gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-14200 | 56f989e59e9bad19000a0a68 | Brain | The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and t... | What do neuroanatomists study? | What do neuroanatomists study? | [
"What do neuroanatomists study?"
] | {
"text": [
"the large-scale structure of the brain"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14201 | 56f989e59e9bad19000a0a69 | Brain | The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and t... | What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure? | What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure? | [
"What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure?"
] | {
"text": [
"neuroanatomy"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14202 | 56f989e59e9bad19000a0a6a | Brain | The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and t... | Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical? | Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical? | [
"Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical?"
] | {
"text": [
"the middle of the 20th century,"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14203 | 56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a79 | Brain | Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glue... | What do neurophysiologists study? | What do neurophysiologists study? | [
"What do neurophysiologists study?"
] | {
"text": [
"the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14204 | 56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a7a | Brain | Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glue... | The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what? | The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what? | [
"The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what?"
] | {
"text": [
"drugs and recording devices"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14205 | 56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a7b | Brain | Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glue... | What type of receptors does the brain lack? | What type of receptors does the brain lack? | [
"What type of receptors does the brain lack?"
] | {
"text": [
"pain receptors"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14206 | 56f98aa59e9bad19000a0a7c | Brain | Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glue... | Electrodes are often glued to what like in EEG studies? | Electrodes are often glued to what like in EEG studies? | [
"Electrodes are often glued to what like in EEG studies?"
] | {
"text": [
"the scalp"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14207 | 56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8b | Brain | Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous di... | The brain is surrounded by what type of fluid? | The brain is surrounded by what type of fluid? | [
"The brain is surrounded by what type of fluid?"
] | {
"text": [
"cerebrospinal fluid"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14208 | 56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8c | Brain | Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous di... | The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature? | The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature? | [
"The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature?"
] | {
"text": [
"the blood–brain barrier"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14209 | 56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8d | Brain | Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous di... | The two main structures that protect the brain are what? | The two main structures that protect the brain are what? | [
"The two main structures that protect the brain are what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the skull and meninges"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14210 | 56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8e | Brain | Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous di... | What type of disease if often studied to understand damage to the brain? | What type of disease if often studied to understand damage to the brain? | [
"What type of disease if often studied to understand damage to the brain?"
] | {
"text": [
"strokes"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14211 | 56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8f | Brain | Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous di... | What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage? | What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage? | [
"What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage?"
] | {
"text": [
"rats"
],
"answer_start": [
664
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14212 | 56f98b7f9e9bad19000a0a95 | Brain | Computational neuroscience encompasses two approaches: first, the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation. On one hand, it is possible to write a computer program to simulate the operation of a group of neurons by making use of systems of equations that describe their el... | Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies? | Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies? | [
"Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies?"
] | {
"text": [
"the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation."
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14213 | 56f98c0d9e9bad19000a0a97 | Brain | Recent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity. The most common subjects are mice, because of the availability of technical tools. It is now possible with relative ease ... | What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain? | What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain? | [
"What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain?"
] | {
"text": [
"mice"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14214 | 56f98c609e9bad19000a0a99 | Brain | The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave. | Where was the oldest brain that was found? | Where was the oldest brain that was found? | [
"Where was the oldest brain that was found?"
] | {
"text": [
"Armenia"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14215 | 56f98c609e9bad19000a0a9a | Brain | The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave. | How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be? | How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be? | [
"How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be?"
] | {
"text": [
"over 5,000 years old"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14216 | 56f98c609e9bad19000a0a9b | Brain | The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave. | The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person? | The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person? | [
"The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person?"
] | {
"text": [
"12 to 14-year-old"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14217 | 56f98c609e9bad19000a0a9c | Brain | The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave. | The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human? | The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human? | [
"The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human?"
] | {
"text": [
"girl"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14218 | 56f98e239b226e1400dd155e | Brain | Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion ... | The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body? | The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body? | [
"The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body?"
] | {
"text": [
"brain or heart."
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14219 | 56f98e239b226e1400dd155f | Brain | Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion ... | Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ? | Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ? | [
"Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ?"
] | {
"text": [
"the heart"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14220 | 56f98e239b226e1400dd1560 | Brain | Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion ... | Who invented the atomic theory of matter? | Who invented the atomic theory of matter? | [
"Who invented the atomic theory of matter?"
] | {
"text": [
"Democritus,"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14221 | 56f98e239b226e1400dd1561 | Brain | Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion ... | The "father of medicine" is a name given to whom in history? | The "father of medicine" is a name given to whom in history? | [
"The \"father of medicine\" is a name given to whom in history?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hippocrates"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14222 | 56f98e239b226e1400dd1562 | Brain | Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion ... | What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul? | What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul? | [
"What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul?"
] | {
"text": [
"Democritus"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14223 | 56f98eb09e9bad19000a0abf | Brain | The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He post... | The physician Galen was from which country in history? | The physician Galen was from which country in history? | [
"The physician Galen was from which country in history?"
] | {
"text": [
"Roman"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14224 | 56f98eb09e9bad19000a0ac0 | Brain | The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He post... | What period in history was anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased? | What period in history was anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased? | [
"What period in history was anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14225 | 56f98eb09e9bad19000a0ac1 | Brain | The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He post... | Who coined the term pneumata psychikon? | Who coined the term pneumata psychikon? | [
"Who coined the term pneumata psychikon?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Roman physician Galen"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14226 | 56f98eb09e9bad19000a0ac2 | Brain | The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He post... | Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what? | Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what? | [
"Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"animal spirits"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14227 | 56f98f329b226e1400dd1572 | Brain | The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understanding has followe... | Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions? | Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions? | [
"Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions?"
] | {
"text": [
"Luigi Galvani"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14228 | 56f98f329b226e1400dd1573 | Brain | The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understanding has followe... | The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what? | The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what? | [
"The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Golgi stain"
],
"answer_start": [
566
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14229 | 56f98f329b226e1400dd1574 | Brain | The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understanding has followe... | What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal? | What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal? | [
"What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal?"
] | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
948
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14230 | 56f98ffc9e9bad19000a0ad1 | Brain | In the first half of the 20th century, advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells, culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and others on the biophysics of the action potential, and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse. Thes... | Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists? | Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists? | [
"Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14231 | 56f990359b226e1400dd1596 | Brain | In the second half of the 20th century, developments in chemistry, electron microscopy, genetics, computer science, functional brain imaging, and other fields progressively opened new windows into brain structure and function. In the United States, the 1990s were officially designated as the "Decade of the Brain" to co... | Which decade in history was officially called the "Decade of the Brain"? | Which decade in history was officially called the "Decade of the Brain"? | [
"Which decade in history was officially called the \"Decade of the Brain\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 1990s"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14232 | 56f990ab9b226e1400dd1598 | Brain | In the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;... | Multielectrode recording allows what? | Multielectrode recording allows what? | [
"Multielectrode recording allows what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time;"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14233 | 56f990ab9b226e1400dd1599 | Brain | In the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;... | Genetic engineering allows what? | Genetic engineering allows what? | [
"Genetic engineering allows what?"
] | {
"text": [
"molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14234 | 56f990ab9b226e1400dd159a | Brain | In the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;... | What does genomics allow the study of? | What does genomics allow the study of? | [
"What does genomics allow the study of?"
] | {
"text": [
"variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging."
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14235 | 56f990ab9b226e1400dd159b | Brain | In the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;... | During what century was multielectrode recording invented? | During what century was multielectrode recording invented? | [
"During what century was multielectrode recording invented?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 21st century,"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14236 | 56f990ab9b226e1400dd159c | Brain | In the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording, which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering, which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;... | Genetic engineering was first discovered in what century? | Genetic engineering was first discovered in what century? | [
"Genetic engineering was first discovered in what century?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 21st century,"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14237 | 572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b1 | Han_dynasty | The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic gro... | What period followed the Han dynasty? | What period followed the Han dynasty? | [
"What period followed the Han dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Three Kingdoms"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14238 | 572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b2 | Han_dynasty | The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic gro... | What dynasty came before the Han dynasty? | What dynasty came before the Han dynasty? | [
"What dynasty came before the Han dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Qin"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14239 | 572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b3 | Han_dynasty | The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic gro... | Who founded the Han dynasty? | Who founded the Han dynasty? | [
"Who founded the Han dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Liu Bang"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14240 | 572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b4 | Han_dynasty | The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic gro... | When did the Former Han period begin? | When did the Former Han period begin? | [
"When did the Former Han period begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"206 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
685
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14241 | 572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b5 | Han_dynasty | The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic gro... | When did the Later Han period end? | When did the Later Han period end? | [
"When did the Later Han period end?"
] | {
"text": [
"220 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
737
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14242 | 572ea634cb0c0d14000f13e6 | Han_dynasty | The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the... | When did the Qing dynasty fall? | When did the Qing dynasty fall? | [
"When did the Qing dynasty fall?"
] | {
"text": [
"AD 1911"
],
"answer_start": [
766
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14243 | 572ea634cb0c0d14000f13e7 | Han_dynasty | The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the... | What innovation was acquired from the Qin? | What innovation was acquired from the Qin? | [
"What innovation was acquired from the Qin?"
] | {
"text": [
"commanderies"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14244 | 572ea634cb0c0d14000f13e8 | Han_dynasty | The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the... | What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court? | What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court? | [
"What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court?"
] | {
"text": [
"Confucianism"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14245 | 572ea634cb0c0d14000f13e9 | Han_dynasty | The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the... | What was an attributing factor that caused kingdoms to lose their Independence during the Han dynasty? | What was an attributing factor that caused kingdoms to lose their Independence during the Han dynasty? | [
"What was an attributing factor that caused kingdoms to lose their Independence during the Han dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Rebellion of the Seven States"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14246 | 572ea634cb0c0d14000f13ea | Han_dynasty | The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the... | What class did a majority of appointed ministers come from during the Han dynasty? | What class did a majority of appointed ministers come from during the Han dynasty? | [
"What class did a majority of appointed ministers come from during the Han dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"scholarly gentry"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14247 | 572eae75c246551400ce44fa | Han_dynasty | The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number ... | In what year did the central government issue coins? | In what year did the central government issue coins? | [
"In what year did the central government issue coins?"
] | {
"text": [
"119 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14248 | 572eae75c246551400ce44fb | Han_dynasty | The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number ... | What industry did the government use to help pay for its military campaigns? | What industry did the government use to help pay for its military campaigns? | [
"What industry did the government use to help pay for its military campaigns?"
] | {
"text": [
"iron"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14249 | 572eae75c246551400ce44fc | Han_dynasty | The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number ... | In what period did several government monopolies become repealed? | In what period did several government monopolies become repealed? | [
"In what period did several government monopolies become repealed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eastern Han"
],
"answer_start": [
585
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14250 | 572eae75c246551400ce44fd | Han_dynasty | The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number ... | A money based economy was first entrenched in what dynasty? | A money based economy was first entrenched in what dynasty? | [
"A money based economy was first entrenched in what dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zhou"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14251 | 572eae75c246551400ce44fe | Han_dynasty | The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number ... | A seismometer during the Han dynasty used what type of pendulum? | A seismometer during the Han dynasty used what type of pendulum? | [
"A seismometer during the Han dynasty used what type of pendulum?"
] | {
"text": [
"inverted"
],
"answer_start": [
881
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14252 | 572eb08203f989190075694b | Han_dynasty | The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced t... | Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC? | Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC? | [
"Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Xiongnu"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14253 | 572eb08203f989190075694c | Han_dynasty | The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced t... | What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road? | What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road? | [
"What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road?"
] | {
"text": [
"military"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14254 | 572eb08203f989190075694d | Han_dynasty | The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced t... | In what year was Nanyue annexed? | In what year was Nanyue annexed? | [
"In what year was Nanyue annexed?"
] | {
"text": [
"111 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
813
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14255 | 572eb08203f989190075694e | Han_dynasty | The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced t... | Which confederation conquered the territories north of the Han's border? | Which confederation conquered the territories north of the Han's border? | [
"Which confederation conquered the territories north of the Han's border?"
] | {
"text": [
"Xianbei"
],
"answer_start": [
700
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14256 | 572eb08203f989190075694f | Han_dynasty | The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced t... | In what year did Emperor Wu of Han's reign end? | In what year did Emperor Wu of Han's reign end? | [
"In what year did Emperor Wu of Han's reign end?"
] | {
"text": [
"87 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14257 | 572eb82403f9891900756993 | Han_dynasty | After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which... | Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion? | Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion? | [
"Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion?"
] | {
"text": [
"Daoist"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14258 | 572eb82403f9891900756994 | Han_dynasty | After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which... | Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling? | Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling? | [
"Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling?"
] | {
"text": [
"military officers"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14259 | 572eb82403f9891900756995 | Han_dynasty | After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which... | Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian? | Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian? | [
"Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cao Pi"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14260 | 572eb82403f9891900756996 | Han_dynasty | After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which... | Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty? | Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty? | [
"Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Xian"
],
"answer_start": [
679
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14261 | 572eb82403f9891900756997 | Han_dynasty | After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which... | In what year did Emperor Ling die? | In what year did Emperor Ling die? | [
"In what year did Emperor Ling die?"
] | {
"text": [
"189 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14262 | 572eba61c246551400ce459c | Han_dynasty | China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two former rebel leaders, Xia... | With what action did the Qin bring together the Chinese Warring States? | With what action did the Qin bring together the Chinese Warring States? | [
"With what action did the Qin bring together the Chinese Warring States?"
] | {
"text": [
"conquest"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14263 | 572eba61c246551400ce459d | Han_dynasty | China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two former rebel leaders, Xia... | Which commander did Liu Bang defeat in the Battle of Gaixia? | Which commander did Liu Bang defeat in the Battle of Gaixia? | [
"Which commander did Liu Bang defeat in the Battle of Gaixia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Xiang Yu"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14264 | 572eba61c246551400ce459e | Han_dynasty | China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two former rebel leaders, Xia... | Who was the first emperor during the Qin dynasty? | Who was the first emperor during the Qin dynasty? | [
"Who was the first emperor during the Qin dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Qin Shi Huangdi"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14265 | 572eba61c246551400ce459f | Han_dynasty | China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two former rebel leaders, Xia... | What ultimately caused the Qin dynasty's authority to be dissolved? | What ultimately caused the Qin dynasty's authority to be dissolved? | [
"What ultimately caused the Qin dynasty's authority to be dissolved?"
] | {
"text": [
"rebellion"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14266 | 572eba61c246551400ce45a0 | Han_dynasty | China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two former rebel leaders, Xia... | Who urged Liu Bang to become emperor? | Who urged Liu Bang to become emperor? | [
"Who urged Liu Bang to become emperor?"
] | {
"text": [
"his followers"
],
"answer_start": [
723
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14267 | 572ebc9303f98919007569bf | Han_dynasty | At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed... | How many commanderies were in the western third of the empire? | How many commanderies were in the western third of the empire? | [
"How many commanderies were in the western third of the empire?"
] | {
"text": [
"thirteen"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14268 | 572ebc9303f98919007569c0 | Han_dynasty | At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed... | Who could appoint staff to the kings? | Who could appoint staff to the kings? | [
"Who could appoint staff to the kings?"
] | {
"text": [
"imperial court"
],
"answer_start": [
878
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14269 | 572ebc9303f98919007569c1 | Han_dynasty | At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed... | When was the Rebellion of the Seven States? | When was the Rebellion of the Seven States? | [
"When was the Rebellion of the Seven States?"
] | {
"text": [
"154 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14270 | 572ebc9303f98919007569c2 | Han_dynasty | At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed... | From what source did kings derive their personal income from? | From what source did kings derive their personal income from? | [
"From what source did kings derive their personal income from?"
] | {
"text": [
"tax revenues"
],
"answer_start": [
963
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14271 | 572ebc9303f98919007569c3 | Han_dynasty | At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed... | The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family? | The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family? | [
"The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family?"
] | {
"text": [
"Liu"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14272 | 572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33b | Han_dynasty | To the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. Emperor Gaozu was tro... | Who was the chieftain of the Xiongnu? | Who was the chieftain of the Xiongnu? | [
"Who was the chieftain of the Xiongnu?"
] | {
"text": [
"Modu Chanyu"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14273 | 572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33c | Han_dynasty | To the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. Emperor Gaozu was tro... | What group had a trade embargo created against them? | What group had a trade embargo created against them? | [
"What group had a trade embargo created against them?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Xiongnu"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14274 | 572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33d | Han_dynasty | To the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. Emperor Gaozu was tro... | In what year were Han forces defeated in Baideng? | In what year were Han forces defeated in Baideng? | [
"In what year were Han forces defeated in Baideng?"
] | {
"text": [
"200 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
780
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14275 | 572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33e | Han_dynasty | To the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. Emperor Gaozu was tro... | What agreement established equality between the Xiongnu and the Han? | What agreement established equality between the Xiongnu and the Han? | [
"What agreement established equality between the Xiongnu and the Han?"
] | {
"text": [
"heqin"
],
"answer_start": [
812
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14276 | 572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33f | Han_dynasty | To the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. Emperor Gaozu was tro... | What type of clothing were sent as a tribute to the Xiongnu? | What type of clothing were sent as a tribute to the Xiongnu? | [
"What type of clothing were sent as a tribute to the Xiongnu?"
] | {
"text": [
"silk clothes"
],
"answer_start": [
1011
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14277 | 572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14f6 | Han_dynasty | Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a court conference assem... | The heqin agreement was reaffirmed by a court conference in what year? | The heqin agreement was reaffirmed by a court conference in what year? | [
"The heqin agreement was reaffirmed by a court conference in what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"135 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14278 | 572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14f7 | Han_dynasty | Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a court conference assem... | In what year did Emperor Wu begin a series of attacks in Xiongnu territories? | In what year did Emperor Wu begin a series of attacks in Xiongnu territories? | [
"In what year did Emperor Wu begin a series of attacks in Xiongnu territories?"
] | {
"text": [
"133 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14279 | 572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14f8 | Han_dynasty | Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a court conference assem... | What type of colony did Chinese armies use to help firm their hold on the strongholds that they had taken over? | What type of colony did Chinese armies use to help firm their hold on the strongholds that they had taken over? | [
"What type of colony did Chinese armies use to help firm their hold on the strongholds that they had taken over?"
] | {
"text": [
"agricultural"
],
"answer_start": [
893
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14280 | 572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14f9 | Han_dynasty | Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a court conference assem... | In what year did the Battle of Mobei take place? | In what year did the Battle of Mobei take place? | [
"In what year did the Battle of Mobei take place?"
] | {
"text": [
"119 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
967
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14281 | 572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14fa | Han_dynasty | Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a court conference assem... | Which Han commander died in the year 106 BC? | Which Han commander died in the year 106 BC? | [
"Which Han commander died in the year 106 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wei Qing"
],
"answer_start": [
1050
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14282 | 572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d373 | Han_dynasty | In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. The... | Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier? | Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier? | [
"Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier?"
] | {
"text": [
"soldiers"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14283 | 572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d374 | Han_dynasty | In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. The... | Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements? | Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements? | [
"Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements?"
] | {
"text": [
"the court"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14284 | 572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d375 | Han_dynasty | In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. The... | In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion? | In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion? | [
"In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion?"
] | {
"text": [
"111 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14285 | 572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d376 | Han_dynasty | In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. The... | Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to? | Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to? | [
"Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to?"
] | {
"text": [
"the frontier"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14286 | 572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d377 | Han_dynasty | In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. The... | How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC? | How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC? | [
"How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14287 | 572ec73cc246551400ce4642 | Han_dynasty | Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered information on Shendu (I... | What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network? | What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network? | [
"What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network?"
] | {
"text": [
"glasswares"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14288 | 572ec73cc246551400ce4643 | Han_dynasty | Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered information on Shendu (I... | Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi? | Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi? | [
"Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zhang Qian"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14289 | 572ec73cc246551400ce4644 | Han_dynasty | Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered information on Shendu (I... | When did Zhang Qian end his travels? | When did Zhang Qian end his travels? | [
"When did Zhang Qian end his travels?"
] | {
"text": [
"125 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14290 | 572ec73cc246551400ce4645 | Han_dynasty | Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered information on Shendu (I... | Which network was used to exchange goods with Rome? | Which network was used to exchange goods with Rome? | [
"Which network was used to exchange goods with Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Silk Road"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14291 | 572ec73cc246551400ce4646 | Han_dynasty | Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered information on Shendu (I... | What empire had established an embassy in Anxi? | What empire had established an embassy in Anxi? | [
"What empire had established an embassy in Anxi?"
] | {
"text": [
"Han"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14292 | 572ec86dc246551400ce466a | Han_dynasty | From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conques... | Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin? | Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin? | [
"Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Xiongnu"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14293 | 572ec86dc246551400ce466b | Han_dynasty | From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conques... | When was the first national census taken in China? | When was the first national census taken in China? | [
"When was the first national census taken in China?"
] | {
"text": [
"2 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
698
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14294 | 572ec86dc246551400ce466c | Han_dynasty | From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conques... | What was the population of China in 2 AD? | What was the population of China in 2 AD? | [
"What was the population of China in 2 AD?"
] | {
"text": [
"57,671,400"
],
"answer_start": [
744
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14295 | 572ec86dc246551400ce466d | Han_dynasty | From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conques... | What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in? | What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in? | [
"What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in?"
] | {
"text": [
"60 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14296 | 572ec86dc246551400ce466e | Han_dynasty | From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conques... | Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC? | Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC? | [
"Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dian"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14297 | 572ecdaac246551400ce46b8 | Han_dynasty | To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor monopoly lasted only f... | Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies? | Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies? | [
"Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies?"
] | {
"text": [
"former merchants"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14298 | 572ecdaac246551400ce46b9 | Han_dynasty | To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor monopoly lasted only f... | When was the liquor monopoly abolished? | When was the liquor monopoly abolished? | [
"When was the liquor monopoly abolished?"
] | {
"text": [
"81 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14299 | 572ecdaac246551400ce46ba | Han_dynasty | To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor monopoly lasted only f... | Which faction did the Reformists oppose? | Which faction did the Reformists oppose? | [
"Which faction did the Reformists oppose?"
] | {
"text": [
"Modernist"
],
"answer_start": [
686
]
} |
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