gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-114800 | 5a7db89470df9f001a875093 | Matter | In the context of relativity, mass is not an additive quantity, in the sense that one can add the rest masses of particles in a system to get the total rest mass of the system. Thus, in relativity usually a more general view is that it is not the sum of rest masses, but the energy–momentum tensor that quantifies the am... | What can the energy-momentum tensor not do? | What can the energy-momentum tensor not do? | [
"What can the energy-momentum tensor not do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114801 | 5a7db89470df9f001a875094 | Matter | In the context of relativity, mass is not an additive quantity, in the sense that one can add the rest masses of particles in a system to get the total rest mass of the system. Thus, in relativity usually a more general view is that it is not the sum of rest masses, but the energy–momentum tensor that quantifies the am... | What does gravity contribute to in a system? | What does gravity contribute to in a system? | [
"What does gravity contribute to in a system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114802 | 5a7db89470df9f001a875095 | Matter | In the context of relativity, mass is not an additive quantity, in the sense that one can add the rest masses of particles in a system to get the total rest mass of the system. Thus, in relativity usually a more general view is that it is not the sum of rest masses, but the energy–momentum tensor that quantifies the am... | What field does not view matter as a contributor to energy-momentum? | What field does not view matter as a contributor to energy-momentum? | [
"What field does not view matter as a contributor to energy-momentum?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114803 | 5a7db92970df9f001a87509b | Matter | The reason for this is that in this definition, electromagnetic radiation (such as light) as well as the energy of electromagnetic fields contributes to the mass of systems, and therefore appears to add matter to them. For example, light radiation (or thermal radiation) trapped inside a box would contribute to the mass... | What type of radiation does not contribute mass? | What type of radiation does not contribute mass? | [
"What type of radiation does not contribute mass?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114804 | 5a7db92970df9f001a87509c | Matter | The reason for this is that in this definition, electromagnetic radiation (such as light) as well as the energy of electromagnetic fields contributes to the mass of systems, and therefore appears to add matter to them. For example, light radiation (or thermal radiation) trapped inside a box would contribute to the mass... | What is another name for electromagnetic radiation? | What is another name for electromagnetic radiation? | [
"What is another name for electromagnetic radiation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114805 | 5a7db92970df9f001a87509d | Matter | The reason for this is that in this definition, electromagnetic radiation (such as light) as well as the energy of electromagnetic fields contributes to the mass of systems, and therefore appears to add matter to them. For example, light radiation (or thermal radiation) trapped inside a box would contribute to the mass... | What is another name for isolated kinetic energy of massive particles? | What is another name for isolated kinetic energy of massive particles? | [
"What is another name for isolated kinetic energy of massive particles?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114806 | 5a7dbca870df9f001a8750b5 | Matter | A source of definition difficulty in relativity arises from two definitions of mass in common use, one of which is formally equivalent to total energy (and is thus observer dependent), and the other of which is referred to as rest mass or invariant mass and is independent of the observer. Only "rest mass" is loosely eq... | How many difficulties are there in defining mass? | How many difficulties are there in defining mass? | [
"How many difficulties are there in defining mass?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114807 | 5a7dbca870df9f001a8750b6 | Matter | A source of definition difficulty in relativity arises from two definitions of mass in common use, one of which is formally equivalent to total energy (and is thus observer dependent), and the other of which is referred to as rest mass or invariant mass and is independent of the observer. Only "rest mass" is loosely eq... | What is invariant mass equivalent to? | What is invariant mass equivalent to? | [
"What is invariant mass equivalent to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114808 | 5a7dbca870df9f001a8750b7 | Matter | A source of definition difficulty in relativity arises from two definitions of mass in common use, one of which is formally equivalent to total energy (and is thus observer dependent), and the other of which is referred to as rest mass or invariant mass and is independent of the observer. Only "rest mass" is loosely eq... | What type of systems is rest mass applied to? | What type of systems is rest mass applied to? | [
"What type of systems is rest mass applied to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114809 | 5a7dbca870df9f001a8750b8 | Matter | A source of definition difficulty in relativity arises from two definitions of mass in common use, one of which is formally equivalent to total energy (and is thus observer dependent), and the other of which is referred to as rest mass or invariant mass and is independent of the observer. Only "rest mass" is loosely eq... | Invariant mass cannot be weighed when a system has no what? | Invariant mass cannot be weighed when a system has no what? | [
"Invariant mass cannot be weighed when a system has no what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114810 | 5a7dbca870df9f001a8750b9 | Matter | A source of definition difficulty in relativity arises from two definitions of mass in common use, one of which is formally equivalent to total energy (and is thus observer dependent), and the other of which is referred to as rest mass or invariant mass and is independent of the observer. Only "rest mass" is loosely eq... | Kinetic energy cannot add what kind of mass to a system? | Kinetic energy cannot add what kind of mass to a system? | [
"Kinetic energy cannot add what kind of mass to a system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114811 | 5a7dc20570df9f001a875117 | Matter | Since such mass (kinetic energies of particles, the energy of trapped electromagnetic radiation and stored potential energy of repulsive fields) is measured as part of the mass of ordinary matter in complex systems, the "matter" status of "massless particles" and fields of force becomes unclear in such systems. These p... | What is electromagnetic radiation stored in? | What is electromagnetic radiation stored in? | [
"What is electromagnetic radiation stored in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114812 | 5a7dc20570df9f001a875118 | Matter | Since such mass (kinetic energies of particles, the energy of trapped electromagnetic radiation and stored potential energy of repulsive fields) is measured as part of the mass of ordinary matter in complex systems, the "matter" status of "massless particles" and fields of force becomes unclear in such systems. These p... | The mass of kinetic energy particles is not considered part of what? | The mass of kinetic energy particles is not considered part of what? | [
"The mass of kinetic energy particles is not considered part of what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114813 | 5a7dc20570df9f001a875119 | Matter | Since such mass (kinetic energies of particles, the energy of trapped electromagnetic radiation and stored potential energy of repulsive fields) is measured as part of the mass of ordinary matter in complex systems, the "matter" status of "massless particles" and fields of force becomes unclear in such systems. These p... | What tends to be clear in complex systems? | What tends to be clear in complex systems? | [
"What tends to be clear in complex systems?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114814 | 5a7dc20570df9f001a87511a | Matter | Since such mass (kinetic energies of particles, the energy of trapped electromagnetic radiation and stored potential energy of repulsive fields) is measured as part of the mass of ordinary matter in complex systems, the "matter" status of "massless particles" and fields of force becomes unclear in such systems. These p... | What field has a clear definition of matter? | What field has a clear definition of matter? | [
"What field has a clear definition of matter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114815 | 5a7dc20570df9f001a87511b | Matter | Since such mass (kinetic energies of particles, the energy of trapped electromagnetic radiation and stored potential energy of repulsive fields) is measured as part of the mass of ordinary matter in complex systems, the "matter" status of "massless particles" and fields of force becomes unclear in such systems. These p... | Mass is harder to define as being what? | Mass is harder to define as being what? | [
"Mass is harder to define as being what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114816 | 5a7dc2b470df9f001a87512b | Matter | A definition of "matter" more fine-scale than the atoms and molecules definition is: matter is made up of what atoms and molecules are made of, meaning anything made of positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. This definition goes beyond atoms and molecules, however, to include su... | What is made out of negatively charged protons? | What is made out of negatively charged protons? | [
"What is made out of negatively charged protons?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114817 | 5a7dc2b470df9f001a87512c | Matter | A definition of "matter" more fine-scale than the atoms and molecules definition is: matter is made up of what atoms and molecules are made of, meaning anything made of positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. This definition goes beyond atoms and molecules, however, to include su... | What type of charge do atoms have? | What type of charge do atoms have? | [
"What type of charge do atoms have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114818 | 5a7dc2b470df9f001a87512d | Matter | A definition of "matter" more fine-scale than the atoms and molecules definition is: matter is made up of what atoms and molecules are made of, meaning anything made of positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. This definition goes beyond atoms and molecules, however, to include su... | This definition does not include what type of matter? | This definition does not include what type of matter? | [
"This definition does not include what type of matter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114819 | 5a7dc2b470df9f001a87512e | Matter | A definition of "matter" more fine-scale than the atoms and molecules definition is: matter is made up of what atoms and molecules are made of, meaning anything made of positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. This definition goes beyond atoms and molecules, however, to include su... | What is located in a sea of protons? | What is located in a sea of protons? | [
"What is located in a sea of protons?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114820 | 5a7dc2b470df9f001a87512f | Matter | A definition of "matter" more fine-scale than the atoms and molecules definition is: matter is made up of what atoms and molecules are made of, meaning anything made of positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. This definition goes beyond atoms and molecules, however, to include su... | What are made up of leptons? | What are made up of leptons? | [
"What are made up of leptons?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114821 | 5a7dc3ae70df9f001a875135 | Matter | Leptons (the most famous being the electron), and quarks (of which baryons, such as protons and neutrons, are made) combine to form atoms, which in turn form molecules. Because atoms and molecules are said to be matter, it is natural to phrase the definition as: ordinary matter is anything that is made of the same thin... | What is the most famous electron? | What is the most famous electron? | [
"What is the most famous electron?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114822 | 5a7dc3ae70df9f001a875136 | Matter | Leptons (the most famous being the electron), and quarks (of which baryons, such as protons and neutrons, are made) combine to form atoms, which in turn form molecules. Because atoms and molecules are said to be matter, it is natural to phrase the definition as: ordinary matter is anything that is made of the same thin... | What are quarks made from? | What are quarks made from? | [
"What are quarks made from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114823 | 5a7dc3ae70df9f001a875137 | Matter | Leptons (the most famous being the electron), and quarks (of which baryons, such as protons and neutrons, are made) combine to form atoms, which in turn form molecules. Because atoms and molecules are said to be matter, it is natural to phrase the definition as: ordinary matter is anything that is made of the same thin... | Who determined that electrons were leptons? | Who determined that electrons were leptons? | [
"Who determined that electrons were leptons?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114824 | 5a7dc3ae70df9f001a875138 | Matter | Leptons (the most famous being the electron), and quarks (of which baryons, such as protons and neutrons, are made) combine to form atoms, which in turn form molecules. Because atoms and molecules are said to be matter, it is natural to phrase the definition as: ordinary matter is anything that is made of the same thin... | How many generation particles are there? | How many generation particles are there? | [
"How many generation particles are there?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114825 | 5a7dc3ae70df9f001a875139 | Matter | Leptons (the most famous being the electron), and quarks (of which baryons, such as protons and neutrons, are made) combine to form atoms, which in turn form molecules. Because atoms and molecules are said to be matter, it is natural to phrase the definition as: ordinary matter is anything that is made of the same thin... | What type of fermions are protons and neutrons? | What type of fermions are protons and neutrons? | [
"What type of fermions are protons and neutrons?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114826 | 5a7dc46e70df9f001a875147 | Matter | The quark–lepton definition of ordinary matter, however, identifies not only the elementary building blocks of matter, but also includes composites made from the constituents (atoms and molecules, for example). Such composites contain an interaction energy that holds the constituents together, and may constitute the bu... | What are atoms and molecules elementary forms of? | What are atoms and molecules elementary forms of? | [
"What are atoms and molecules elementary forms of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114827 | 5a7dc46e70df9f001a875148 | Matter | The quark–lepton definition of ordinary matter, however, identifies not only the elementary building blocks of matter, but also includes composites made from the constituents (atoms and molecules, for example). Such composites contain an interaction energy that holds the constituents together, and may constitute the bu... | What holds building blocks together? | What holds building blocks together? | [
"What holds building blocks together?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114828 | 5a7dc46e70df9f001a875149 | Matter | The quark–lepton definition of ordinary matter, however, identifies not only the elementary building blocks of matter, but also includes composites made from the constituents (atoms and molecules, for example). Such composites contain an interaction energy that holds the constituents together, and may constitute the bu... | What is the mass of a proton? | What is the mass of a proton? | [
"What is the mass of a proton?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114829 | 5a7dc46e70df9f001a87514a | Matter | The quark–lepton definition of ordinary matter, however, identifies not only the elementary building blocks of matter, but also includes composites made from the constituents (atoms and molecules, for example). Such composites contain an interaction energy that holds the constituents together, and may constitute the bu... | What binds an atom together? | What binds an atom together? | [
"What binds an atom together?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114830 | 5a7dc46e70df9f001a87514b | Matter | The quark–lepton definition of ordinary matter, however, identifies not only the elementary building blocks of matter, but also includes composites made from the constituents (atoms and molecules, for example). Such composites contain an interaction energy that holds the constituents together, and may constitute the bu... | Most of the mass of binding energy is due to what? | Most of the mass of binding energy is due to what? | [
"Most of the mass of binding energy is due to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114831 | 5a7dc51370df9f001a87515b | Matter | The Standard Model groups matter particles into three generations, where each generation consists of two quarks and two leptons. The first generation is the up and down quarks, the electron and the electron neutrino; the second includes the charm and strange quarks, the muon and the muon neutrino; the third generation ... | What model has two generations? | What model has two generations? | [
"What model has two generations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114832 | 5a7dc51370df9f001a87515c | Matter | The Standard Model groups matter particles into three generations, where each generation consists of two quarks and two leptons. The first generation is the up and down quarks, the electron and the electron neutrino; the second includes the charm and strange quarks, the muon and the muon neutrino; the third generation ... | Which generation has the up and down muon and muon neutrino? | Which generation has the up and down muon and muon neutrino? | [
"Which generation has the up and down muon and muon neutrino?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114833 | 5a7dc51370df9f001a87515d | Matter | The Standard Model groups matter particles into three generations, where each generation consists of two quarks and two leptons. The first generation is the up and down quarks, the electron and the electron neutrino; the second includes the charm and strange quarks, the muon and the muon neutrino; the third generation ... | What type of particles are tau and tau neutrino? | What type of particles are tau and tau neutrino? | [
"What type of particles are tau and tau neutrino?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114834 | 5a7dc51370df9f001a87515e | Matter | The Standard Model groups matter particles into three generations, where each generation consists of two quarks and two leptons. The first generation is the up and down quarks, the electron and the electron neutrino; the second includes the charm and strange quarks, the muon and the muon neutrino; the third generation ... | What generation has charm and strange muon? | What generation has charm and strange muon? | [
"What generation has charm and strange muon?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114835 | 5a7dc51370df9f001a87515f | Matter | The Standard Model groups matter particles into three generations, where each generation consists of two quarks and two leptons. The first generation is the up and down quarks, the electron and the electron neutrino; the second includes the charm and strange quarks, the muon and the muon neutrino; the third generation ... | How many electrons are there in the generations? | How many electrons are there in the generations? | [
"How many electrons are there in the generations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114836 | 5a7dc5b470df9f001a875165 | Matter | Baryonic matter is the part of the universe that is made of baryons (including all atoms). This part of the universe does not include dark energy, dark matter, black holes or various forms of degenerate matter, such as compose white dwarf stars and neutron stars. Microwave light seen by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy P... | What is dark energy composed of? | What is dark energy composed of? | [
"What is dark energy composed of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114837 | 5a7dc5b470df9f001a875166 | Matter | Baryonic matter is the part of the universe that is made of baryons (including all atoms). This part of the universe does not include dark energy, dark matter, black holes or various forms of degenerate matter, such as compose white dwarf stars and neutron stars. Microwave light seen by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy P... | What probe saw white dwarf stars? | What probe saw white dwarf stars? | [
"What probe saw white dwarf stars?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114838 | 5a7dc5b470df9f001a875167 | Matter | Baryonic matter is the part of the universe that is made of baryons (including all atoms). This part of the universe does not include dark energy, dark matter, black holes or various forms of degenerate matter, such as compose white dwarf stars and neutron stars. Microwave light seen by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy P... | What percentage of the universe are black holes? | What percentage of the universe are black holes? | [
"What percentage of the universe are black holes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114839 | 5a7dc5b470df9f001a875168 | Matter | Baryonic matter is the part of the universe that is made of baryons (including all atoms). This part of the universe does not include dark energy, dark matter, black holes or various forms of degenerate matter, such as compose white dwarf stars and neutron stars. Microwave light seen by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy P... | What percentage of the universe can be seen by telescope? | What percentage of the universe can be seen by telescope? | [
"What percentage of the universe can be seen by telescope?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114840 | 5a7dc5b470df9f001a875169 | Matter | Baryonic matter is the part of the universe that is made of baryons (including all atoms). This part of the universe does not include dark energy, dark matter, black holes or various forms of degenerate matter, such as compose white dwarf stars and neutron stars. Microwave light seen by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy P... | What type of light accounts for 72% of the universe? | What type of light accounts for 72% of the universe? | [
"What type of light accounts for 72% of the universe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114841 | 5a7dcb3b70df9f001a87518d | Matter | In physics, degenerate matter refers to the ground state of a gas of fermions at a temperature near absolute zero. The Pauli exclusion principle requires that only two fermions can occupy a quantum state, one spin-up and the other spin-down. Hence, at zero temperature, the fermions fill up sufficient levels to accommod... | What is the name of the principle for the ground state of gas? | What is the name of the principle for the ground state of gas? | [
"What is the name of the principle for the ground state of gas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114842 | 5a7dcb3b70df9f001a87518e | Matter | In physics, degenerate matter refers to the ground state of a gas of fermions at a temperature near absolute zero. The Pauli exclusion principle requires that only two fermions can occupy a quantum state, one spin-up and the other spin-down. Hence, at zero temperature, the fermions fill up sufficient levels to accommod... | What depends on the temperature at absolute zero? | What depends on the temperature at absolute zero? | [
"What depends on the temperature at absolute zero?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114843 | 5a7dcb3b70df9f001a87518f | Matter | In physics, degenerate matter refers to the ground state of a gas of fermions at a temperature near absolute zero. The Pauli exclusion principle requires that only two fermions can occupy a quantum state, one spin-up and the other spin-down. Hence, at zero temperature, the fermions fill up sufficient levels to accommod... | What is the minimum kinetic energy called? | What is the minimum kinetic energy called? | [
"What is the minimum kinetic energy called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114844 | 5a7dcb3b70df9f001a875190 | Matter | In physics, degenerate matter refers to the ground state of a gas of fermions at a temperature near absolute zero. The Pauli exclusion principle requires that only two fermions can occupy a quantum state, one spin-up and the other spin-down. Hence, at zero temperature, the fermions fill up sufficient levels to accommod... | What shrinks to accommodate fermions? | What shrinks to accommodate fermions? | [
"What shrinks to accommodate fermions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114845 | 5a7dcb3b70df9f001a875191 | Matter | In physics, degenerate matter refers to the ground state of a gas of fermions at a temperature near absolute zero. The Pauli exclusion principle requires that only two fermions can occupy a quantum state, one spin-up and the other spin-down. Hence, at zero temperature, the fermions fill up sufficient levels to accommod... | What is the pressure of the gas called? | What is the pressure of the gas called? | [
"What is the pressure of the gas called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114846 | 5a7dccd270df9f001a8751a9 | Matter | Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter, usually thought of as a liquid of up, down, and strange quarks. It is contrasted with nuclear matter, which is a liquid of neutrons and protons (which themselves are built out of up and down quarks), and with non-strange quark matter, which is a quark liquid that con... | What is quark matter usually thought of as? | What is quark matter usually thought of as? | [
"What is quark matter usually thought of as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114847 | 5a7dccd270df9f001a8751aa | Matter | Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter, usually thought of as a liquid of up, down, and strange quarks. It is contrasted with nuclear matter, which is a liquid of neutrons and protons (which themselves are built out of up and down quarks), and with non-strange quark matter, which is a quark liquid that con... | What is nuclear matter similar to? | What is nuclear matter similar to? | [
"What is nuclear matter similar to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114848 | 5a7dccd270df9f001a8751ab | Matter | Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter, usually thought of as a liquid of up, down, and strange quarks. It is contrasted with nuclear matter, which is a liquid of neutrons and protons (which themselves are built out of up and down quarks), and with non-strange quark matter, which is a quark liquid that con... | At low density, what is expected of strange matter? | At low density, what is expected of strange matter? | [
"At low density, what is expected of strange matter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114849 | 5a7dccd270df9f001a8751ac | Matter | Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter, usually thought of as a liquid of up, down, and strange quarks. It is contrasted with nuclear matter, which is a liquid of neutrons and protons (which themselves are built out of up and down quarks), and with non-strange quark matter, which is a quark liquid that con... | What kind of core does nuclear matter occur in? | What kind of core does nuclear matter occur in? | [
"What kind of core does nuclear matter occur in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114850 | 5a7dccd270df9f001a8751ad | Matter | Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter, usually thought of as a liquid of up, down, and strange quarks. It is contrasted with nuclear matter, which is a liquid of neutrons and protons (which themselves are built out of up and down quarks), and with non-strange quark matter, which is a quark liquid that con... | What has Strange matter been definitely proven to occur as? | What has Strange matter been definitely proven to occur as? | [
"What has Strange matter been definitely proven to occur as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114851 | 5a7dcd9270df9f001a8751bd | Matter | In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth).... | What are phases known as? | What are phases known as? | [
"What are phases known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114852 | 5a7dcd9270df9f001a8751be | Matter | In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth).... | What is a phase not dependent on? | What is a phase not dependent on? | [
"What is a phase not dependent on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114853 | 5a7dcd9270df9f001a8751bf | Matter | In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth).... | How many phases are there total? | How many phases are there total? | [
"How many phases are there total?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114854 | 5a7dcd9270df9f001a8751c0 | Matter | In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth).... | What are examples of paramagnetic phases? | What are examples of paramagnetic phases? | [
"What are examples of paramagnetic phases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114855 | 5a7dcd9270df9f001a8751c1 | Matter | In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth).... | What field studies nanomaterials? | What field studies nanomaterials? | [
"What field studies nanomaterials?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114856 | 5a7dcf1970df9f001a8751e1 | Matter | In particle physics and quantum chemistry, antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other, the two annihilate; that is, they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy in accordan... | What is composed of antimatter? | What is composed of antimatter? | [
"What is composed of antimatter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114857 | 5a7dcf1970df9f001a8751e2 | Matter | In particle physics and quantum chemistry, antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other, the two annihilate; that is, they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy in accordan... | What happens when two antiparticles collide? | What happens when two antiparticles collide? | [
"What happens when two antiparticles collide?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114858 | 5a7dcf1970df9f001a8751e3 | Matter | In particle physics and quantum chemistry, antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other, the two annihilate; that is, they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy in accordan... | What are particle-antiparticle pairs that are not high-energy called? | What are particle-antiparticle pairs that are not high-energy called? | [
"What are particle-antiparticle pairs that are not high-energy called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114859 | 5a7dcf1970df9f001a8751e4 | Matter | In particle physics and quantum chemistry, antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other, the two annihilate; that is, they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy in accordan... | What kind of energy do particle-antiparticle pairs have more of than they had originally? | What kind of energy do particle-antiparticle pairs have more of than they had originally? | [
"What kind of energy do particle-antiparticle pairs have more of than they had originally?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114860 | 5a7dcf1970df9f001a8751e5 | Matter | In particle physics and quantum chemistry, antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other, the two annihilate; that is, they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy in accordan... | Who discovered quantum chemistry? | Who discovered quantum chemistry? | [
"Who discovered quantum chemistry?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114861 | 5a7dcf8e70df9f001a8751ff | Matter | Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth, except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities (as the result of radioactive decay, lightning or cosmic rays). This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordinary matter... | Where is antimatter found naturally in large quantities? | Where is antimatter found naturally in large quantities? | [
"Where is antimatter found naturally in large quantities?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114862 | 5a7dcf8e70df9f001a875200 | Matter | Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth, except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities (as the result of radioactive decay, lightning or cosmic rays). This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordinary matter... | What does antimatter annihilate? | What does antimatter annihilate? | [
"What does antimatter annihilate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114863 | 5a7dcf8e70df9f001a875201 | Matter | Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth, except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities (as the result of radioactive decay, lightning or cosmic rays). This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordinary matter... | Where is ordinary matter created? | Where is ordinary matter created? | [
"Where is ordinary matter created?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114864 | 5a7dcf8e70df9f001a875202 | Matter | Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth, except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities (as the result of radioactive decay, lightning or cosmic rays). This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordinary matter... | What is an example of an antiparticle? | What is an example of an antiparticle? | [
"What is an example of an antiparticle?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114865 | 5a7dcf8e70df9f001a875203 | Matter | Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth, except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities (as the result of radioactive decay, lightning or cosmic rays). This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordinary matter... | Large quantities of what can be created for testing? | Large quantities of what can be created for testing? | [
"Large quantities of what can be created for testing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114866 | 5a7de5f270df9f001a8752c3 | Matter | There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance o... | What is the disappearance of matter linked to? | What is the disappearance of matter linked to? | [
"What is the disappearance of matter linked to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114867 | 5a7de5f270df9f001a8752c4 | Matter | There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance o... | When was there more antimatter than matter? | When was there more antimatter than matter? | [
"When was there more antimatter than matter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114868 | 5a7de5f270df9f001a8752c5 | Matter | There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance o... | What problem has physics solved? | What problem has physics solved? | [
"What problem has physics solved?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114869 | 5a7de5f270df9f001a8752c6 | Matter | There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance o... | Where is the Standard Model found? | Where is the Standard Model found? | [
"Where is the Standard Model found?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114870 | 5a7de5f270df9f001a8752c7 | Matter | There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance o... | What field of study speculates about science fiction? | What field of study speculates about science fiction? | [
"What field of study speculates about science fiction?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114871 | 5a7de6bf70df9f001a8752d7 | Matter | In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory requir... | What does dark matter emit to make it visible? | What does dark matter emit to make it visible? | [
"What does dark matter emit to make it visible?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114872 | 5a7de6bf70df9f001a8752d8 | Matter | In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory requir... | What effect on other matter allows electromagnetic radiation to be visible? | What effect on other matter allows electromagnetic radiation to be visible? | [
"What effect on other matter allows electromagnetic radiation to be visible?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114873 | 5a7de6bf70df9f001a8752d9 | Matter | In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory requir... | What is baryonic in nature? | What is baryonic in nature? | [
"What is baryonic in nature?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114874 | 5a7de6bf70df9f001a8752da | Matter | In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory requir... | What does dark matter form? | What does dark matter form? | [
"What does dark matter form?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114875 | 5a7de6bf70df9f001a8752db | Matter | In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory requir... | Supersymmetric particles are part of what Model? | Supersymmetric particles are part of what Model? | [
"Supersymmetric particles are part of what Model?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114876 | 5a7de78370df9f001a8752e1 | Matter | The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeir... | When did Socratics live? | When did Socratics live? | [
"When did Socratics live?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114877 | 5a7de78370df9f001a8752e2 | Matter | The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeir... | What did Parmenides believe was the fundamental material of the world? | What did Parmenides believe was the fundamental material of the world? | [
"What did Parmenides believe was the fundamental material of the world?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114878 | 5a7de78370df9f001a8752e3 | Matter | The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeir... | What is the name for the philosophical problems of understanding the nature of the world? | What is the name for the philosophical problems of understanding the nature of the world? | [
"What is the name for the philosophical problems of understanding the nature of the world?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114879 | 5a7de78370df9f001a8752e4 | Matter | The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeir... | How many elements did Democritus name? | How many elements did Democritus name? | [
"How many elements did Democritus name?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114880 | 5a7de78370df9f001a8752e5 | Matter | The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeir... | What did Parmenides say everything was made of? | What did Parmenides say everything was made of? | [
"What did Parmenides say everything was made of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114881 | 5a7de83a70df9f001a8752eb | Matter | For example, a horse eats grass: the horse changes the grass into itself; the grass as such does not persist in the horse, but some aspect of it—its matter—does. The matter is not specifically described (e.g., as atoms), but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse. Matter in this un... | What exists independently? | What exists independently? | [
"What exists independently?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114882 | 5a7de83a70df9f001a8752ec | Matter | For example, a horse eats grass: the horse changes the grass into itself; the grass as such does not persist in the horse, but some aspect of it—its matter—does. The matter is not specifically described (e.g., as atoms), but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse. Matter in this un... | Who said matter had actuality in and of itself? | Who said matter had actuality in and of itself? | [
"Who said matter had actuality in and of itself?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114883 | 5a7de83a70df9f001a8752ed | Matter | For example, a horse eats grass: the horse changes the grass into itself; the grass as such does not persist in the horse, but some aspect of it—its matter—does. The matter is not specifically described (e.g., as atoms), but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse. Matter in this un... | Aristotle said parts have existence outside of what? | Aristotle said parts have existence outside of what? | [
"Aristotle said parts have existence outside of what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114884 | 5a7de83a70df9f001a8752ee | Matter | For example, a horse eats grass: the horse changes the grass into itself; the grass as such does not persist in the horse, but some aspect of it—its matter—does. The matter is not specifically described (e.g., as atoms), but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse. Matter in this un... | What does grass turn the horse into? | What does grass turn the horse into? | [
"What does grass turn the horse into?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114885 | 5a7de93570df9f001a8752f3 | Matter | For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extend... | What philosophy did Aristotle describe? | What philosophy did Aristotle describe? | [
"What philosophy did Aristotle describe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114886 | 5a7de93570df9f001a8752f4 | Matter | For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extend... | What did Aristotle define as distinct from matter? | What did Aristotle define as distinct from matter? | [
"What did Aristotle define as distinct from matter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114887 | 5a7de93570df9f001a8752f5 | Matter | For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extend... | How did Aristotle elevate matter? | How did Aristotle elevate matter? | [
"How did Aristotle elevate matter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114888 | 5a7de93570df9f001a8752f6 | Matter | For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extend... | What activity does locomotion have? | What activity does locomotion have? | [
"What activity does locomotion have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114889 | 5a7de93570df9f001a8752f7 | Matter | For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extend... | How does Descartes use matter and the formal/forming principle? | How does Descartes use matter and the formal/forming principle? | [
"How does Descartes use matter and the formal/forming principle?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114890 | 5a7de9b570df9f001a875307 | Matter | Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as "extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as "solid, ma... | When was Descartes born? | When was Descartes born? | [
"When was Descartes born?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114891 | 5a7de9b570df9f001a875308 | Matter | Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as "extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as "solid, ma... | What did Descartes write? | What did Descartes write? | [
"What did Descartes write?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114892 | 5a7de9b570df9f001a875309 | Matter | Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as "extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as "solid, ma... | What did Newton reject that Descartes did not? | What did Newton reject that Descartes did not? | [
"What did Newton reject that Descartes did not?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114893 | 5a7de9b570df9f001a87530a | Matter | Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as "extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as "solid, ma... | What did Descartes say were the universal qualities of matter? | What did Descartes say were the universal qualities of matter? | [
"What did Descartes say were the universal qualities of matter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114894 | 5a7de9b570df9f001a87530b | Matter | Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as "extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as "solid, ma... | Both primary and secondary properties are suited to what form of description? | Both primary and secondary properties are suited to what form of description? | [
"Both primary and secondary properties are suited to what form of description?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114895 | 5a7dea8870df9f001a875311 | Matter | There is an entire literature concerning the "structure of matter", ranging from the "electrical structure" in the early 20th century, to the more recent "quark structure of matter", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary... | When did de Sabbata and Gasperini write? | When did de Sabbata and Gasperini write? | [
"When did de Sabbata and Gasperini write?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114896 | 5a7dea8870df9f001a875312 | Matter | There is an entire literature concerning the "structure of matter", ranging from the "electrical structure" in the early 20th century, to the more recent "quark structure of matter", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary... | What theory came after the quark structure of matter? | What theory came after the quark structure of matter? | [
"What theory came after the quark structure of matter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114897 | 5a7dea8870df9f001a875313 | Matter | There is an entire literature concerning the "structure of matter", ranging from the "electrical structure" in the early 20th century, to the more recent "quark structure of matter", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary... | Understanding electrical structure has lead to important advances in what field? | Understanding electrical structure has lead to important advances in what field? | [
"Understanding electrical structure has lead to important advances in what field?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114898 | 5a7dea8870df9f001a875314 | Matter | There is an entire literature concerning the "structure of matter", ranging from the "electrical structure" in the early 20th century, to the more recent "quark structure of matter", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary... | Who described particles as quantum excitations? | Who described particles as quantum excitations? | [
"Who described particles as quantum excitations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114899 | 5a7dea8870df9f001a875315 | Matter | There is an entire literature concerning the "structure of matter", ranging from the "electrical structure" in the early 20th century, to the more recent "quark structure of matter", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary... | What theory uses spinor fields? | What theory uses spinor fields? | [
"What theory uses spinor fields?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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