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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-114100
|
5a42cfd64a4859001aac7335
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike classical thermodynamics, is time-reversal symmetric. The second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics, merely states that it is overwhelmingly likely that net entropy will increase, but it is not an absolute law.
|
What type of mechanics help to simplify things?
|
What type of mechanics help to simplify things?
|
[
"What type of mechanics help to simplify things?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114101
|
5a42cfd64a4859001aac7336
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike classical thermodynamics, is time-reversal symmetric. The second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics, merely states that it is overwhelmingly likely that net entropy will increase, but it is not an absolute law.
|
What is superior to statistical mechanics?
|
What is superior to statistical mechanics?
|
[
"What is superior to statistical mechanics?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114102
|
5a42cfd64a4859001aac7337
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike classical thermodynamics, is time-reversal symmetric. The second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics, merely states that it is overwhelmingly likely that net entropy will increase, but it is not an absolute law.
|
What thermodynamic behavior can not be explained by the fundemental laws of physics?
|
What thermodynamic behavior can not be explained by the fundemental laws of physics?
|
[
"What thermodynamic behavior can not be explained by the fundemental laws of physics?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114103
|
5a42cfd64a4859001aac7338
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike classical thermodynamics, is time-reversal symmetric. The second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics, merely states that it is overwhelmingly likely that net entropy will increase, but it is not an absolute law.
|
What is an abso;ute law in statistical mechanics?
|
What is an abso;ute law in statistical mechanics?
|
[
"What is an abso;ute law in statistical mechanics?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114104
|
572a34b91d0469140077984f
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]
|
What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?
|
What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?
|
[
"What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the laws are not time-reversal symmetric"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114105
|
572a34b91d04691400779850
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]
|
What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?
|
What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?
|
[
"What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?"
] |
{
"text": [
"weak nuclear force"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114106
|
572a34b91d04691400779851
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]
|
Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?
|
Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?
|
[
"Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?"
] |
{
"text": [
"macroscopic"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114107
|
5a42d0914a4859001aac733d
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]
|
What does the thirs solution argue is time-reversal symmetric?
|
What does the thirs solution argue is time-reversal symmetric?
|
[
"What does the thirs solution argue is time-reversal symmetric?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114108
|
5a42d0914a4859001aac733e
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]
|
What processes in quantum mechanics are reversable?
|
What processes in quantum mechanics are reversable?
|
[
"What processes in quantum mechanics are reversable?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114109
|
5a42d0914a4859001aac733f
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]
|
What asymmetric phenomena are common in quantum mechanics?
|
What asymmetric phenomena are common in quantum mechanics?
|
[
"What asymmetric phenomena are common in quantum mechanics?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114110
|
572a36f06aef05140015538a
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.
|
Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?
|
Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?
|
[
"Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Tim Maudlin"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114111
|
572a36f06aef05140015538b
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.
|
Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?
|
Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?
|
[
"Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?"
] |
{
"text": [
"intrinsic"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114112
|
572a36f06aef05140015538c
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.
|
What grounds the distinction between sequences?
|
What grounds the distinction between sequences?
|
[
"What grounds the distinction between sequences?"
] |
{
"text": [
"asymmetry"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114113
|
572a36f06aef05140015538d
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.
|
Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?
|
Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?
|
[
"Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Maudlin"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114114
|
5a42d1c04a4859001aac7343
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.
|
Who oposses the laws solution?
|
Who oposses the laws solution?
|
[
"Who oposses the laws solution?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114115
|
5a42d1c04a4859001aac7344
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.
|
Who says that the laws of physics are not laws of temporal evolution?
|
Who says that the laws of physics are not laws of temporal evolution?
|
[
"Who says that the laws of physics are not laws of temporal evolution?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114116
|
5a42d1c04a4859001aac7345
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.
|
What does Maudlin claim time is not in the structure of the world?
|
What does Maudlin claim time is not in the structure of the world?
|
[
"What does Maudlin claim time is not in the structure of the world?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114117
|
5a42d1c04a4859001aac7346
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.
|
What does the symetry in the temoral structure of the world ground?
|
What does the symetry in the temoral structure of the world ground?
|
[
"What does the symetry in the temoral structure of the world ground?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114118
|
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a2
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.
|
Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time?
|
Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time?
|
[
"Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time?"
] |
{
"text": [
"J. M. E. McTaggart"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114119
|
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a3
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.
|
How many "temporal series" did McTaggart propose?
|
How many "temporal series" did McTaggart propose?
|
[
"How many \"temporal series\" did McTaggart propose?"
] |
{
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114120
|
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a4
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.
|
What was McTaggart's first series called?
|
What was McTaggart's first series called?
|
[
"What was McTaggart's first series called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the A-series"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114121
|
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a5
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.
|
The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else?
|
The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else?
|
[
"The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else?"
] |
{
"text": [
"each other"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114122
|
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a6
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.
|
What is McTaggart's second series called?
|
What is McTaggart's second series called?
|
[
"What is McTaggart's second series called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The B-series"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114123
|
5a42d2aa4a4859001aac734b
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.
|
Who created a problem with the flow of time?
|
Who created a problem with the flow of time?
|
[
"Who created a problem with the flow of time?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114124
|
5a42d2aa4a4859001aac734c
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.
|
What orders events according to their existance in the past, present or future?
|
What orders events according to their existance in the past, present or future?
|
[
"What orders events according to their existance in the past, present or future?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114125
|
5a42d2aa4a4859001aac734d
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.
|
What implements refrences to the past?
|
What implements refrences to the past?
|
[
"What implements refrences to the past?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114126
|
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f3
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).
|
According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities?
|
According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities?
|
[
"According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Presentism"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114127
|
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f4
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).
|
Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?
|
Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?
|
[
"Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"exist"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114128
|
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f5
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).
|
Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions
|
Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions
|
[
"Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions"
] |
{
"text": [
"Eternalist"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114129
|
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f6
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).
|
According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present?
|
According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present?
|
[
"According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present?"
] |
{
"text": [
"all things—past, present, and future"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114130
|
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f7
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).
|
According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer?
|
According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer?
|
[
"According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer?"
] |
{
"text": [
"special language"
],
"answer_start": [
659
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114131
|
5a42d3864a4859001aac7351
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).
|
What states time is the existance of various relities?
|
What states time is the existance of various relities?
|
[
"What states time is the existance of various relities?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114132
|
5a42d3864a4859001aac7352
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).
|
What states all things have either always existed or not
|
What states all things have either always existed or not
|
[
"What states all things have either always existed or not"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114133
|
5a42d3864a4859001aac7353
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).
|
What do Eterialist say time is independent of?
|
What do Eterialist say time is independent of?
|
[
"What do Eterialist say time is independent of?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114134
|
5a42d3864a4859001aac7354
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).
|
What is more real according to Eternalists?
|
What is more real according to Eternalists?
|
[
"What is more real according to Eternalists?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114135
|
572a3caeaf94a219006aa8fd
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.
|
How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects?
|
How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects?
|
[
"How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects?"
] |
{
"text": [
"somewhat similar"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114136
|
572a3caeaf94a219006aa8fe
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.
|
Who holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times?
|
Who holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times?
|
[
"Who holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times?"
] |
{
"text": [
"endurantist"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114137
|
572a3caeaf94a219006aa8ff
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.
|
Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?
|
Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?
|
[
"Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?"
] |
{
"text": [
"perdurantist"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114138
|
572a3caeaf94a219006aa900
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.
|
Which view is seen as conventional?
|
Which view is seen as conventional?
|
[
"Which view is seen as conventional?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Endurantism"
],
"answer_start": [
577
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114139
|
572a3caeaf94a219006aa901
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.
|
Who is an example of a perdurantist?
|
Who is an example of a perdurantist?
|
[
"Who is an example of a perdurantist?"
] |
{
"text": [
"David Lewis"
],
"answer_start": [
878
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114140
|
5a42d4e74a4859001aac7359
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.
|
Who says that objects existin incompletely in the past present and future?
|
Who says that objects existin incompletely in the past present and future?
|
[
"Who says that objects existin incompletely in the past present and future?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114141
|
5a42d4e74a4859001aac735a
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.
|
Who states that an object must in different realities?
|
Who states that an object must in different realities?
|
[
"Who states that an object must in different realities?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114142
|
5a42d4e74a4859001aac735b
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.
|
What does endurantism take account of the change in?
|
What does endurantism take account of the change in?
|
[
"What does endurantism take account of the change in?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114143
|
5a42d4e74a4859001aac735c
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.
|
What says that when we talk to a person we are talking to part of a cross-temeporal being?
|
What says that when we talk to a person we are talking to part of a cross-temeporal being?
|
[
"What says that when we talk to a person we are talking to part of a cross-temeporal being?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114144
|
572a3d3a1d04691400779875
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.
|
How can asymmetry of causation be observed?
|
How can asymmetry of causation be observed?
|
[
"How can asymmetry of causation be observed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in a non-arbitrary way"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114145
|
572a3d3a1d04691400779876
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.
|
How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed?
|
How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed?
|
[
"How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
958
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114146
|
572a3d3a1d04691400779877
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.
|
Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?
|
Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?
|
[
"Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?"
] |
{
"text": [
"temporal"
],
"answer_start": [
1373
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114147
|
572a3d3a1d04691400779878
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.
|
What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?
|
What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?
|
[
"What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"implications of form and functional capacity"
],
"answer_start": [
1416
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114148
|
5a42ceb04a4859001aac732d
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.
|
What can be observed in an arbitrary way?
|
What can be observed in an arbitrary way?
|
[
"What can be observed in an arbitrary way?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114149
|
5a42ceb04a4859001aac732e
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.
|
How many examples of symetry can be observed in the cup example?
|
How many examples of symetry can be observed in the cup example?
|
[
"How many examples of symetry can be observed in the cup example?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114150
|
5a42ceb04a4859001aac732f
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.
|
Symmetry is atributable to a ralationship of what kind of direction?
|
Symmetry is atributable to a ralationship of what kind of direction?
|
[
"Symmetry is atributable to a ralationship of what kind of direction?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114151
|
5a42ceb04a4859001aac7330
|
Philosophy_of_space_and_time
|
However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.
|
What else besides direction is symmetry attributed to?
|
What else besides direction is symmetry attributed to?
|
[
"What else besides direction is symmetry attributed to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114152
|
57267978708984140094c753
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had an average daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Between July and December 2013 the paper had an average daily readership of approximately 5.5 million, with approximately 31% of those falling into the ABC1 demographic and 68% in the C2DE demographic. Approximately 41% of readers are women. The Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow (The Scottish Sun), Belfast (The Sun) and Dublin (The Irish Sun) respectively.
|
Which newspaper overtook The Sun as largest Saturday UK newspaper?
|
Which newspaper overtook The Sun as largest Saturday UK newspaper?
|
[
"Which newspaper overtook The Sun as largest Saturday UK newspaper?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Daily Mail"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114153
|
57267978708984140094c754
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had an average daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Between July and December 2013 the paper had an average daily readership of approximately 5.5 million, with approximately 31% of those falling into the ABC1 demographic and 68% in the C2DE demographic. Approximately 41% of readers are women. The Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow (The Scottish Sun), Belfast (The Sun) and Dublin (The Irish Sun) respectively.
|
What was the sun's circulation per day in March 2014?
|
What was the sun's circulation per day in March 2014?
|
[
"What was the sun's circulation per day in March 2014?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2.2 million copies"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114154
|
57267978708984140094c755
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had an average daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Between July and December 2013 the paper had an average daily readership of approximately 5.5 million, with approximately 31% of those falling into the ABC1 demographic and 68% in the C2DE demographic. Approximately 41% of readers are women. The Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow (The Scottish Sun), Belfast (The Sun) and Dublin (The Irish Sun) respectively.
|
What was the largest demographic for readers of The Sun?
|
What was the largest demographic for readers of The Sun?
|
[
"What was the largest demographic for readers of The Sun?"
] |
{
"text": [
"C2DE demographic"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114155
|
57267978708984140094c756
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had an average daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Between July and December 2013 the paper had an average daily readership of approximately 5.5 million, with approximately 31% of those falling into the ABC1 demographic and 68% in the C2DE demographic. Approximately 41% of readers are women. The Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow (The Scottish Sun), Belfast (The Sun) and Dublin (The Irish Sun) respectively.
|
What is the percentage of The Sun readers who are women?
|
What is the percentage of The Sun readers who are women?
|
[
"What is the percentage of The Sun readers who are women?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Approximately 41%"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114156
|
57267978708984140094c757
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had an average daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Between July and December 2013 the paper had an average daily readership of approximately 5.5 million, with approximately 31% of those falling into the ABC1 demographic and 68% in the C2DE demographic. Approximately 41% of readers are women. The Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow (The Scottish Sun), Belfast (The Sun) and Dublin (The Irish Sun) respectively.
|
What is one controversial event covered by The Sun?
|
What is one controversial event covered by The Sun?
|
[
"What is one controversial event covered by The Sun?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114157
|
57267a9b5951b619008f73fd
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
On 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. In late 2013, it was given a new look, with a new typeface. The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copies for the first time, an average of 28,650 over those of its rival: 1,497,855 to 1,469,195. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, but believes the weekday Daily Mail will overtake The Sun in circulation during 2016.
|
Which newspaper did the The Sun on Sunday take the place of?
|
Which newspaper did the The Sun on Sunday take the place of?
|
[
"Which newspaper did the The Sun on Sunday take the place of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"News of the World"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114158
|
57267a9b5951b619008f73fe
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
On 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. In late 2013, it was given a new look, with a new typeface. The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copies for the first time, an average of 28,650 over those of its rival: 1,497,855 to 1,469,195. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, but believes the weekday Daily Mail will overtake The Sun in circulation during 2016.
|
In what year was The Sun's look changed?
|
In what year was The Sun's look changed?
|
[
"In what year was The Sun's look changed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2013"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114159
|
57267a9b5951b619008f73ff
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
On 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. In late 2013, it was given a new look, with a new typeface. The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copies for the first time, an average of 28,650 over those of its rival: 1,497,855 to 1,469,195. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, but believes the weekday Daily Mail will overtake The Sun in circulation during 2016.
|
What was the circulation of The Sun on Sunday in March 2014?
|
What was the circulation of The Sun on Sunday in March 2014?
|
[
"What was the circulation of The Sun on Sunday in March 2014?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1,686,840"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114160
|
57267a9b5951b619008f7400
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
On 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. In late 2013, it was given a new look, with a new typeface. The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copies for the first time, an average of 28,650 over those of its rival: 1,497,855 to 1,469,195. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, but believes the weekday Daily Mail will overtake The Sun in circulation during 2016.
|
When did the Sunday Mail overtake The Sun in sales numbers?
|
When did the Sunday Mail overtake The Sun in sales numbers?
|
[
"When did the Sunday Mail overtake The Sun in sales numbers?"
] |
{
"text": [
"May 2015"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114161
|
57267a9b5951b619008f7401
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
On 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. In late 2013, it was given a new look, with a new typeface. The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copies for the first time, an average of 28,650 over those of its rival: 1,497,855 to 1,469,195. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, but believes the weekday Daily Mail will overtake The Sun in circulation during 2016.
|
When is the weekly Mail forecast to pass The Sun in terms of circulation?
|
When is the weekly Mail forecast to pass The Sun in terms of circulation?
|
[
"When is the weekly Mail forecast to pass The Sun in terms of circulation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"during 2016"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114162
|
57267bc45951b619008f743d
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline. The new paper was intended to add a readership of 'social radicals' to the Herald's 'political radicals'. Launched with an advertising budget of £400,000 the brash new paper "burst forth with tremendous energy", according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to 'curiosity' and the 'advantage of novelty', and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald (1.2 million) within a few weeks.
|
Who ordered research on the Herald?
|
Who ordered research on the Herald?
|
[
"Who ordered research on the Herald?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114163
|
57267bc45951b619008f743e
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline. The new paper was intended to add a readership of 'social radicals' to the Herald's 'political radicals'. Launched with an advertising budget of £400,000 the brash new paper "burst forth with tremendous energy", according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to 'curiosity' and the 'advantage of novelty', and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald (1.2 million) within a few weeks.
|
What was named as a potential reason for the Herald's decline?
|
What was named as a potential reason for the Herald's decline?
|
[
"What was named as a potential reason for the Herald's decline?"
] |
{
"text": [
"demographic changes"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114164
|
57267bc45951b619008f743f
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline. The new paper was intended to add a readership of 'social radicals' to the Herald's 'political radicals'. Launched with an advertising budget of £400,000 the brash new paper "burst forth with tremendous energy", according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to 'curiosity' and the 'advantage of novelty', and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald (1.2 million) within a few weeks.
|
What type of people was the new paper supposed to attract?
|
What type of people was the new paper supposed to attract?
|
[
"What type of people was the new paper supposed to attract?"
] |
{
"text": [
"'social radicals'"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114165
|
57267bc45951b619008f7440
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline. The new paper was intended to add a readership of 'social radicals' to the Herald's 'political radicals'. Launched with an advertising budget of £400,000 the brash new paper "burst forth with tremendous energy", according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to 'curiosity' and the 'advantage of novelty', and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald (1.2 million) within a few weeks.
|
What was the advertising budget of the new paper?
|
What was the advertising budget of the new paper?
|
[
"What was the advertising budget of the new paper?"
] |
{
"text": [
"£400,000"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114166
|
57267bc45951b619008f7441
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline. The new paper was intended to add a readership of 'social radicals' to the Herald's 'political radicals'. Launched with an advertising budget of £400,000 the brash new paper "burst forth with tremendous energy", according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to 'curiosity' and the 'advantage of novelty', and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald (1.2 million) within a few weeks.
|
What was the number of papers in the first print run of the Times?
|
What was the number of papers in the first print run of the Times?
|
[
"What was the number of papers in the first print run of the Times?"
] |
{
"text": [
"3.5 million"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114167
|
57267c915951b619008f745f
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions, promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper. He assured IPC that he would publish a "straightforward, honest newspaper" which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwell's offer, and Murdoch bought the paper for £800,000, to be paid in instalments. He would later remark: "I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers."
|
What did the prospective owner of the paper promise?
|
What did the prospective owner of the paper promise?
|
[
"What did the prospective owner of the paper promise?"
] |
{
"text": [
"fewer redundancies"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114168
|
57267c915951b619008f7460
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions, promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper. He assured IPC that he would publish a "straightforward, honest newspaper" which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwell's offer, and Murdoch bought the paper for £800,000, to be paid in instalments. He would later remark: "I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers."
|
How did the prospective publisher describe the newspaper he would produce?
|
How did the prospective publisher describe the newspaper he would produce?
|
[
"How did the prospective publisher describe the newspaper he would produce?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a \"straightforward, honest newspaper\""
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114169
|
57267c915951b619008f7461
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions, promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper. He assured IPC that he would publish a "straightforward, honest newspaper" which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwell's offer, and Murdoch bought the paper for £800,000, to be paid in instalments. He would later remark: "I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers."
|
Which party would the newspaper endorse?
|
Which party would the newspaper endorse?
|
[
"Which party would the newspaper endorse?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Labour"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114170
|
57267c915951b619008f7462
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions, promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper. He assured IPC that he would publish a "straightforward, honest newspaper" which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwell's offer, and Murdoch bought the paper for £800,000, to be paid in instalments. He would later remark: "I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers."
|
What was the price paid for the newspaper?
|
What was the price paid for the newspaper?
|
[
"What was the price paid for the newspaper?"
] |
{
"text": [
"£800,000"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114171
|
57267c915951b619008f7463
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions, promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper. He assured IPC that he would publish a "straightforward, honest newspaper" which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwell's offer, and Murdoch bought the paper for £800,000, to be paid in instalments. He would later remark: "I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers."
|
Whose offer to buy the paper was turned down?
|
Whose offer to buy the paper was turned down?
|
[
"Whose offer to buy the paper was turned down?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Maxwell's offer"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114172
|
57267d66f1498d1400e8e180
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed and Lamb was appointed as the first editor of the new Sun. He was scathing in his opinion of the Mirror, where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor, and shared Murdoch's view that a paper's quality was best measured by its sales, and he regarded the Mirror as overstaffed, and primarily aimed at an ageing readership. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were mostly selected for their availability rather than their ability.
|
What position did Larry Lamb take with the Sun?
|
What position did Larry Lamb take with the Sun?
|
[
"What position did Larry Lamb take with the Sun?"
] |
{
"text": [
"editor"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114173
|
57267d66f1498d1400e8e181
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed and Lamb was appointed as the first editor of the new Sun. He was scathing in his opinion of the Mirror, where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor, and shared Murdoch's view that a paper's quality was best measured by its sales, and he regarded the Mirror as overstaffed, and primarily aimed at an ageing readership. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were mostly selected for their availability rather than their ability.
|
What type of view did Lamb have of the Mirror?
|
What type of view did Lamb have of the Mirror?
|
[
"What type of view did Lamb have of the Mirror?"
] |
{
"text": [
"scathing"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114174
|
57267d66f1498d1400e8e182
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed and Lamb was appointed as the first editor of the new Sun. He was scathing in his opinion of the Mirror, where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor, and shared Murdoch's view that a paper's quality was best measured by its sales, and he regarded the Mirror as overstaffed, and primarily aimed at an ageing readership. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were mostly selected for their availability rather than their ability.
|
What did Lamb and Murdoch believe to be the best indicator of newspaper quality?
|
What did Lamb and Murdoch believe to be the best indicator of newspaper quality?
|
[
"What did Lamb and Murdoch believe to be the best indicator of newspaper quality?"
] |
{
"text": [
"its sales"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114175
|
57267d66f1498d1400e8e183
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed and Lamb was appointed as the first editor of the new Sun. He was scathing in his opinion of the Mirror, where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor, and shared Murdoch's view that a paper's quality was best measured by its sales, and he regarded the Mirror as overstaffed, and primarily aimed at an ageing readership. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were mostly selected for their availability rather than their ability.
|
What position did Lamb formerly hold at the Mirror?
|
What position did Lamb formerly hold at the Mirror?
|
[
"What position did Lamb formerly hold at the Mirror?"
] |
{
"text": [
"senior sub-editor"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114176
|
57267d66f1498d1400e8e184
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed and Lamb was appointed as the first editor of the new Sun. He was scathing in his opinion of the Mirror, where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor, and shared Murdoch's view that a paper's quality was best measured by its sales, and he regarded the Mirror as overstaffed, and primarily aimed at an ageing readership. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were mostly selected for their availability rather than their ability.
|
How many reporters did Lamb hire for the Mirror's initial staff?
|
How many reporters did Lamb hire for the Mirror's initial staff?
|
[
"How many reporters did Lamb hire for the Mirror's initial staff?"
] |
{
"text": [
"about 125"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114177
|
57267eb8708984140094c7f3
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing the paper from the start, which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers' lives. The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970, German-born Stephanie Rahn; she was tagged as a "Birthday Suit Girl" to mark the first anniversary of the relaunched Sun. A topless Page 3 model gradually became a regular fixture, and with increasingly risqué poses. Both feminists and many cultural conservatives saw the pictures as pornographic and misogynistic. Lamb expressed some regret at introducing the feature, although denied it was sexist. A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire, was the first to ban the paper from its public library, shortly after Page 3 began, because of its excessive sexual content. This decision was reversed after a sustained campaign by the newspaper itself lasting 16 months, and the election of a Labour-led council in 1971.
|
What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper?
|
What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper?
|
[
"What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sex"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114178
|
57267eb8708984140094c7f4
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing the paper from the start, which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers' lives. The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970, German-born Stephanie Rahn; she was tagged as a "Birthday Suit Girl" to mark the first anniversary of the relaunched Sun. A topless Page 3 model gradually became a regular fixture, and with increasingly risqué poses. Both feminists and many cultural conservatives saw the pictures as pornographic and misogynistic. Lamb expressed some regret at introducing the feature, although denied it was sexist. A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire, was the first to ban the paper from its public library, shortly after Page 3 began, because of its excessive sexual content. This decision was reversed after a sustained campaign by the newspaper itself lasting 16 months, and the election of a Labour-led council in 1971.
|
When did the first Page 3 model appear topless?
|
When did the first Page 3 model appear topless?
|
[
"When did the first Page 3 model appear topless?"
] |
{
"text": [
"17 November 1970"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114179
|
57267eb8708984140094c7f5
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing the paper from the start, which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers' lives. The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970, German-born Stephanie Rahn; she was tagged as a "Birthday Suit Girl" to mark the first anniversary of the relaunched Sun. A topless Page 3 model gradually became a regular fixture, and with increasingly risqué poses. Both feminists and many cultural conservatives saw the pictures as pornographic and misogynistic. Lamb expressed some regret at introducing the feature, although denied it was sexist. A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire, was the first to ban the paper from its public library, shortly after Page 3 began, because of its excessive sexual content. This decision was reversed after a sustained campaign by the newspaper itself lasting 16 months, and the election of a Labour-led council in 1971.
|
Who was the first Page 3 topless model?
|
Who was the first Page 3 topless model?
|
[
"Who was the first Page 3 topless model?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Stephanie Rahn"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114180
|
57267eb8708984140094c7f6
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing the paper from the start, which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers' lives. The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970, German-born Stephanie Rahn; she was tagged as a "Birthday Suit Girl" to mark the first anniversary of the relaunched Sun. A topless Page 3 model gradually became a regular fixture, and with increasingly risqué poses. Both feminists and many cultural conservatives saw the pictures as pornographic and misogynistic. Lamb expressed some regret at introducing the feature, although denied it was sexist. A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire, was the first to ban the paper from its public library, shortly after Page 3 began, because of its excessive sexual content. This decision was reversed after a sustained campaign by the newspaper itself lasting 16 months, and the election of a Labour-led council in 1971.
|
Who was the first to prohibit the paper from being in its library?
|
Who was the first to prohibit the paper from being in its library?
|
[
"Who was the first to prohibit the paper from being in its library?"
] |
{
"text": [
"A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire"
],
"answer_start": [
625
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114181
|
57267eb8708984140094c7f7
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing the paper from the start, which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers' lives. The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970, German-born Stephanie Rahn; she was tagged as a "Birthday Suit Girl" to mark the first anniversary of the relaunched Sun. A topless Page 3 model gradually became a regular fixture, and with increasingly risqué poses. Both feminists and many cultural conservatives saw the pictures as pornographic and misogynistic. Lamb expressed some regret at introducing the feature, although denied it was sexist. A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire, was the first to ban the paper from its public library, shortly after Page 3 began, because of its excessive sexual content. This decision was reversed after a sustained campaign by the newspaper itself lasting 16 months, and the election of a Labour-led council in 1971.
|
When was the library ban reversed?
|
When was the library ban reversed?
|
[
"When was the library ban reversed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1971"
],
"answer_start": [
944
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114182
|
57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d4
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline "Why It Must Be Labour" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: "ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat."
|
What were the Sun's political leanings early on under Murdoch?
|
What were the Sun's political leanings early on under Murdoch?
|
[
"What were the Sun's political leanings early on under Murdoch?"
] |
{
"text": [
"nominally Labour"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114183
|
57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d5
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline "Why It Must Be Labour" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: "ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat."
|
Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election?
|
Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election?
|
[
"Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Harold Wilson"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114184
|
57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d6
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline "Why It Must Be Labour" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: "ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat."
|
Who did the Sun support in 1974?
|
Who did the Sun support in 1974?
|
[
"Who did the Sun support in 1974?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Edward Heath"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114185
|
57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d7
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline "Why It Must Be Labour" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: "ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat."
|
Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974?
|
Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974?
|
[
"Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974?"
] |
{
"text": [
"James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114186
|
57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d8
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline "Why It Must Be Labour" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: "ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat."
|
What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974?
|
What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974?
|
[
"What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974?"
] |
{
"text": [
"any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114187
|
5726808c708984140094c833
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The editor, Larry Lamb, was originally from a Labour background, with a socialist upbringing while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley (1972–75) was a middle-class uncommitted Conservative. An extensive advertising campaign on the ITV network in this period, voiced by actor Christopher Timothy, may have helped The Sun to overtake the Daily Mirror's circulation in 1978. Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s – the so-called "Spanish practices" of the print unions – The Sun was very profitable, enabling Murdoch to expand his operations to the United States from 1973.
|
Who temporarily replaced Larry Lamb?
|
Who temporarily replaced Larry Lamb?
|
[
"Who temporarily replaced Larry Lamb?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Bernard Shrimsley"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114188
|
5726808c708984140094c834
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The editor, Larry Lamb, was originally from a Labour background, with a socialist upbringing while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley (1972–75) was a middle-class uncommitted Conservative. An extensive advertising campaign on the ITV network in this period, voiced by actor Christopher Timothy, may have helped The Sun to overtake the Daily Mirror's circulation in 1978. Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s – the so-called "Spanish practices" of the print unions – The Sun was very profitable, enabling Murdoch to expand his operations to the United States from 1973.
|
What was Shrimsley's political background?
|
What was Shrimsley's political background?
|
[
"What was Shrimsley's political background?"
] |
{
"text": [
"middle-class uncommitted Conservative."
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114189
|
5726808c708984140094c835
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The editor, Larry Lamb, was originally from a Labour background, with a socialist upbringing while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley (1972–75) was a middle-class uncommitted Conservative. An extensive advertising campaign on the ITV network in this period, voiced by actor Christopher Timothy, may have helped The Sun to overtake the Daily Mirror's circulation in 1978. Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s – the so-called "Spanish practices" of the print unions – The Sun was very profitable, enabling Murdoch to expand his operations to the United States from 1973.
|
Who lent his voice to a campaign that aided The Sun in passing the Daily Mirror in 1978?
|
Who lent his voice to a campaign that aided The Sun in passing the Daily Mirror in 1978?
|
[
"Who lent his voice to a campaign that aided The Sun in passing the Daily Mirror in 1978?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Christopher Timothy"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114190
|
5726808c708984140094c836
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The editor, Larry Lamb, was originally from a Labour background, with a socialist upbringing while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley (1972–75) was a middle-class uncommitted Conservative. An extensive advertising campaign on the ITV network in this period, voiced by actor Christopher Timothy, may have helped The Sun to overtake the Daily Mirror's circulation in 1978. Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s – the so-called "Spanish practices" of the print unions – The Sun was very profitable, enabling Murdoch to expand his operations to the United States from 1973.
|
Where did Murdoch begin expanding?
|
Where did Murdoch begin expanding?
|
[
"Where did Murdoch begin expanding?"
] |
{
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114191
|
5726808c708984140094c837
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The editor, Larry Lamb, was originally from a Labour background, with a socialist upbringing while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley (1972–75) was a middle-class uncommitted Conservative. An extensive advertising campaign on the ITV network in this period, voiced by actor Christopher Timothy, may have helped The Sun to overtake the Daily Mirror's circulation in 1978. Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s – the so-called "Spanish practices" of the print unions – The Sun was very profitable, enabling Murdoch to expand his operations to the United States from 1973.
|
When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S?
|
When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S?
|
[
"When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1973"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114192
|
57268173708984140094c853
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper, and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun. Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price removed the Daily Star's competitive advantage opening a new circulation battle which resulted in The Sun neutralising the threat of the new paper. The new editor of The Sun, Kelvin MacKenzie, took up his post in 1981 just after these developments, and "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did", according to Bruce Page, MacKenzie The paper became "more outrageous, opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain".
|
What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper?
|
What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper?
|
[
"What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Daily Star"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114193
|
57268173708984140094c854
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper, and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun. Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price removed the Daily Star's competitive advantage opening a new circulation battle which resulted in The Sun neutralising the threat of the new paper. The new editor of The Sun, Kelvin MacKenzie, took up his post in 1981 just after these developments, and "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did", according to Bruce Page, MacKenzie The paper became "more outrageous, opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain".
|
By what year had The Daily Star started impacting The Sun's sales?
|
By what year had The Daily Star started impacting The Sun's sales?
|
[
"By what year had The Daily Star started impacting The Sun's sales?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1981"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114194
|
57268173708984140094c855
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper, and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun. Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price removed the Daily Star's competitive advantage opening a new circulation battle which resulted in The Sun neutralising the threat of the new paper. The new editor of The Sun, Kelvin MacKenzie, took up his post in 1981 just after these developments, and "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did", according to Bruce Page, MacKenzie The paper became "more outrageous, opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain".
|
What helped the Sun overcome the Daily Star's challenge?
|
What helped the Sun overcome the Daily Star's challenge?
|
[
"What helped the Sun overcome the Daily Star's challenge?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114195
|
57268173708984140094c856
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper, and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun. Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price removed the Daily Star's competitive advantage opening a new circulation battle which resulted in The Sun neutralising the threat of the new paper. The new editor of The Sun, Kelvin MacKenzie, took up his post in 1981 just after these developments, and "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did", according to Bruce Page, MacKenzie The paper became "more outrageous, opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain".
|
Who became editor of the Sun in 1981?
|
Who became editor of the Sun in 1981?
|
[
"Who became editor of the Sun in 1981?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Kelvin MacKenzie"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114196
|
57268173708984140094c857
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper, and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun. Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price removed the Daily Star's competitive advantage opening a new circulation battle which resulted in The Sun neutralising the threat of the new paper. The new editor of The Sun, Kelvin MacKenzie, took up his post in 1981 just after these developments, and "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did", according to Bruce Page, MacKenzie The paper became "more outrageous, opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain".
|
What impact was Mackenzie said to have?
|
What impact was Mackenzie said to have?
|
[
"What impact was Mackenzie said to have?"
] |
{
"text": [
"changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did\""
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114197
|
57268242dd62a815002e87ac
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
On 1 May, The Sun claimed to have 'sponsored' a British missile. Under the headline "Stick This Up Your Junta: A Sun missile for Galtieri’s gauchos", the newspaper published a photograph of a missile, (actually a Polaris missile stock shot from the Ministry of Defence) which had a large Sun logo printed on its side with the caption "Here It Comes, Senors..." underneath. The paper explained that it was 'sponsoring' the missile by contributing to the eventual victory party on HMS Invincible when the war ended. In copy written by Wendy Henry, the paper said that the missile would shortly be used against Argentinian forces. Despite this, it was not well received by the troops and copies of The Sun were soon burnt. Tony Snow, The Sun journalist on HMS Invincible who had 'signed' the missile, reported a few days later that it had hit an Argentinian target.
|
What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of?
|
What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of?
|
[
"What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a British missile"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114198
|
57268242dd62a815002e87ad
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
On 1 May, The Sun claimed to have 'sponsored' a British missile. Under the headline "Stick This Up Your Junta: A Sun missile for Galtieri’s gauchos", the newspaper published a photograph of a missile, (actually a Polaris missile stock shot from the Ministry of Defence) which had a large Sun logo printed on its side with the caption "Here It Comes, Senors..." underneath. The paper explained that it was 'sponsoring' the missile by contributing to the eventual victory party on HMS Invincible when the war ended. In copy written by Wendy Henry, the paper said that the missile would shortly be used against Argentinian forces. Despite this, it was not well received by the troops and copies of The Sun were soon burnt. Tony Snow, The Sun journalist on HMS Invincible who had 'signed' the missile, reported a few days later that it had hit an Argentinian target.
|
What did the wording on the side of The Sun missile state?
|
What did the wording on the side of The Sun missile state?
|
[
"What did the wording on the side of The Sun missile state?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"Here It Comes, Senors...\""
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114199
|
57268242dd62a815002e87ae
|
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
|
On 1 May, The Sun claimed to have 'sponsored' a British missile. Under the headline "Stick This Up Your Junta: A Sun missile for Galtieri’s gauchos", the newspaper published a photograph of a missile, (actually a Polaris missile stock shot from the Ministry of Defence) which had a large Sun logo printed on its side with the caption "Here It Comes, Senors..." underneath. The paper explained that it was 'sponsoring' the missile by contributing to the eventual victory party on HMS Invincible when the war ended. In copy written by Wendy Henry, the paper said that the missile would shortly be used against Argentinian forces. Despite this, it was not well received by the troops and copies of The Sun were soon burnt. Tony Snow, The Sun journalist on HMS Invincible who had 'signed' the missile, reported a few days later that it had hit an Argentinian target.
|
Who did The Sun state that the missile would be used against?
|
Who did The Sun state that the missile would be used against?
|
[
"Who did The Sun state that the missile would be used against?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Argentinian forces"
],
"answer_start": [
608
]
}
|
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