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| title
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| question
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| references
list | answers
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-115100
|
56ddd8849a695914005b960d
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.
|
What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?
|
What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?
|
[
"What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?"
] |
{
"text": [
"profane-justice.org"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115101
|
56ddd8849a695914005b960f
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.
|
In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?
|
In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?
|
[
"In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Northern District of California"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115102
|
56ddd8849a695914005b9610
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.
|
In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?
|
In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?
|
[
"In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?"
] |
{
"text": [
"District of Colorado"
],
"answer_start": [
634
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115103
|
5a6b2b06a9e0c9001a4e9f1c
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.
|
Who sued Internet Archive in 2004?
|
Who sued Internet Archive in 2004?
|
[
"Who sued Internet Archive in 2004?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115104
|
5a6b2b06a9e0c9001a4e9f1d
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.
|
What was the URL owned by the Internet Archive?
|
What was the URL owned by the Internet Archive?
|
[
"What was the URL owned by the Internet Archive?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115105
|
5a6b2b06a9e0c9001a4e9f1e
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.
|
In what jurisdiction was Suzanne Shell's counterclaims filed?
|
In what jurisdiction was Suzanne Shell's counterclaims filed?
|
[
"In what jurisdiction was Suzanne Shell's counterclaims filed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115106
|
5a6b2b06a9e0c9001a4e9f1f
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.
|
In what jurisdiction were claims nullified by the court?
|
In what jurisdiction were claims nullified by the court?
|
[
"In what jurisdiction were claims nullified by the court?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115107
|
5a6b2b06a9e0c9001a4e9f20
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.
|
When did Suzanne Shell file a declaratory judgment action?
|
When did Suzanne Shell file a declaratory judgment action?
|
[
"When did Suzanne Shell file a declaratory judgment action?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115108
|
56ddd98d9a695914005b961a
|
Wayback_Machine
|
On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."
|
When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?
|
When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?
|
[
"When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?"
] |
{
"text": [
"April 25, 2007"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115109
|
56ddd98d9a695914005b961b
|
Wayback_Machine
|
On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."
|
Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?
|
Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?
|
[
"Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Internet Archive"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115110
|
56ddd98d9a695914005b961c
|
Wayback_Machine
|
On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."
|
Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?
|
Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?
|
[
"Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Suzanne Shell"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115111
|
5a6b2d63a9e0c9001a4e9f26
|
Wayback_Machine
|
On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."
|
When did Wayback Machine's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?
|
When did Wayback Machine's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?
|
[
"When did Wayback Machine's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115112
|
5a6b2d63a9e0c9001a4e9f27
|
Wayback_Machine
|
On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."
|
Who stated that they had no wish to violate the values of Suzanne Shell?
|
Who stated that they had no wish to violate the values of Suzanne Shell?
|
[
"Who stated that they had no wish to violate the values of Suzanne Shell?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115113
|
5a6b2d63a9e0c9001a4e9f28
|
Wayback_Machine
|
On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."
|
Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Wayback Machine?
|
Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Wayback Machine?
|
[
"Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Wayback Machine?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115114
|
5a6b2d63a9e0c9001a4e9f29
|
Wayback_Machine
|
On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."
|
Who regretted the inclusion of Wayback Mountain's Web site?
|
Who regretted the inclusion of Wayback Mountain's Web site?
|
[
"Who regretted the inclusion of Wayback Mountain's Web site?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115115
|
5a6b2d63a9e0c9001a4e9f2a
|
Wayback_Machine
|
On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."
|
Who never intended to interfere with Suzanne Shell's goal?
|
Who never intended to interfere with Suzanne Shell's goal?
|
[
"Who never intended to interfere with Suzanne Shell's goal?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115116
|
56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad24
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.
|
What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?
|
What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?
|
[
"What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?"
] |
{
"text": [
"DMCA requests"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115117
|
56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad25
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.
|
What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?
|
What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?
|
[
"What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Federal Court of Canada"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115118
|
5a6b2ed4a9e0c9001a4e9f30
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.
|
What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get the DMCA taken down?
|
What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get the DMCA taken down?
|
[
"What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get the DMCA taken down?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115119
|
5a6b2ed4a9e0c9001a4e9f31
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.
|
What legal actions did the actor use after filing pornographic images?
|
What legal actions did the actor use after filing pornographic images?
|
[
"What legal actions did the actor use after filing pornographic images?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115120
|
5a6b2ed4a9e0c9001a4e9f32
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.
|
When did a pornographic actor send multiple requests to DMCA?
|
When did a pornographic actor send multiple requests to DMCA?
|
[
"When did a pornographic actor send multiple requests to DMCA?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115121
|
5a6b2ed4a9e0c9001a4e9f33
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.
|
What was the DMCA trying to remove?
|
What was the DMCA trying to remove?
|
[
"What was the DMCA trying to remove?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115122
|
5a6b2ed4a9e0c9001a4e9f34
|
Wayback_Machine
|
In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.
|
When was the DMCA trying to remove archived images?
|
When was the DMCA trying to remove archived images?
|
[
"When was the DMCA trying to remove archived images?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115123
|
57261e7c271a42140099d4a1
|
Mammal
|
Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.
|
Which specific mammal is the largest today?
|
Which specific mammal is the largest today?
|
[
"Which specific mammal is the largest today?"
] |
{
"text": [
"blue whale"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115124
|
57261e7c271a42140099d4a2
|
Mammal
|
Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.
|
Which mammal is the smallest?
|
Which mammal is the smallest?
|
[
"Which mammal is the smallest?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bumblebee bat"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115125
|
57261e7c271a42140099d4a3
|
Mammal
|
Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.
|
Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?
|
Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?
|
[
"Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?"
] |
{
"text": [
"elephants"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115126
|
57261e7c271a42140099d4a4
|
Mammal
|
Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.
|
About how small is the average bumble bee bat?
|
About how small is the average bumble bee bat?
|
[
"About how small is the average bumble bee bat?"
] |
{
"text": [
"30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in)"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115127
|
5a39d5592f14dd001ac72607
|
Mammal
|
Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.
|
What do the largest group of mammals, elephants, have that helps the fetus during gestation?
|
What do the largest group of mammals, elephants, have that helps the fetus during gestation?
|
[
"What do the largest group of mammals, elephants, have that helps the fetus during gestation?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115128
|
5a39d5592f14dd001ac72608
|
Mammal
|
Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.
|
How small is the average fetus?
|
How small is the average fetus?
|
[
"How small is the average fetus?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115129
|
5a39d5592f14dd001ac72609
|
Mammal
|
Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.
|
What are some fetuses adapted for?
|
What are some fetuses adapted for?
|
[
"What are some fetuses adapted for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115130
|
5a39d5592f14dd001ac7260a
|
Mammal
|
Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.
|
What is another name for a large elephant?
|
What is another name for a large elephant?
|
[
"What is another name for a large elephant?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115131
|
5a39d5592f14dd001ac7260b
|
Mammal
|
Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.
|
What does a placenta help bumblebee bats do?
|
What does a placenta help bumblebee bats do?
|
[
"What does a placenta help bumblebee bats do?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115132
|
57261ff0ec44d21400f3d93f
|
Mammal
|
The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.
|
Who coined the name "mammal" from the scientific name Mammalia?
|
Who coined the name "mammal" from the scientific name Mammalia?
|
[
"Who coined the name \"mammal\" from the scientific name Mammalia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Carl Linnaeus"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115133
|
57261ff0ec44d21400f3d940
|
Mammal
|
The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.
|
What do all female mammals have in common when they have children?
|
What do all female mammals have in common when they have children?
|
[
"What do all female mammals have in common when they have children?"
] |
{
"text": [
"nurse their young with milk"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115134
|
57261ff0ec44d21400f3d941
|
Mammal
|
The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.
|
How many mammals were known to exist up to 2006?
|
How many mammals were known to exist up to 2006?
|
[
"How many mammals were known to exist up to 2006?"
] |
{
"text": [
"5,416"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115135
|
57261ff0ec44d21400f3d942
|
Mammal
|
The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.
|
How many families did mammals consist of as of 2006?
|
How many families did mammals consist of as of 2006?
|
[
"How many families did mammals consist of as of 2006?"
] |
{
"text": [
"153 families"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115136
|
5a39da0e2f14dd001ac72611
|
Mammal
|
The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.
|
What term did IUCN coin in 1758?
|
What term did IUCN coin in 1758?
|
[
"What term did IUCN coin in 1758?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115137
|
5a39da0e2f14dd001ac72612
|
Mammal
|
The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.
|
In 1758 how many mammal species were known?
|
In 1758 how many mammal species were known?
|
[
"In 1758 how many mammal species were known?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115138
|
5a39da0e2f14dd001ac72613
|
Mammal
|
The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.
|
What was completed by Carl Linnaeus in 2006?
|
What was completed by Carl Linnaeus in 2006?
|
[
"What was completed by Carl Linnaeus in 2006?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115139
|
5a39da0e2f14dd001ac72614
|
Mammal
|
The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.
|
How was the IUCN Red List grouped?
|
How was the IUCN Red List grouped?
|
[
"How was the IUCN Red List grouped?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115140
|
5a39da0e2f14dd001ac72615
|
Mammal
|
The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.
|
How many accepted species are there according to Carl Linnaeus?
|
How many accepted species are there according to Carl Linnaeus?
|
[
"How many accepted species are there according to Carl Linnaeus?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115141
|
572620dc38643c19005ad05d
|
Mammal
|
Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.
|
How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?
|
How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?
|
[
"How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?"
] |
{
"text": [
"five species"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115142
|
572620dc38643c19005ad05e
|
Mammal
|
Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.
|
Which group consist of the most mammals?
|
Which group consist of the most mammals?
|
[
"Which group consist of the most mammals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Rodentia"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115143
|
572620dc38643c19005ad05f
|
Mammal
|
Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.
|
Which group do humans belong too?
|
Which group do humans belong too?
|
[
"Which group do humans belong too?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Primates"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115144
|
572620dc38643c19005ad060
|
Mammal
|
Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.
|
Which group do cats and dogs belong too?
|
Which group do cats and dogs belong too?
|
[
"Which group do cats and dogs belong too?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Carnivora"
],
"answer_start": [
603
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115145
|
5a39dd7e2f14dd001ac7261b
|
Mammal
|
Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.
|
What do all modern monotremes give birth to?
|
What do all modern monotremes give birth to?
|
[
"What do all modern monotremes give birth to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115146
|
5a39dd7e2f14dd001ac7261c
|
Mammal
|
Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.
|
What group do the six species of monotremes belong to?
|
What group do the six species of monotremes belong to?
|
[
"What group do the six species of monotremes belong to? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115147
|
5a39dd7e2f14dd001ac7261d
|
Mammal
|
Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.
|
Which monotreme consists of the most mammals?
|
Which monotreme consists of the most mammals?
|
[
"Which monotreme consists of the most mammals?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115148
|
5a39dd7e2f14dd001ac7261e
|
Mammal
|
Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.
|
What is the monotreme that is second after Rodentia?
|
What is the monotreme that is second after Rodentia?
|
[
"What is the monotreme that is second after Rodentia?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115149
|
5a39dd7e2f14dd001ac7261f
|
Mammal
|
Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.
|
What are some examples of monotremes that are part of the group Rodentia?
|
What are some examples of monotremes that are part of the group Rodentia?
|
[
"What are some examples of monotremes that are part of the group Rodentia?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115150
|
5726224738643c19005ad06f
|
Mammal
|
The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
|
From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?
|
From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?
|
[
"From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Carboniferous period"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115151
|
5726224738643c19005ad070
|
Mammal
|
The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
|
When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?
|
When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?
|
[
"When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?"
] |
{
"text": [
"66 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115152
|
5726224738643c19005ad071
|
Mammal
|
The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
|
Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden?
|
Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden?
|
[
"Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden?"
] |
{
"text": [
"sphenacodont pelycosaurs"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115153
|
5a39e1dc2f14dd001ac72625
|
Mammal
|
The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
|
When did sphenacodont pelycosaurs become extinct?
|
When did sphenacodont pelycosaurs become extinct?
|
[
"When did sphenacodont pelycosaurs become extinct?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115154
|
5a39e1dc2f14dd001ac72626
|
Mammal
|
The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
|
What were the modern mammalian orders ancestors called?
|
What were the modern mammalian orders ancestors called?
|
[
"What were the modern mammalian orders ancestors called?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115155
|
5a39e1dc2f14dd001ac72627
|
Mammal
|
The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
|
At the end of the synapsid period what non-mammal was produced?
|
At the end of the synapsid period what non-mammal was produced?
|
[
"At the end of the synapsid period what non-mammal was produced?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115156
|
5a39e1dc2f14dd001ac72628
|
Mammal
|
The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
|
The Sphenacodontia arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of what era?
|
The Sphenacodontia arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of what era?
|
[
"The Sphenacodontia arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of what era?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115157
|
5a39e1dc2f14dd001ac72629
|
Mammal
|
The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
|
At the end of the Carboniferous period what did the Neogene diverge from that led to today's reptiles and birds?
|
At the end of the Carboniferous period what did the Neogene diverge from that led to today's reptiles and birds?
|
[
"At the end of the Carboniferous period what did the Neogene diverge from that led to today's reptiles and birds?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115158
|
5726243c89a1e219009ac2e8
|
Mammal
|
In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.
|
Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?
|
Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?
|
[
"Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Timothy Rowe"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115159
|
5726243c89a1e219009ac2e9
|
Mammal
|
In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.
|
By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?
|
By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?
|
[
"By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Triassic"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115160
|
5726243c89a1e219009ac2ea
|
Mammal
|
In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.
|
Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?
|
Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?
|
[
"Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"therian mammals"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115161
|
5a39e3502f14dd001ac7262f
|
Mammal
|
In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.
|
How did Timothy Rowe define Mammalia in the mid 19th century?
|
How did Timothy Rowe define Mammalia in the mid 19th century?
|
[
"How did Timothy Rowe define Mammalia in the mid 19th century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115162
|
5a39e3502f14dd001ac72630
|
Mammal
|
In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.
|
What are two examples of the most recent ancestor of the Jurassic period?
|
What are two examples of the most recent ancestor of the Jurassic period?
|
[
"What are two examples of the most recent ancestor of the Jurassic period?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115163
|
5a39e3502f14dd001ac72631
|
Mammal
|
In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.
|
In what period did mammals live?
|
In what period did mammals live?
|
[
"In what period did mammals live?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115164
|
5a39e3502f14dd001ac72632
|
Mammal
|
In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.
|
For how long have Juassic fossils been referred to the Mammalia?
|
For how long have Juassic fossils been referred to the Mammalia?
|
[
"For how long have Juassic fossils been referred to the Mammalia?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115165
|
5a39e3502f14dd001ac72633
|
Mammal
|
In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.
|
What is one thing Triassic fossils are shown to consist of according to a 19th century paper?
|
What is one thing Triassic fossils are shown to consist of according to a 19th century paper?
|
[
"What is one thing Triassic fossils are shown to consist of according to a 19th century paper?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115166
|
57262598271a42140099d59f
|
Mammal
|
If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.
|
Which group are Ambondro's closely related to?
|
Which group are Ambondro's closely related to?
|
[
"Which group are Ambondro's closely related to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"monotremes"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115167
|
57262598271a42140099d5a0
|
Mammal
|
If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.
|
Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?
|
Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?
|
[
"Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Amphilestes and Amphitherium"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115168
|
57262598271a42140099d5a1
|
Mammal
|
If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.
|
How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?
|
How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?
|
[
"How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?"
] |
{
"text": [
"167 million years"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115169
|
57262598271a42140099d5a2
|
Mammal
|
If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.
|
About what year do synapsid date back to?
|
About what year do synapsid date back to?
|
[
"About what year do synapsid date back to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"225 Ma"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115170
|
5a39e9b52f14dd001ac72639
|
Mammal
|
If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.
|
What is the earliest Ambondro that satisfies Kemp's definitions?
|
What is the earliest Ambondro that satisfies Kemp's definitions?
|
[
"What is the earliest Ambondro that satisfies Kemp's definitions?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115171
|
5a39e9b52f14dd001ac7263a
|
Mammal
|
If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.
|
What is Tikitherium more closely related to more than therian mammals?
|
What is Tikitherium more closely related to more than therian mammals?
|
[
"What is Tikitherium more closely related to more than therian mammals?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115172
|
5a39e9b52f14dd001ac7263b
|
Mammal
|
If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.
|
What time period are fossils of the ambondro dated to in the Middle Jurassic?
|
What time period are fossils of the ambondro dated to in the Middle Jurassic?
|
[
"What time period are fossils of the ambondro dated to in the Middle Jurassic?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115173
|
5a39e9b52f14dd001ac7263c
|
Mammal
|
If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.
|
About what year are ambondro dated to?
|
About what year are ambondro dated to?
|
[
"About what year are ambondro dated to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115174
|
5a39e9b52f14dd001ac7263d
|
Mammal
|
If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.
|
What can the appearance of genera be broadly given?
|
What can the appearance of genera be broadly given?
|
[
"What can the appearance of genera be broadly given?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115175
|
5726275589a1e219009ac3ec
|
Mammal
|
George Gaylord Simpson's "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.
|
Who wrote the "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?
|
Who wrote the "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?
|
[
"Who wrote the \"Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"George Gaylord Simpson"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115176
|
5726275589a1e219009ac3ed
|
Mammal
|
George Gaylord Simpson's "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.
|
Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?
|
Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?
|
[
"Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"20th"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115177
|
5726275589a1e219009ac3ee
|
Mammal
|
George Gaylord Simpson's "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.
|
Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?
|
Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?
|
[
"Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?"
] |
{
"text": [
"cladistics"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115178
|
5a39eb432f14dd001ac72643
|
Mammal
|
George Gaylord Simpson's "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.
|
What did Simpson lay out that was universally taught until 1945?
|
What did Simpson lay out that was universally taught until 1945?
|
[
"What did Simpson lay out that was universally taught until 1945?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115179
|
5a39eb432f14dd001ac72644
|
Mammal
|
George Gaylord Simpson's "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.
|
What was the original source for the paleontoligical record?
|
What was the original source for the paleontoligical record?
|
[
"What was the original source for the paleontoligical record?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115180
|
5a39eb432f14dd001ac72645
|
Mammal
|
George Gaylord Simpson's "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.
|
What happened since the classification by the AMNH?
|
What happened since the classification by the AMNH?
|
[
"What happened since the classification by the AMNH?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115181
|
5a39eb432f14dd001ac72646
|
Mammal
|
George Gaylord Simpson's "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.
|
What taxonomy took over AMNH's debated systematization?
|
What taxonomy took over AMNH's debated systematization?
|
[
"What taxonomy took over AMNH's debated systematization?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115182
|
5a39eb432f14dd001ac72647
|
Mammal
|
George Gaylord Simpson's "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.
|
Up until what century were cladistics universally taught?
|
Up until what century were cladistics universally taught?
|
[
"Up until what century were cladistics universally taught?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115183
|
5726292d89a1e219009ac44c
|
Mammal
|
In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.
|
In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?
|
In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?
|
[
"In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115184
|
5726292d89a1e219009ac44d
|
Mammal
|
In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.
|
Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist?
|
Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist?
|
[
"Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist? "
] |
{
"text": [
"American Museum of Natural History"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115185
|
5726292d89a1e219009ac44e
|
Mammal
|
In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.
|
From whom did McKenna inherit the project from?
|
From whom did McKenna inherit the project from?
|
[
"From whom did McKenna inherit the project from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Simpson"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115186
|
5a39ecb72f14dd001ac7264d
|
Mammal
|
In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.
|
Who did Simpson inherit the project from?
|
Who did Simpson inherit the project from?
|
[
"Who did Simpson inherit the project from?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115187
|
5a39ecb72f14dd001ac7264e
|
Mammal
|
In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.
|
What happened to molecular genetic data in 1997?
|
What happened to molecular genetic data in 1997?
|
[
"What happened to molecular genetic data in 1997?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115188
|
5a39ecb72f14dd001ac7264f
|
Mammal
|
In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.
|
What was the book written by Simpson?
|
What was the book written by Simpson?
|
[
"What was the book written by Simpson?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115189
|
5a39ecb72f14dd001ac72650
|
Mammal
|
In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.
|
What information about mammals does Simpson's book cover?
|
What information about mammals does Simpson's book cover?
|
[
"What information about mammals does Simpson's book cover?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115190
|
5a39ecb72f14dd001ac72651
|
Mammal
|
In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.
|
What did Simpson help construct with Bell?
|
What did Simpson help construct with Bell?
|
[
"What did Simpson help construct with Bell?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115191
|
57262b48ec44d21400f3db8b
|
Mammal
|
Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.
|
Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?
|
Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?
|
[
"Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?"
] |
{
"text": [
"DNA analysis"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115192
|
57262b48ec44d21400f3db8c
|
Mammal
|
Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.
|
During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?
|
During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?
|
[
"During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115193
|
57262b48ec44d21400f3db8d
|
Mammal
|
Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.
|
Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?
|
Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?
|
[
"Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria"
],
"answer_start": [
810
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115194
|
5a39ee9e2f14dd001ac72657
|
Mammal
|
Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.
|
What have studies based on Boreoeutheria suggested?
|
What have studies based on Boreoeutheria suggested?
|
[
"What have studies based on Boreoeutheria suggested?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115195
|
5a39ee9e2f14dd001ac72658
|
Mammal
|
Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.
|
What have findings based on common ancestors in the Cretaceous been validated by?
|
What have findings based on common ancestors in the Cretaceous been validated by?
|
[
"What have findings based on common ancestors in the Cretaceous been validated by?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115196
|
5a39ee9e2f14dd001ac72659
|
Mammal
|
Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.
|
What are three major groups of Laurasiatheria?
|
What are three major groups of Laurasiatheria?
|
[
"What are three major groups of Laurasiatheria?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115197
|
5a39ee9e2f14dd001ac7265a
|
Mammal
|
Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.
|
Where did Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria come from?
|
Where did Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria come from?
|
[
"Where did Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria come from?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115198
|
5a39ee9e2f14dd001ac7265b
|
Mammal
|
Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.
|
What two major common ancestors does Alantogenata contain?
|
What two major common ancestors does Alantogenata contain?
|
[
"What two major common ancestors does Alantogenata contain?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115199
|
57262dba89a1e219009ac504
|
Mammal
|
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.
|
From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?
|
From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?
|
[
"From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Carboniferous"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
}
|
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