gem_id
stringlengths 20
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| id
stringlengths 24
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| title
stringlengths 3
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| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
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stringlengths 1
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| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-115300
|
5a3a0ac32f14dd001ac726cf
|
Mammal
|
Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.
|
What sub class are most placental eutherians in?
|
What sub class are most placental eutherians in?
|
[
"What sub class are most placental eutherians in?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115301
|
5a3a0ac32f14dd001ac726d0
|
Mammal
|
Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.
|
What class are placental eutherians in today?
|
What class are placental eutherians in today?
|
[
"What class are placental eutherians in today?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115302
|
5a3a0ac32f14dd001ac726d1
|
Mammal
|
Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.
|
Where on the mother are the epipubic bones located?
|
Where on the mother are the epipubic bones located?
|
[
"Where on the mother are the epipubic bones located?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115303
|
5a3a0ac32f14dd001ac726d2
|
Mammal
|
Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.
|
What prevents a short gestation period in full pregnancy?
|
What prevents a short gestation period in full pregnancy?
|
[
"What prevents a short gestation period in full pregnancy?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115304
|
5a3a0ac32f14dd001ac726d3
|
Mammal
|
Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.
|
In marsupials what is a plesyomorphic condition shorter than?
|
In marsupials what is a plesyomorphic condition shorter than?
|
[
"In marsupials what is a plesyomorphic condition shorter than?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115305
|
572640ac89a1e219009ac5f8
|
Mammal
|
In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.
|
Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?
|
Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?
|
[
"Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?"
] |
{
"text": [
"cerebrum"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115306
|
572640ac89a1e219009ac5f9
|
Mammal
|
In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.
|
Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?
|
Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?
|
[
"Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Rats"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115307
|
572640ac89a1e219009ac5fa
|
Mammal
|
In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.
|
Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?
|
Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?
|
[
"Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?"
] |
{
"text": [
"prey"
],
"answer_start": [
577
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115308
|
5a3a0cbe2f14dd001ac726d9
|
Mammal
|
In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.
|
What part of the brain is larger in rats compared to the rest of the brain?
|
What part of the brain is larger in rats compared to the rest of the brain?
|
[
"What part of the brain is larger in rats compared to the rest of the brain?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115309
|
5a3a0cbe2f14dd001ac726da
|
Mammal
|
In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.
|
With primates, what is related to intelligence?
|
With primates, what is related to intelligence?
|
[
"With primates, what is related to intelligence?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115310
|
5a3a0cbe2f14dd001ac726db
|
Mammal
|
In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.
|
What are two indications of a larger cerebrum?
|
What are two indications of a larger cerebrum?
|
[
"What are two indications of a larger cerebrum?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115311
|
5a3a0cbe2f14dd001ac726dc
|
Mammal
|
In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.
|
What are cats able to do when they find a new home?
|
What are cats able to do when they find a new home?
|
[
"What are cats able to do when they find a new home?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115312
|
5a3a0cbe2f14dd001ac726dd
|
Mammal
|
In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.
|
What is one thing that shows a cat has a large cerebrum?
|
What is one thing that shows a cat has a large cerebrum?
|
[
"What is one thing that shows a cat has a large cerebrum?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115313
|
5726420638643c19005ad39f
|
Mammal
|
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).
|
To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?
|
To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?
|
[
"To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?"
] |
{
"text": [
"nutritious and plentiful diet"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115314
|
5726420638643c19005ad3a0
|
Mammal
|
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).
|
What does a omnivore imply?
|
What does a omnivore imply?
|
[
"What does a omnivore imply?"
] |
{
"text": [
"eats both prey and plants"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115315
|
5726420638643c19005ad3a1
|
Mammal
|
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).
|
What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?
|
What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?
|
[
"What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?"
] |
{
"text": [
"insects"
],
"answer_start": [
1674
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115316
|
5726420638643c19005ad3a2
|
Mammal
|
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).
|
What determines a mammals diet type?
|
What determines a mammals diet type?
|
[
"What determines a mammals diet type?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The size"
],
"answer_start": [
973
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115317
|
5a3a13d62f14dd001ac726e3
|
Mammal
|
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).
|
What do herbivores use to maintain a high level of bacteria for digestion?
|
What do herbivores use to maintain a high level of bacteria for digestion?
|
[
"What do herbivores use to maintain a high level of bacteria for digestion?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115318
|
5a3a13d62f14dd001ac726e4
|
Mammal
|
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).
|
What do herbivores have because they don't need specialized digestion?
|
What do herbivores have because they don't need specialized digestion?
|
[
"What do herbivores have because they don't need specialized digestion?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115319
|
5a3a13d62f14dd001ac726e5
|
Mammal
|
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).
|
What is a factor that determines body temperature?
|
What is a factor that determines body temperature?
|
[
"What is a factor that determines body temperature?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115320
|
5a3a13d62f14dd001ac726e6
|
Mammal
|
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).
|
What lives in an omnivores digestive tract?
|
What lives in an omnivores digestive tract?
|
[
"What lives in an omnivores digestive tract?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115321
|
5a3a13d62f14dd001ac726e7
|
Mammal
|
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).
|
Where are bacteria for digestion housed in an omnivore?
|
Where are bacteria for digestion housed in an omnivore?
|
[
"Where are bacteria for digestion housed in an omnivore?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115322
|
572643c7994a9e14006f0189
|
Mammal
|
The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.
|
What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?
|
What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?
|
[
"What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?"
] |
{
"text": [
"clines"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115323
|
572643c7994a9e14006f018a
|
Mammal
|
The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.
|
What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?
|
What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?
|
[
"What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?"
] |
{
"text": [
"liger"
],
"answer_start": [
1019
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115324
|
572643c7994a9e14006f018b
|
Mammal
|
The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.
|
What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?
|
What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?
|
[
"What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Beefalo"
],
"answer_start": [
1264
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115325
|
572643c7994a9e14006f018c
|
Mammal
|
The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.
|
What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?
|
What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?
|
[
"What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hybrid"
],
"answer_start": [
2523
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115326
|
5a3a17452f14dd001ac726ed
|
Mammal
|
The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.
|
What is a zone of resilience referred to as?
|
What is a zone of resilience referred to as?
|
[
"What is a zone of resilience referred to as?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115327
|
5a3a17452f14dd001ac726ee
|
Mammal
|
The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.
|
What does it mean when closely related species exhibit greater strength and resilience than their parents?
|
What does it mean when closely related species exhibit greater strength and resilience than their parents?
|
[
"What does it mean when closely related species exhibit greater strength and resilience than their parents?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115328
|
5a3a17452f14dd001ac726ef
|
Mammal
|
The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.
|
What are some examples that show how strength and resilience is maintained in related species?
|
What are some examples that show how strength and resilience is maintained in related species?
|
[
"What are some examples that show how strength and resilience is maintained in related species?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115329
|
5a3a17452f14dd001ac726f0
|
Mammal
|
The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.
|
Why are ligers more fertile than donkeys?
|
Why are ligers more fertile than donkeys?
|
[
"Why are ligers more fertile than donkeys?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115330
|
5a3a17452f14dd001ac726f1
|
Mammal
|
The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.
|
Where is an American bison sometimes used to entertain people?
|
Where is an American bison sometimes used to entertain people?
|
[
"Where is an American bison sometimes used to entertain people?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115331
|
56e9ebac5a205f1900d6d326
|
Political_corruption
|
Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence.
|
What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?
|
What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?
|
[
"What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Political corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115332
|
56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32c
|
Political_corruption
|
Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption.
|
One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what?
|
One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what?
|
[
"One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"nepotism"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115333
|
56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32d
|
Political_corruption
|
Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption.
|
Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what?
|
Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what?
|
[
"Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"gombeenism"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115334
|
56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32e
|
Political_corruption
|
Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption.
|
Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what?
|
Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what?
|
[
"Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"human trafficking"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115335
|
56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32f
|
Political_corruption
|
Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption.
|
The repression of what is also considered political corruption?
|
The repression of what is also considered political corruption?
|
[
"The repression of what is also considered political corruption?"
] |
{
"text": [
"political opponents"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115336
|
56e9f4805a205f1900d6d336
|
Political_corruption
|
The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves".
|
Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?
|
Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?
|
[
"Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bribery"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115337
|
56e9f4805a205f1900d6d337
|
Political_corruption
|
The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves".
|
What does kleptocracy mean?
|
What does kleptocracy mean?
|
[
"What does kleptocracy mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"rule by thieves"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115338
|
56ea8ec15a205f1900d6d33c
|
Political_corruption
|
Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution.
|
What are some forms of corruption now called?
|
What are some forms of corruption now called?
|
[
"What are some forms of corruption now called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"institutional corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115339
|
56ea8ec15a205f1900d6d33d
|
Political_corruption
|
Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution.
|
Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption?
|
Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption?
|
[
"Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bribery"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115340
|
56ea8ec15a205f1900d6d33e
|
Political_corruption
|
Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution.
|
This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what?
|
This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what?
|
[
"This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the primary purpose of the institution"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115341
|
56ea90465a205f1900d6d342
|
Political_corruption
|
In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.
|
What does corruption undermine in politics?
|
What does corruption undermine in politics?
|
[
"What does corruption undermine in politics?"
] |
{
"text": [
"democracy"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115342
|
56ea90465a205f1900d6d343
|
Political_corruption
|
In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.
|
What does corruption disregard in politics?
|
What does corruption disregard in politics?
|
[
"What does corruption disregard in politics?"
] |
{
"text": [
"formal processes"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115343
|
56ea90465a205f1900d6d344
|
Political_corruption
|
In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.
|
Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?
|
Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?
|
[
"Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?"
] |
{
"text": [
"accountability"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115344
|
56ea90465a205f1900d6d345
|
Political_corruption
|
In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.
|
Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?
|
Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?
|
[
"Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?"
] |
{
"text": [
"judiciary"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115345
|
56ea90465a205f1900d6d346
|
Political_corruption
|
In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.
|
Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?
|
Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?
|
[
"Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?"
] |
{
"text": [
"public administration"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115346
|
56ea91795a205f1900d6d34c
|
Political_corruption
|
More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions.
|
What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption?
|
What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption?
|
[
"What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption?"
] |
{
"text": [
"trust and tolerance"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115347
|
56ea91795a205f1900d6d34d
|
Political_corruption
|
More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions.
|
Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what?
|
Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what?
|
[
"Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bought and sold"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115348
|
56ea91795a205f1900d6d34e
|
Political_corruption
|
More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions.
|
The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions?
|
The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions?
|
[
"The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"accountability"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115349
|
56ea931e5a205f1900d6d352
|
Political_corruption
|
In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.
|
Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?
|
Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?
|
[
"Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?"
] |
{
"text": [
"private"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115350
|
56ea931e5a205f1900d6d353
|
Political_corruption
|
In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.
|
Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?
|
Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?
|
[
"Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bureaucracy"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115351
|
56ea931e5a205f1900d6d355
|
Political_corruption
|
In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.
|
What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?
|
What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?
|
[
"What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115352
|
56ea931e5a205f1900d6d356
|
Political_corruption
|
In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.
|
Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?
|
Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?
|
[
"Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"competition"
],
"answer_start": [
611
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115353
|
56ea94715a205f1900d6d35c
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.
|
Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?
|
Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?
|
[
"Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?"
] |
{
"text": [
"public investment"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115354
|
56ea94715a205f1900d6d35d
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.
|
What is more plentiful in capital projects?
|
What is more plentiful in capital projects?
|
[
"What is more plentiful in capital projects?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bribes and kickbacks"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115355
|
56ea94715a205f1900d6d360
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.
|
Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?
|
Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?
|
[
"Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?"
] |
{
"text": [
"compliance"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115356
|
56ea95025a205f1900d6d366
|
Political_corruption
|
Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.
|
African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts?
|
African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts?
|
[
"African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Swiss"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115357
|
56ea95025a205f1900d6d367
|
Political_corruption
|
Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.
|
What form has corruption taken in Africa?
|
What form has corruption taken in Africa?
|
[
"What form has corruption taken in Africa?"
] |
{
"text": [
"rent extraction"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115358
|
56ea95025a205f1900d6d368
|
Political_corruption
|
Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.
|
In Africa, the finances are often moved where?
|
In Africa, the finances are often moved where?
|
[
"In Africa, the finances are often moved where?"
] |
{
"text": [
"overseas"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115359
|
56ea963e5a205f1900d6d36e
|
Political_corruption
|
University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.
|
Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?
|
Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?
|
[
"Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?"
] |
{
"text": [
"University of Massachusetts Amherst"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115360
|
56ea963e5a205f1900d6d370
|
Political_corruption
|
University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.
|
The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?
|
The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?
|
[
"The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?"
] |
{
"text": [
"external debts"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115361
|
56ea963e5a205f1900d6d371
|
Political_corruption
|
University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.
|
What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?
|
What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?
|
[
"What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?"
] |
{
"text": [
"political instability"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115362
|
56ea97140030b61400a34fbd
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.
|
Where is corruption most noticeable?
|
Where is corruption most noticeable?
|
[
"Where is corruption most noticeable?"
] |
{
"text": [
"countries with the smallest per capita incomes"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115363
|
56ea97140030b61400a34fbe
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.
|
These countries rely on foreign aid for what?
|
These countries rely on foreign aid for what?
|
[
"These countries rely on foreign aid for what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"health services"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115364
|
56ea97140030b61400a34fbf
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.
|
In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?
|
In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?
|
[
"In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Local"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115365
|
56ea97140030b61400a34fc0
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.
|
Which report described this corruption?
|
Which report described this corruption?
|
[
"Which report described this corruption? "
] |
{
"text": [
"the 2006 World Bank Report"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115366
|
56ea97140030b61400a34fc1
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.
|
How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?
|
How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?
|
[
"How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?"
] |
{
"text": [
"about half"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115367
|
56ea97ac5a205f1900d6d378
|
Political_corruption
|
Instead, the donated money was expended through "counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.
|
What kind of employees received payments?
|
What kind of employees received payments?
|
[
"What kind of employees received payments?"
] |
{
"text": [
"ghost employees"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115368
|
56ea97ac5a205f1900d6d379
|
Political_corruption
|
Instead, the donated money was expended through "counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.
|
Where were drugs siphoned off to?
|
Where were drugs siphoned off to?
|
[
"Where were drugs siphoned off to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the black market"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115369
|
56ea97ac5a205f1900d6d37a
|
Political_corruption
|
Instead, the donated money was expended through "counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.
|
In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?
|
In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?
|
[
"In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?"
] |
{
"text": [
"counterfeit drugs"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115370
|
56ea97ac5a205f1900d6d37b
|
Political_corruption
|
Instead, the donated money was expended through "counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.
|
If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?
|
If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?
|
[
"If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?"
] |
{
"text": [
"money"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115371
|
56ea98980030b61400a34fc7
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.
|
Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?
|
Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?
|
[
"Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?"
] |
{
"text": [
"environmental destruction"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115372
|
56ea98980030b61400a34fc8
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.
|
Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?
|
Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?
|
[
"Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bribed"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115373
|
56ea98980030b61400a34fc9
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.
|
Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?
|
Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?
|
[
"Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"social rights worker protection"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115374
|
56ea98980030b61400a34fca
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.
|
When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?
|
When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?
|
[
"When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?"
] |
{
"text": [
"illegitimate economic advantage"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115375
|
56ea99270030b61400a34fcf
|
Political_corruption
|
The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.
|
Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?
|
Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?
|
[
"Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Amartya Sen"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115376
|
56ea99270030b61400a34fd1
|
Political_corruption
|
The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.
|
What can trigger famine conditions?
|
What can trigger famine conditions?
|
[
"What can trigger famine conditions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"drought"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115377
|
56ea99270030b61400a34fd2
|
Political_corruption
|
The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.
|
While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?
|
While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?
|
[
"While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?"
] |
{
"text": [
"government action or inaction"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115378
|
56ea99c90030b61400a34fd7
|
Political_corruption
|
Governments with strong tendencies towards kleptocracy can undermine food security even when harvests are good. Officials often steal state property. In Bihar, India, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen by corrupt officials. Similarly, food aid is often robbed at gunpoint by governments, criminals, and warlords alike, and sold for a profit. The 20th century is full of many examples of governments undermining the food security of their own nations – sometimes intentionally.
|
Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?
|
Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?
|
[
"Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"kleptocracy"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115379
|
56ea9a965a205f1900d6d381
|
Political_corruption
|
The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk. Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals.
|
Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?
|
Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?
|
[
"Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?"
] |
{
"text": [
"construction"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115380
|
56ea9a965a205f1900d6d382
|
Political_corruption
|
The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk. Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals.
|
How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?
|
How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?
|
[
"How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"physically diverted"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115381
|
56ea9a965a205f1900d6d383
|
Political_corruption
|
The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk. Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals.
|
Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?
|
Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?
|
[
"Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"assessments"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115382
|
56ea9b665a205f1900d6d388
|
Political_corruption
|
In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.
|
Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?
|
Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?
|
[
"Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?"
] |
{
"text": [
"workmanship"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115383
|
56ea9b665a205f1900d6d389
|
Political_corruption
|
In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.
|
What happens with contracts to aid corruption?
|
What happens with contracts to aid corruption?
|
[
"What happens with contracts to aid corruption?"
] |
{
"text": [
"kickbacks"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115384
|
56ea9b665a205f1900d6d38a
|
Political_corruption
|
In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.
|
Recipients of aid are concerned about what?
|
Recipients of aid are concerned about what?
|
[
"Recipients of aid are concerned about what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"exclusion"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115385
|
56ea9b665a205f1900d6d38b
|
Political_corruption
|
In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.
|
Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?
|
Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?
|
[
"Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"forced to give sexual favors"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115386
|
56ea9b665a205f1900d6d38c
|
Political_corruption
|
In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.
|
Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?
|
Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?
|
[
"Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?"
] |
{
"text": [
"statistics"
],
"answer_start": [
537
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115387
|
56ea9d200030b61400a34fe2
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers to the automotive industry in order to sell low-quality connectors used for instance in safety equipment such as airbags, bribes paid by suppliers to manufacturers of defibrillators (to sell low-quality capacitors), contributions paid by wealthy parents to the "social and culture fund" of a prestigious university in exchange for it to accept their children, bribes paid to obtain diplomas, financial and other advantages granted to unionists by members of the executive board of a car manufacturer in exchange for employer-friendly positions and votes, etc. Examples are endless. These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health; they can discredit specific, essential institutions or social relationships.
|
These types of corruption can harm what?
|
These types of corruption can harm what?
|
[
"These types of corruption can harm what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the public health"
],
"answer_start": [
982
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115388
|
56ea9d200030b61400a34fe3
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers to the automotive industry in order to sell low-quality connectors used for instance in safety equipment such as airbags, bribes paid by suppliers to manufacturers of defibrillators (to sell low-quality capacitors), contributions paid by wealthy parents to the "social and culture fund" of a prestigious university in exchange for it to accept their children, bribes paid to obtain diplomas, financial and other advantages granted to unionists by members of the executive board of a car manufacturer in exchange for employer-friendly positions and votes, etc. Examples are endless. These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health; they can discredit specific, essential institutions or social relationships.
|
Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?
|
Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?
|
[
"Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"social relationships"
],
"answer_start": [
1056
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115389
|
56ea9e8c0030b61400a34fe9
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places).
|
Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?
|
Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?
|
[
"Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?"
] |
{
"text": [
"sports"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115390
|
56ea9e8c0030b61400a34fea
|
Political_corruption
|
Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places).
|
Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?
|
Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?
|
[
"Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?"
] |
{
"text": [
"anti-doping controls"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115391
|
56ea9f000030b61400a34fef
|
Political_corruption
|
Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.
|
The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?
|
The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?
|
[
"The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"artificial"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115392
|
56ea9f000030b61400a34ff0
|
Political_corruption
|
Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.
|
What needs to stay away from loopholes?
|
What needs to stay away from loopholes?
|
[
"What needs to stay away from loopholes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"national anti-corruption initiatives"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115393
|
56ea9f495a205f1900d6d392
|
Political_corruption
|
In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.
|
What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?
|
What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?
|
[
"What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a bribe"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115394
|
56ea9f495a205f1900d6d393
|
Political_corruption
|
In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.
|
What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?
|
What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?
|
[
"What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?"
] |
{
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115395
|
56ea9f495a205f1900d6d394
|
Political_corruption
|
In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.
|
What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?
|
What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?
|
[
"What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?"
] |
{
"text": [
"culture of corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115396
|
56ea9f495a205f1900d6d395
|
Political_corruption
|
In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.
|
Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?
|
Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?
|
[
"Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?"
] |
{
"text": [
"harm"
],
"answer_start": [
850
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115397
|
56ea9f765a205f1900d6d39c
|
Political_corruption
|
In recent years,[when?] the international community has made efforts to encourage countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences.[citation needed]
|
What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?
|
What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?
|
[
"What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?"
] |
{
"text": [
"active and passive bribery"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115398
|
56eaa0445a205f1900d6d39f
|
Political_corruption
|
This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.
|
In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?
|
In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?
|
[
"In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mutual understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115399
|
56eaa0445a205f1900d6d3a1
|
Political_corruption
|
This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.
|
A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?
|
A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?
|
[
"A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?"
] |
{
"text": [
"accepting"
],
"answer_start": [
938
]
}
|
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