gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-13600 | 5726f7fe5951b619008f839a | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water. | What causes glaciers to deform and flow? | What causes glaciers to deform and flow? | [
"What causes glaciers to deform and flow?"
] | {
"text": [
"stresses induced by their weight"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13601 | 5726f7fe5951b619008f839b | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water. | What are some distinguishing glacial features? | What are some distinguishing glacial features? | [
"What are some distinguishing glacial features?"
] | {
"text": [
"crevasses, seracs"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13602 | 5a356ecd788daf001a5f85ee | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water. | What is a semi-permanent body of ice that moves under its own weight? | What is a semi-permanent body of ice that moves under its own weight? | [
"What is a semi-permanent body of ice that moves under its own weight?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13603 | 5a356ecd788daf001a5f85ef | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water. | What forms were ice accumulates? | What forms were ice accumulates? | [
"What forms were ice accumulates?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13604 | 5a356ecd788daf001a5f85f0 | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water. | What causes glaciers to remain smooth in uniform? | What causes glaciers to remain smooth in uniform? | [
"What causes glaciers to remain smooth in uniform?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13605 | 5a356ecd788daf001a5f85f1 | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water. | What other kinds of ice are thicker than glaciers? | What other kinds of ice are thicker than glaciers? | [
"What other kinds of ice are thicker than glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13606 | 5726f8e35951b619008f83bd | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. | How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles? | How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles? | [
"How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles?"
] | {
"text": [
"99%"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13607 | 5726f8e35951b619008f83be | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. | Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier? | Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier? | [
"Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier?"
] | {
"text": [
"Australia"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13608 | 5726f8e35951b619008f83bf | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. | How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover? | How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover? | [
"How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 10 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13609 | 5726f8e35951b619008f83c0 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. | What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier? | What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier? | [
"What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"2,100 m (7,000 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13610 | 5726f8e35951b619008f83c1 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. | What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers? | What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers? | [
"What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"98 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
509
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13611 | 5a35712a788daf001a5f85f6 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. | Where is 99% of the world snow contained? | Where is 99% of the world snow contained? | [
"Where is 99% of the world snow contained?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13612 | 5a35712a788daf001a5f85f7 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. | What can be found on every continent of the world? | What can be found on every continent of the world? | [
"What can be found on every continent of the world?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13613 | 5a35712a788daf001a5f85f8 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. | What percentage of the polar regions land surface is covered with glaciers? | What percentage of the polar regions land surface is covered with glaciers? | [
"What percentage of the polar regions land surface is covered with glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13614 | 5a35712a788daf001a5f85f9 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. | What Connie Is Covered by 13,000,000 mi.² of glaciers? | What Connie Is Covered by 13,000,000 mi.² of glaciers? | [
"What Connie Is Covered by 13,000,000 mi.² of glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13615 | 5a35712a788daf001a5f85fa | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. | Between what one want to latitudes or glaciers only found in valleys? | Between what one want to latitudes or glaciers only found in valleys? | [
"Between what one want to latitudes or glaciers only found in valleys?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13616 | 5726f9ba708984140094d76f | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater. | Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater? | Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater? | [
"Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater?"
] | {
"text": [
"glaciers"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13617 | 5726f9ba708984140094d770 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater. | What causes glaciers to release meltwater? | What causes glaciers to release meltwater? | [
"What causes glaciers to release meltwater?"
] | {
"text": [
"warmer summer temperatures"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13618 | 5726f9ba708984140094d771 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater. | In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers? | In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers? | [
"In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Antarctic environments"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13619 | 5726f9ba708984140094d772 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater. | Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier? | Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier? | [
"Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"when other sources may be scant"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13620 | 5a35755b788daf001a5f8600 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater. | Where is all the fresh water on earth contained? | Where is all the fresh water on earth contained? | [
"Where is all the fresh water on earth contained?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13621 | 5a35755b788daf001a5f8601 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater. | What glaciers often release place during warm periods? | What glaciers often release place during warm periods? | [
"What glaciers often release place during warm periods?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13622 | 5a35755b788daf001a5f8602 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater. | What creates in important water source for many plants and animals but not humans? | What creates in important water source for many plants and animals but not humans? | [
"What creates in important water source for many plants and animals but not humans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13623 | 5a35755b788daf001a5f8603 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater. | Who benefits from the Antarctic's meltwater? | Who benefits from the Antarctic's meltwater? | [
"Who benefits from the Antarctic's meltwater?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13624 | 5726fb79dd62a815002e96e0 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier. | At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers? | At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers? | [
"At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13625 | 5726fb79dd62a815002e96e1 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier. | How many extant ice sheets exist? | How many extant ice sheets exist? | [
"How many extant ice sheets exist?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13626 | 5726fb79dd62a815002e96e2 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier. | How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt? | How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt? | [
"How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt?"
] | {
"text": [
"70 m (230 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13627 | 5726fb79dd62a815002e96e3 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier. | What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface? | What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface? | [
"What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface?"
] | {
"text": [
"nunataks"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13628 | 5726fb79dd62a815002e96e4 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier. | Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what? | Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what? | [
"Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"ice streams"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13629 | 5a357645788daf001a5f8608 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier. | What are glaciers smaller it in 50,000 km² called? | What are glaciers smaller it in 50,000 km² called? | [
"What are glaciers smaller it in 50,000 km² called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13630 | 5a357645788daf001a5f8609 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier. | What can often be seen beneath the sheets? | What can often be seen beneath the sheets? | [
"What can often be seen beneath the sheets?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13631 | 5a357645788daf001a5f860a | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier. | Where a sheets now extinct? | Where a sheets now extinct? | [
"Where a sheets now extinct?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13632 | 5a357645788daf001a5f860b | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier. | What are ice sheets that cover the sea called? | What are ice sheets that cover the sea called? | [
"What are ice sheets that cover the sea called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13633 | 5a357645788daf001a5f860c | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier. | What you shelves become is a melt? | What you shelves become is a melt? | [
"What you shelves become is a melt?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13634 | 5726fc9f5951b619008f8419 | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers. | What are glaciers called that end in the sea? | What are glaciers called that end in the sea? | [
"What are glaciers called that end in the sea?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tidewater glaciers"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13635 | 5726fc9f5951b619008f841a | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers. | Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type? | Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type? | [
"Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tidewater glaciers"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13636 | 5726fc9f5951b619008f841b | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers. | Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers? | Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers? | [
"Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"much less"
],
"answer_start": [
509
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13637 | 5726fc9f5951b619008f841c | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers. | Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level? | Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level? | [
"Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level?"
] | {
"text": [
"above"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13638 | 5726fc9f5951b619008f841d | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers. | How are icebergs formed? | How are icebergs formed? | [
"How are icebergs formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13639 | 5a3584be788daf001a5f8612 | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers. | What are tidal glaciers? | What are tidal glaciers? | [
"What are tidal glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13640 | 5a3584be788daf001a5f8613 | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers. | Hetero icebergs form glaciers? | Hetero icebergs form glaciers? | [
"Hetero icebergs form glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13641 | 5a3584be788daf001a5f8614 | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers. | What affects tidewater glaciers more than others? | What affects tidewater glaciers more than others? | [
"What affects tidewater glaciers more than others?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13642 | 5a3584be788daf001a5f8615 | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers. | What type of glaciers have been retreating for centuries? | What type of glaciers have been retreating for centuries? | [
"What type of glaciers have been retreating for centuries?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13643 | 5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d4 | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal. | From where is the temperature of a glacier measured? | From where is the temperature of a glacier measured? | [
"From where is the temperature of a glacier measured?"
] | {
"text": [
"base alone"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13644 | 5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d5 | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal. | Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide? | Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide? | [
"Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide?"
] | {
"text": [
"warm-based glacier"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13645 | 5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d6 | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal. | What temperature makes a glacier polythermal? | What temperature makes a glacier polythermal? | [
"What temperature makes a glacier polythermal?"
] | {
"text": [
"partly cold-based and partly warm-based"
],
"answer_start": [
913
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13646 | 5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d7 | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal. | What temperature determines a polar glacier? | What temperature determines a polar glacier? | [
"What temperature determines a polar glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"always below freezing point from the surface to its base"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13647 | 5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d8 | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal. | What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier? | What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier? | [
"What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13648 | 5a358613788daf001a5f861a | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal. | What temperature is a polar glacier always above? | What temperature is a polar glacier always above? | [
"What temperature is a polar glacier always above?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13649 | 5a358613788daf001a5f861b | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal. | What temperature is a temperate glacier always above? | What temperature is a temperate glacier always above? | [
"What temperature is a temperate glacier always above?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13650 | 5a358613788daf001a5f861c | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal. | What two types of ice are contained in a polar glacier? | What two types of ice are contained in a polar glacier? | [
"What two types of ice are contained in a polar glacier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13651 | 5a358613788daf001a5f861d | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal. | Why are warm based glaciers not able to slide? | Why are warm based glaciers not able to slide? | [
"Why are warm based glaciers not able to slide?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13652 | 5a358613788daf001a5f861e | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal. | Why is it cold basically sure able to slide? | Why is it cold basically sure able to slide? | [
"Why is it cold basically sure able to slide?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13653 | 5726fec6dd62a815002e973c | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice. | Under what circumstances do glaciers form? | Under what circumstances do glaciers form? | [
"Under what circumstances do glaciers form?"
] | {
"text": [
"where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13654 | 5726fec6dd62a815002e973d | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice. | What is a cirque? | What is a cirque? | [
"What is a cirque?"
] | {
"text": [
"The area in which a glacier forms"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13655 | 5726fec6dd62a815002e973e | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice. | What shape is a cirque, generally? | What shape is a cirque, generally? | [
"What shape is a cirque, generally?"
] | {
"text": [
"armchair-shaped"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13656 | 5726fec6dd62a815002e973f | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice. | How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers? | How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers? | [
"How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"15 m (50 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
855
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13657 | 5a358b22788daf001a5f8624 | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice. | What forms were snow and ice accumulation is equal to its melting | What forms were snow and ice accumulation is equal to its melting | [
"What forms were snow and ice accumulation is equal to its melting"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13658 | 5a358b22788daf001a5f8625 | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice. | What geological features formed by glaciers? | What geological features formed by glaciers? | [
"What geological features formed by glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13659 | 5a358b22788daf001a5f8626 | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice. | What happens in a minimum of 15 feet of snow? | What happens in a minimum of 15 feet of snow? | [
"What happens in a minimum of 15 feet of snow?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13660 | 5a358b22788daf001a5f8627 | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice. | What causes a glaciers stop moving? | What causes a glaciers stop moving? | [
"What causes a glaciers stop moving?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13661 | 5726ffac5951b619008f844f | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques. | What characteristics determine glacial zones? | What characteristics determine glacial zones? | [
"What characteristics determine glacial zones?"
] | {
"text": [
"surface snowpack and melt conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13662 | 5726ffac5951b619008f8450 | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques. | Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass? | Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass? | [
"Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass?"
] | {
"text": [
"ablation zone"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13663 | 5726ffac5951b619008f8451 | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques. | What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone? | What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone? | [
"What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone?"
] | {
"text": [
"equilibrium line"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13664 | 5726ffac5951b619008f8452 | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques. | How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone? | How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone? | [
"How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone?"
] | {
"text": [
"60–70%"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13665 | 5a359966788daf001a5f862c | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques. | What is based on suface ice and melt conditions? | What is based on suface ice and melt conditions? | [
"What is based on suface ice and melt conditions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13666 | 5a359966788daf001a5f862d | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques. | Wht line marks the center of the glacier? | Wht line marks the center of the glacier? | [
"Wht line marks the center of the glacier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13667 | 5a359966788daf001a5f862e | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques. | What does the abilation zone cover 60-70% of? | What does the abilation zone cover 60-70% of? | [
"What does the abilation zone cover 60-70% of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13668 | 5a359966788daf001a5f862f | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques. | What forces underlying rock upward? | What forces underlying rock upward? | [
"What forces underlying rock upward?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13669 | 5a359966788daf001a5f8630 | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques. | What lakes where formed from a mountain depression | What lakes where formed from a mountain depression | [
"What lakes where formed from a mountain depression"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13670 | 57270035708984140094d81b | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs. | Why are the tops of glaciers rigid? | Why are the tops of glaciers rigid? | [
"Why are the tops of glaciers rigid?"
] | {
"text": [
"they are under low pressure"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13671 | 57270035708984140094d81c | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs. | Which zone is the top of the glaciers? | Which zone is the top of the glaciers? | [
"Which zone is the top of the glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"fracture zone"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13672 | 57270035708984140094d81d | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs. | Why are glacial crevices formed? | Why are glacial crevices formed? | [
"Why are glacial crevices formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"differences in glacier velocity"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13673 | 57270035708984140094d81e | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs. | What are seracs? | What are seracs? | [
"What are seracs?"
] | {
"text": [
"isolated peaks in the ice"
],
"answer_start": [
723
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13674 | 57270035708984140094d81f | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs. | Most crevices are no deeper than what measure? | Most crevices are no deeper than what measure? | [
"Most crevices are no deeper than what measure?"
] | {
"text": [
"46 m (150 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13675 | 5a359abb788daf001a5f8636 | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs. | Why is the lower 50m of a glacier rigid? | Why is the lower 50m of a glacier rigid? | [
"Why is the lower 50m of a glacier rigid?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13676 | 5a359abb788daf001a5f8637 | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs. | What is the free flowing upper section known as? | What is the free flowing upper section known as? | [
"What is the free flowing upper section known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13677 | 5a359abb788daf001a5f8638 | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs. | what forms where glaciers are unable to move? | what forms where glaciers are unable to move? | [
"what forms where glaciers are unable to move?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13678 | 5a359abb788daf001a5f8639 | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs. | What happens when two ridgid sections of a glacier collide? | What happens when two ridgid sections of a glacier collide? | [
"What happens when two ridgid sections of a glacier collide?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13679 | 5a359abb788daf001a5f863a | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs. | What point do sercas form above? | What point do sercas form above? | [
"What point do sercas form above?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13680 | 57270105dd62a815002e9772 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins. | Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier? | Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier? | [
"Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"Marginal crevasses"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13681 | 57270105dd62a815002e9773 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins. | Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier? | Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier? | [
"Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13682 | 57270105dd62a815002e9774 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins. | What do bergschrunds resemble? | What do bergschrunds resemble? | [
"What do bergschrunds resemble?"
] | {
"text": [
"crevasses"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13683 | 57270105dd62a815002e9775 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins. | How are bergschrunds different than crevasses? | How are bergschrunds different than crevasses? | [
"How are bergschrunds different than crevasses?"
] | {
"text": [
"singular features at a glacier's margins"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13684 | 57270105dd62a815002e9776 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins. | Where do transverse crevasses form? | Where do transverse crevasses form? | [
"Where do transverse crevasses form?"
] | {
"text": [
"where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13685 | 5a35aa71788daf001a5f8640 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins. | What kind of crevasses form where steep slopes cause glaciers to deccelerate? | What kind of crevasses form where steep slopes cause glaciers to deccelerate? | [
"What kind of crevasses form where steep slopes cause glaciers to deccelerate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13686 | 5a35aa71788daf001a5f8641 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins. | What kind of crevasses form where glaciers contract laterally? | What kind of crevasses form where glaciers contract laterally? | [
"What kind of crevasses form where glaciers contract laterally?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13687 | 5a35aa71788daf001a5f8642 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins. | What kind of crevasses form at the edge of a glacier due to an increase in speed? | What kind of crevasses form at the edge of a glacier due to an increase in speed? | [
"What kind of crevasses form at the edge of a glacier due to an increase in speed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13688 | 5a35aa71788daf001a5f8643 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins. | What is formed when moving ice seperates from sragnant ice below? | What is formed when moving ice seperates from sragnant ice below? | [
"What is formed when moving ice seperates from sragnant ice below?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13689 | 5a35aa71788daf001a5f8644 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins. | What margins to crevasses form at? | What margins to crevasses form at? | [
"What margins to crevasses form at?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13690 | 572702ec708984140094d871 | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness. | In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day? | In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day? | [
"In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jakobshavn Isbræ"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13691 | 572702ec708984140094d872 | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness. | Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what? | Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what? | [
"Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Velocity"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13692 | 572702ec708984140094d873 | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness. | How far do glaciers generally move per day? | How far do glaciers generally move per day? | [
"How far do glaciers generally move per day?"
] | {
"text": [
"1 m (3 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13693 | 572702ec708984140094d874 | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness. | Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska? | Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska? | [
"Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska?"
] | {
"text": [
"trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13694 | 5a35bbcb788daf001a5f864a | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness. | What typically moves at around 3 meters a day? | What typically moves at around 3 meters a day? | [
"What typically moves at around 3 meters a day?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13695 | 5a35bbcb788daf001a5f864b | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness. | What grows on moving glaciers in Alaska? | What grows on moving glaciers in Alaska? | [
"What grows on moving glaciers in Alaska?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13696 | 5a35bbcb788daf001a5f864c | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness. | What makes some glaciers stagnant? | What makes some glaciers stagnant? | [
"What makes some glaciers stagnant?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13697 | 5a35bbcb788daf001a5f864d | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness. | What causes increased thickness? | What causes increased thickness? | [
"What causes increased thickness?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13698 | 5727044ef1498d1400e8f246 | Glacier | A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier — perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake — or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point". Temporary rates up to 90 m (300 ft) per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier. | What is a glacial surge? | What is a glacial surge? | [
"What is a glacial surge?"
] | {
"text": [
"periods of very rapid advancement"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13699 | 5727044ef1498d1400e8f247 | Glacier | A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier — perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake — or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point". Temporary rates up to 90 m (300 ft) per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier. | What failure causes surges? | What failure causes surges? | [
"What failure causes surges?"
] | {
"text": [
"failure of the underlying bedrock"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
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