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gem-squad_v2-train-114600
|
5ad243b2d7d075001a428a1b
|
Emotion
|
For more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associations for facial expressions through media. Another classic study found that when participants contorted their facial muscles into distinct facial expressions (e.g. disgust), they reported subjective and physiological experiences that matched the distinct facial expressions. His research findings led him to classify six emotions as basic: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.
|
How many non-basic emotions did Ekman recognize?
|
How many non-basic emotions did Ekman recognize?
|
[
" How many non-basic emotions did Ekman recognize?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114601
|
5ad243b2d7d075001a428a1c
|
Emotion
|
For more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associations for facial expressions through media. Another classic study found that when participants contorted their facial muscles into distinct facial expressions (e.g. disgust), they reported subjective and physiological experiences that matched the distinct facial expressions. His research findings led him to classify six emotions as basic: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.
|
Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what isn't one of Ekman's basic emotions?
|
Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what isn't one of Ekman's basic emotions?
|
[
"Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what isn't one of Ekman's basic emotions?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114602
|
570a6f996d058f1900182e5c
|
Emotion
|
Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.
|
What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?
|
What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?
|
[
"What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?"
] |
{
"text": [
"stoic"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114603
|
570a6f996d058f1900182e5d
|
Emotion
|
Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.
|
What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?
|
What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?
|
[
"What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Aristotle"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114604
|
570a6f996d058f1900182e5e
|
Emotion
|
Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.
|
What did the Aristotelians call emotions?
|
What did the Aristotelians call emotions?
|
[
"What did the Aristotelians call emotions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"passions"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114605
|
570a6f996d058f1900182e5f
|
Emotion
|
Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.
|
Who was a notable scholastic thinker?
|
Who was a notable scholastic thinker?
|
[
"Who was a notable scholastic thinker?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Thomas Aquinas"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114606
|
570a6f996d058f1900182e60
|
Emotion
|
Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.
|
Along with Descartes, Machiavelli and Hume, what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions?
|
Along with Descartes, Machiavelli and Hume, what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions?
|
[
"Along with Descartes, Machiavelli and Hume, what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Baruch Spinoza"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114607
|
5ad24569d7d075001a428a9a
|
Emotion
|
Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.
|
What school of thought saw emotion as not an impediment to virtue?
|
What school of thought saw emotion as not an impediment to virtue?
|
[
"What school of thought saw emotion as not an impediment to virtue?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114608
|
5ad24569d7d075001a428a9b
|
Emotion
|
Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.
|
What thinker believed that emotions weren't necessary for virtue?
|
What thinker believed that emotions weren't necessary for virtue?
|
[
" What thinker believed that emotions weren't necessary for virtue?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114609
|
5ad24569d7d075001a428a9c
|
Emotion
|
Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.
|
What did the Aristotelians not call emotions?
|
What did the Aristotelians not call emotions?
|
[
" What did the Aristotelians not call emotions?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114610
|
5ad24569d7d075001a428a9d
|
Emotion
|
Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.
|
Who wasn't a notable scholastic thinker?
|
Who wasn't a notable scholastic thinker?
|
[
" Who wasn't a notable scholastic thinker?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114611
|
570a70116d058f1900182e66
|
Emotion
|
In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."
|
Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?
|
Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?
|
[
"Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"William James"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114612
|
570a70116d058f1900182e67
|
Emotion
|
In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."
|
What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?
|
What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?
|
[
"What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the autonomic nervous system"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114613
|
570a70116d058f1900182e68
|
Emotion
|
In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."
|
What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?
|
What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?
|
[
"What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the perception of bodily changes"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114614
|
570a70116d058f1900182e69
|
Emotion
|
In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."
|
Who developed a theory similar to that of James?
|
Who developed a theory similar to that of James?
|
[
"Who developed a theory similar to that of James?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Carl Lange"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114615
|
570a70116d058f1900182e6a
|
Emotion
|
In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."
|
What was the profession of Lange?
|
What was the profession of Lange?
|
[
"What was the profession of Lange?"
] |
{
"text": [
"psychologist"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114616
|
5ad2469cd7d075001a428b00
|
Emotion
|
In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."
|
Who wrote that exciting facts don't lead to emotions?
|
Who wrote that exciting facts don't lead to emotions?
|
[
"Who wrote that exciting facts don't lead to emotions?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114617
|
5ad2469cd7d075001a428b01
|
Emotion
|
In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."
|
What didn't James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?
|
What didn't James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?
|
[
" What didn't James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114618
|
5ad2469cd7d075001a428b02
|
Emotion
|
In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."
|
What did James believe emotion wasn't synonymous with?
|
What did James believe emotion wasn't synonymous with?
|
[
" What did James believe emotion wasn't synonymous with?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114619
|
5ad2469cd7d075001a428b03
|
Emotion
|
In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."
|
Who didn't develop a theory similar to that of James?
|
Who didn't develop a theory similar to that of James?
|
[
" Who didn't develop a theory similar to that of James?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114620
|
570a70f04103511400d5970a
|
Emotion
|
The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.
|
What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?
|
What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?
|
[
"What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?"
] |
{
"text": [
"constructivist"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114621
|
570a70f04103511400d5970b
|
Emotion
|
The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.
|
According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?
|
According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?
|
[
"According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Schadenfreude"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114622
|
570a70f04103511400d5970c
|
Emotion
|
The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.
|
Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?
|
Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?
|
[
"Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sweden"
],
"answer_start": [
1061
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114623
|
570a70f04103511400d5970d
|
Emotion
|
The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.
|
Along with class and race, what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?
|
Along with class and race, what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?
|
[
"Along with class and race, what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?"
] |
{
"text": [
"gender"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114624
|
5ad26049d7d075001a428fbe
|
Emotion
|
The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.
|
What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can't be learned?
|
What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can't be learned?
|
[
"What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can't be learned?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114625
|
5ad26049d7d075001a428fbf
|
Emotion
|
The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.
|
According to the constructivists, what isn't an example of a learned meta-emotion?
|
According to the constructivists, what isn't an example of a learned meta-emotion?
|
[
"According to the constructivists, what isn't an example of a learned meta-emotion?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114626
|
5ad26049d7d075001a428fc0
|
Emotion
|
The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.
|
Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where hasn't a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?
|
Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where hasn't a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?
|
[
"Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where hasn't a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114627
|
5ad26049d7d075001a428fc1
|
Emotion
|
The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.
|
Along with class and race, what isn't regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?
|
Along with class and race, what isn't regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?
|
[
"Along with class and race, what isn't regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114628
|
570a71734103511400d59712
|
Emotion
|
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.
|
Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?
|
Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?
|
[
"Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Gregorio Marañón"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114629
|
570a71734103511400d59713
|
Emotion
|
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.
|
What did Gregorio Marañón inject his patients with?
|
What did Gregorio Marañón inject his patients with?
|
[
"What did Gregorio Marañón inject his patients with?"
] |
{
"text": [
"epinephrine"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114630
|
570a71734103511400d59714
|
Emotion
|
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.
|
What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?
|
What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?
|
[
"What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114631
|
570a71734103511400d59715
|
Emotion
|
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.
|
Who was a notable student of Stanley Schachter?
|
Who was a notable student of Stanley Schachter?
|
[
"Who was a notable student of Stanley Schachter?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Jerome Singer"
],
"answer_start": [
1168
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114632
|
570a71734103511400d59716
|
Emotion
|
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.
|
In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published?
|
In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published?
|
[
"In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
1717
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114633
|
5ad248ded7d075001a428b7a
|
Emotion
|
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.
|
Whose work didn't the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?
|
Whose work didn't the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?
|
[
" Whose work didn't the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114634
|
5ad248ded7d075001a428b7b
|
Emotion
|
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.
|
What did Gregorio Marañón not inject his patients with?
|
What did Gregorio Marañón not inject his patients with?
|
[
" What did Gregorio Marañón not inject his patients with?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114635
|
5ad248ded7d075001a428b7c
|
Emotion
|
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.
|
What wasn't the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?
|
What wasn't the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?
|
[
" What wasn't the nationality of Gregorio Marañón?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114636
|
5ad248ded7d075001a428b7d
|
Emotion
|
Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.
|
Who was a notable teacher of Stanley Schachter?
|
Who was a notable teacher of Stanley Schachter?
|
[
" Who was a notable teacher of Stanley Schachter?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114637
|
570a71dd6d058f1900182e70
|
Emotion
|
In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.
|
In what decade did sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?
|
In what decade did sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?
|
[
"In what decade did sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1990s"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114638
|
570a71dd6d058f1900182e71
|
Emotion
|
In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.
|
What emotions did Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?
|
What emotions did Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?
|
[
"What emotions did Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?"
] |
{
"text": [
"pride and shame"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114639
|
570a71dd6d058f1900182e72
|
Emotion
|
In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.
|
Who studied rage and shame cycles in married couples?
|
Who studied rage and shame cycles in married couples?
|
[
"Who studied rage and shame cycles in married couples?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Retzinger"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114640
|
570a71dd6d058f1900182e73
|
Emotion
|
In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.
|
Who developed the social bond theory?
|
Who developed the social bond theory?
|
[
"Who developed the social bond theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Scheff"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114641
|
570a71dd6d058f1900182e74
|
Emotion
|
In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.
|
Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff derive social bond theory?
|
Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff derive social bond theory?
|
[
"Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff derive social bond theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Goffman"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114642
|
5ad261d7d7d075001a42906c
|
Emotion
|
In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.
|
In what decade didn't sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?
|
In what decade didn't sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?
|
[
"In what decade didn't sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114643
|
5ad261d7d7d075001a42906d
|
Emotion
|
In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.
|
What emotions didn't Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?
|
What emotions didn't Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?
|
[
"What emotions didn't Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114644
|
5ad261d7d7d075001a42906e
|
Emotion
|
In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.
|
Who studied rage and shame cycles in un-married couples?
|
Who studied rage and shame cycles in un-married couples?
|
[
" Who studied rage and shame cycles in un-married couples?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114645
|
5ad261d7d7d075001a42906f
|
Emotion
|
In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.
|
Who rejected the social bond theory?
|
Who rejected the social bond theory?
|
[
" Who rejected the social bond theory?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114646
|
5ad261d7d7d075001a429070
|
Emotion
|
In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991) conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990) developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions.
|
Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff not derive social bond theory?
|
Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff not derive social bond theory?
|
[
"Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff not derive social bond theory?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114647
|
570a72e64103511400d59726
|
Emotion
|
Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).
|
What is the term for the strategies used by people to influence their emotional experiences?
|
What is the term for the strategies used by people to influence their emotional experiences?
|
[
"What is the term for the strategies used by people to influence their emotional experiences?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Emotion regulation"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114648
|
570a72e64103511400d59727
|
Emotion
|
Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).
|
What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where unwanted emotions might be experienced?
|
What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where unwanted emotions might be experienced?
|
[
"What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where unwanted emotions might be experienced?"
] |
{
"text": [
"behavioral"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114649
|
570a72e64103511400d59728
|
Emotion
|
Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).
|
Rational emotive behavior therapy is an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?
|
Rational emotive behavior therapy is an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?
|
[
"Rational emotive behavior therapy is an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Cognitively oriented schools"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114650
|
570a72e64103511400d59729
|
Emotion
|
Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).
|
What sort of therapy might examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?
|
What sort of therapy might examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?
|
[
"What sort of therapy might examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Gestalt therapy"
],
"answer_start": [
806
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114651
|
5ad2787cd7d075001a42956a
|
Emotion
|
Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).
|
What is the term for the strategies not used by people to influence their emotional experiences?
|
What is the term for the strategies not used by people to influence their emotional experiences?
|
[
"What is the term for the strategies not used by people to influence their emotional experiences?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114652
|
5ad2787cd7d075001a42956b
|
Emotion
|
Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).
|
What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where wanted emotions might be experienced?
|
What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where wanted emotions might be experienced?
|
[
"What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where wanted emotions might be experienced?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114653
|
5ad2787cd7d075001a42956c
|
Emotion
|
Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).
|
Rational emotive behavior therapy is not an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?
|
Rational emotive behavior therapy is not an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?
|
[
"Rational emotive behavior therapy is not an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114654
|
5ad2787cd7d075001a42956d
|
Emotion
|
Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).
|
What sort of therapy might not examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?
|
What sort of therapy might not examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?
|
[
" What sort of therapy might not examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114655
|
570a73804103511400d5972e
|
Emotion
|
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).
|
What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?
|
What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?
|
[
"What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?"
] |
{
"text": [
"limbic"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114656
|
570a73804103511400d5972f
|
Emotion
|
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).
|
What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline belong to?
|
What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline belong to?
|
[
"What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline belong to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"neurochemicals"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114657
|
570a73804103511400d59730
|
Emotion
|
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).
|
What chemicals may mediate emotions?
|
What chemicals may mediate emotions?
|
[
"What chemicals may mediate emotions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"pheromones"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114658
|
570a73804103511400d59731
|
Emotion
|
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).
|
Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals?
|
Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals?
|
[
"Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"reptiles"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114659
|
570a73804103511400d59732
|
Emotion
|
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).
|
The neurobiological explanation is specific to what types of brains?
|
The neurobiological explanation is specific to what types of brains?
|
[
"The neurobiological explanation is specific to what types of brains?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mammalian"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114660
|
5ad255efd7d075001a428d58
|
Emotion
|
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).
|
What system wasn't examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?
|
What system wasn't examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?
|
[
"What system wasn't examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114661
|
5ad255efd7d075001a428d59
|
Emotion
|
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).
|
What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline not belong to?
|
What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline not belong to?
|
[
"What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline not belong to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114662
|
5ad255efd7d075001a428d5a
|
Emotion
|
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).
|
What chemicals do not mediate emotions?
|
What chemicals do not mediate emotions?
|
[
" What chemicals do not mediate emotions?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114663
|
5ad255efd7d075001a428d5b
|
Emotion
|
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).
|
Reactive responses aren't present in the brains of what animals?
|
Reactive responses aren't present in the brains of what animals?
|
[
" Reactive responses aren't present in the brains of what animals?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114664
|
5ad255efd7d075001a428d5c
|
Emotion
|
Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).
|
The neurobiological explanation isn't specific to what types of brains?
|
The neurobiological explanation isn't specific to what types of brains?
|
[
" The neurobiological explanation isn't specific to what types of brains?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114665
|
570a775d4103511400d59742
|
Emotion
|
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.
|
What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?
|
What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?
|
[
"What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Human sciences"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114666
|
570a775d4103511400d59743
|
Emotion
|
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.
|
What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders?
|
What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders?
|
[
"What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders?"
] |
{
"text": [
"psychiatry"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114667
|
570a775d4103511400d59744
|
Emotion
|
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.
|
What profession studies the role of emotions in providing holistic health care?
|
What profession studies the role of emotions in providing holistic health care?
|
[
"What profession studies the role of emotions in providing holistic health care?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Nursing"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114668
|
570a775d4103511400d59745
|
Emotion
|
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.
|
What is affective neuroscience a sub-field of?
|
What is affective neuroscience a sub-field of?
|
[
"What is affective neuroscience a sub-field of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"neuroscience"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114669
|
570a775d4103511400d59746
|
Emotion
|
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.
|
What field studies the relationship between emotion and learning?
|
What field studies the relationship between emotion and learning?
|
[
"What field studies the relationship between emotion and learning?"
] |
{
"text": [
"education"
],
"answer_start": [
865
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114670
|
5ad257fbd7d075001a428db2
|
Emotion
|
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.
|
What discipline doesn't study the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?
|
What discipline doesn't study the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?
|
[
"What discipline doesn't study the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114671
|
5ad257fbd7d075001a428db3
|
Emotion
|
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.
|
What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of non-human mental disorders?
|
What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of non-human mental disorders?
|
[
"What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of non-human mental disorders?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114672
|
5ad257fbd7d075001a428db4
|
Emotion
|
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.
|
What profession studies the role of emotions in providing non-holistic health care?
|
What profession studies the role of emotions in providing non-holistic health care?
|
[
"What profession studies the role of emotions in providing non-holistic health care?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114673
|
5ad257fbd7d075001a428db5
|
Emotion
|
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.
|
What is affective neuroscience not a sub-field of?
|
What is affective neuroscience not a sub-field of?
|
[
" What is affective neuroscience not a sub-field of?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114674
|
5ad257fbd7d075001a428db6
|
Emotion
|
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.
|
What field doesn't study the relationship between emotion and learning?
|
What field doesn't study the relationship between emotion and learning?
|
[
" What field doesn't study the relationship between emotion and learning?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114675
|
570a79de4103511400d59756
|
Emotion
|
Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.
|
Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?
|
Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?
|
[
"Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Randall Collins"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114676
|
570a79de4103511400d59757
|
Emotion
|
Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.
|
From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?
|
From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?
|
[
"From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?"
] |
{
"text": [
"totemic rituals"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114677
|
570a79de4103511400d59758
|
Emotion
|
Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.
|
In addition to Durkheim, whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory?
|
In addition to Durkheim, whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory?
|
[
"In addition to Durkheim, whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Goffman"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114678
|
570a79de4103511400d59759
|
Emotion
|
Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.
|
What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action?
|
What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action?
|
[
"What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Emotional energy"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114679
|
570a79de4103511400d5975a
|
Emotion
|
Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.
|
What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?
|
What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?
|
[
"What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"collective effervescence"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114680
|
5ad276ded7d075001a429534
|
Emotion
|
Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.
|
Who rejected the interaction ritual theory?
|
Who rejected the interaction ritual theory?
|
[
"Who rejected the interaction ritual theory?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114681
|
5ad276ded7d075001a429535
|
Emotion
|
Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.
|
From what work of Durkheim's wasn't interaction ritual theory derived?
|
From what work of Durkheim's wasn't interaction ritual theory derived?
|
[
"From what work of Durkheim's wasn't interaction ritual theory derived?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114682
|
5ad276ded7d075001a429536
|
Emotion
|
Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.
|
In addition to Durkheim, whose work didn't influence the development of interaction ritual theory?
|
In addition to Durkheim, whose work didn't influence the development of interaction ritual theory?
|
[
"In addition to Durkheim, whose work didn't influence the development of interaction ritual theory?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114683
|
5ad276ded7d075001a429537
|
Emotion
|
Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.
|
What is the term for a feeling of confidence to not take action?
|
What is the term for a feeling of confidence to not take action?
|
[
" What is the term for a feeling of confidence to not take action?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114684
|
5ad276ded7d075001a429538
|
Emotion
|
Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.
|
What is the term for the energy not generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?
|
What is the term for the energy not generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?
|
[
"What is the term for the energy not generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114685
|
570a7b204103511400d59760
|
Emotion
|
In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.
|
Of what discipline is affective computing a branch?
|
Of what discipline is affective computing a branch?
|
[
"Of what discipline is affective computing a branch?"
] |
{
"text": [
"computer science"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114686
|
570a7b204103511400d59761
|
Emotion
|
In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.
|
What is the foundational document of affective computing?
|
What is the foundational document of affective computing?
|
[
"What is the foundational document of affective computing?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper"
],
"answer_start": [
658
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114687
|
570a7b204103511400d59762
|
Emotion
|
In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.
|
In affective computing, what devices are used to collect data about the physical state of a user?
|
In affective computing, what devices are used to collect data about the physical state of a user?
|
[
"In affective computing, what devices are used to collect data about the physical state of a user?"
] |
{
"text": [
"passive sensors"
],
"answer_start": [
755
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114688
|
570a7b204103511400d59763
|
Emotion
|
In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.
|
How does emotional speech processing determine a user's emotional state?
|
How does emotional speech processing determine a user's emotional state?
|
[
"How does emotional speech processing determine a user's emotional state?"
] |
{
"text": [
"analyzing speech patterns"
],
"answer_start": [
1214
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114689
|
5ad278d6d7d075001a42958e
|
Emotion
|
In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.
|
Of what discipline isn't affective computing a branch?
|
Of what discipline isn't affective computing a branch?
|
[
" Of what discipline isn't affective computing a branch?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114690
|
5ad278d6d7d075001a42958f
|
Emotion
|
In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.
|
What isn't the foundational document of affective computing?
|
What isn't the foundational document of affective computing?
|
[
" What isn't the foundational document of affective computing?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114691
|
5ad278d6d7d075001a429590
|
Emotion
|
In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.
|
In affective computing, what devices aren't used to collect data about the physical state of a user?
|
In affective computing, what devices aren't used to collect data about the physical state of a user?
|
[
"In affective computing, what devices aren't used to collect data about the physical state of a user?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114692
|
5ad278d6d7d075001a429591
|
Emotion
|
In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions. In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificial intelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into emotion, the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper on affective computing. Detecting emotional information begins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.
|
How does emotional speech processing determine a user's non-emotional state?
|
How does emotional speech processing determine a user's non-emotional state?
|
[
"How does emotional speech processing determine a user's non-emotional state?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114693
|
570a7c016d058f1900182e8e
|
Emotion
|
Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.
|
Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?
|
Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?
|
[
"Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?"
] |
{
"text": [
"instrumental behavior"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114694
|
570a7c016d058f1900182e8f
|
Emotion
|
Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.
|
With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?
|
With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?
|
[
"With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?"
] |
{
"text": [
"subjective experience"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114695
|
570a7c016d058f1900182e90
|
Emotion
|
Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.
|
What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?
|
What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?
|
[
"What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?"
] |
{
"text": [
"instrumental behavior"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114696
|
570a7c016d058f1900182e91
|
Emotion
|
Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.
|
What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?
|
What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?
|
[
"What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"psychophysiologists"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114697
|
570a7c016d058f1900182e92
|
Emotion
|
Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.
|
Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?
|
Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?
|
[
"Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Peggy Thoits"
],
"answer_start": [
853
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114698
|
5ad23e14d7d075001a4288aa
|
Emotion
|
Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.
|
Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable unemotional component?
|
Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable unemotional component?
|
[
"Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable unemotional component?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-114699
|
5ad23e14d7d075001a4288ab
|
Emotion
|
Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.
|
With what unemotional component did William James identify emotion?
|
With what unemotional component did William James identify emotion?
|
[
"With what unemotional component did William James identify emotion?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
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