gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-13600 | 5726f7fe5951b619008f839a | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, cr... | What causes glaciers to deform and flow? | What causes glaciers to deform and flow? | [
"What causes glaciers to deform and flow?"
] | {
"text": [
"stresses induced by their weight"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13601 | 5726f7fe5951b619008f839b | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, cr... | What are some distinguishing glacial features? | What are some distinguishing glacial features? | [
"What are some distinguishing glacial features?"
] | {
"text": [
"crevasses, seracs"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13602 | 5a356ecd788daf001a5f85ee | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, cr... | What is a semi-permanent body of ice that moves under its own weight? | What is a semi-permanent body of ice that moves under its own weight? | [
"What is a semi-permanent body of ice that moves under its own weight?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13603 | 5a356ecd788daf001a5f85ef | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, cr... | What forms were ice accumulates? | What forms were ice accumulates? | [
"What forms were ice accumulates?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13604 | 5a356ecd788daf001a5f85f0 | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, cr... | What causes glaciers to remain smooth in uniform? | What causes glaciers to remain smooth in uniform? | [
"What causes glaciers to remain smooth in uniform?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13605 | 5a356ecd788daf001a5f85f1 | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, cr... | What other kinds of ice are thicker than glaciers? | What other kinds of ice are thicker than glaciers? | [
"What other kinds of ice are thicker than glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13606 | 5726f8e35951b619008f83bd | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains i... | How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles? | How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles? | [
"How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles?"
] | {
"text": [
"99%"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13607 | 5726f8e35951b619008f83be | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains i... | Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier? | Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier? | [
"Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier?"
] | {
"text": [
"Australia"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13608 | 5726f8e35951b619008f83bf | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains i... | How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover? | How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover? | [
"How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 10 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13609 | 5726f8e35951b619008f83c0 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains i... | What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier? | What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier? | [
"What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"2,100 m (7,000 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13610 | 5726f8e35951b619008f83c1 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains i... | What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers? | What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers? | [
"What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"98 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
509
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13611 | 5a35712a788daf001a5f85f6 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains i... | Where is 99% of the world snow contained? | Where is 99% of the world snow contained? | [
"Where is 99% of the world snow contained?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13612 | 5a35712a788daf001a5f85f7 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains i... | What can be found on every continent of the world? | What can be found on every continent of the world? | [
"What can be found on every continent of the world?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13613 | 5a35712a788daf001a5f85f8 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains i... | What percentage of the polar regions land surface is covered with glaciers? | What percentage of the polar regions land surface is covered with glaciers? | [
"What percentage of the polar regions land surface is covered with glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13614 | 5a35712a788daf001a5f85f9 | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains i... | What Connie Is Covered by 13,000,000 mi.² of glaciers? | What Connie Is Covered by 13,000,000 mi.² of glaciers? | [
"What Connie Is Covered by 13,000,000 mi.² of glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13615 | 5a35712a788daf001a5f85fa | Glacier | On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains i... | Between what one want to latitudes or glaciers only found in valleys? | Between what one want to latitudes or glaciers only found in valleys? | [
"Between what one want to latitudes or glaciers only found in valleys?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13616 | 5726f9ba708984140094d76f | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially imp... | Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater? | Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater? | [
"Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater?"
] | {
"text": [
"glaciers"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13617 | 5726f9ba708984140094d770 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially imp... | What causes glaciers to release meltwater? | What causes glaciers to release meltwater? | [
"What causes glaciers to release meltwater?"
] | {
"text": [
"warmer summer temperatures"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13618 | 5726f9ba708984140094d771 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially imp... | In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers? | In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers? | [
"In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Antarctic environments"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13619 | 5726f9ba708984140094d772 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially imp... | Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier? | Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier? | [
"Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"when other sources may be scant"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13620 | 5a35755b788daf001a5f8600 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially imp... | Where is all the fresh water on earth contained? | Where is all the fresh water on earth contained? | [
"Where is all the fresh water on earth contained?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13621 | 5a35755b788daf001a5f8601 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially imp... | What glaciers often release place during warm periods? | What glaciers often release place during warm periods? | [
"What glaciers often release place during warm periods?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13622 | 5a35755b788daf001a5f8602 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially imp... | What creates in important water source for many plants and animals but not humans? | What creates in important water source for many plants and animals but not humans? | [
"What creates in important water source for many plants and animals but not humans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13623 | 5a35755b788daf001a5f8603 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially imp... | Who benefits from the Antarctic's meltwater? | Who benefits from the Antarctic's meltwater? | [
"Who benefits from the Antarctic's meltwater?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13624 | 5726fb79dd62a815002e96e0 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantitie... | At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers? | At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers? | [
"At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13625 | 5726fb79dd62a815002e96e1 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantitie... | How many extant ice sheets exist? | How many extant ice sheets exist? | [
"How many extant ice sheets exist?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13626 | 5726fb79dd62a815002e96e2 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantitie... | How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt? | How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt? | [
"How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt?"
] | {
"text": [
"70 m (230 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13627 | 5726fb79dd62a815002e96e3 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantitie... | What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface? | What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface? | [
"What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface?"
] | {
"text": [
"nunataks"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13628 | 5726fb79dd62a815002e96e4 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantitie... | Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what? | Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what? | [
"Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"ice streams"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13629 | 5a357645788daf001a5f8608 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantitie... | What are glaciers smaller it in 50,000 km² called? | What are glaciers smaller it in 50,000 km² called? | [
"What are glaciers smaller it in 50,000 km² called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13630 | 5a357645788daf001a5f8609 | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantitie... | What can often be seen beneath the sheets? | What can often be seen beneath the sheets? | [
"What can often be seen beneath the sheets?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13631 | 5a357645788daf001a5f860a | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantitie... | Where a sheets now extinct? | Where a sheets now extinct? | [
"Where a sheets now extinct?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13632 | 5a357645788daf001a5f860b | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantitie... | What are ice sheets that cover the sea called? | What are ice sheets that cover the sea called? | [
"What are ice sheets that cover the sea called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13633 | 5a357645788daf001a5f860c | Glacier | Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantitie... | What you shelves become is a melt? | What you shelves become is a melt? | [
"What you shelves become is a melt?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13634 | 5726fc9f5951b619008f8419 | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater g... | What are glaciers called that end in the sea? | What are glaciers called that end in the sea? | [
"What are glaciers called that end in the sea?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tidewater glaciers"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13635 | 5726fc9f5951b619008f841a | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater g... | Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type? | Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type? | [
"Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tidewater glaciers"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13636 | 5726fc9f5951b619008f841b | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater g... | Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers? | Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers? | [
"Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"much less"
],
"answer_start": [
509
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13637 | 5726fc9f5951b619008f841c | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater g... | Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level? | Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level? | [
"Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level?"
] | {
"text": [
"above"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13638 | 5726fc9f5951b619008f841d | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater g... | How are icebergs formed? | How are icebergs formed? | [
"How are icebergs formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13639 | 5a3584be788daf001a5f8612 | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater g... | What are tidal glaciers? | What are tidal glaciers? | [
"What are tidal glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13640 | 5a3584be788daf001a5f8613 | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater g... | Hetero icebergs form glaciers? | Hetero icebergs form glaciers? | [
"Hetero icebergs form glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13641 | 5a3584be788daf001a5f8614 | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater g... | What affects tidewater glaciers more than others? | What affects tidewater glaciers more than others? | [
"What affects tidewater glaciers more than others?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13642 | 5a3584be788daf001a5f8615 | Glacier | Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater g... | What type of glaciers have been retreating for centuries? | What type of glaciers have been retreating for centuries? | [
"What type of glaciers have been retreating for centuries?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13643 | 5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d4 | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, dependin... | From where is the temperature of a glacier measured? | From where is the temperature of a glacier measured? | [
"From where is the temperature of a glacier measured?"
] | {
"text": [
"base alone"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13644 | 5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d5 | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, dependin... | Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide? | Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide? | [
"Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide?"
] | {
"text": [
"warm-based glacier"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13645 | 5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d6 | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, dependin... | What temperature makes a glacier polythermal? | What temperature makes a glacier polythermal? | [
"What temperature makes a glacier polythermal?"
] | {
"text": [
"partly cold-based and partly warm-based"
],
"answer_start": [
913
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13646 | 5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d7 | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, dependin... | What temperature determines a polar glacier? | What temperature determines a polar glacier? | [
"What temperature determines a polar glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"always below freezing point from the surface to its base"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13647 | 5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d8 | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, dependin... | What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier? | What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier? | [
"What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13648 | 5a358613788daf001a5f861a | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, dependin... | What temperature is a polar glacier always above? | What temperature is a polar glacier always above? | [
"What temperature is a polar glacier always above?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13649 | 5a358613788daf001a5f861b | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, dependin... | What temperature is a temperate glacier always above? | What temperature is a temperate glacier always above? | [
"What temperature is a temperate glacier always above?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13650 | 5a358613788daf001a5f861c | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, dependin... | What two types of ice are contained in a polar glacier? | What two types of ice are contained in a polar glacier? | [
"What two types of ice are contained in a polar glacier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13651 | 5a358613788daf001a5f861d | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, dependin... | Why are warm based glaciers not able to slide? | Why are warm based glaciers not able to slide? | [
"Why are warm based glaciers not able to slide?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13652 | 5a358613788daf001a5f861e | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, dependin... | Why is it cold basically sure able to slide? | Why is it cold basically sure able to slide? | [
"Why is it cold basically sure able to slide?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13653 | 5726fec6dd62a815002e973c | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls in... | Under what circumstances do glaciers form? | Under what circumstances do glaciers form? | [
"Under what circumstances do glaciers form?"
] | {
"text": [
"where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13654 | 5726fec6dd62a815002e973d | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls in... | What is a cirque? | What is a cirque? | [
"What is a cirque?"
] | {
"text": [
"The area in which a glacier forms"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13655 | 5726fec6dd62a815002e973e | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls in... | What shape is a cirque, generally? | What shape is a cirque, generally? | [
"What shape is a cirque, generally?"
] | {
"text": [
"armchair-shaped"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13656 | 5726fec6dd62a815002e973f | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls in... | How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers? | How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers? | [
"How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"15 m (50 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
855
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13657 | 5a358b22788daf001a5f8624 | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls in... | What forms were snow and ice accumulation is equal to its melting | What forms were snow and ice accumulation is equal to its melting | [
"What forms were snow and ice accumulation is equal to its melting"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13658 | 5a358b22788daf001a5f8625 | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls in... | What geological features formed by glaciers? | What geological features formed by glaciers? | [
"What geological features formed by glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13659 | 5a358b22788daf001a5f8626 | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls in... | What happens in a minimum of 15 feet of snow? | What happens in a minimum of 15 feet of snow? | [
"What happens in a minimum of 15 feet of snow?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13660 | 5a358b22788daf001a5f8627 | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls in... | What causes a glaciers stop moving? | What causes a glaciers stop moving? | [
"What causes a glaciers stop moving?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13661 | 5726ffac5951b619008f844f | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amou... | What characteristics determine glacial zones? | What characteristics determine glacial zones? | [
"What characteristics determine glacial zones?"
] | {
"text": [
"surface snowpack and melt conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13662 | 5726ffac5951b619008f8450 | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amou... | Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass? | Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass? | [
"Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass?"
] | {
"text": [
"ablation zone"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13663 | 5726ffac5951b619008f8451 | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amou... | What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone? | What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone? | [
"What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone?"
] | {
"text": [
"equilibrium line"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13664 | 5726ffac5951b619008f8452 | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amou... | How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone? | How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone? | [
"How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone?"
] | {
"text": [
"60–70%"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13665 | 5a359966788daf001a5f862c | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amou... | What is based on suface ice and melt conditions? | What is based on suface ice and melt conditions? | [
"What is based on suface ice and melt conditions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13666 | 5a359966788daf001a5f862d | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amou... | Wht line marks the center of the glacier? | Wht line marks the center of the glacier? | [
"Wht line marks the center of the glacier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13667 | 5a359966788daf001a5f862e | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amou... | What does the abilation zone cover 60-70% of? | What does the abilation zone cover 60-70% of? | [
"What does the abilation zone cover 60-70% of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13668 | 5a359966788daf001a5f862f | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amou... | What forces underlying rock upward? | What forces underlying rock upward? | [
"What forces underlying rock upward?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13669 | 5a359966788daf001a5f8630 | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amou... | What lakes where formed from a mountain depression | What lakes where formed from a mountain depression | [
"What lakes where formed from a mountain depression"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13670 | 57270035708984140094d81b | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses... | Why are the tops of glaciers rigid? | Why are the tops of glaciers rigid? | [
"Why are the tops of glaciers rigid?"
] | {
"text": [
"they are under low pressure"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13671 | 57270035708984140094d81c | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses... | Which zone is the top of the glaciers? | Which zone is the top of the glaciers? | [
"Which zone is the top of the glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"fracture zone"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13672 | 57270035708984140094d81d | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses... | Why are glacial crevices formed? | Why are glacial crevices formed? | [
"Why are glacial crevices formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"differences in glacier velocity"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13673 | 57270035708984140094d81e | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses... | What are seracs? | What are seracs? | [
"What are seracs?"
] | {
"text": [
"isolated peaks in the ice"
],
"answer_start": [
723
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13674 | 57270035708984140094d81f | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses... | Most crevices are no deeper than what measure? | Most crevices are no deeper than what measure? | [
"Most crevices are no deeper than what measure?"
] | {
"text": [
"46 m (150 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13675 | 5a359abb788daf001a5f8636 | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses... | Why is the lower 50m of a glacier rigid? | Why is the lower 50m of a glacier rigid? | [
"Why is the lower 50m of a glacier rigid?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13676 | 5a359abb788daf001a5f8637 | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses... | What is the free flowing upper section known as? | What is the free flowing upper section known as? | [
"What is the free flowing upper section known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13677 | 5a359abb788daf001a5f8638 | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses... | what forms where glaciers are unable to move? | what forms where glaciers are unable to move? | [
"what forms where glaciers are unable to move?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13678 | 5a359abb788daf001a5f8639 | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses... | What happens when two ridgid sections of a glacier collide? | What happens when two ridgid sections of a glacier collide? | [
"What happens when two ridgid sections of a glacier collide?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13679 | 5a359abb788daf001a5f863a | Glacier | The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses... | What point do sercas form above? | What point do sercas form above? | [
"What point do sercas form above?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13680 | 57270105dd62a815002e9772 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed ... | Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier? | Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier? | [
"Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"Marginal crevasses"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13681 | 57270105dd62a815002e9773 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed ... | Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier? | Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier? | [
"Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13682 | 57270105dd62a815002e9774 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed ... | What do bergschrunds resemble? | What do bergschrunds resemble? | [
"What do bergschrunds resemble?"
] | {
"text": [
"crevasses"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13683 | 57270105dd62a815002e9775 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed ... | How are bergschrunds different than crevasses? | How are bergschrunds different than crevasses? | [
"How are bergschrunds different than crevasses?"
] | {
"text": [
"singular features at a glacier's margins"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13684 | 57270105dd62a815002e9776 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed ... | Where do transverse crevasses form? | Where do transverse crevasses form? | [
"Where do transverse crevasses form?"
] | {
"text": [
"where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13685 | 5a35aa71788daf001a5f8640 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed ... | What kind of crevasses form where steep slopes cause glaciers to deccelerate? | What kind of crevasses form where steep slopes cause glaciers to deccelerate? | [
"What kind of crevasses form where steep slopes cause glaciers to deccelerate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13686 | 5a35aa71788daf001a5f8641 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed ... | What kind of crevasses form where glaciers contract laterally? | What kind of crevasses form where glaciers contract laterally? | [
"What kind of crevasses form where glaciers contract laterally?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13687 | 5a35aa71788daf001a5f8642 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed ... | What kind of crevasses form at the edge of a glacier due to an increase in speed? | What kind of crevasses form at the edge of a glacier due to an increase in speed? | [
"What kind of crevasses form at the edge of a glacier due to an increase in speed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13688 | 5a35aa71788daf001a5f8643 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed ... | What is formed when moving ice seperates from sragnant ice below? | What is formed when moving ice seperates from sragnant ice below? | [
"What is formed when moving ice seperates from sragnant ice below?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13689 | 5a35aa71788daf001a5f8644 | Glacier | Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed ... | What margins to crevasses form at? | What margins to crevasses form at? | [
"What margins to crevasses form at?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13690 | 572702ec708984140094d871 | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ ... | In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day? | In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day? | [
"In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jakobshavn Isbræ"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13691 | 572702ec708984140094d872 | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ ... | Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what? | Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what? | [
"Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Velocity"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13692 | 572702ec708984140094d873 | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ ... | How far do glaciers generally move per day? | How far do glaciers generally move per day? | [
"How far do glaciers generally move per day?"
] | {
"text": [
"1 m (3 ft)"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13693 | 572702ec708984140094d874 | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ ... | Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska? | Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska? | [
"Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska?"
] | {
"text": [
"trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13694 | 5a35bbcb788daf001a5f864a | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ ... | What typically moves at around 3 meters a day? | What typically moves at around 3 meters a day? | [
"What typically moves at around 3 meters a day?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13695 | 5a35bbcb788daf001a5f864b | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ ... | What grows on moving glaciers in Alaska? | What grows on moving glaciers in Alaska? | [
"What grows on moving glaciers in Alaska?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13696 | 5a35bbcb788daf001a5f864c | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ ... | What makes some glaciers stagnant? | What makes some glaciers stagnant? | [
"What makes some glaciers stagnant?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13697 | 5a35bbcb788daf001a5f864d | Glacier | Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ ... | What causes increased thickness? | What causes increased thickness? | [
"What causes increased thickness?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13698 | 5727044ef1498d1400e8f246 | Glacier | A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying be... | What is a glacial surge? | What is a glacial surge? | [
"What is a glacial surge?"
] | {
"text": [
"periods of very rapid advancement"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13699 | 5727044ef1498d1400e8f247 | Glacier | A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying be... | What failure causes surges? | What failure causes surges? | [
"What failure causes surges?"
] | {
"text": [
"failure of the underlying bedrock"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
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