gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-12300 | 57301bfca23a5019007fcd84 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans? | Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans? | [
"Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?"
] | {
"text": [
"unclear"
],
"answer_start": [
858
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12301 | 57301bfca23a5019007fcd85 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? | Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? | [
"Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? "
] | {
"text": [
"weighed against the beneficial effects"
],
"answer_start": [
1541
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12302 | 57328cf2b3a91d1900202e33 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age? | What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age? | [
"What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?"
] | {
"text": [
"increased body mass"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12303 | 57328cf2b3a91d1900202e34 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | When do intestinal microbiota develop? | When do intestinal microbiota develop? | [
"When do intestinal microbiota develop?"
] | {
"text": [
"Early life"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12304 | 57328cf2b3a91d1900202e35 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans? | Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans? | [
"Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?"
] | {
"text": [
"unclear"
],
"answer_start": [
858
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12305 | 5a65bfbec2b11c001a425d2f | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | What is one common result of using genes from a young age? | What is one common result of using genes from a young age? | [
"What is one common result of using genes from a young age?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12306 | 5a65bfbec2b11c001a425d30 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | What are some microbiota that can be used for STAT? | What are some microbiota that can be used for STAT? | [
"What are some microbiota that can be used for STAT?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12307 | 5a65bfbec2b11c001a425d31 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Do antibiotics cause fasting in humans? | Do antibiotics cause fasting in humans? | [
"Do antibiotics cause fasting in humans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12308 | 5a65bfbec2b11c001a425d32 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Why do physicians use antibiotics on mice when the relationship has been proven? | Why do physicians use antibiotics on mice when the relationship has been proven? | [
"Why do physicians use antibiotics on mice when the relationship has been proven?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12309 | 5a65bfbec2b11c001a425d33 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | When do models develop? | When do models develop? | [
"When do models develop?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12310 | 57302106a23a5019007fcdf7 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills? | Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills? | [
"Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills?"
] | {
"text": [
"The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12311 | 57302106a23a5019007fcdf8 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics? | What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics? | [
"What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 1%"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12312 | 57302106a23a5019007fcdf9 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What are the potential effects on intestinal flora? | What are the potential effects on intestinal flora? | [
"What are the potential effects on intestinal flora?"
] | {
"text": [
"reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12313 | 57302106a23a5019007fcdfa | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | Have these potential effects been proven through testing? | Have these potential effects been proven through testing? | [
"Have these potential effects been proven through testing?"
] | {
"text": [
"inconclusive and controversial"
],
"answer_start": [
666
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12314 | 57302106a23a5019007fcdfb | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue? | What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue? | [
"What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue?"
] | {
"text": [
"extra contraceptive measures"
],
"answer_start": [
731
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12315 | 5731bd47e99e3014001e6236 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What do antibiotics interfere with? | What do antibiotics interfere with? | [
"What do antibiotics interfere with?"
] | {
"text": [
"contraceptive pills"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12316 | 5731bd47e99e3014001e6237 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What percent is the failure rate of contraceptive pills? | What percent is the failure rate of contraceptive pills? | [
"What percent is the failure rate of contraceptive pills?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 1%"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12317 | 5731bd47e99e3014001e6238 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | Whhat does intestinal flora reduce? | Whhat does intestinal flora reduce? | [
"Whhat does intestinal flora reduce?"
] | {
"text": [
"absorption of estrogens"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12318 | 5731bd47e99e3014001e6239 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with? | In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with? | [
"In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with?"
] | {
"text": [
"oral contraceptives"
],
"answer_start": [
845
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12319 | 573296880342181400a2027d | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills? | Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills? | [
"Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills?"
] | {
"text": [
"antibiotics do interfere"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12320 | 573296880342181400a2027e | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics? | What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics? | [
"What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 1%"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12321 | 573296880342181400a2027f | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills? | What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills? | [
"What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?"
] | {
"text": [
"extra contraceptive measures"
],
"answer_start": [
731
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12322 | 5a65c185c2b11c001a425d39 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | Do antibiotics interact with intestinal flora? | Do antibiotics interact with intestinal flora? | [
"Do antibiotics interact with intestinal flora?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12323 | 5a65c185c2b11c001a425d3a | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to estrogens? | What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to estrogens? | [
"What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to estrogens?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12324 | 5a65c185c2b11c001a425d3b | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What are the potential effects on antibacterials? | What are the potential effects on antibacterials? | [
"What are the potential effects on antibacterials?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12325 | 5a65c185c2b11c001a425d3c | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What do control pills recommend to counteract this potential issue? | What do control pills recommend to counteract this potential issue? | [
"What do control pills recommend to counteract this potential issue?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12326 | 5a65c185c2b11c001a425d3d | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What do oral contraceptives reduce? | What do oral contraceptives reduce? | [
"What do oral contraceptives reduce?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12327 | 57302230a23a5019007fce13 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics? | What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics? | [
"What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics?"
] | {
"text": [
"decreased effectiveness"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12328 | 57302230a23a5019007fce14 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol? | Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol? | [
"Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?"
] | {
"text": [
"moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12329 | 57302230a23a5019007fce15 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic? | Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic? | [
"Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic?"
] | {
"text": [
"there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12330 | 57302230a23a5019007fce16 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed? | How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed? | [
"How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed?"
] | {
"text": [
"widespread"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12331 | 5731be590fdd8d15006c64e1 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause? | What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause? | [
"What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?"
] | {
"text": [
"decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12332 | 5731be590fdd8d15006c64e2 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics? | What is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics? | [
"What is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics?"
] | {
"text": [
"alcohol consumption"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12333 | 5731be590fdd8d15006c64e3 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What belief should bever be mixed widespread? | What belief should bever be mixed widespread? | [
"What belief should bever be mixed widespread?"
] | {
"text": [
"alcohol and antibiotics"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12334 | 573299421d5d2e14009ff861 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness? | What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness? | [
"What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness?"
] | {
"text": [
"alcohol"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12335 | 573299421d5d2e14009ff862 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol? | What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol? | [
"What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol?"
] | {
"text": [
"specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12336 | 573299421d5d2e14009ff863 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics? | Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics? | [
"Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics?"
] | {
"text": [
"alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12337 | 5a65c323c2b11c001a425d43 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What is one potential issue with drinking alcohols while in therapy? | What is one potential issue with drinking alcohols while in therapy? | [
"What is one potential issue with drinking alcohols while in therapy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12338 | 5a65c323c2b11c001a425d44 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with conterindication? | Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with conterindication? | [
"Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with conterindication?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12339 | 5a65c323c2b11c001a425d45 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any risks? | Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any risks? | [
"Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any risks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12340 | 5a65c323c2b11c001a425d46 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What is unlikely to interfere with many common side-effects? | What is unlikely to interfere with many common side-effects? | [
"What is unlikely to interfere with many common side-effects?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12341 | 5a65c323c2b11c001a425d47 | Antibiotics | Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious ... | What common drug can reduce interactions? | What common drug can reduce interactions? | [
"What common drug can reduce interactions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12342 | 5731bff5e17f3d1400422397 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what? | What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what? | [
"What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?"
] | {
"text": [
"bacterial growth phase"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12343 | 5731bff5e17f3d1400422398 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does this eliminate? | What does this eliminate? | [
"What does this eliminate?"
] | {
"text": [
"bacterial infection"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12344 | 5731bff5e17f3d1400422399 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity? | What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity? | [
"What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?"
] | {
"text": [
"division of bacterial cells"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12345 | 5731bff5e17f3d140042239a | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does the activity of antibacterials depends on? | What does the activity of antibacterials depends on? | [
"What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?"
] | {
"text": [
"concentration"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12346 | 5733b31dd058e614000b609e | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail? | What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail? | [
"What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?"
] | {
"text": [
"host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12347 | 5733b31dd058e614000b609f | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon? | What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon? | [
"What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?"
] | {
"text": [
"concentration"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12348 | 5733b31dd058e614000b60a0 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | How do you predict the clinical result? | How do you predict the clinical result? | [
"How do you predict the clinical result?"
] | {
"text": [
"several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy"
],
"answer_start": [
942
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12349 | 5a65cdabc2b11c001a425d4d | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does the infection activity of antibacterials depends on? | What does the infection activity of antibacterials depends on? | [
"What does the infection activity of antibacterials depends on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12350 | 5a65cdabc2b11c001a425d4e | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in drug efficacy? | What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in drug efficacy? | [
"What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in drug efficacy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12351 | 5a65cdabc2b11c001a425d4f | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does the activity of defense mechanisms depend on? | What does the activity of defense mechanisms depend on? | [
"What does the activity of defense mechanisms depend on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12352 | 5a65cdabc2b11c001a425d50 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does a successful treatment using pharmacological parameters entail? | What does a successful treatment using pharmacological parameters entail? | [
"What does a successful treatment using pharmacological parameters entail?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12353 | 5a65cdabc2b11c001a425d51 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | How do you predict the cell division? | How do you predict the cell division? | [
"How do you predict the cell division?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12354 | 5731c1260fdd8d15006c6503 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified? | Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified? | [
"Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?"
] | {
"text": [
"mechanism of action"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12355 | 5731c1260fdd8d15006c6504 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What is another name used for bacterial cell wall? | What is another name used for bacterial cell wall? | [
"What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?"
] | {
"text": [
"penicillins and cephalosporins"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12356 | 5731c1260fdd8d15006c6505 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | whats another word for cell membrane? | whats another word for cell membrane? | [
"whats another word for cell membrane?"
] | {
"text": [
"polymyxins"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12357 | 5731c1260fdd8d15006c6506 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/ | How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/ | [
"How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/"
] | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
928
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12358 | 5733b4cf4776f419006610c9 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What three ways are antibiotics classified? | What three ways are antibiotics classified? | [
"What three ways are antibiotics classified?"
] | {
"text": [
"mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12359 | 5733b4cf4776f419006610ca | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What do anitibiotics mostly target? | What do anitibiotics mostly target? | [
"What do anitibiotics mostly target?"
] | {
"text": [
"bacterial functions or growth processes"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12360 | 5733b4cf4776f419006610cb | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall? | Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall? | [
"Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?"
] | {
"text": [
"penicillins and cephalosporins"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12361 | 5733b4cf4776f419006610cc | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane? | Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane? | [
"Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?"
] | {
"text": [
"polymyxins"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12362 | 5733b4cf4776f419006610cd | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What 3 types go after protein synthesis? | What 3 types go after protein synthesis? | [
"What 3 types go after protein synthesis?"
] | {
"text": [
"(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12363 | 5a65cfcfc2b11c001a425d57 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | Besides spectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can protein synthesis be classified? | Besides spectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can protein synthesis be classified? | [
"Besides spectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can protein synthesis be classified?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12364 | 5a65cfcfc2b11c001a425d58 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What is another name used for target specificity? | What is another name used for target specificity? | [
"What is another name used for target specificity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12365 | 5a65cfcfc2b11c001a425d59 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What is another word for interfere? | What is another word for interfere? | [
"What is another word for interfere?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12366 | 5a65cfcfc2b11c001a425d5a | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | How many new classes of glycylcyclines was introduced in the late 2000's? | How many new classes of glycylcyclines was introduced in the late 2000's? | [
"How many new classes of glycylcyclines was introduced in the late 2000's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12367 | 5a65cfcfc2b11c001a425d5b | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What three ways are bacteria classified? | What three ways are bacteria classified? | [
"What three ways are bacteria classified?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12368 | 5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6515 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials? | Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials? | [
"Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?"
] | {
"text": [
"various natural compounds"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12369 | 5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6516 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds? | What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds? | [
"What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?"
] | {
"text": [
"2000 atomic mass units"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12370 | 5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6517 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics? | What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics? | [
"What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?"
] | {
"text": [
"penicillins"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12371 | 5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6518 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What is penicillins produced by? | What is penicillins produced by? | [
"What is penicillins produced by?"
] | {
"text": [
"fungi"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12372 | 5733b6a2d058e614000b6122 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What are antibiotics in chemical terms? | What are antibiotics in chemical terms? | [
"What are antibiotics in chemical terms?"
] | {
"text": [
"semisynthetic modifications"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12373 | 5733b6a2d058e614000b6123 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What type of antibiotics include penicilin? | What type of antibiotics include penicilin? | [
"What type of antibiotics include penicilin?"
] | {
"text": [
"beta-lactam antibiotics"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12374 | 5733b6a2d058e614000b6124 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things? | What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things? | [
"What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?"
] | {
"text": [
"aminoglycosides"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12375 | 5733b6a2d058e614000b6125 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created? | How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created? | [
"How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?"
] | {
"text": [
"synthesis"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12376 | 5a65d0fec2b11c001a425d61 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What is the molecular weight loss of chemical synthesis? | What is the molecular weight loss of chemical synthesis? | [
"What is the molecular weight loss of chemical synthesis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12377 | 5a65d0fec2b11c001a425d62 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What is included in the natural compounds? | What is included in the natural compounds? | [
"What is included in the natural compounds?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12378 | 5a65d0fec2b11c001a425d63 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What are cephalosporins produced by? | What are cephalosporins produced by? | [
"What are cephalosporins produced by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12379 | 5a65d0fec2b11c001a425d64 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What are compounds in chemical terms? | What are compounds in chemical terms? | [
"What are compounds in chemical terms?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12380 | 5a65d0fec2b11c001a425d65 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What type of antibiotics include sulfonamides? | What type of antibiotics include sulfonamides? | [
"What type of antibiotics include sulfonamides?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12381 | 5731c593e17f3d14004223c5 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What does emergence of resistance reflect? | What does emergence of resistance reflect? | [
"What does emergence of resistance reflect?"
] | {
"text": [
"evolutionary processes"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12382 | 5731c593e17f3d14004223c6 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment? | What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment? | [
"What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?"
] | {
"text": [
"survive high doses of antibiotics"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12383 | 5731c593e17f3d14004223c7 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated? | When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated? | [
"When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?"
] | {
"text": [
"1943"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12384 | 5731c593e17f3d14004223c8 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | Who made the demonstration in 1943? | Who made the demonstration in 1943? | [
"Who made the demonstration in 1943?"
] | {
"text": [
"Luria–Delbrück"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12385 | 5733bc38d058e614000b6187 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics? | What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics? | [
"What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?"
] | {
"text": [
"resistance of bacteria"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12386 | 5733bc38d058e614000b6188 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of? | What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of? | [
"What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?"
] | {
"text": [
"evolution"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12387 | 5733bc38d058e614000b6189 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment? | When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment? | [
"When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?"
] | {
"text": [
"1943"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12388 | 5733bc38d058e614000b618a | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now? | Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now? | [
"Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?"
] | {
"text": [
"penicillin and erythromycin"
],
"answer_start": [
669
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12389 | 5a65d2b2c2b11c001a425d6b | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What does emergence of bacteria reflect? | What does emergence of bacteria reflect? | [
"What does emergence of bacteria reflect?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12390 | 5a65d2b2c2b11c001a425d6c | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What is the purpose of bacterial strains? | What is the purpose of bacterial strains? | [
"What is the purpose of bacterial strains?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12391 | 5a65d2b2c2b11c001a425d6d | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | When were bacterial species and strains invented? | When were bacterial species and strains invented? | [
"When were bacterial species and strains invented?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12392 | 5a65d2b2c2b11c001a425d6e | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What is a modern occurrence with high doeses? | What is a modern occurrence with high doeses? | [
"What is a modern occurrence with high doeses?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12393 | 5a65d2b2c2b11c001a425d6f | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What is resistance to genes a cause of? | What is resistance to genes a cause of? | [
"What is resistance to genes a cause of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12394 | 5731c904b9d445190005e551 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains? | What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains? | [
"What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?"
] | {
"text": [
"Intrinsic antibacterial resistance"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12395 | 5731c904b9d445190005e552 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | What can be absent from the bacterial genome? | What can be absent from the bacterial genome? | [
"What can be absent from the bacterial genome?"
] | {
"text": [
"antibiotic target"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12396 | 5731c904b9d445190005e553 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/ | When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/ | [
"When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/"
] | {
"text": [
"vertical transmission"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12397 | 5731c904b9d445190005e554 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance? | What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance? | [
"What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?"
] | {
"text": [
"antibacterial resistance genes"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12398 | 5733c3f34776f419006611d4 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | What does some resistance come from? | What does some resistance come from? | [
"What does some resistance come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"mutation"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12399 | 5733c3f34776f419006611d5 | Antibiotics | Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition... | What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance? | What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance? | [
"What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?"
] | {
"text": [
"vertical transmission of mutations"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
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