gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-115200
|
57262dba89a1e219009ac505
|
Mammal
|
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.
|
From which group did amniotes descendents of?
|
From which group did amniotes descendents of?
|
[
"From which group did amniotes descendents of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115201
|
57262dba89a1e219009ac506
|
Mammal
|
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.
|
Two important Amniotes lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?
|
Two important Amniotes lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?
|
[
"Two important Amniotes lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the synapsids"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115202
|
57262dba89a1e219009ac507
|
Mammal
|
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.
|
Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?
|
Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?
|
[
"Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?"
] |
{
"text": [
"turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115203
|
57262dba89a1e219009ac508
|
Mammal
|
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.
|
What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?
|
What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?
|
[
"What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?"
] |
{
"text": [
"single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115204
|
5a39f00e2f14dd001ac72661
|
Mammal
|
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.
|
From what period did the first insects come from?
|
From what period did the first insects come from?
|
[
"From what period did the first insects come from?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115205
|
5a39f00e2f14dd001ac72662
|
Mammal
|
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.
|
What already inhabited the synapsids?
|
What already inhabited the synapsids?
|
[
"What already inhabited the synapsids?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115206
|
5a39f00e2f14dd001ac72663
|
Mammal
|
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.
|
When did amphibious tetrapods become prominent?
|
When did amphibious tetrapods become prominent?
|
[
"When did amphibious tetrapods become prominent?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115207
|
5a39f00e2f14dd001ac72664
|
Mammal
|
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.
|
What do amniotes have on each side of the skull?
|
What do amniotes have on each side of the skull?
|
[
"What do amniotes have on each side of the skull?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115208
|
5a39f00e2f14dd001ac72665
|
Mammal
|
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.
|
What animals were later included in the carboniferous group?
|
What animals were later included in the carboniferous group?
|
[
"What animals were later included in the carboniferous group?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115209
|
57262eb438643c19005ad2b1
|
Mammal
|
Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:
|
From which dinosaur group did Therapsids descend from?
|
From which dinosaur group did Therapsids descend from?
|
[
"From which dinosaur group did Therapsids descend from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"pelycosaurs"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115210
|
57262eb438643c19005ad2b2
|
Mammal
|
Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:
|
Around what time did Therapsids become the dominant land animal?
|
Around what time did Therapsids become the dominant land animal?
|
[
"Around what time did Therapsids become the dominant land animal?"
] |
{
"text": [
"265 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115211
|
57262eb438643c19005ad2b3
|
Mammal
|
Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:
|
At which group did Therapsids end with?
|
At which group did Therapsids end with?
|
[
"At which group did Therapsids end with?"
] |
{
"text": [
"probainognathian cynodonts"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115212
|
5a39f2ae2f14dd001ac7266b
|
Mammal
|
Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:
|
When did basal eupelycosaurs descend from pelycosaurs?
|
When did basal eupelycosaurs descend from pelycosaurs?
|
[
"When did basal eupelycosaurs descend from pelycosaurs?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115213
|
5a39f2ae2f14dd001ac7266c
|
Mammal
|
Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:
|
What did the therapsid lineage do in the Middle Permian, 265 million years ago?
|
What did the therapsid lineage do in the Middle Permian, 265 million years ago?
|
[
"What did the therapsid lineage do in the Middle Permian, 265 million years ago?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115214
|
5a39f2ae2f14dd001ac7266d
|
Mammal
|
Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:
|
How do Probainognathian cynodonts differ from the therapsid lineage?
|
How do Probainognathian cynodonts differ from the therapsid lineage?
|
[
"How do Probainognathian cynodonts differ from the therapsid lineage?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115215
|
5a39f2ae2f14dd001ac7266e
|
Mammal
|
Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:
|
What are some characteristics that show how mammals differ from pelycosaurs?
|
What are some characteristics that show how mammals differ from pelycosaurs?
|
[
"What are some characteristics that show how mammals differ from pelycosaurs?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115216
|
5a39f2ae2f14dd001ac7266f
|
Mammal
|
Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:
|
What animal was at the end stage of the Middle Permian?
|
What animal was at the end stage of the Middle Permian?
|
[
"What animal was at the end stage of the Middle Permian?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115217
|
57263014271a42140099d72b
|
Mammal
|
The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.
|
What was the name of extinction level event that ended the dominance of the carnivores among therapsids?
|
What was the name of extinction level event that ended the dominance of the carnivores among therapsids?
|
[
"What was the name of extinction level event that ended the dominance of the carnivores among therapsids?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Permian–Triassic"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115218
|
57263014271a42140099d72c
|
Mammal
|
The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.
|
During which time period did archosaurs begin to take over as the dominant carnivore?
|
During which time period did archosaurs begin to take over as the dominant carnivore?
|
[
"During which time period did archosaurs begin to take over as the dominant carnivore?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Triassic"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115219
|
57263014271a42140099d72d
|
Mammal
|
The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.
|
Which three groups did the early Triassic period consist of?
|
Which three groups did the early Triassic period consist of?
|
[
"Which three groups did the early Triassic period consist of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115220
|
57263014271a42140099d72e
|
Mammal
|
The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.
|
During the Jurassic period which group came out as the most dominate for both carnivores and herbivores?
|
During the Jurassic period which group came out as the most dominate for both carnivores and herbivores?
|
[
"During the Jurassic period which group came out as the most dominate for both carnivores and herbivores?"
] |
{
"text": [
"dinosaurs"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115221
|
5a39f42a2f14dd001ac72675
|
Mammal
|
The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.
|
Why was the Jurassic a prolonged event?
|
Why was the Jurassic a prolonged event?
|
[
"Why was the Jurassic a prolonged event?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115222
|
5a39f42a2f14dd001ac72676
|
Mammal
|
The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.
|
What did the Jurassic period end?
|
What did the Jurassic period end?
|
[
"What did the Jurassic period end?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115223
|
5a39f42a2f14dd001ac72677
|
Mammal
|
The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.
|
What was taken over by carnivores in the Permian-Triassic?
|
What was taken over by carnivores in the Permian-Triassic?
|
[
"What was taken over by carnivores in the Permian-Triassic?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115224
|
5a39f42a2f14dd001ac72678
|
Mammal
|
The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.
|
What types of animals were included in the Permian-Triassic over 35 million years?
|
What types of animals were included in the Permian-Triassic over 35 million years?
|
[
"What types of animals were included in the Permian-Triassic over 35 million years?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115225
|
5a39f42a2f14dd001ac72679
|
Mammal
|
The Permian–Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.
|
What had archosaurs come to dominate by the Jurassic?
|
What had archosaurs come to dominate by the Jurassic?
|
[
"What had archosaurs come to dominate by the Jurassic?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115226
|
5726319938643c19005ad2c7
|
Mammal
|
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:
|
What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group?
|
What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group?
|
[
"What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group? "
] |
{
"text": [
"shrewlike Juramaia sinensis"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115227
|
5726319938643c19005ad2c8
|
Mammal
|
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:
|
How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?
|
How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?
|
[
"How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"160 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115228
|
5726319938643c19005ad2c9
|
Mammal
|
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:
|
In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?
|
In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?
|
[
"In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?"
] |
{
"text": [
"125 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115229
|
5726319938643c19005ad2ca
|
Mammal
|
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:
|
Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?
|
Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?
|
[
"Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?"
] |
{
"text": [
"placental"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115230
|
5a39f6a32f14dd001ac7267f
|
Mammal
|
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:
|
What is the oldest known feature among the marsupials?
|
What is the oldest known feature among the marsupials?
|
[
"What is the oldest known feature among the marsupials?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115231
|
5a39f6a32f14dd001ac72680
|
Mammal
|
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:
|
What time period is a marsupial dated to in the Early Cretaceous?
|
What time period is a marsupial dated to in the Early Cretaceous?
|
[
"What time period is a marsupial dated to in the Early Cretaceous?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115232
|
5a39f6a32f14dd001ac72681
|
Mammal
|
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:
|
What do Juramaia have in common with placentals?
|
What do Juramaia have in common with placentals?
|
[
"What do Juramaia have in common with placentals?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115233
|
5a39f6a32f14dd001ac72682
|
Mammal
|
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:
|
What lineage shows some early eutherian features were lost?
|
What lineage shows some early eutherian features were lost?
|
[
"What lineage shows some early eutherian features were lost?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115234
|
5a39f6a32f14dd001ac72683
|
Mammal
|
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:
|
When was the marsupial mother from the Cretaceous dated to?
|
When was the marsupial mother from the Cretaceous dated to?
|
[
"When was the marsupial mother from the Cretaceous dated to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115235
|
5726331638643c19005ad2df
|
Mammal
|
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.
|
How long ago did most placental orders diverge from?
|
How long ago did most placental orders diverge from?
|
[
"How long ago did most placental orders diverge from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"100 to 85 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115236
|
5726331638643c19005ad2e0
|
Mammal
|
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.
|
Which two major time periods did placentals appear?
|
Which two major time periods did placentals appear?
|
[
"Which two major time periods did placentals appear?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Eocene through the Miocene"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115237
|
5726331638643c19005ad2e1
|
Mammal
|
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.
|
Which time period did early highly undisputed fossils of placental mammals appear?
|
Which time period did early highly undisputed fossils of placental mammals appear?
|
[
"Which time period did early highly undisputed fossils of placental mammals appear?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Paleocene"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115238
|
5726331638643c19005ad2e2
|
Mammal
|
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.
|
When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?
|
When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?
|
[
"When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?"
] |
{
"text": [
"55 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115239
|
5726331638643c19005ad2e3
|
Mammal
|
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.
|
How much did the first primate weigh?
|
How much did the first primate weigh?
|
[
"How much did the first primate weigh?"
] |
{
"text": [
"20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce)"
],
"answer_start": [
696
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115240
|
5a39f9b72f14dd001ac72689
|
Mammal
|
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.
|
Where do the earliest fossils of the Miocene come from?
|
Where do the earliest fossils of the Miocene come from?
|
[
"Where do the earliest fossils of the Miocene come from?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115241
|
5a39f9b72f14dd001ac7268a
|
Mammal
|
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.
|
What have scientists identified Eocene as?
|
What have scientists identified Eocene as?
|
[
"What have scientists identified Eocene as?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115242
|
5a39f9b72f14dd001ac7268b
|
Mammal
|
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.
|
What is the earliest ancestor of humans from about 55 million years ago?
|
What is the earliest ancestor of humans from about 55 million years ago?
|
[
"What is the earliest ancestor of humans from about 55 million years ago?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115243
|
5a39f9b72f14dd001ac7268c
|
Mammal
|
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.
|
How much did the Protungulatum donnae weigh?
|
How much did the Protungulatum donnae weigh?
|
[
"How much did the Protungulatum donnae weigh?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115244
|
5a39f9b72f14dd001ac7268d
|
Mammal
|
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.
|
What do scientists object about primates before the end of the Paleocene?
|
What do scientists object about primates before the end of the Paleocene?
|
[
"What do scientists object about primates before the end of the Paleocene?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115245
|
5726344989a1e219009ac566
|
Mammal
|
The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.
|
When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?
|
When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?
|
[
"When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?"
] |
{
"text": [
"164 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115246
|
5726344989a1e219009ac567
|
Mammal
|
The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.
|
When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?
|
When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?
|
[
"When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115247
|
5726344989a1e219009ac568
|
Mammal
|
The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.
|
Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?
|
Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?
|
[
"Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Jurassic"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115248
|
5a39fcfb2f14dd001ac72693
|
Mammal
|
The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.
|
What type of fossils showed the earliest evidence of cynodonts?
|
What type of fossils showed the earliest evidence of cynodonts?
|
[
"What type of fossils showed the earliest evidence of cynodonts?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115249
|
5a39fcfb2f14dd001ac72694
|
Mammal
|
The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.
|
What was suggested about the Tupinambis in the Thrinaxodon in the 1950's?
|
What was suggested about the Tupinambis in the Thrinaxodon in the 1950's?
|
[
"What was suggested about the Tupinambis in the Thrinaxodon in the 1950's?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115250
|
5a39fcfb2f14dd001ac72695
|
Mammal
|
The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.
|
What do popular sources attribute foramina to?
|
What do popular sources attribute foramina to?
|
[
"What do popular sources attribute foramina to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115251
|
5a39fcfb2f14dd001ac72696
|
Mammal
|
The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.
|
At what time is it believed the earliest known foramina existed?
|
At what time is it believed the earliest known foramina existed?
|
[
"At what time is it believed the earliest known foramina existed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115252
|
5a39fcfb2f14dd001ac72697
|
Mammal
|
The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.
|
What does the modern lizard Castorocauda have?
|
What does the modern lizard Castorocauda have?
|
[
"What does the modern lizard Castorocauda have?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115253
|
5726365038643c19005ad305
|
Mammal
|
When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.
|
Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals?
|
Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals?
|
[
"Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"monotremes"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115254
|
5726365038643c19005ad306
|
Mammal
|
When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.
|
Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate?
|
Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate?
|
[
"Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Triassic"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115255
|
5726365038643c19005ad307
|
Mammal
|
When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.
|
Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering?
|
Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering?
|
[
"Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering?"
] |
{
"text": [
"maintenance of a high and stable body temperature"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115256
|
5a39fedc2f14dd001ac7269d
|
Mammal
|
When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.
|
What does evidence found suggest about monotremes?
|
What does evidence found suggest about monotremes?
|
[
"What does evidence found suggest about monotremes?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115257
|
5a39fedc2f14dd001ac7269e
|
Mammal
|
When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.
|
What do therians need to maintain a stable body temperature?
|
What do therians need to maintain a stable body temperature?
|
[
"What do therians need to maintain a stable body temperature?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115258
|
5a39fedc2f14dd001ac7269f
|
Mammal
|
When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.
|
What do small animals have compared to therians?
|
What do small animals have compared to therians?
|
[
"What do small animals have compared to therians?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115259
|
5a39fedc2f14dd001ac726a0
|
Mammal
|
When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.
|
What suggests that monotremes have high metabolic rates?
|
What suggests that monotremes have high metabolic rates?
|
[
"What suggests that monotremes have high metabolic rates?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115260
|
5a39fedc2f14dd001ac726a1
|
Mammal
|
When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.
|
What do placentals use their fur covering for?
|
What do placentals use their fur covering for?
|
[
"What do placentals use their fur covering for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115261
|
572639c7271a42140099d79f
|
Mammal
|
Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.
|
When air enters both the oral and nasal cavities, where does it flow through?
|
When air enters both the oral and nasal cavities, where does it flow through?
|
[
"When air enters both the oral and nasal cavities, where does it flow through?"
] |
{
"text": [
"larynx, trachea and bronchi"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115262
|
572639c7271a42140099d7a0
|
Mammal
|
Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.
|
Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by?
|
Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by?
|
[
"Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by?"
] |
{
"text": [
"exercise"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115263
|
572639c7271a42140099d7a1
|
Mammal
|
Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.
|
A result of air being sucked into or blown out of the lung thats moving its pressure gradient is referred to?
|
A result of air being sucked into or blown out of the lung thats moving its pressure gradient is referred to?
|
[
"A result of air being sucked into or blown out of the lung thats moving its pressure gradient is referred to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bellows lung"
],
"answer_start": [
947
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115264
|
572639c7271a42140099d7a2
|
Mammal
|
Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.
|
Where did the term Bellows Lung come from?
|
Where did the term Bellows Lung come from?
|
[
"Where did the term Bellows Lung come from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"blacksmith's bellows"
],
"answer_start": [
978
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115265
|
5a3a013c2f14dd001ac726a7
|
Mammal
|
Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.
|
When mammals take oxygen into their relaxed diaphragm, what happens to the abdominal wall?
|
When mammals take oxygen into their relaxed diaphragm, what happens to the abdominal wall?
|
[
"When mammals take oxygen into their relaxed diaphragm, what happens to the abdominal wall?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115266
|
5a3a013c2f14dd001ac726a8
|
Mammal
|
Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.
|
What is alveoli inspired by?
|
What is alveoli inspired by?
|
[
"What is alveoli inspired by?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115267
|
5a3a013c2f14dd001ac726a9
|
Mammal
|
Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.
|
What is the ribcage able to passively recoil?
|
What is the ribcage able to passively recoil?
|
[
"What is the ribcage able to passively recoil?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115268
|
5a3a013c2f14dd001ac726aa
|
Mammal
|
Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.
|
What does contraction of the thorax do while increasing the volume of the lung cavity?
|
What does contraction of the thorax do while increasing the volume of the lung cavity?
|
[
"What does contraction of the thorax do while increasing the volume of the lung cavity?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115269
|
5a3a013c2f14dd001ac726ab
|
Mammal
|
Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.
|
When air enters the nasal cavity, what does the rib cage expand?
|
When air enters the nasal cavity, what does the rib cage expand?
|
[
"When air enters the nasal cavity, what does the rib cage expand?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115270
|
57263afcec44d21400f3dc69
|
Mammal
|
The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.
|
What is the typical thickness of the epidermis?
|
What is the typical thickness of the epidermis?
|
[
"What is the typical thickness of the epidermis?"
] |
{
"text": [
"10 to 30 cells thick"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115271
|
57263afcec44d21400f3dc6a
|
Mammal
|
The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.
|
What is the main function of the epidermis?
|
What is the main function of the epidermis?
|
[
"What is the main function of the epidermis?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to provide a waterproof layer"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115272
|
57263afcec44d21400f3dc6b
|
Mammal
|
The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.
|
How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis?
|
How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis?
|
[
"How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis?"
] |
{
"text": [
"15 to 40 times thicker"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115273
|
57263afcec44d21400f3dc6c
|
Mammal
|
The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.
|
What is the dermis mainly consist of?
|
What is the dermis mainly consist of?
|
[
"What is the dermis mainly consist of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bony structures and blood vessels"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115274
|
57263afcec44d21400f3dc6d
|
Mammal
|
The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.
|
What does the Hyperdermis consist of?
|
What does the Hyperdermis consist of?
|
[
"What does the Hyperdermis consist of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"adipose tissue"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115275
|
5a3a021c2f14dd001ac726b1
|
Mammal
|
The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.
|
When the hypodermis is 10 to 30 cells thick, what is its main function?
|
When the hypodermis is 10 to 30 cells thick, what is its main function?
|
[
"When the hypodermis is 10 to 30 cells thick, what is its main function?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115276
|
5a3a021c2f14dd001ac726b2
|
Mammal
|
The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.
|
What happens to the outermost cells of the hypodermis?
|
What happens to the outermost cells of the hypodermis?
|
[
"What happens to the outermost cells of the hypodermis?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115277
|
5a3a021c2f14dd001ac726b3
|
Mammal
|
The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.
|
How do the bottommost cells of the hypodermis act?
|
How do the bottommost cells of the hypodermis act?
|
[
"How do the bottommost cells of the hypodermis act?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115278
|
5a3a021c2f14dd001ac726b4
|
Mammal
|
The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.
|
How much thicker is the hypodermis from the dermis?
|
How much thicker is the hypodermis from the dermis?
|
[
"How much thicker is the hypodermis from the dermis?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115279
|
5a3a021c2f14dd001ac726b5
|
Mammal
|
The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.
|
What are two components that make up the epidermis?
|
What are two components that make up the epidermis?
|
[
"What are two components that make up the epidermis?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115280
|
57263c9938643c19005ad34f
|
Mammal
|
Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.
|
What is another name used for mammalian hair?
|
What is another name used for mammalian hair?
|
[
"What is another name used for mammalian hair?"
] |
{
"text": [
"pelage"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115281
|
57263c9938643c19005ad350
|
Mammal
|
Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.
|
Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?
|
Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?
|
[
"Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Light-dark color"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115282
|
57263c9938643c19005ad351
|
Mammal
|
Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.
|
Besides Camouflage being a reason for having certain hair colors, what other reasons have been discovered?
|
Besides Camouflage being a reason for having certain hair colors, what other reasons have been discovered?
|
[
"Besides Camouflage being a reason for having certain hair colors, what other reasons have been discovered? "
] |
{
"text": [
"sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115283
|
5a3a04a52f14dd001ac726bb
|
Mammal
|
Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.
|
What is another name for camouflage?
|
What is another name for camouflage?
|
[
"What is another name for camouflage?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115284
|
5a3a04a52f14dd001ac726bc
|
Mammal
|
Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.
|
How does intraspecies communication vary?
|
How does intraspecies communication vary?
|
[
"How does intraspecies communication vary?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115285
|
5a3a04a52f14dd001ac726bd
|
Mammal
|
Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.
|
What is distribution of loci common in?
|
What is distribution of loci common in?
|
[
"What is distribution of loci common in?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115286
|
5a3a04a52f14dd001ac726be
|
Mammal
|
Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.
|
Why do selective pressures favor arctic environments?
|
Why do selective pressures favor arctic environments?
|
[
"Why do selective pressures favor arctic environments?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115287
|
5a3a04a52f14dd001ac726bf
|
Mammal
|
Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.
|
What three examples show how hormone levels are important in the mate selection process?
|
What three examples show how hormone levels are important in the mate selection process?
|
[
"What three examples show how hormone levels are important in the mate selection process?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115288
|
57263e4c38643c19005ad369
|
Mammal
|
Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.
|
What is the common mammal group that gives birth to live young?
|
What is the common mammal group that gives birth to live young?
|
[
"What is the common mammal group that gives birth to live young?"
] |
{
"text": [
"viviparous"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115289
|
57263e4c38643c19005ad36a
|
Mammal
|
Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.
|
How many species of mammals lay eggs?
|
How many species of mammals lay eggs?
|
[
"How many species of mammals lay eggs?"
] |
{
"text": [
"five species"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115290
|
57263e4c38643c19005ad36b
|
Mammal
|
Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.
|
Which mammal that has the bill of a duck lays eggs?
|
Which mammal that has the bill of a duck lays eggs?
|
[
"Which mammal that has the bill of a duck lays eggs?"
] |
{
"text": [
"platypus"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115291
|
57263e4c38643c19005ad36c
|
Mammal
|
Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.
|
The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal?
|
The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal?
|
[
"The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal?"
] |
{
"text": [
"chicken"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115292
|
5a3a087c2f14dd001ac726c5
|
Mammal
|
Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.
|
What makes most monotreme viviparous?
|
What makes most monotreme viviparous?
|
[
"What makes most monotreme viviparous?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115293
|
5a3a087c2f14dd001ac726c6
|
Mammal
|
Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.
|
What do marsupials have that is different from most mammals?
|
What do marsupials have that is different from most mammals?
|
[
"What do marsupials have that is different from most mammals?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115294
|
5a3a087c2f14dd001ac726c7
|
Mammal
|
Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.
|
How many species of mammals give birth to live young?
|
How many species of mammals give birth to live young?
|
[
"How many species of mammals give birth to live young?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115295
|
5a3a087c2f14dd001ac726c8
|
Mammal
|
Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.
|
What are some characteristics of young chickens?
|
What are some characteristics of young chickens?
|
[
"What are some characteristics of young chickens?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115296
|
5a3a087c2f14dd001ac726c9
|
Mammal
|
Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.
|
What do marsupials have that make them less like a therian?
|
What do marsupials have that make them less like a therian?
|
[
"What do marsupials have that make them less like a therian?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115297
|
57263f68ec44d21400f3dcc3
|
Mammal
|
Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.
|
Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?
|
Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?
|
[
"Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Theria"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115298
|
57263f68ec44d21400f3dcc4
|
Mammal
|
Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.
|
Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?
|
Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?
|
[
"Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?"
] |
{
"text": [
"marsupial and placental"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-115299
|
57263f68ec44d21400f3dcc5
|
Mammal
|
Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.
|
What is present in all non-placental mammals?
|
What is present in all non-placental mammals?
|
[
"What is present in all non-placental mammals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"epipubic bones"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.