gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-13700 | 5727044ef1498d1400e8f248 | Glacier | A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier — perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake — or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point". Temporary rates up to 90 m (300 ft) per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier. | At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges? | At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges? | [
"At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges?"
] | {
"text": [
"90 m (300 ft) per day"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13701 | 5a35be5b788daf001a5f8652 | Glacier | A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier — perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake — or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point". Temporary rates up to 90 m (300 ft) per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier. | What is the term for a gradual increase in a glaciers speed? | What is the term for a gradual increase in a glaciers speed? | [
"What is the term for a gradual increase in a glaciers speed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13702 | 5a35be5b788daf001a5f8653 | Glacier | A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier — perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake — or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point". Temporary rates up to 90 m (300 ft) per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier. | What is caused by underground water? | What is caused by underground water? | [
"What is caused by underground water?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13703 | 5a35be5b788daf001a5f8654 | Glacier | A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier — perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake — or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point". Temporary rates up to 90 m (300 ft) per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier. | What does accumulaion of rock under the glacier cause? | What does accumulaion of rock under the glacier cause? | [
"What does accumulaion of rock under the glacier cause?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13704 | 57270585708984140094d88d | Glacier | In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming. | How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes? | How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes? | [
"How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes?"
] | {
"text": [
"one km per year"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13705 | 57270585708984140094d88e | Glacier | In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming. | How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake? | How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake? | [
"How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake?"
] | {
"text": [
"6.1"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13706 | 57270585708984140094d88f | Glacier | In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming. | Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on? | Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on? | [
"Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on?"
] | {
"text": [
"increasing"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13707 | 57270585708984140094d890 | Glacier | In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming. | During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland? | During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland? | [
"During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland?"
] | {
"text": [
"July, August and September"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13708 | 57270585708984140094d891 | Glacier | In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming. | In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland? | In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland? | [
"In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland?"
] | {
"text": [
"2005"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13709 | 5a35bfd5788daf001a5f8658 | Glacier | In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming. | What occurs where glaciers are moving slower than 1 km per day? | What occurs where glaciers are moving slower than 1 km per day? | [
"What occurs where glaciers are moving slower than 1 km per day?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13710 | 5a35bfd5788daf001a5f8659 | Glacier | In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming. | What peaks Every July in Iceland? | What peaks Every July in Iceland? | [
"What peaks Every July in Iceland?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13711 | 5a35bfd5788daf001a5f865a | Glacier | In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming. | What is causing a decrease in Greenlands glacial earthquakes? | What is causing a decrease in Greenlands glacial earthquakes? | [
"What is causing a decrease in Greenlands glacial earthquakes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13712 | 5a35bfd5788daf001a5f865b | Glacier | In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming. | What has been decreasing over time? | What has been decreasing over time? | [
"What has been decreasing over time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13713 | 572765695951b619008f8959 | Glacier | Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives. | What are ogives? | What are ogives? | [
"What are ogives?"
] | {
"text": [
"alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13714 | 572765695951b619008f895a | Glacier | Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives. | What does the width of one dark and one light band measure? | What does the width of one dark and one light band measure? | [
"What does the width of one dark and one light band measure?"
] | {
"text": [
"annual movement of the glacier"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13715 | 572765695951b619008f895b | Glacier | Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives. | How are ogives formed? | How are ogives formed? | [
"How are ogives formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13716 | 572765695951b619008f895c | Glacier | Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives. | Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives? | Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives? | [
"Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives?"
] | {
"text": [
"consist only of undulations or color bands"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13717 | 5a35c193788daf001a5f8660 | Glacier | Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives. | what is the term for crests of ice on the glaciers surface? | what is the term for crests of ice on the glaciers surface? | [
"what is the term for crests of ice on the glaciers surface?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13718 | 5a35c193788daf001a5f8661 | Glacier | Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives. | What is formed when an icefall is covered up? | What is formed when an icefall is covered up? | [
"What is formed when an icefall is covered up?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13719 | 5a35c193788daf001a5f8662 | Glacier | Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives. | What do ogives prevent from accumulating? | What do ogives prevent from accumulating? | [
"What do ogives prevent from accumulating?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13720 | 5a35c193788daf001a5f8663 | Glacier | Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives. | What is made of both undulations and color bands? | What is made of both undulations and color bands? | [
"What is made of both undulations and color bands?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13721 | 57276ed9f1498d1400e8f7fe | Glacier | Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated. | How many countries contain glaciers? | How many countries contain glaciers? | [
"How many countries contain glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"fifty"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13722 | 57276ed9f1498d1400e8f7ff | Glacier | Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated. | Which continent contains glaciers? | Which continent contains glaciers? | [
"Which continent contains glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"every continent"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13723 | 57276ed9f1498d1400e8f800 | Glacier | Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated. | Which mountain ranges contain glaciers? | Which mountain ranges contain glaciers? | [
"Which mountain ranges contain glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13724 | 57276ed9f1498d1400e8f801 | Glacier | Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated. | Where are glaciers in Africa located? | Where are glaciers in Africa located? | [
"Where are glaciers in Africa located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains"
],
"answer_start": [
666
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13725 | 57276ed9f1498d1400e8f802 | Glacier | Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated. | Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers? | Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers? | [
"Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet"
],
"answer_start": [
856
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13726 | 5a35c60c788daf001a5f8668 | Glacier | Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated. | What are found on every coninant including Australia? | What are found on every coninant including Australia? | [
"What are found on every coninant including Australia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13727 | 5a35c60c788daf001a5f8669 | Glacier | Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated. | What sub-arctic islands do not have glaciers? | What sub-arctic islands do not have glaciers? | [
"What sub-arctic islands do not have glaciers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13728 | 5a35c60c788daf001a5f866a | Glacier | Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated. | What Australian mountain has a glacier? | What Australian mountain has a glacier? | [
"What Australian mountain has a glacier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13729 | 5a35c60c788daf001a5f866b | Glacier | Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated. | What are spreading rapidly in New Guinea? | What are spreading rapidly in New Guinea? | [
"What are spreading rapidly in New Guinea?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13730 | 57276fe9f1498d1400e8f810 | Glacier | The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow. | Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage? | Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage? | [
"Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage?"
] | {
"text": [
"permanent snow cover"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13731 | 57276fe9f1498d1400e8f811 | Glacier | The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow. | Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found? | Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found? | [
"Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found?"
] | {
"text": [
"20° to 27° north"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13732 | 57276fe9f1498d1400e8f812 | Glacier | The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow. | Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow? | Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow? | [
"Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow?"
] | {
"text": [
"19ËšN and 19ËšS"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13733 | 57276fe9f1498d1400e8f813 | Glacier | The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow. | Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow? | Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow? | [
"Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow?"
] | {
"text": [
"precipitation is higher"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13734 | 5a35ca66788daf001a5f8670 | Glacier | The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow. | What affects the perminant ice layer needed for glaciers to form? | What affects the perminant ice layer needed for glaciers to form? | [
"What affects the perminant ice layer needed for glaciers to form?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13735 | 5a35ca66788daf001a5f8671 | Glacier | The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow. | What can be found in every country from 20 degrees to 27 degess north and south of the equator? | What can be found in every country from 20 degrees to 27 degess north and south of the equator? | [
"What can be found in every country from 20 degrees to 27 degess north and south of the equator?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13736 | 5a35ca66788daf001a5f8672 | Glacier | The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow. | At what lattitudes does the Hadley circulation rais percipitation? | At what lattitudes does the Hadley circulation rais percipitation? | [
"At what lattitudes does the Hadley circulation rais percipitation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13737 | 5a35ca66788daf001a5f8673 | Glacier | The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow. | At what latitudes does low percipitation lead to permanent snow? | At what latitudes does low percipitation lead to permanent snow? | [
"At what latitudes does low percipitation lead to permanent snow?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13738 | 57277b4c708984140094ded3 | Glacier | Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form. | Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts? | Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts? | [
"Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts?"
] | {
"text": [
"Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13739 | 57277b4c708984140094ded4 | Glacier | Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form. | Why can't glaciers form in polar deserts? | Why can't glaciers form in polar deserts? | [
"Why can't glaciers form in polar deserts?"
] | {
"text": [
"they receive little snowfall"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13740 | 57277b4c708984140094ded5 | Glacier | Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form. | Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor? | Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor? | [
"Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor?"
] | {
"text": [
"warm air"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13741 | 5a35ccc8788daf001a5f8678 | Glacier | Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form. | What is inevitable at hight latitudes? | What is inevitable at hight latitudes? | [
"What is inevitable at hight latitudes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13742 | 5a35ccc8788daf001a5f8679 | Glacier | Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form. | What kind of deserts do glaciers form in? | What kind of deserts do glaciers form in? | [
"What kind of deserts do glaciers form in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13743 | 5a35ccc8788daf001a5f867a | Glacier | Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form. | What does cold air transport? | What does cold air transport? | [
"What does cold air transport?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13744 | 5a35ccc8788daf001a5f867b | Glacier | Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form. | What formed in central and north Alaska during the last ice age due to the extreme cold? | What formed in central and north Alaska during the last ice age due to the extreme cold? | [
"What formed in central and north Alaska during the last ice age due to the extreme cold?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13745 | 57277c82708984140094def7 | Glacier | Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock. | What cause glacial stiations? | What cause glacial stiations? | [
"What cause glacial stiations?"
] | {
"text": [
"large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13746 | 57277c82708984140094def8 | Glacier | Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock. | What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations? | What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations? | [
"What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations?"
] | {
"text": [
"direction of the glacier's movement"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13747 | 57277c82708984140094def9 | Glacier | Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock. | What are chatter marks? | What are chatter marks? | [
"What are chatter marks?"
] | {
"text": [
"lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13748 | 57277c82708984140094defa | Glacier | Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock. | How are chatter marks formed? | How are chatter marks formed? | [
"How are chatter marks formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13749 | 5a35cf0b788daf001a5f8680 | Glacier | Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock. | What charactrerizes glacial striations? | What charactrerizes glacial striations? | [
"What charactrerizes glacial striations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13750 | 5a35cf0b788daf001a5f8681 | Glacier | Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock. | What is formed when glaciers lack boulders? | What is formed when glaciers lack boulders? | [
"What is formed when glaciers lack boulders?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13751 | 5a35cf0b788daf001a5f8682 | Glacier | Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock. | What helps scientists determine the speed of a glacier? | What helps scientists determine the speed of a glacier? | [
"What helps scientists determine the speed of a glacier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13752 | 5a35cf0b788daf001a5f8683 | Glacier | Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock. | What is formed when glaciers crush boulders? | What is formed when glaciers crush boulders? | [
"What is formed when glaciers crush boulders?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13753 | 57277d55f1498d1400e8f99a | Glacier | Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line. | When are glacial moraines visible? | When are glacial moraines visible? | [
"When are glacial moraines visible?"
] | {
"text": [
"after the glacier has retreated"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13754 | 57277d55f1498d1400e8f99b | Glacier | Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line. | How are glacial moraines formed? | How are glacial moraines formed? | [
"How are glacial moraines formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"deposition of material from a glacier"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13755 | 57277d55f1498d1400e8f99c | Glacier | Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line. | Where are lateral moraines found? | Where are lateral moraines found? | [
"Where are lateral moraines found?"
] | {
"text": [
"sides of the glacier"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13756 | 57277d55f1498d1400e8f99d | Glacier | Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line. | How are medial moraines formed? | How are medial moraines formed? | [
"How are medial moraines formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13757 | 57277d55f1498d1400e8f99e | Glacier | Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line. | What are ground moraines also called? | What are ground moraines also called? | [
"What are ground moraines also called?"
] | {
"text": [
"glacial drift"
],
"answer_start": [
604
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13758 | 5a35d139788daf001a5f8688 | Glacier | Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line. | What are no longer visable after a glacier retreats? | What are no longer visable after a glacier retreats? | [
"What are no longer visable after a glacier retreats?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13759 | 5a35d139788daf001a5f8689 | Glacier | Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line. | What type of moraines are formed at the begining of the glacier? | What type of moraines are formed at the begining of the glacier? | [
"What type of moraines are formed at the begining of the glacier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13760 | 5a35d139788daf001a5f868a | Glacier | Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line. | What mraines are formed when two ice sheets meet? | What mraines are formed when two ice sheets meet? | [
"What mraines are formed when two ice sheets meet?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13761 | 5a35d139788daf001a5f868b | Glacier | Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line. | What blankets the surface of a glacier? | What blankets the surface of a glacier? | [
"What blankets the surface of a glacier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13762 | 5a35d139788daf001a5f868c | Glacier | Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line. | What are upslope from the equilibrium line? | What are upslope from the equilibrium line? | [
"What are upslope from the equilibrium line?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13763 | 57277eb7dd62a815002e9ebe | Glacier | Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord. | What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation? | What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation? | [
"What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation?"
] | {
"text": [
"characteristic \"V\" shape"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13764 | 57277eb7dd62a815002e9ebf | Glacier | Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord. | What gives mountain vallys their characteristic "V" shape before glacation? | What gives mountain vallys their characteristic "V" shape before glacation? | [
"What gives mountain vallys their characteristic \"V\" shape before glacation?"
] | {
"text": [
"eroding water"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13765 | 57277eb7dd62a815002e9ec0 | Glacier | Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord. | How is a fjord formed? | How is a fjord formed? | [
"How is a fjord formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"a glacial valley runs into a large body of water"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13766 | 57277eb7dd62a815002e9ec1 | Glacier | Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord. | What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation? | What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation? | [
"What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"U\"-shaped"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13767 | 5a35d292788daf001a5f8692 | Glacier | Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord. | What has a V shape after a glacier recedes? | What has a V shape after a glacier recedes? | [
"What has a V shape after a glacier recedes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13768 | 5a35d292788daf001a5f8693 | Glacier | Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord. | What are U shaped before glaciation? | What are U shaped before glaciation? | [
"What are U shaped before glaciation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13769 | 5a35d292788daf001a5f8694 | Glacier | Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord. | What fills depressions to form fjord? | What fills depressions to form fjord? | [
"What fills depressions to form fjord?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13770 | 5a35d292788daf001a5f8695 | Glacier | Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord. | What do glacial valleys run into to form paternoster lakes? | What do glacial valleys run into to form paternoster lakes? | [
"What do glacial valleys run into to form paternoster lakes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13771 | 57277f55f1498d1400e8f9e8 | Glacier | At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns. | On which side is a cirque opened? | On which side is a cirque opened? | [
"On which side is a cirque opened?"
] | {
"text": [
"the side that descends into the valley"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13772 | 57277f55f1498d1400e8f9e9 | Glacier | At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns. | Where does ice start accululating in a glacier? | Where does ice start accululating in a glacier? | [
"Where does ice start accululating in a glacier?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cirques"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13773 | 57277f55f1498d1400e8f9ea | Glacier | At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns. | What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called? | What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called? | [
"What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called?"
] | {
"text": [
"arête"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13774 | 57277f55f1498d1400e8f9eb | Glacier | At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns. | What are extremely steep cirques called? | What are extremely steep cirques called? | [
"What are extremely steep cirques called?"
] | {
"text": [
"horns"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13775 | 57277f55f1498d1400e8f9ec | Glacier | At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns. | How many sides are closed in a typical cirque? | How many sides are closed in a typical cirque? | [
"How many sides are closed in a typical cirque?"
] | {
"text": [
"three sides"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13776 | 5a35d570788daf001a5f869a | Glacier | At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns. | What is on the side that ascends out of a valley? | What is on the side that ascends out of a valley? | [
"What is on the side that ascends out of a valley?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13777 | 5a35d570788daf001a5f869b | Glacier | At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns. | What do cirques gorm in mountains? | What do cirques gorm in mountains? | [
"What do cirques gorm in mountains?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13778 | 5a35d570788daf001a5f869c | Glacier | At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns. | What are shallow cirques called? | What are shallow cirques called? | [
"What are shallow cirques called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13779 | 57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9f8 | Glacier | Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking. | What is another name for roche moutonnee? | What is another name for roche moutonnee? | [
"What is another name for roche moutonnee?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"sheepback\" rock"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13780 | 57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9f9 | Glacier | Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking. | What are roche moutonnee? | What are roche moutonnee? | [
"What are roche moutonnee?"
] | {
"text": [
"elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13781 | 57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fa | Glacier | Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking. | How large are roche moutonnee? | How large are roche moutonnee? | [
"How large are roche moutonnee?"
] | {
"text": [
"less than a meter to several hundred meters long"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13782 | 57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fb | Glacier | Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking. | What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "up" side? | What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "up" side? | [
"What shape do roche moutonnee have on their \"up\" side?"
] | {
"text": [
"gentle slope"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13783 | 57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fc | Glacier | Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking. | What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "down" side? | What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "down" side? | [
"What shape do roche moutonnee have on their \"down\" side?"
] | {
"text": [
"steep to vertical face"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13784 | 5a35d653788daf001a5f86a0 | Glacier | Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking. | what are ice formations made by glaciers called? | what are ice formations made by glaciers called? | [
"what are ice formations made by glaciers called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13785 | 5a35d653788daf001a5f86a1 | Glacier | Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking. | What are short round bedrock knobs? | What are short round bedrock knobs? | [
"What are short round bedrock knobs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13786 | 5a35d653788daf001a5f86a2 | Glacier | Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking. | What are steep on their upside and and gentle on their down side? | What are steep on their upside and and gentle on their down side? | [
"What are steep on their upside and and gentle on their down side?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13787 | 5a35d653788daf001a5f86a3 | Glacier | Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking. | What is smooth on the downstream side? | What is smooth on the downstream side? | [
"What is smooth on the downstream side?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13788 | 572780e8f1498d1400e8fa14 | Glacier | Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America. | Where is post-glacial rebound occuring most? | Where is post-glacial rebound occuring most? | [
"Where is post-glacial rebound occuring most?"
] | {
"text": [
"Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America."
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13789 | 572780e8f1498d1400e8fa15 | Glacier | Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America. | What has the ability to depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle? | What has the ability to depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle? | [
"What has the ability to depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle?"
] | {
"text": [
"Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13790 | 572780e8f1498d1400e8fa16 | Glacier | Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America. | With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur? | With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur? | [
"With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"very slowly"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13791 | 572780e8f1498d1400e8fa17 | Glacier | Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America. | How much of a glacier's thickness is usually involved during crust depression into the mantle? | How much of a glacier's thickness is usually involved during crust depression into the mantle? | [
"How much of a glacier's thickness is usually involved during crust depression into the mantle?"
] | {
"text": [
"a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13792 | 5a35d763788daf001a5f86a8 | Glacier | Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America. | Where has post-glacial rebound stopped occuring? | Where has post-glacial rebound stopped occuring? | [
"Where has post-glacial rebound stopped occuring?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13793 | 5a35d763788daf001a5f86a9 | Glacier | Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America. | What totals a thirs of the glaciers length? | What totals a thirs of the glaciers length? | [
"What totals a thirs of the glaciers length?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13794 | 5a35d763788daf001a5f86aa | Glacier | Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America. | What happens quickly after the ice sheet melts? | What happens quickly after the ice sheet melts? | [
"What happens quickly after the ice sheet melts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13795 | 5a35d763788daf001a5f86ab | Glacier | Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America. | What pushes up the mantle of the Earth? | What pushes up the mantle of the Earth? | [
"What pushes up the mantle of the Earth?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13796 | 56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b838 | BBC_Television | BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. | What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation? | What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation? | [
"What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation?"
] | {
"text": [
"BBC"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13797 | 56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b839 | BBC_Television | BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. | Under what auspices does the BBC exist? | Under what auspices does the BBC exist? | [
"Under what auspices does the BBC exist?"
] | {
"text": [
"Royal charter"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13798 | 56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83a | BBC_Television | BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. | When did the BBC start creating its own programming? | When did the BBC start creating its own programming? | [
"When did the BBC start creating its own programming?"
] | {
"text": [
"1932"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13799 | 56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83b | BBC_Television | BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. | On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts? | On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts? | [
"On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts?"
] | {
"text": [
"2 November 1936"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
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