gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-16800 | 5725b43c89a1e219009abd15 | Israel | Around 930 BCE, the kingdom split into a southern Kingdom of Judah and a northern Kingdom of Israel. From the middle of the 8th century BCE Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding neo-Assyrian empire. Under Tiglath-Pileser III it first split Israel's territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722 BCE). An Israelite revolt (724–722 BCE) was crushed after the siege and capture of Samaria by the Assyrian king Sargon II. Sargon's son, Sennacherib, tried and failed to conquer Judah. Assyrian records say he leveled 46 walled cities and besieged Jerusalem, leaving after receiving extensive tribute. | What was the name of the destroyed capital? | What was the name of the destroyed capital? | [
"What was the name of the destroyed capital?"
] | {
"text": [
"Samaria"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16801 | 5725b43c89a1e219009abd16 | Israel | Around 930 BCE, the kingdom split into a southern Kingdom of Judah and a northern Kingdom of Israel. From the middle of the 8th century BCE Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding neo-Assyrian empire. Under Tiglath-Pileser III it first split Israel's territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722 BCE). An Israelite revolt (724–722 BCE) was crushed after the siege and capture of Samaria by the Assyrian king Sargon II. Sargon's son, Sennacherib, tried and failed to conquer Judah. Assyrian records say he leveled 46 walled cities and besieged Jerusalem, leaving after receiving extensive tribute. | Who captured Samaria? | Who captured Samaria? | [
"Who captured Samaria?"
] | {
"text": [
"Assyrian king Sargon II"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16802 | 5725b47eec44d21400f3d415 | Israel | In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed Solomon's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians (see the Babylonian Chronicles). In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) religious freedom (for the original text, which corroborates the biblical narrative only in very broad terms, see the Cyrus Cylinder). According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans, led by Zerubabel, returned to Judah and rebuilt the temple. A second group of 5,000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return. | Who conquered Judah? | Who conquered Judah? | [
"Who conquered Judah?"
] | {
"text": [
"King Nebuchadnezzar II"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16803 | 5725b47eec44d21400f3d416 | Israel | In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed Solomon's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians (see the Babylonian Chronicles). In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) religious freedom (for the original text, which corroborates the biblical narrative only in very broad terms, see the Cyrus Cylinder). According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans, led by Zerubabel, returned to Judah and rebuilt the temple. A second group of 5,000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return. | How many Judeans did Zerubabel return to Judah? | How many Judeans did Zerubabel return to Judah? | [
"How many Judeans did Zerubabel return to Judah?"
] | {
"text": [
"50,000"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16804 | 5725b47eec44d21400f3d417 | Israel | In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed Solomon's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians (see the Babylonian Chronicles). In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) religious freedom (for the original text, which corroborates the biblical narrative only in very broad terms, see the Cyrus Cylinder). According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans, led by Zerubabel, returned to Judah and rebuilt the temple. A second group of 5,000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return. | How many Judeans did Ezra lead? | How many Judeans did Ezra lead? | [
"How many Judeans did Ezra lead?"
] | {
"text": [
"5,000"
],
"answer_start": [
665
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16805 | 5725b4ef38643c19005acb93 | Israel | With successive Persian rule, the region, divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata, was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and finally Seleucid Empires, the southern Levant was heavily hellenized, building the tensions between Judeans and Greeks. The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt, which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah, which later expanded over much of modern Israel, as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region. | When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt? | When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt? | [
"When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt?"
] | {
"text": [
"167 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16806 | 5725b4ef38643c19005acb94 | Israel | With successive Persian rule, the region, divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata, was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and finally Seleucid Empires, the southern Levant was heavily hellenized, building the tensions between Judeans and Greeks. The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt, which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah, which later expanded over much of modern Israel, as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region. | What was established in the Maccabean Revolt? | What was established in the Maccabean Revolt? | [
"What was established in the Maccabean Revolt?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hasmonean Kingdom"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16807 | 5725b4ef38643c19005acb95 | Israel | With successive Persian rule, the region, divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata, was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and finally Seleucid Empires, the southern Levant was heavily hellenized, building the tensions between Judeans and Greeks. The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt, which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah, which later expanded over much of modern Israel, as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region. | Who dominated the society? | Who dominated the society? | [
"Who dominated the society?"
] | {
"text": [
"Judeans"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16808 | 5725b54789a1e219009abd1a | Israel | With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem. The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628. | When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region? | When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region? | [
"When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region?"
] | {
"text": [
"132 CE"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16809 | 5725b54789a1e219009abd1b | Israel | With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem. The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628. | Who conquered the country in 628? | Who conquered the country in 628? | [
"Who conquered the country in 628?"
] | {
"text": [
"Byzantine Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
1139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16810 | 5725b54789a1e219009abd1c | Israel | With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem. The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628. | What was evolving over Roman paganism? | What was evolving over Roman paganism? | [
"What was evolving over Roman paganism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christianity"
],
"answer_start": [
716
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16811 | 5725b58fec44d21400f3d41b | Israel | During the siege of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099, the Jewish inhabitants of the city fought side by side with the Fatimid garrison and the Muslim population who tried in vain to defend the city against the Crusaders. When the city fell, about 60,000 people were massacred, including 6,000 Jews seeking refuge in a synagogue. At this time, a full thousand years after the fall of the Jewish state, there were Jewish communities all over the country. Fifty of them are known and include Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and Gaza. According to Albert of Aachen, the Jewish residents of Haifa were the main fighting force of the city, and "mixed with Saracen [Fatimid] troops", they fought bravely for close to a month until forced into retreat by the Crusader fleet and land army. However, Joshua Prawer expressed doubt over the story, noting that Albert did not attend the Crusades and that such a prominent role for the Jews is not mentioned by any other source.[undue weight? – discuss] | Who did the Jewish inhabitants fight side by side with? | Who did the Jewish inhabitants fight side by side with? | [
"Who did the Jewish inhabitants fight side by side with?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fatimid garrison"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16812 | 5725b58fec44d21400f3d41c | Israel | During the siege of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099, the Jewish inhabitants of the city fought side by side with the Fatimid garrison and the Muslim population who tried in vain to defend the city against the Crusaders. When the city fell, about 60,000 people were massacred, including 6,000 Jews seeking refuge in a synagogue. At this time, a full thousand years after the fall of the Jewish state, there were Jewish communities all over the country. Fifty of them are known and include Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and Gaza. According to Albert of Aachen, the Jewish residents of Haifa were the main fighting force of the city, and "mixed with Saracen [Fatimid] troops", they fought bravely for close to a month until forced into retreat by the Crusader fleet and land army. However, Joshua Prawer expressed doubt over the story, noting that Albert did not attend the Crusades and that such a prominent role for the Jews is not mentioned by any other source.[undue weight? – discuss] | How many people were massacred when the city fell? | How many people were massacred when the city fell? | [
"How many people were massacred when the city fell?"
] | {
"text": [
"60,000"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16813 | 5725b58fec44d21400f3d41d | Israel | During the siege of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099, the Jewish inhabitants of the city fought side by side with the Fatimid garrison and the Muslim population who tried in vain to defend the city against the Crusaders. When the city fell, about 60,000 people were massacred, including 6,000 Jews seeking refuge in a synagogue. At this time, a full thousand years after the fall of the Jewish state, there were Jewish communities all over the country. Fifty of them are known and include Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and Gaza. According to Albert of Aachen, the Jewish residents of Haifa were the main fighting force of the city, and "mixed with Saracen [Fatimid] troops", they fought bravely for close to a month until forced into retreat by the Crusader fleet and land army. However, Joshua Prawer expressed doubt over the story, noting that Albert did not attend the Crusades and that such a prominent role for the Jews is not mentioned by any other source.[undue weight? – discuss] | How many Jews were seeking refuge? | How many Jews were seeking refuge? | [
"How many Jews were seeking refuge?"
] | {
"text": [
"6,000"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16814 | 5725b5ca38643c19005acbaf | Israel | In 1165 Maimonides visited Jerusalem and prayed on the Temple Mount, in the "great, holy house". In 1141 Spanish-Jewish poet, Yehuda Halevi, issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel, a journey he undertook himself. In 1187 Sultan Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and subsequently captured Jerusalem and almost all of Palestine. In time, Saladin issued a proclamation inviting Jews to return and settle in Jerusalem, and according to Judah al-Harizi, they did: "From the day the Arabs took Jerusalem, the Israelites inhabited it." Al-Harizi compared Saladin's decree allowing Jews to re-establish themselves in Jerusalem to the one issued by the Persian king Cyrus the Great over 1,600 years earlier. | When did Maimonides visit Jerusalem? | When did Maimonides visit Jerusalem? | [
"When did Maimonides visit Jerusalem?"
] | {
"text": [
"1165"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16815 | 5725b5ca38643c19005acbb0 | Israel | In 1165 Maimonides visited Jerusalem and prayed on the Temple Mount, in the "great, holy house". In 1141 Spanish-Jewish poet, Yehuda Halevi, issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel, a journey he undertook himself. In 1187 Sultan Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and subsequently captured Jerusalem and almost all of Palestine. In time, Saladin issued a proclamation inviting Jews to return and settle in Jerusalem, and according to Judah al-Harizi, they did: "From the day the Arabs took Jerusalem, the Israelites inhabited it." Al-Harizi compared Saladin's decree allowing Jews to re-establish themselves in Jerusalem to the one issued by the Persian king Cyrus the Great over 1,600 years earlier. | Who issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel? | Who issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel? | [
"Who issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yehuda Halevi"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16816 | 5725b5ca38643c19005acbb1 | Israel | In 1165 Maimonides visited Jerusalem and prayed on the Temple Mount, in the "great, holy house". In 1141 Spanish-Jewish poet, Yehuda Halevi, issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel, a journey he undertook himself. In 1187 Sultan Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and subsequently captured Jerusalem and almost all of Palestine. In time, Saladin issued a proclamation inviting Jews to return and settle in Jerusalem, and according to Judah al-Harizi, they did: "From the day the Arabs took Jerusalem, the Israelites inhabited it." Al-Harizi compared Saladin's decree allowing Jews to re-establish themselves in Jerusalem to the one issued by the Persian king Cyrus the Great over 1,600 years earlier. | Who was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty? | Who was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty? | [
"Who was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sultan Saladin"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16817 | 5725b62aec44d21400f3d421 | Israel | In 1211, the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England, among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens. Nachmanides, the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews. He wrote "If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms; but as for the land, we shall not leave it in their hands, nor in the hands of any nation, not in any generation." | When was the Jewish community strengthened by rabbis? | When was the Jewish community strengthened by rabbis? | [
"When was the Jewish community strengthened by rabbis?"
] | {
"text": [
"1211"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16818 | 5725b62aec44d21400f3d422 | Israel | In 1211, the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England, among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens. Nachmanides, the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews. He wrote "If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms; but as for the land, we shall not leave it in their hands, nor in the hands of any nation, not in any generation." | Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry? | Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry? | [
"Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nachmanides"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16819 | 5725b62aec44d21400f3d423 | Israel | In 1211, the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England, among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens. Nachmanides, the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews. He wrote "If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms; but as for the land, we shall not leave it in their hands, nor in the hands of any nation, not in any generation." | What did Nachmanides write? | What did Nachmanides write? | [
"What did Nachmanides write?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16820 | 5725b679ec44d21400f3d431 | Israel | In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (the Temple Mount). In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967. | When was control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt? | When was control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt? | [
"When was control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt?"
] | {
"text": [
"1260"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16821 | 5725b679ec44d21400f3d432 | Israel | In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (the Temple Mount). In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967. | What two centres of Mamluk power was the country located? | What two centres of Mamluk power was the country located? | [
"What two centres of Mamluk power was the country located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cairo and Damascus"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16822 | 5725b679ec44d21400f3d433 | Israel | In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (the Temple Mount). In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967. | When did the Mamluk Sultan Baybars convert to the Cave of Patriarchs? | When did the Mamluk Sultan Baybars convert to the Cave of Patriarchs? | [
"When did the Mamluk Sultan Baybars convert to the Cave of Patriarchs?"
] | {
"text": [
"1266"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16823 | 5725b6c4271a42140099d07b | Israel | Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora, many Jews have aspired to return to "Zion" and the "Land of Israel", though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute. The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system. After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled in Palestine. During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities—Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed—and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem. In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European opponents of Hasidism, known as the Perushim, settled in Palestine. | Many Jews have aspired to return to where? | Many Jews have aspired to return to where? | [
"Many Jews have aspired to return to where?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zion"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16824 | 5725b6c4271a42140099d07c | Israel | Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora, many Jews have aspired to return to "Zion" and the "Land of Israel", though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute. The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system. After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled in Palestine. During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities—Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed—and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem. In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European opponents of Hasidism, known as the Perushim, settled in Palestine. | Where did some Jewish communities settle after they were expelled from Spain? | Where did some Jewish communities settle after they were expelled from Spain? | [
"Where did some Jewish communities settle after they were expelled from Spain?"
] | {
"text": [
"Palestine"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16825 | 5725b6c4271a42140099d07d | Israel | Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora, many Jews have aspired to return to "Zion" and the "Land of Israel", though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute. The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system. After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled in Palestine. During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities—Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed—and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem. In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European opponents of Hasidism, known as the Perushim, settled in Palestine. | Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of how many Jews into Jerusalem? | Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of how many Jews into Jerusalem? | [
"Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of how many Jews into Jerusalem?"
] | {
"text": [
"1,500"
],
"answer_start": [
574
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16826 | 5725b701ec44d21400f3d437 | Israel | The first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine, known as the First Aliyah, began in 1881, as Jews fled pogroms in Eastern Europe. Although the Zionist movement already existed in practice, Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl is credited with founding political Zionism, a movement which sought to establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel, thus offering a solution to the so-called Jewish Question of the European states, in conformity with the goals and achievements of other national projects of the time. In 1896, Herzl published Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews), offering his vision of a future Jewish state; the following year he presided over the first Zionist Congress. | What was the first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine known as? | What was the first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine known as? | [
"What was the first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"First Aliyah"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16827 | 5725b701ec44d21400f3d438 | Israel | The first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine, known as the First Aliyah, began in 1881, as Jews fled pogroms in Eastern Europe. Although the Zionist movement already existed in practice, Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl is credited with founding political Zionism, a movement which sought to establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel, thus offering a solution to the so-called Jewish Question of the European states, in conformity with the goals and achievements of other national projects of the time. In 1896, Herzl published Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews), offering his vision of a future Jewish state; the following year he presided over the first Zionist Congress. | When did the First Aliyah begin? | When did the First Aliyah begin? | [
"When did the First Aliyah begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"1881"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16828 | 5725b701ec44d21400f3d439 | Israel | The first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine, known as the First Aliyah, began in 1881, as Jews fled pogroms in Eastern Europe. Although the Zionist movement already existed in practice, Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl is credited with founding political Zionism, a movement which sought to establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel, thus offering a solution to the so-called Jewish Question of the European states, in conformity with the goals and achievements of other national projects of the time. In 1896, Herzl published Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews), offering his vision of a future Jewish state; the following year he presided over the first Zionist Congress. | Who is credited as founding political Zionism? | Who is credited as founding political Zionism? | [
"Who is credited as founding political Zionism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Theodor Herzl"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16829 | 5725b74038643c19005acbbf | Israel | The Second Aliyah (1904–14), began after the Kishinev pogrom; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine, although nearly half of them left eventually. Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly Orthodox Jews, although the Second Aliyah included socialist groups who established the kibbutz movement. During World War I, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, that stated that Britain intended for the creation of a Jewish "national home" within the Palestinian Mandate. | When did the Second Aliyah begin? | When did the Second Aliyah begin? | [
"When did the Second Aliyah begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"after the Kishinev pogrom"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16830 | 5725b74038643c19005acbc0 | Israel | The Second Aliyah (1904–14), began after the Kishinev pogrom; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine, although nearly half of them left eventually. Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly Orthodox Jews, although the Second Aliyah included socialist groups who established the kibbutz movement. During World War I, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, that stated that Britain intended for the creation of a Jewish "national home" within the Palestinian Mandate. | How many Jews settled into Palestine? | How many Jews settled into Palestine? | [
"How many Jews settled into Palestine?"
] | {
"text": [
"40,000"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16831 | 5725b74038643c19005acbc1 | Israel | The Second Aliyah (1904–14), began after the Kishinev pogrom; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine, although nearly half of them left eventually. Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly Orthodox Jews, although the Second Aliyah included socialist groups who established the kibbutz movement. During World War I, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, that stated that Britain intended for the creation of a Jewish "national home" within the Palestinian Mandate. | The first and second wave of migrants were mainly who? | The first and second wave of migrants were mainly who? | [
"The first and second wave of migrants were mainly who?"
] | {
"text": [
"Orthodox Jews"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16832 | 5725b77c271a42140099d091 | Israel | The Jewish Legion, a group primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted, in 1918, in the British conquest of Palestine. Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah (meaning "The Defense" in Hebrew), from which the Irgun and Lehi, or Stern Gang, paramilitary groups later split off. In 1922, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews, and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians. The population of the area at this time was predominantly Arab and Muslim, with Jews accounting for about 11%, and Arab Christians at about 9.5% of the population. | What is the Jewish Legion? | What is the Jewish Legion? | [
"What is the Jewish Legion?"
] | {
"text": [
"a group primarily of Zionist volunteers"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16833 | 5725b77c271a42140099d092 | Israel | The Jewish Legion, a group primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted, in 1918, in the British conquest of Palestine. Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah (meaning "The Defense" in Hebrew), from which the Irgun and Lehi, or Stern Gang, paramilitary groups later split off. In 1922, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews, and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians. The population of the area at this time was predominantly Arab and Muslim, with Jews accounting for about 11%, and Arab Christians at about 9.5% of the population. | When did the League of Nations grant Britain a mandate over Palestine? | When did the League of Nations grant Britain a mandate over Palestine? | [
"When did the League of Nations grant Britain a mandate over Palestine?"
] | {
"text": [
"1922"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16834 | 5725b77c271a42140099d093 | Israel | The Jewish Legion, a group primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted, in 1918, in the British conquest of Palestine. Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah (meaning "The Defense" in Hebrew), from which the Irgun and Lehi, or Stern Gang, paramilitary groups later split off. In 1922, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews, and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians. The population of the area at this time was predominantly Arab and Muslim, with Jews accounting for about 11%, and Arab Christians at about 9.5% of the population. | What does Haganah mean in Hebrew? | What does Haganah mean in Hebrew? | [
"What does Haganah mean in Hebrew?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Defense"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16835 | 5725b7e9ec44d21400f3d44d | Israel | The Third (1919–23) and Fourth Aliyahs (1924–29) brought an additional 100,000 Jews to Palestine. Finally, the rise of Nazism and the increasing persecution of Jews in 1930s Europe led to the Fifth Aliyah, with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews. This was a major cause of the Arab revolt of 1936–39 during which the British Mandate authorities alongside the Zionist militias of Haganah and Irgun killed 5,032 Arabs and wounded 14,760, resulting in over ten percent of the adult male Palestinian Arab population killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled. The British introduced restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine with the White Paper of 1939. With countries around the world turning away Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust, a clandestine movement known as Aliyah Bet was organized to bring Jews to Palestine. By the end of World War II, the Jewish population of Palestine had increased to 33% of the total population. On July 22, 1946, Irgun attacked the British administrative headquarters for Palestine, which was housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. 91 people of various nationalities were killed and 46 were injured. The hotel was the site of the central offices of the British Mandatory authorities of Palestine, principally the Secretariat of the Government of Palestine and the Headquarters of the British Armed Forces in Palestine and Transjordan. The attack initially had the approval of the Haganah (the principal Jewish paramilitary group in Palestine). It was conceived as a response to Operation Agatha (a series of widespread raids, including one on the Jewish Agency, conducted by the British authorities) and was the deadliest directed at the British during the Mandate era (1920–1948). | How many Jews did the Third and Fourth Aliyahs bring to Palestine? | How many Jews did the Third and Fourth Aliyahs bring to Palestine? | [
"How many Jews did the Third and Fourth Aliyahs bring to Palestine?"
] | {
"text": [
"100,000"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16836 | 5725b7e9ec44d21400f3d44e | Israel | The Third (1919–23) and Fourth Aliyahs (1924–29) brought an additional 100,000 Jews to Palestine. Finally, the rise of Nazism and the increasing persecution of Jews in 1930s Europe led to the Fifth Aliyah, with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews. This was a major cause of the Arab revolt of 1936–39 during which the British Mandate authorities alongside the Zionist militias of Haganah and Irgun killed 5,032 Arabs and wounded 14,760, resulting in over ten percent of the adult male Palestinian Arab population killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled. The British introduced restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine with the White Paper of 1939. With countries around the world turning away Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust, a clandestine movement known as Aliyah Bet was organized to bring Jews to Palestine. By the end of World War II, the Jewish population of Palestine had increased to 33% of the total population. On July 22, 1946, Irgun attacked the British administrative headquarters for Palestine, which was housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. 91 people of various nationalities were killed and 46 were injured. The hotel was the site of the central offices of the British Mandatory authorities of Palestine, principally the Secretariat of the Government of Palestine and the Headquarters of the British Armed Forces in Palestine and Transjordan. The attack initially had the approval of the Haganah (the principal Jewish paramilitary group in Palestine). It was conceived as a response to Operation Agatha (a series of widespread raids, including one on the Jewish Agency, conducted by the British authorities) and was the deadliest directed at the British during the Mandate era (1920–1948). | When did Irgun attack the British administrative headquarters? | When did Irgun attack the British administrative headquarters? | [
"When did Irgun attack the British administrative headquarters?"
] | {
"text": [
"July 22, 1946"
],
"answer_start": [
939
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16837 | 5725b7e9ec44d21400f3d44f | Israel | The Third (1919–23) and Fourth Aliyahs (1924–29) brought an additional 100,000 Jews to Palestine. Finally, the rise of Nazism and the increasing persecution of Jews in 1930s Europe led to the Fifth Aliyah, with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews. This was a major cause of the Arab revolt of 1936–39 during which the British Mandate authorities alongside the Zionist militias of Haganah and Irgun killed 5,032 Arabs and wounded 14,760, resulting in over ten percent of the adult male Palestinian Arab population killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled. The British introduced restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine with the White Paper of 1939. With countries around the world turning away Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust, a clandestine movement known as Aliyah Bet was organized to bring Jews to Palestine. By the end of World War II, the Jewish population of Palestine had increased to 33% of the total population. On July 22, 1946, Irgun attacked the British administrative headquarters for Palestine, which was housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. 91 people of various nationalities were killed and 46 were injured. The hotel was the site of the central offices of the British Mandatory authorities of Palestine, principally the Secretariat of the Government of Palestine and the Headquarters of the British Armed Forces in Palestine and Transjordan. The attack initially had the approval of the Haganah (the principal Jewish paramilitary group in Palestine). It was conceived as a response to Operation Agatha (a series of widespread raids, including one on the Jewish Agency, conducted by the British authorities) and was the deadliest directed at the British during the Mandate era (1920–1948). | What was the Jewish population in Palestine by the end of World War II? | What was the Jewish population in Palestine by the end of World War II? | [
"What was the Jewish population in Palestine by the end of World War II?"
] | {
"text": [
"33%"
],
"answer_start": [
907
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16838 | 5725b83b271a42140099d0a9 | Israel | After World War II, Britain found itself in intense conflict with the Jewish community over Jewish immigration limits, as well as continued conflict with the Arab community over limit levels. The Haganah joined Irgun and Lehi in an armed struggle against British rule. At the same time, hundreds of thousands of Jewish Holocaust survivors and refugees sought a new life far from their destroyed communities in Europe. The Yishuv attempted to bring these refugees to Palestine but many were turned away or rounded up and placed in detention camps in Atlit and Cyprus by the British. Escalating violence culminated with the 1946 King David Hotel bombing which Bruce Hoffman characterized as one of the "most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century". In 1947, the British government announced it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine, stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews. | What country experienced conflict with the Jewish community after World War II? | What country experienced conflict with the Jewish community after World War II? | [
"What country experienced conflict with the Jewish community after World War II?"
] | {
"text": [
"Britain"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16839 | 5725b83b271a42140099d0aa | Israel | After World War II, Britain found itself in intense conflict with the Jewish community over Jewish immigration limits, as well as continued conflict with the Arab community over limit levels. The Haganah joined Irgun and Lehi in an armed struggle against British rule. At the same time, hundreds of thousands of Jewish Holocaust survivors and refugees sought a new life far from their destroyed communities in Europe. The Yishuv attempted to bring these refugees to Palestine but many were turned away or rounded up and placed in detention camps in Atlit and Cyprus by the British. Escalating violence culminated with the 1946 King David Hotel bombing which Bruce Hoffman characterized as one of the "most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century". In 1947, the British government announced it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine, stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews. | When was the King David Hotel bombing? | When was the King David Hotel bombing? | [
"When was the King David Hotel bombing?"
] | {
"text": [
"1946"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16840 | 5725b83b271a42140099d0ab | Israel | After World War II, Britain found itself in intense conflict with the Jewish community over Jewish immigration limits, as well as continued conflict with the Arab community over limit levels. The Haganah joined Irgun and Lehi in an armed struggle against British rule. At the same time, hundreds of thousands of Jewish Holocaust survivors and refugees sought a new life far from their destroyed communities in Europe. The Yishuv attempted to bring these refugees to Palestine but many were turned away or rounded up and placed in detention camps in Atlit and Cyprus by the British. Escalating violence culminated with the 1946 King David Hotel bombing which Bruce Hoffman characterized as one of the "most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century". In 1947, the British government announced it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine, stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews. | When did the British government announce it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine? | When did the British government announce it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine? | [
"When did the British government announce it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine?"
] | {
"text": [
"1947"
],
"answer_start": [
763
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16841 | 5725b89c89a1e219009abd70 | Israel | On 15 May 1947, the General Assembly of the newly formed United Nations resolved that a committee, United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), be created "to prepare for consideration at the next regular session of the Assembly a report on the question of Palestine". In the Report of the Committee dated 3 September 1947 to the UN General Assembly, the majority of the Committee in Chapter VI proposed a plan to replace the British Mandate with "an independent Arab State, an independent Jewish State, and the City of Jerusalem ... the last to be under an International Trusteeship System". On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending the adoption and implementation of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union as Resolution 181 (II). The Plan attached to the resolution was essentially that proposed by the majority of the Committee in the Report of 3 September 1947. | What is the UNSCOP? | What is the UNSCOP? | [
"What is the UNSCOP?"
] | {
"text": [
"United Nations Special Committee on Palestine"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16842 | 5725b89c89a1e219009abd71 | Israel | On 15 May 1947, the General Assembly of the newly formed United Nations resolved that a committee, United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), be created "to prepare for consideration at the next regular session of the Assembly a report on the question of Palestine". In the Report of the Committee dated 3 September 1947 to the UN General Assembly, the majority of the Committee in Chapter VI proposed a plan to replace the British Mandate with "an independent Arab State, an independent Jewish State, and the City of Jerusalem ... the last to be under an International Trusteeship System". On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending the adoption and implementation of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union as Resolution 181 (II). The Plan attached to the resolution was essentially that proposed by the majority of the Committee in the Report of 3 September 1947. | When was the UNSCOP formed? | When was the UNSCOP formed? | [
"When was the UNSCOP formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"15 May 1947"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16843 | 5725b89c89a1e219009abd72 | Israel | On 15 May 1947, the General Assembly of the newly formed United Nations resolved that a committee, United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), be created "to prepare for consideration at the next regular session of the Assembly a report on the question of Palestine". In the Report of the Committee dated 3 September 1947 to the UN General Assembly, the majority of the Committee in Chapter VI proposed a plan to replace the British Mandate with "an independent Arab State, an independent Jewish State, and the City of Jerusalem ... the last to be under an International Trusteeship System". On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending the adoption and implementation of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union as Resolution 181 (II). The Plan attached to the resolution was essentially that proposed by the majority of the Committee in the Report of 3 September 1947. | What was the last to be under an International Trusteeship System? | What was the last to be under an International Trusteeship System? | [
"What was the last to be under an International Trusteeship System?"
] | {
"text": [
"City of Jerusalem"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16844 | 5725b8e6271a42140099d0af | Israel | The following day, the armies of four Arab countries—Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq—entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine, launching the 1948 Arab–Israeli War; Contingents from Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war. The apparent purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state at inception, and some Arab leaders talked about driving the Jews into the sea. According to Benny Morris, Jews felt that the invading Arab armies aimed to slaughter the Jews. The Arab league stated that the invasion was to restore law and order and to prevent further bloodshed. | What four Arab countries entered British Mandatory Palestine? | What four Arab countries entered British Mandatory Palestine? | [
"What four Arab countries entered British Mandatory Palestine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16845 | 5725b8e6271a42140099d0b0 | Israel | The following day, the armies of four Arab countries—Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq—entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine, launching the 1948 Arab–Israeli War; Contingents from Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war. The apparent purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state at inception, and some Arab leaders talked about driving the Jews into the sea. According to Benny Morris, Jews felt that the invading Arab armies aimed to slaughter the Jews. The Arab league stated that the invasion was to restore law and order and to prevent further bloodshed. | When was the Arab-Israeli War launched? | When was the Arab-Israeli War launched? | [
"When was the Arab-Israeli War launched?"
] | {
"text": [
"1948"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16846 | 5725b8e6271a42140099d0b1 | Israel | The following day, the armies of four Arab countries—Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq—entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine, launching the 1948 Arab–Israeli War; Contingents from Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war. The apparent purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state at inception, and some Arab leaders talked about driving the Jews into the sea. According to Benny Morris, Jews felt that the invading Arab armies aimed to slaughter the Jews. The Arab league stated that the invasion was to restore law and order and to prevent further bloodshed. | What were the invading Arab armies aim? | What were the invading Arab armies aim? | [
"What were the invading Arab armies aim?"
] | {
"text": [
"slaughter the Jews"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16847 | 5725b95a38643c19005acbdb | Israel | Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet ("Institution for Illegal Immigration"). Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation, but the latter also engaged in clandestine operations in countries, particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, where the lives of Jews were believed to be in danger and exit from those places was difficult. Mossad LeAliyah Bet continued to take part in immigration efforts until its disbanding in 1953. An influx of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab and Muslim lands immigrated to Israel during the first 3 years and the number of Jews increased from 700,000 to 1,400,000, many of whom faced persecution in their original countries. The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan. | Who aided the immigration to Israel? | Who aided the immigration to Israel? | [
"Who aided the immigration to Israel?"
] | {
"text": [
"Israeli Immigration Department"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16848 | 5725b95a38643c19005acbdc | Israel | Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet ("Institution for Illegal Immigration"). Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation, but the latter also engaged in clandestine operations in countries, particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, where the lives of Jews were believed to be in danger and exit from those places was difficult. Mossad LeAliyah Bet continued to take part in immigration efforts until its disbanding in 1953. An influx of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab and Muslim lands immigrated to Israel during the first 3 years and the number of Jews increased from 700,000 to 1,400,000, many of whom faced persecution in their original countries. The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan. | The immigration was in accordance to what? | The immigration was in accordance to what? | [
"The immigration was in accordance to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"One Million Plan"
],
"answer_start": [
877
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16849 | 5725b95a38643c19005acbdd | Israel | Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet ("Institution for Illegal Immigration"). Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation, but the latter also engaged in clandestine operations in countries, particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, where the lives of Jews were believed to be in danger and exit from those places was difficult. Mossad LeAliyah Bet continued to take part in immigration efforts until its disbanding in 1953. An influx of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab and Muslim lands immigrated to Israel during the first 3 years and the number of Jews increased from 700,000 to 1,400,000, many of whom faced persecution in their original countries. The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan. | When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband? | When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband? | [
"When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband?"
] | {
"text": [
"1953"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16850 | 5725b9c5ec44d21400f3d463 | Israel | Consequently, the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million between 1948 and 1958. Between 1948 and 1970, approximately 1,150,000 Jewish refugees relocated to Israel. The immigrants came to Israel for differing reasons. Some believed in a Zionist ideology, while others moved to escape persecution. There were others that did it for the promise of a better life in Israel and a small number that were expelled from their homelands, such as British and French Jews in Egypt after the Suez Crisis. | The population of Israel rose from 800,000 to what between 1948 and 1958? | The population of Israel rose from 800,000 to what between 1948 and 1958? | [
"The population of Israel rose from 800,000 to what between 1948 and 1958?"
] | {
"text": [
"two million"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16851 | 5725b9c5ec44d21400f3d464 | Israel | Consequently, the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million between 1948 and 1958. Between 1948 and 1970, approximately 1,150,000 Jewish refugees relocated to Israel. The immigrants came to Israel for differing reasons. Some believed in a Zionist ideology, while others moved to escape persecution. There were others that did it for the promise of a better life in Israel and a small number that were expelled from their homelands, such as British and French Jews in Egypt after the Suez Crisis. | What ideology did some immigrants believe in? | What ideology did some immigrants believe in? | [
"What ideology did some immigrants believe in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zionist"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16852 | 5725b9c5ec44d21400f3d465 | Israel | Consequently, the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million between 1948 and 1958. Between 1948 and 1970, approximately 1,150,000 Jewish refugees relocated to Israel. The immigrants came to Israel for differing reasons. Some believed in a Zionist ideology, while others moved to escape persecution. There were others that did it for the promise of a better life in Israel and a small number that were expelled from their homelands, such as British and French Jews in Egypt after the Suez Crisis. | Between 1948 and 1970, how many Jewish refugees relocated to Israel? | Between 1948 and 1970, how many Jewish refugees relocated to Israel? | [
"Between 1948 and 1970, how many Jewish refugees relocated to Israel?"
] | {
"text": [
"1,150,000"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16853 | 5725ba0bec44d21400f3d469 | Israel | Some new immigrants arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot; by 1952, over 200,000 immigrants were living in these tent cities. During this period, food, clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the Austerity Period. The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea that Israel could accept monetary compensation for the Holocaust. | What were temporary camps known as? | What were temporary camps known as? | [
"What were temporary camps known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"ma'abarot"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16854 | 5725ba0bec44d21400f3d46a | Israel | Some new immigrants arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot; by 1952, over 200,000 immigrants were living in these tent cities. During this period, food, clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the Austerity Period. The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea that Israel could accept monetary compensation for the Holocaust. | How many immigrants lived in these tent cities? | How many immigrants lived in these tent cities? | [
"How many immigrants lived in these tent cities?"
] | {
"text": [
"over 200,000"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16855 | 5725ba0bec44d21400f3d46b | Israel | Some new immigrants arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot; by 1952, over 200,000 immigrants were living in these tent cities. During this period, food, clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the Austerity Period. The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea that Israel could accept monetary compensation for the Holocaust. | Who signed a reparations agreement with West Germany? | Who signed a reparations agreement with West Germany? | [
"Who signed a reparations agreement with West Germany?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ben-Gurion"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16856 | 5725ba3dec44d21400f3d46f | Israel | In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration. | When did Egypt close the Suez Canal to Israel? | When did Egypt close the Suez Canal to Israel? | [
"When did Egypt close the Suez Canal to Israel?"
] | {
"text": [
"1950"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16857 | 5725ba3dec44d21400f3d470 | Israel | In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration. | Who was Israel frequently attacked by? | Who was Israel frequently attacked by? | [
"Who was Israel frequently attacked by?"
] | {
"text": [
"Palestinian fedayeen"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16858 | 5725ba3dec44d21400f3d471 | Israel | In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration. | What did the war result in? | What did the war result in? | [
"What did the war result in?"
] | {
"text": [
"significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration"
],
"answer_start": [
1011
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16859 | 5725ba9d38643c19005acbef | Israel | Arab nationalists led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser refused to recognize Israel, and called for its destruction. By 1966, Israeli-Arab relations had deteriorated to the point of actual battles taking place between Israeli and Arab forces. In May 1967, Egypt massed its army near the border with Israel, expelled UN peacekeepers, stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1957, and blocked Israel's access to the Red Sea[citation needed]. Other Arab states mobilized their forces. Israel reiterated that these actions were a casus belli. On 5 June 1967, Israel launched a pre-emptive strike against Egypt. Jordan, Syria and Iraq responded and attacked Israel. In a Six-Day War, Israel defeated Jordan and captured the West Bank, defeated Egypt and captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula, and defeated Syria and captured the Golan Heights. Jerusalem's boundaries were enlarged, incorporating East Jerusalem, and the 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the occupied territories. | Who refused toe recognize Israel? | Who refused toe recognize Israel? | [
"Who refused toe recognize Israel?"
] | {
"text": [
"Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16860 | 5725ba9d38643c19005acbf0 | Israel | Arab nationalists led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser refused to recognize Israel, and called for its destruction. By 1966, Israeli-Arab relations had deteriorated to the point of actual battles taking place between Israeli and Arab forces. In May 1967, Egypt massed its army near the border with Israel, expelled UN peacekeepers, stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1957, and blocked Israel's access to the Red Sea[citation needed]. Other Arab states mobilized their forces. Israel reiterated that these actions were a casus belli. On 5 June 1967, Israel launched a pre-emptive strike against Egypt. Jordan, Syria and Iraq responded and attacked Israel. In a Six-Day War, Israel defeated Jordan and captured the West Bank, defeated Egypt and captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula, and defeated Syria and captured the Golan Heights. Jerusalem's boundaries were enlarged, incorporating East Jerusalem, and the 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the occupied territories. | When did Egypt mass it's army near the border with Israel? | When did Egypt mass it's army near the border with Israel? | [
"When did Egypt mass it's army near the border with Israel?"
] | {
"text": [
"1967"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16861 | 5725ba9d38643c19005acbf1 | Israel | Arab nationalists led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser refused to recognize Israel, and called for its destruction. By 1966, Israeli-Arab relations had deteriorated to the point of actual battles taking place between Israeli and Arab forces. In May 1967, Egypt massed its army near the border with Israel, expelled UN peacekeepers, stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1957, and blocked Israel's access to the Red Sea[citation needed]. Other Arab states mobilized their forces. Israel reiterated that these actions were a casus belli. On 5 June 1967, Israel launched a pre-emptive strike against Egypt. Jordan, Syria and Iraq responded and attacked Israel. In a Six-Day War, Israel defeated Jordan and captured the West Bank, defeated Egypt and captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula, and defeated Syria and captured the Golan Heights. Jerusalem's boundaries were enlarged, incorporating East Jerusalem, and the 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the occupied territories. | What became the administrative boundary between Israel and occupied territories? | What became the administrative boundary between Israel and occupied territories? | [
"What became the administrative boundary between Israel and occupied territories?"
] | {
"text": [
"Green Line"
],
"answer_start": [
932
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16862 | 5725baec38643c19005acbf5 | Israel | Following the 1967 war and the "three nos" resolution of the Arab League, during the 1967–1970 War of Attrition Israel faced attacks from the Egyptians in the Sinai, and from Palestinian groups targeting Israelis in the occupied territories, in Israel proper, and around the world. Most important among the various Palestinian and Arab groups was the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), established in 1964, which initially committed itself to "armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland". In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Palestinian groups launched a wave of attacks against Israeli and Jewish targets around the world, including a massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The Israeli government responded with an assassination campaign against the organizers of the massacre, a bombing and a raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon. | Where was the massacre of the Israeli athletes? | Where was the massacre of the Israeli athletes? | [
"Where was the massacre of the Israeli athletes?"
] | {
"text": [
"1972 Summer Olympics in Munich"
],
"answer_start": [
692
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16863 | 5725baec38643c19005acbf6 | Israel | Following the 1967 war and the "three nos" resolution of the Arab League, during the 1967–1970 War of Attrition Israel faced attacks from the Egyptians in the Sinai, and from Palestinian groups targeting Israelis in the occupied territories, in Israel proper, and around the world. Most important among the various Palestinian and Arab groups was the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), established in 1964, which initially committed itself to "armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland". In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Palestinian groups launched a wave of attacks against Israeli and Jewish targets around the world, including a massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The Israeli government responded with an assassination campaign against the organizers of the massacre, a bombing and a raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon. | What was the resolution of the Arab league? | What was the resolution of the Arab league? | [
"What was the resolution of the Arab league?"
] | {
"text": [
"three nos"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16864 | 5725baec38643c19005acbf7 | Israel | Following the 1967 war and the "three nos" resolution of the Arab League, during the 1967–1970 War of Attrition Israel faced attacks from the Egyptians in the Sinai, and from Palestinian groups targeting Israelis in the occupied territories, in Israel proper, and around the world. Most important among the various Palestinian and Arab groups was the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), established in 1964, which initially committed itself to "armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland". In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Palestinian groups launched a wave of attacks against Israeli and Jewish targets around the world, including a massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The Israeli government responded with an assassination campaign against the organizers of the massacre, a bombing and a raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon. | What did the ELO commit itself on? | What did the ELO commit itself on? | [
"What did the ELO commit itself on?"
] | {
"text": [
"armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16865 | 5725bb2838643c19005acbfb | Israel | On 6 October 1973, as Jews were observing Yom Kippur, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights, that opened the Yom Kippur War. The war ended on 26 October with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but having suffered over 2,500 soldiers killed in a war which collectively took 10–35,000 lives in just 20 days. An internal inquiry exonerated the government of responsibility for failures before and during the war, but public anger forced Prime Minister Golda Meir to resign. | When did the Egyptian and Syrian armies launch a surprise attack against Israeli forces? | When did the Egyptian and Syrian armies launch a surprise attack against Israeli forces? | [
"When did the Egyptian and Syrian armies launch a surprise attack against Israeli forces?"
] | {
"text": [
"6 October 1973"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16866 | 5725bb2838643c19005acbfc | Israel | On 6 October 1973, as Jews were observing Yom Kippur, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights, that opened the Yom Kippur War. The war ended on 26 October with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but having suffered over 2,500 soldiers killed in a war which collectively took 10–35,000 lives in just 20 days. An internal inquiry exonerated the government of responsibility for failures before and during the war, but public anger forced Prime Minister Golda Meir to resign. | How many lives were lost? | How many lives were lost? | [
"How many lives were lost?"
] | {
"text": [
"10–35,000"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16867 | 5725bb2838643c19005acbfd | Israel | On 6 October 1973, as Jews were observing Yom Kippur, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights, that opened the Yom Kippur War. The war ended on 26 October with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but having suffered over 2,500 soldiers killed in a war which collectively took 10–35,000 lives in just 20 days. An internal inquiry exonerated the government of responsibility for failures before and during the war, but public anger forced Prime Minister Golda Meir to resign. | Who was forced to resign? | Who was forced to resign? | [
"Who was forced to resign?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prime Minister Golda Meir"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16868 | 5725bb6d89a1e219009abda0 | Israel | The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin's Likud party took control from the Labor Party. Later that year, Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state. In the two years that followed, Sadat and Begin signed the Camp David Accords (1978) and the Israel–Egypt Peace Treaty (1979). In return, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War in 1967, and agreed to enter negotiations over an autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. | Where did Anwar El Sadat make a trip to? | Where did Anwar El Sadat make a trip to? | [
"Where did Anwar El Sadat make a trip to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Israel"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16869 | 5725bb6d89a1e219009abda1 | Israel | The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin's Likud party took control from the Labor Party. Later that year, Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state. In the two years that followed, Sadat and Begin signed the Camp David Accords (1978) and the Israel–Egypt Peace Treaty (1979). In return, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War in 1967, and agreed to enter negotiations over an autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. | What did Sadat and Begin sign? | What did Sadat and Begin sign? | [
"What did Sadat and Begin sign?"
] | {
"text": [
"Camp David Accords"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16870 | 5725bb6d89a1e219009abda2 | Israel | The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin's Likud party took control from the Labor Party. Later that year, Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state. In the two years that followed, Sadat and Begin signed the Camp David Accords (1978) and the Israel–Egypt Peace Treaty (1979). In return, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War in 1967, and agreed to enter negotiations over an autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. | Israel withdrew from where? | Israel withdrew from where? | [
"Israel withdrew from where?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sinai Peninsula"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16871 | 5725bbb338643c19005acc0b | Israel | On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground. | When did the Coastal Road Massacre occur? | When did the Coastal Road Massacre occur? | [
"When did the Coastal Road Massacre occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"11 March 1978"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16872 | 5725bbb338643c19005acc0c | Israel | On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground. | Who secured southern Lebanon? | Who secured southern Lebanon? | [
"Who secured southern Lebanon?"
] | {
"text": [
"Israel"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16873 | 5725bbb338643c19005acc0d | Israel | On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel. In the next few years, the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border. Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground. | Where were the PLO bases located? | Where were the PLO bases located? | [
"Where were the PLO bases located?"
] | {
"text": [
"south of the Litani River"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16874 | 5725bc2838643c19005acc17 | Israel | Meanwhile, Begin's government provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank, increasing friction with the Palestinians in that area. The Basic Law: Jerusalem, the Capital of Israel, passed in 1980, was believed by some to reaffirm Israel's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree, and reignited international controversy over the status of the city. No Israeli legislation has defined the territory of Israel and no act specifically included East Jerusalem therein. The position of the majority of UN member states is reflected in numerous resolutions declaring that actions taken by Israel to settle its citizens in the West Bank, and impose its laws and administration on East Jerusalem, are illegal and have no validity. In 1981 Israel annexed the Golan Heights, although annexation was not recognized internationally. | When did Israel annex the Golan Heights? | When did Israel annex the Golan Heights? | [
"When did Israel annex the Golan Heights?"
] | {
"text": [
"1981"
],
"answer_start": [
760
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16875 | 5725bc2838643c19005acc18 | Israel | Meanwhile, Begin's government provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank, increasing friction with the Palestinians in that area. The Basic Law: Jerusalem, the Capital of Israel, passed in 1980, was believed by some to reaffirm Israel's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree, and reignited international controversy over the status of the city. No Israeli legislation has defined the territory of Israel and no act specifically included East Jerusalem therein. The position of the majority of UN member states is reflected in numerous resolutions declaring that actions taken by Israel to settle its citizens in the West Bank, and impose its laws and administration on East Jerusalem, are illegal and have no validity. In 1981 Israel annexed the Golan Heights, although annexation was not recognized internationally. | What is the Capital of Israel? | What is the Capital of Israel? | [
"What is the Capital of Israel?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jerusalem"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16876 | 5725bc2838643c19005acc19 | Israel | Meanwhile, Begin's government provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank, increasing friction with the Palestinians in that area. The Basic Law: Jerusalem, the Capital of Israel, passed in 1980, was believed by some to reaffirm Israel's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree, and reignited international controversy over the status of the city. No Israeli legislation has defined the territory of Israel and no act specifically included East Jerusalem therein. The position of the majority of UN member states is reflected in numerous resolutions declaring that actions taken by Israel to settle its citizens in the West Bank, and impose its laws and administration on East Jerusalem, are illegal and have no validity. In 1981 Israel annexed the Golan Heights, although annexation was not recognized internationally. | Who provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank? | Who provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank? | [
"Who provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank?"
] | {
"text": [
"Begin's government"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16877 | 5725bc7d271a42140099d0e5 | Israel | On 7 June 1981, the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq's sole nuclear reactor, in order to impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The reactor was under construction just outside Baghdad. Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon that year to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles into northern Israel. In the first six days of fighting, the Israelis destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians. An Israeli government inquiry – the Kahan Commission – would later hold Begin, Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a borderland buffer zone in southern Lebanon until 2000, from where Israeli forces engaged in conflict with Hezbollah. | When did the Israeli air force destroy Iraq's sole nuclear reactor? | When did the Israeli air force destroy Iraq's sole nuclear reactor? | [
"When did the Israeli air force destroy Iraq's sole nuclear reactor?"
] | {
"text": [
"7 June 1981"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16878 | 5725bc7d271a42140099d0e6 | Israel | On 7 June 1981, the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq's sole nuclear reactor, in order to impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The reactor was under construction just outside Baghdad. Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon that year to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles into northern Israel. In the first six days of fighting, the Israelis destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians. An Israeli government inquiry – the Kahan Commission – would later hold Begin, Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a borderland buffer zone in southern Lebanon until 2000, from where Israeli forces engaged in conflict with Hezbollah. | Why did they destroy the nuclear reactor? | Why did they destroy the nuclear reactor? | [
"Why did they destroy the nuclear reactor?"
] | {
"text": [
"impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16879 | 5725bc7d271a42140099d0e7 | Israel | On 7 June 1981, the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq's sole nuclear reactor, in order to impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The reactor was under construction just outside Baghdad. Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon that year to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles into northern Israel. In the first six days of fighting, the Israelis destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians. An Israeli government inquiry – the Kahan Commission – would later hold Begin, Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a borderland buffer zone in southern Lebanon until 2000, from where Israeli forces engaged in conflict with Hezbollah. | What government inquiry held Begin? | What government inquiry held Begin? | [
"What government inquiry held Begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kahan Commission"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16880 | 5725bcba38643c19005acc25 | Israel | The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule, broke out in 1987, with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence occurring in the occupied West Bank and Gaza. Over the following six years, the Intifada became more organised and included economic and cultural measures aimed at disrupting the Israeli occupation. More than a thousand people were killed in the violence. During the 1991 Gulf War, the PLO supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Scud missile attacks against Israel. Despite public outrage, Israel heeded US calls to refrain from hitting back and did not participate in that war. | When did the First Intifada break out? | When did the First Intifada break out? | [
"When did the First Intifada break out?"
] | {
"text": [
"1987"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16881 | 5725bcba38643c19005acc26 | Israel | The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule, broke out in 1987, with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence occurring in the occupied West Bank and Gaza. Over the following six years, the Intifada became more organised and included economic and cultural measures aimed at disrupting the Israeli occupation. More than a thousand people were killed in the violence. During the 1991 Gulf War, the PLO supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Scud missile attacks against Israel. Despite public outrage, Israel heeded US calls to refrain from hitting back and did not participate in that war. | How many people were killed in the violence? | How many people were killed in the violence? | [
"How many people were killed in the violence?"
] | {
"text": [
"More than a thousand people"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16882 | 5725bcba38643c19005acc27 | Israel | The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule, broke out in 1987, with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence occurring in the occupied West Bank and Gaza. Over the following six years, the Intifada became more organised and included economic and cultural measures aimed at disrupting the Israeli occupation. More than a thousand people were killed in the violence. During the 1991 Gulf War, the PLO supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Scud missile attacks against Israel. Despite public outrage, Israel heeded US calls to refrain from hitting back and did not participate in that war. | PLO supported who during the Gulf War? | PLO supported who during the Gulf War? | [
"PLO supported who during the Gulf War?"
] | {
"text": [
"Saddam Hussein"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16883 | 5725bcfc38643c19005acc2b | Israel | In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel's neighbors. The following year, Shimon Peres on behalf of Israel, and Mahmoud Abbas for the PLO, signed the Oslo Accords, which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The PLO also recognized Israel's right to exist and pledged an end to terrorism. In 1994, the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace was signed, making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel. Arab public support for the Accords was damaged by the continuation of Israeli settlements and checkpoints, and the deterioration of economic conditions. Israeli public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by Palestinian suicide attacks. Finally, while leaving a peace rally in November 1995, Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a far-right-wing Jew who opposed the Accords. | Who became the Prime Minister in 1992? | Who became the Prime Minister in 1992? | [
"Who became the Prime Minister in 1992?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yitzhak Rabin"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16884 | 5725bcfc38643c19005acc2c | Israel | In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel's neighbors. The following year, Shimon Peres on behalf of Israel, and Mahmoud Abbas for the PLO, signed the Oslo Accords, which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The PLO also recognized Israel's right to exist and pledged an end to terrorism. In 1994, the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace was signed, making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel. Arab public support for the Accords was damaged by the continuation of Israeli settlements and checkpoints, and the deterioration of economic conditions. Israeli public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by Palestinian suicide attacks. Finally, while leaving a peace rally in November 1995, Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a far-right-wing Jew who opposed the Accords. | When was the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace signed? | When was the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace signed? | [
"When was the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace signed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1994"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16885 | 5725bcfc38643c19005acc2d | Israel | In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel's neighbors. The following year, Shimon Peres on behalf of Israel, and Mahmoud Abbas for the PLO, signed the Oslo Accords, which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The PLO also recognized Israel's right to exist and pledged an end to terrorism. In 1994, the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace was signed, making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel. Arab public support for the Accords was damaged by the continuation of Israeli settlements and checkpoints, and the deterioration of economic conditions. Israeli public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by Palestinian suicide attacks. Finally, while leaving a peace rally in November 1995, Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a far-right-wing Jew who opposed the Accords. | When was Yitzhak Rabin assassinated? | When was Yitzhak Rabin assassinated? | [
"When was Yitzhak Rabin assassinated?"
] | {
"text": [
"November 1995"
],
"answer_start": [
854
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16886 | 5725bd3189a1e219009abdc0 | Israel | At the end of the 1990s, Israel, under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu, withdrew from Hebron, and signed the Wye River Memorandum, giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority. Ehud Barak, elected Prime Minister in 1999, began the new millennium by withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the 2000 Camp David Summit. During the summit, Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state. The proposed state included the entirety of the Gaza Strip and over 90% of the West Bank with Jerusalem as a shared capital, although some argue that the plan was to annex areas which would lead to a cantonization of the West Bank into three blocs, which the Palestinian delegation likened to South African "bantustans", a loaded word that was disputed by the Israeli and American negotiators. Each side blamed the other for the failure of the talks. | Who led Israel in the 1990s? | Who led Israel in the 1990s? | [
"Who led Israel in the 1990s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Benjamin Netanyahu"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16887 | 5725bd3189a1e219009abdc1 | Israel | At the end of the 1990s, Israel, under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu, withdrew from Hebron, and signed the Wye River Memorandum, giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority. Ehud Barak, elected Prime Minister in 1999, began the new millennium by withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the 2000 Camp David Summit. During the summit, Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state. The proposed state included the entirety of the Gaza Strip and over 90% of the West Bank with Jerusalem as a shared capital, although some argue that the plan was to annex areas which would lead to a cantonization of the West Bank into three blocs, which the Palestinian delegation likened to South African "bantustans", a loaded word that was disputed by the Israeli and American negotiators. Each side blamed the other for the failure of the talks. | What did Benjamin Netanyahu sign? | What did Benjamin Netanyahu sign? | [
"What did Benjamin Netanyahu sign?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wye River Memorandum"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16888 | 5725bd3189a1e219009abdc2 | Israel | At the end of the 1990s, Israel, under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu, withdrew from Hebron, and signed the Wye River Memorandum, giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority. Ehud Barak, elected Prime Minister in 1999, began the new millennium by withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the 2000 Camp David Summit. During the summit, Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state. The proposed state included the entirety of the Gaza Strip and over 90% of the West Bank with Jerusalem as a shared capital, although some argue that the plan was to annex areas which would lead to a cantonization of the West Bank into three blocs, which the Palestinian delegation likened to South African "bantustans", a loaded word that was disputed by the Israeli and American negotiators. Each side blamed the other for the failure of the talks. | Who was elected Prime Minister in 1999? | Who was elected Prime Minister in 1999? | [
"Who was elected Prime Minister in 1999?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ehud Barak"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16889 | 5725bd7fec44d21400f3d49f | Israel | After the collapse of the talks and a controversial visit by Likud leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount, the Second Intifada began. Some commentators contend that the uprising was pre-planned by Yasser Arafat due to the collapse of peace talks. Sharon became prime minister in a 2001 special election. During his tenure, Sharon carried out his plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip and also spearheaded the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, ending the Intifada. By this time 1,100 Israelis had been killed, mostly in suicide bombings. The Palestinian fatalities, by 30 April 2008, reached 4,745 killed by Israeli security forces, 44 killed by Israeli civilians, and 577 killed by Palestinians. | Who visited the Temple Mount? | Who visited the Temple Mount? | [
"Who visited the Temple Mount?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ariel Sharon"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16890 | 5725bd7fec44d21400f3d4a0 | Israel | After the collapse of the talks and a controversial visit by Likud leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount, the Second Intifada began. Some commentators contend that the uprising was pre-planned by Yasser Arafat due to the collapse of peace talks. Sharon became prime minister in a 2001 special election. During his tenure, Sharon carried out his plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip and also spearheaded the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, ending the Intifada. By this time 1,100 Israelis had been killed, mostly in suicide bombings. The Palestinian fatalities, by 30 April 2008, reached 4,745 killed by Israeli security forces, 44 killed by Israeli civilians, and 577 killed by Palestinians. | When did Ariel Sharon become prime minister? | When did Ariel Sharon become prime minister? | [
"When did Ariel Sharon become prime minister?"
] | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16891 | 5725bd7fec44d21400f3d4a1 | Israel | After the collapse of the talks and a controversial visit by Likud leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount, the Second Intifada began. Some commentators contend that the uprising was pre-planned by Yasser Arafat due to the collapse of peace talks. Sharon became prime minister in a 2001 special election. During his tenure, Sharon carried out his plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip and also spearheaded the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, ending the Intifada. By this time 1,100 Israelis had been killed, mostly in suicide bombings. The Palestinian fatalities, by 30 April 2008, reached 4,745 killed by Israeli security forces, 44 killed by Israeli civilians, and 577 killed by Palestinians. | How many Palestinian fatalities were they by 30 April 2008? | How many Palestinian fatalities were they by 30 April 2008? | [
"How many Palestinian fatalities were they by 30 April 2008?"
] | {
"text": [
"4,745"
],
"answer_start": [
617
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16892 | 5725bdd9271a42140099d109 | Israel | In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014. | When did the Israeli Air Force destroy a nuclear reactor in Syria? | When did the Israeli Air Force destroy a nuclear reactor in Syria? | [
"When did the Israeli Air Force destroy a nuclear reactor in Syria?"
] | {
"text": [
"6 September 2007"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16893 | 5725bdd9271a42140099d10a | Israel | In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014. | Who announced its own ceasefire? | Who announced its own ceasefire? | [
"Who announced its own ceasefire? "
] | {
"text": [
"Hamas"
],
"answer_start": [
591
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16894 | 5725bdd9271a42140099d10b | Israel | In July 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long Second Lebanon War. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria. In May 2008, Israel confirmed it had been discussing a peace treaty with Syria for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. However, at the end of the year, Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed. The Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire. Hamas announced its own ceasefire, with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings. Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped, the fragile ceasefire remained in order. In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012, lasting eight days. Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014. | How long did the operation in Gaza in November last? | How long did the operation in Gaza in November last? | [
"How long did the operation in Gaza in November last?"
] | {
"text": [
"eight days"
],
"answer_start": [
1024
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16895 | 5725c1ba89a1e219009abdfc | Israel | The sovereign territory of Israel (according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War) is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi) in area, of which two percent is water. However Israel is so narrow that the exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country. The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 sq mi), and the total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 sq mi). Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the Negev desert in the south to the inland fertile Jezreel Valley, mountain ranges of the Galilee, Carmel and toward the Golan in the north. The Israeli Coastal Plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to 57 percent of the nation's population. East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,039 mi) Great Rift Valley. | Where does the Jordan Rift Valley lie? | Where does the Jordan Rift Valley lie? | [
"Where does the Jordan Rift Valley lie?"
] | {
"text": [
"East of the central highlands"
],
"answer_start": [
1041
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16896 | 5725c1ba89a1e219009abdfd | Israel | The sovereign territory of Israel (according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War) is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi) in area, of which two percent is water. However Israel is so narrow that the exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country. The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 sq mi), and the total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 sq mi). Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the Negev desert in the south to the inland fertile Jezreel Valley, mountain ranges of the Galilee, Carmel and toward the Golan in the north. The Israeli Coastal Plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to 57 percent of the nation's population. East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,039 mi) Great Rift Valley. | What's home to 57% of the nation's population? | What's home to 57% of the nation's population? | [
"What's home to 57% of the nation's population?"
] | {
"text": [
"Israeli Coastal Plain"
],
"answer_start": [
934
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16897 | 5725c1ba89a1e219009abdfe | Israel | The sovereign territory of Israel (according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War) is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi) in area, of which two percent is water. However Israel is so narrow that the exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country. The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 sq mi), and the total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 sq mi). Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the Negev desert in the south to the inland fertile Jezreel Valley, mountain ranges of the Galilee, Carmel and toward the Golan in the north. The Israeli Coastal Plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to 57 percent of the nation's population. East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,039 mi) Great Rift Valley. | How big is the sovereign territory of Israel? | How big is the sovereign territory of Israel? | [
"How big is the sovereign territory of Israel?"
] | {
"text": [
"20,770 square kilometers"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16898 | 5725c22dec44d21400f3d4e7 | Israel | The Jordan River runs along the Jordan Rift Valley, from Mount Hermon through the Hulah Valley and the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the surface of the Earth. Further south is the Arabah, ending with the Gulf of Eilat, part of the Red Sea. Unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula are makhteshim, or erosion cirques. The largest makhtesh in the world is Ramon Crater in the Negev, which measures 40 by 8 kilometers (25 by 5 mi). A report on the environmental status of the Mediterranean basin states that Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of all the countries in the basin. | What river runs along the Jordan Rift Valley? | What river runs along the Jordan Rift Valley? | [
"What river runs along the Jordan Rift Valley?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jordan River"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16899 | 5725c22dec44d21400f3d4e8 | Israel | The Jordan River runs along the Jordan Rift Valley, from Mount Hermon through the Hulah Valley and the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the surface of the Earth. Further south is the Arabah, ending with the Gulf of Eilat, part of the Red Sea. Unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula are makhteshim, or erosion cirques. The largest makhtesh in the world is Ramon Crater in the Negev, which measures 40 by 8 kilometers (25 by 5 mi). A report on the environmental status of the Mediterranean basin states that Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of all the countries in the basin. | What is the largest makhtesh in the world? | What is the largest makhtesh in the world? | [
"What is the largest makhtesh in the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ramon Crater"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
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