gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-13500 | 56e7bf1b37bdd419002c43e5 | Nanjing | Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains, historical buildings and monuments, relics and much more, which attracts thousands of tourists every year. | How many tourists does Nanjing receive each year? | How many tourists does Nanjing receive each year? | [
"How many tourists does Nanjing receive each year?"
] | {
"text": [
"thousands"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13501 | 56e7bf1b37bdd419002c43e6 | Nanjing | Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains, historical buildings and monuments, relics and much more, which attracts thousands of tourists every year. | What type of buildings attract tourists to Nanjing? | What type of buildings attract tourists to Nanjing? | [
"What type of buildings attract tourists to Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"historical buildings"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13502 | 56e7bf1b37bdd419002c43e7 | Nanjing | Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains, historical buildings and monuments, relics and much more, which attracts thousands of tourists every year. | List three natural attractions of Nanjing. | List three natural attractions of Nanjing. | [
"List three natural attractions of Nanjing."
] | {
"text": [
"lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13503 | 56e7c00000c9c71400d7757f | Nanjing | Because it was designated as the national capital, many structures were built around that time. Even today, some of them still remain which are open to tourists. | What was the designation of Nanjing? | What was the designation of Nanjing? | [
"What was the designation of Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"the national capital"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13504 | 56e7c00000c9c71400d77580 | Nanjing | Because it was designated as the national capital, many structures were built around that time. Even today, some of them still remain which are open to tourists. | What happened around the time that Nanjing was designated as the capital? | What happened around the time that Nanjing was designated as the capital? | [
"What happened around the time that Nanjing was designated as the capital?"
] | {
"text": [
"many structures were built"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13505 | 56e7c00000c9c71400d77581 | Nanjing | Because it was designated as the national capital, many structures were built around that time. Even today, some of them still remain which are open to tourists. | Are any of the structures that were built at that time still around? | Are any of the structures that were built at that time still around? | [
"Are any of the structures that were built at that time still around?"
] | {
"text": [
"some of them still remain"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13506 | 56e7c00000c9c71400d77582 | Nanjing | Because it was designated as the national capital, many structures were built around that time. Even today, some of them still remain which are open to tourists. | The structures that still remain are open to whom? | The structures that still remain are open to whom? | [
"The structures that still remain are open to whom?"
] | {
"text": [
"tourists"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13507 | 56e7c15800c9c71400d77587 | Nanjing | Nanjing has been the educational centre in southern China for more than 1700 years. There are 75 institutions of higher learning till 2013. The number of National key laboratories, National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the natio... | How long has Nanjing been considered the education hub of southern China? | How long has Nanjing been considered the education hub of southern China? | [
"How long has Nanjing been considered the education hub of southern China?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than 1700 years"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13508 | 56e7c15800c9c71400d77588 | Nanjing | Nanjing has been the educational centre in southern China for more than 1700 years. There are 75 institutions of higher learning till 2013. The number of National key laboratories, National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the natio... | How many places of higher learning are in Nanjing? | How many places of higher learning are in Nanjing? | [
"How many places of higher learning are in Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"75"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13509 | 56e7c15800c9c71400d77589 | Nanjing | Nanjing has been the educational centre in southern China for more than 1700 years. There are 75 institutions of higher learning till 2013. The number of National key laboratories, National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the natio... | What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key laboratories? | What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key laboratories? | [
"What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key laboratories?"
] | {
"text": [
"third"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13510 | 56e7c15800c9c71400d7758a | Nanjing | Nanjing has been the educational centre in southern China for more than 1700 years. There are 75 institutions of higher learning till 2013. The number of National key laboratories, National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the natio... | What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key disciplines? | What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key disciplines? | [
"What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key disciplines?"
] | {
"text": [
"third"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13511 | 56e7c15800c9c71400d7758b | Nanjing | Nanjing has been the educational centre in southern China for more than 1700 years. There are 75 institutions of higher learning till 2013. The number of National key laboratories, National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the natio... | What type of educational institutions are in the area, that Nanjing can brag about? | What type of educational institutions are in the area, that Nanjing can brag about? | [
"What type of educational institutions are in the area, that Nanjing can brag about?"
] | {
"text": [
"some of the most prominent"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13512 | 570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbe | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is the first step in the human digestive system? | What is the first step in the human digestive system? | [
"What is the first step in the human digestive system?"
] | {
"text": [
"the action of mastication (chewing)"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13513 | 570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbf | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is saliva? | What is saliva? | [
"What is saliva?"
] | {
"text": [
"a liquid secreted by the salivary glands"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13514 | 570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc0 | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches? | What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches? | [
"What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches?"
] | {
"text": [
"salivary amylase"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13515 | 570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc1 | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is the definition of bolus? | What is the definition of bolus? | [
"What is the definition of bolus?"
] | {
"text": [
"a small, round slurry mass"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13516 | 570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc2 | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called? | What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called? | [
"What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called?"
] | {
"text": [
"peristalsis"
],
"answer_start": [
701
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13517 | 570be36dec8fbc190045bbc8 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nu... | What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours? | What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours? | [
"What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours?"
] | {
"text": [
"eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13518 | 570be36dec8fbc190045bbc9 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nu... | Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice? | Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice? | [
"Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice?"
] | {
"text": [
"extract more nutrition"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13519 | 570be36dec8fbc190045bbca | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nu... | What happens with these soft feacal pellets? | What happens with these soft feacal pellets? | [
"What happens with these soft feacal pellets?"
] | {
"text": [
"excreted and generally consumed immediately"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13520 | 570be36dec8fbc190045bbcb | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nu... | Are normal droppings also eaten? | Are normal droppings also eaten? | [
"Are normal droppings also eaten? "
] | {
"text": [
"not eaten"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13521 | 570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd0 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | What are the two types of digestion? | What are the two types of digestion? | [
"What are the two types of digestion?"
] | {
"text": [
"internal and external digestion"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13522 | 570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd1 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | When did external digestion develop? | When did external digestion develop? | [
"When did external digestion develop?"
] | {
"text": [
"earlier in evolutionary history"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13523 | 570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd2 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | What still uses the external digestion system? | What still uses the external digestion system? | [
"What still uses the external digestion system?"
] | {
"text": [
"most fungi"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13524 | 570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd3 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion? | What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion? | [
"What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion?"
] | {
"text": [
"gastrointestinal tract"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13525 | 570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd4 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | Why is internal digection better than external? | Why is internal digection better than external? | [
"Why is internal digection better than external?"
] | {
"text": [
"more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13526 | 570cee7ffed7b91900d45afb | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What elements can transfer to plant cells? | What elements can transfer to plant cells? | [
"What elements can transfer to plant cells?"
] | {
"text": [
"Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13527 | 570cee7ffed7b91900d45afc | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | Where do transferred genes enter? | Where do transferred genes enter? | [
"Where do transferred genes enter?"
] | {
"text": [
"the plant cell nucleus"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13528 | 570cee7ffed7b91900d45afd | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources? | What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources? | [
"What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources?"
] | {
"text": [
"opines"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13529 | 570cee7ffed7b91900d45afe | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What happens to infected plant cells? | What happens to infected plant cells? | [
"What happens to infected plant cells?"
] | {
"text": [
"end"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13530 | 570cee7ffed7b91900d45aff | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What are endosymbionts of the bacteria? | What are endosymbionts of the bacteria? | [
"What are endosymbionts of the bacteria?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Ti and Ri plasmids"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13531 | 570cef0dfed7b91900d45b05 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | Where are teeth found? | Where are teeth found? | [
"Where are teeth found?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the jaws (or mouths)"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13532 | 570cef0dfed7b91900d45b06 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | What are teeth used for? | What are teeth used for? | [
"What are teeth used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"to tear, scrape, milk and chew food"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13533 | 570cef0dfed7b91900d45b07 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | What are teeth made out of? | What are teeth made out of? | [
"What are teeth made out of?"
] | {
"text": [
"enamel, dentine and cementum"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13534 | 570cef0dfed7b91900d45b08 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | What in human teeth enables proprioception? | What in human teeth enables proprioception? | [
"What in human teeth enables proprioception?"
] | {
"text": [
"a blood and nerve supply"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13535 | 570cef0dfed7b91900d45b09 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | What happens when you bite something you cant chew? | What happens when you bite something you cant chew? | [
"What happens when you bite something you cant chew?"
] | {
"text": [
"our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying."
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13536 | 570cef82b3d812140066d33f | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants? | What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants? | [
"What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants?"
] | {
"text": [
"The abomasum"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13537 | 570cef82b3d812140066d340 | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What is the abomasums close equivalent? | What is the abomasums close equivalent? | [
"What is the abomasums close equivalent?"
] | {
"text": [
"a monogastric stomach"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13538 | 570cef82b3d812140066d341 | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What does this site serve primarily as? | What does this site serve primarily as? | [
"What does this site serve primarily as?"
] | {
"text": [
"a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine."
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13539 | 570cef82b3d812140066d342 | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine? | What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine? | [
"What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine?"
] | {
"text": [
"the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13540 | 570cef82b3d812140066d343 | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What is also digested in the small intestine? | What is also digested in the small intestine? | [
"What is also digested in the small intestine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13541 | 570cf000fed7b91900d45b0f | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of? | What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of? | [
"What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of?"
] | {
"text": [
"a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine."
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13542 | 570cf000fed7b91900d45b10 | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What does an earthworm eat? | What does an earthworm eat? | [
"What does an earthworm eat?"
] | {
"text": [
"dead grass, leaves, and weeds"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13543 | 570cf000fed7b91900d45b11 | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds? | What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds? | [
"What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds?"
] | {
"text": [
"The mouth is surrounded by strong lips"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13544 | 570cf000fed7b91900d45b12 | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What is the food coated with for easier passage? | What is the food coated with for easier passage? | [
"What is the food coated with for easier passage?"
] | {
"text": [
"mucus"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13545 | 570cf000fed7b91900d45b13 | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food? | What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food? | [
"What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food?"
] | {
"text": [
"The powerful muscles of the gizzard"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13546 | 570cf05db3d812140066d349 | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | Where does the digestions of some fats start? | Where does the digestions of some fats start? | [
"Where does the digestions of some fats start?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the mouth"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13547 | 570cf05db3d812140066d34a | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | Where are fats mainly digested? | Where are fats mainly digested? | [
"Where are fats mainly digested?"
] | {
"text": [
"the small intestine"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13548 | 570cf05db3d812140066d34b | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | What happens when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine? | What happens when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine? | [
"What happens when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine?"
] | {
"text": [
"produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13549 | 570cf05db3d812140066d34c | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | What does bile from the liver help do? | What does bile from the liver help do? | [
"What does bile from the liver help do?"
] | {
"text": [
"helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13550 | 570cf05db3d812140066d34d | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | What is one molecule of fat? | What is one molecule of fat? | [
"What is one molecule of fat?"
] | {
"text": [
"a triglyceride"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13551 | 570cf0b5b3d812140066d353 | Digestion | Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often d... | What is digestion? | What is digestion? | [
"What is digestion?"
] | {
"text": [
"the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13552 | 570cf0b5b3d812140066d354 | Digestion | Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often d... | In some organisms, how are these molecules absorbed? | In some organisms, how are these molecules absorbed? | [
"In some organisms, how are these molecules absorbed?"
] | {
"text": [
"these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13553 | 570cf0b5b3d812140066d355 | Digestion | Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often d... | What are the two ways that food is broken down? | What are the two ways that food is broken down? | [
"What are the two ways that food is broken down?"
] | {
"text": [
"mechanical and chemical digestion"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13554 | 570cf0b5b3d812140066d356 | Digestion | Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often d... | What is mechanical digestion? | What is mechanical digestion? | [
"What is mechanical digestion?"
] | {
"text": [
"the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13555 | 570cf0b5b3d812140066d357 | Digestion | Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often d... | What is chemical digestion? | What is chemical digestion? | [
"What is chemical digestion?"
] | {
"text": [
"enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13556 | 570cf137b3d812140066d35d | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | What are three digestions phases? | What are three digestions phases? | [
"What are three digestions phases?"
] | {
"text": [
"the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13557 | 570cf137b3d812140066d35e | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | Where does the cephalic phase occur? | Where does the cephalic phase occur? | [
"Where does the cephalic phase occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13558 | 570cf137b3d812140066d35f | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to? | Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to? | [
"Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to?"
] | {
"text": [
"the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13559 | 570cf137b3d812140066d360 | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | How long does the gastric phase take? | How long does the gastric phase take? | [
"How long does the gastric phase take?"
] | {
"text": [
"3 to 4 hours"
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13560 | 570cf137b3d812140066d361 | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | How is the gastric phase stimulated to start? | How is the gastric phase stimulated to start? | [
"How is the gastric phase stimulated to start?"
] | {
"text": [
"by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH"
],
"answer_start": [
673
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13561 | 570cf193b3d812140066d367 | Digestion | In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system tra... | What happens in a chennel transupport system? | What happens in a chennel transupport system? | [
"What happens in a chennel transupport system? "
] | {
"text": [
"several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13562 | 570cf193b3d812140066d368 | Digestion | In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system tra... | What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system? | What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system? | [
"What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system?"
] | {
"text": [
"the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13563 | 570cf193b3d812140066d369 | Digestion | In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system tra... | What does this secretion system transport? | What does this secretion system transport? | [
"What does this secretion system transport?"
] | {
"text": [
"various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13564 | 570cf238fed7b91900d45b37 | Digestion | In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles fro... | What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material? | What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material? | [
"What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material?"
] | {
"text": [
"the formation of outer membrane vesicles"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13565 | 570cf238fed7b91900d45b38 | Digestion | In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles fro... | What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane? | What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane? | [
"What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane?"
] | {
"text": [
", forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13566 | 570cf238fed7b91900d45b39 | Digestion | In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles fro... | What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate? | What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate? | [
"What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate?"
] | {
"text": [
"response to stress conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13567 | 570cf238fed7b91900d45b3a | Digestion | In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles fro... | What virulence factors do some bacterial species have? | What virulence factors do some bacterial species have? | [
"What virulence factors do some bacterial species have?"
] | {
"text": [
"some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13568 | 570cf297b3d812140066d36d | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | What muscle movements are used for digestion? | What muscle movements are used for digestion? | [
"What muscle movements are used for digestion?"
] | {
"text": [
"swallowing and peristalsis"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13569 | 570cf297b3d812140066d36e | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | What does every stpe of digestion require? | What does every stpe of digestion require? | [
"What does every stpe of digestion require?"
] | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13570 | 570cf297b3d812140066d36f | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | What does needing energy to digest impose? | What does needing energy to digest impose? | [
"What does needing energy to digest impose?"
] | {
"text": [
"an \"overhead charge\""
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13571 | 570cf297b3d812140066d370 | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | Over head charges influence what? | Over head charges influence what? | [
"Over head charges influence what?"
] | {
"text": [
"lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13572 | 570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b49 | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | Where does digestion begin? | Where does digestion begin? | [
"Where does digestion begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13573 | 570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4a | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | What is food formed into before it is swallowed? | What is food formed into before it is swallowed? | [
"What is food formed into before it is swallowed?"
] | {
"text": [
"a bolus"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13574 | 570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4b | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | Where does food go after the esophagus? | Where does food go after the esophagus? | [
"Where does food go after the esophagus?"
] | {
"text": [
"the stomach"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13575 | 570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4c | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | What is the action of food being moved into the stomach? | What is the action of food being moved into the stomach? | [
"What is the action of food being moved into the stomach?"
] | {
"text": [
"peristalsis"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13576 | 570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4d | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | What does gastric juice consist of? | What does gastric juice consist of? | [
"What does gastric juice consist of?"
] | {
"text": [
"hydrochloric acid and pepsin"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13577 | 570cf364fed7b91900d45b53 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | What is lactase? | What is lactase? | [
"What is lactase?"
] | {
"text": [
"an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13578 | 570cf364fed7b91900d45b54 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | What are lactoses component parts? | What are lactoses component parts? | [
"What are lactoses component parts?"
] | {
"text": [
"glucose and galactose"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13579 | 570cf364fed7b91900d45b55 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | Where are glucose and galactose absorbed? | Where are glucose and galactose absorbed? | [
"Where are glucose and galactose absorbed?"
] | {
"text": [
"small intestine"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13580 | 570cf364fed7b91900d45b56 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods? | What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods? | [
"What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?"
] | {
"text": [
"Approximately 65 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13581 | 570cf364fed7b91900d45b57 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | What is knon as when you are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods? | What is knon as when you are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods? | [
"What is knon as when you are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?"
] | {
"text": [
"lactose intolerance"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13582 | 570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5d | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | What is the resulting thick liquid called? | What is the resulting thick liquid called? | [
"What is the resulting thick liquid called?"
] | {
"text": [
"chyme"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13583 | 570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5e | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | What does chyme mix with in the duodenum? | What does chyme mix with in the duodenum? | [
"What does chyme mix with in the duodenum?"
] | {
"text": [
"digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13584 | 570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5f | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | Where does hyme go after the duodenum? | Where does hyme go after the duodenum? | [
"Where does hyme go after the duodenum?"
] | {
"text": [
"the small intestine"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13585 | 570cf3cefed7b91900d45b60 | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | Where is chyme absorbed into? | Where is chyme absorbed into? | [
"Where is chyme absorbed into?"
] | {
"text": [
"blood"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13586 | 570cf3cefed7b91900d45b61 | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | Where does 95% of absobtion of nutrients occur? | Where does 95% of absobtion of nutrients occur? | [
"Where does 95% of absobtion of nutrients occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"the small intestine"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13587 | 570cf442fed7b91900d45b71 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion in mammals? | What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion in mammals? | [
"What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion in mammals?"
] | {
"text": [
"the cephalic phase"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13588 | 570cf442fed7b91900d45b72 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | What is the cephalic phase? | What is the cephalic phase? | [
"What is the cephalic phase?"
] | {
"text": [
"saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13589 | 570cf442fed7b91900d45b73 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | What digestions begin in the mouth? | What digestions begin in the mouth? | [
"What digestions begin in the mouth?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mechanical and chemical digestion"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13590 | 570cf442fed7b91900d45b74 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | What happens in the stomach after the food is chewed and mixed with starches? | What happens in the stomach after the food is chewed and mixed with starches? | [
"What happens in the stomach after the food is chewed and mixed with starches?"
] | {
"text": [
"The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13591 | 570cf442fed7b91900d45b75 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | Where does absorption occur? | Where does absorption occur? | [
"Where does absorption occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13592 | 570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7b | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | Where does protein digestion occur? | Where does protein digestion occur? | [
"Where does protein digestion occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the stomach and duodenum"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13593 | 570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7c | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | What are the three main enzymes that break down food? | What are the three main enzymes that break down food? | [
"What are the three main enzymes that break down food?"
] | {
"text": [
"pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13594 | 570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7d | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as? | What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as? | [
"What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as?"
] | {
"text": [
"inactive precursors, the zymogens"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13595 | 570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7e | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | What are dipeptidases broken down into? | What are dipeptidases broken down into? | [
"What are dipeptidases broken down into?"
] | {
"text": [
"amino acids"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13596 | 570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7f | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | What organ secretes chymotrypsin? | What organ secretes chymotrypsin? | [
"What organ secretes chymotrypsin?"
] | {
"text": [
"the pancreas"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13597 | 5726f7fe5951b619008f8397 | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, cr... | How long does it take glaciers to form? | How long does it take glaciers to form? | [
"How long does it take glaciers to form?"
] | {
"text": [
"many years, often centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13598 | 5726f7fe5951b619008f8398 | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, cr... | Do glaciers form on land, in the sea, or a combination of both? | Do glaciers form on land, in the sea, or a combination of both? | [
"Do glaciers form on land, in the sea, or a combination of both?"
] | {
"text": [
"only on land"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13599 | 5726f7fe5951b619008f8399 | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, cr... | Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface? | Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface? | [
"Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface?"
] | {
"text": [
"sea ice and lake ice"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
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