Reason in the 17th century?
|
Who published Critique of Pure Reason in the 17th century?
|
[
"Who published Critique of Pure Reason in the 17th century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113990
|
5a42b2484a4859001aac72b2
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.
|
Who said priori notions allow us to comprehend time?
|
Who said priori notions allow us to comprehend time?
|
[
"Who said priori notions allow us to comprehend time?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113991
|
5a42b2484a4859001aac72b3
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.
|
What does Kant claim time and space are?
|
What does Kant claim time and space are?
|
[
"What does Kant claim time and space are?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113992
|
5a42b2484a4859001aac72b4
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.
|
What does Kant say we use as a framework to stucture time?
|
What does Kant say we use as a framework to stucture time?
|
[
"What does Kant say we use as a framework to stucture time?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113993
|
5a42b2484a4859001aac72b5
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.
|
According mto can't what is an illusion?
|
According mto can't what is an illusion?
|
[
"According mto can't what is an illusion?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113994
|
572a166d1d04691400779757
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.
|
What did Leibniz argue against?
|
What did Leibniz argue against?
|
[
"What did Leibniz argue against?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the absolutist position"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113995
|
572a166d1d04691400779758
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.
|
Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?
|
Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?
|
[
"Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113996
|
572a166d1d04691400779759
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.
|
Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?
|
Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?
|
[
"Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"fact"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113997
|
572a166d1d0469140077975a
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.
|
What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?
|
What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?
|
[
"What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?"
] |
{
"text": [
"identity of indiscernibles"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113998
|
5a42ba0b4a4859001aac72c5
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.
|
Who's position does Leibniz support?
|
Who's position does Leibniz support?
|
[
"Who's position does Leibniz support?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-113999
|
5a42ba0b4a4859001aac72c6
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.
|
What two principles did Leibniz argue against?
|
What two principles did Leibniz argue against?
|
[
"What two principles did Leibniz argue against?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
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