gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-16700 | 572a8062f75d5e190021fb12 | Friedrich_Hayek | During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism: a false understanding of the methods of science that has been mistakenly forced upon the social sciences, but that is contrary to the practices of genuine science. Usually, scientism involves combining the philosophers' ancient demand for demonstrative justification with the associationists' false view that all scientific explanations are simple two-variable linear relationships. | In scientism, it is typically believed that explanations in science are what? | In scientism, it is typically believed that explanations in science are what? | [
"In scientism, it is typically believed that explanations in science are what?"
] | {
"text": [
"simple two-variable linear relationships"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16701 | 572a81def75d5e190021fb2a | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Gerald Edelman, and Joaquin Fuster. | In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning? | In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning? | [
"In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning?"
] | {
"text": [
"1952"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16702 | 572a81def75d5e190021fb2b | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Gerald Edelman, and Joaquin Fuster. | Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book? | Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book? | [
"Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hebbian learning"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16703 | 572a81def75d5e190021fb2c | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Gerald Edelman, and Joaquin Fuster. | What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science? | What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science? | [
"What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Hebbian synapse\""
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16704 | 572a81def75d5e190021fb2d | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Gerald Edelman, and Joaquin Fuster. | What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse? | What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse? | [
"What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16705 | 572a8448be1ee31400cb8067 | Friedrich_Hayek | In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of state is employed almost (though not entirely) exclusively to enforce the legal order (consisting of abstract rules, and not particular commands) necessary for a market of free individuals to function. These ideas were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic, free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be 'a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it'. | When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge? | When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge? | [
"When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge?"
] | {
"text": [
"the latter half of his career"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16706 | 572a8448be1ee31400cb8068 | Friedrich_Hayek | In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of state is employed almost (though not entirely) exclusively to enforce the legal order (consisting of abstract rules, and not particular commands) necessary for a market of free individuals to function. These ideas were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic, free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be 'a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it'. | What did Hayek want society to function around? | What did Hayek want society to function around? | [
"What did Hayek want society to function around?"
] | {
"text": [
"a market order"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16707 | 572a8448be1ee31400cb8069 | Friedrich_Hayek | In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of state is employed almost (though not entirely) exclusively to enforce the legal order (consisting of abstract rules, and not particular commands) necessary for a market of free individuals to function. These ideas were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic, free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be 'a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it'. | What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order? | What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order? | [
"What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order?"
] | {
"text": [
"to enforce the legal order"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16708 | 572a8448be1ee31400cb806a | Friedrich_Hayek | In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of state is employed almost (though not entirely) exclusively to enforce the legal order (consisting of abstract rules, and not particular commands) necessary for a market of free individuals to function. These ideas were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic, free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be 'a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it'. | What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market? | What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market? | [
"What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market?"
] | {
"text": [
"would be self-regulating"
],
"answer_start": [
720
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16709 | 572a8448be1ee31400cb806b | Friedrich_Hayek | In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of state is employed almost (though not entirely) exclusively to enforce the legal order (consisting of abstract rules, and not particular commands) necessary for a market of free individuals to function. These ideas were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic, free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be 'a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it'. | What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly? | What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly? | [
"What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly?"
] | {
"text": [
"good men"
],
"answer_start": [
847
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16710 | 572a8598111d821400f38ba4 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning". He generally regarded government redistribution of income or capital as an unacceptable intrusion upon individual freedom: "the principle of distributive justice, once introduced, would not be fulfilled until the whole of society was organized in accordance with it. This would produce a kind of society which in all essential respects would be the opposite of a free society." | What concept did Hayek dislike? | What concept did Hayek dislike? | [
"What concept did Hayek dislike?"
] | {
"text": [
"social justice"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16711 | 572a8598111d821400f38ba5 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning". He generally regarded government redistribution of income or capital as an unacceptable intrusion upon individual freedom: "the principle of distributive justice, once introduced, would not be fulfilled until the whole of society was organized in accordance with it. This would produce a kind of society which in all essential respects would be the opposite of a free society." | How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution? | How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution? | [
"How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution?"
] | {
"text": [
"there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16712 | 572a8598111d821400f38ba6 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning". He generally regarded government redistribution of income or capital as an unacceptable intrusion upon individual freedom: "the principle of distributive justice, once introduced, would not be fulfilled until the whole of society was organized in accordance with it. This would produce a kind of society which in all essential respects would be the opposite of a free society." | What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust? | What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust? | [
"What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust?"
] | {
"text": [
"the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16713 | 572a8598111d821400f38ba7 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning". He generally regarded government redistribution of income or capital as an unacceptable intrusion upon individual freedom: "the principle of distributive justice, once introduced, would not be fulfilled until the whole of society was organized in accordance with it. This would produce a kind of society which in all essential respects would be the opposite of a free society." | According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what? | According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what? | [
"According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the opposite of a free society"
],
"answer_start": [
755
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16714 | 572a8747be1ee31400cb807b | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being directed by a conscious mind. On this analysis, species takes the place of price as a visible element of the system formed by a complex set of largely unknowable elements. Human ignorance about the countless interactions between the organisms of an ecosystem limits our ability to manipulate nature. Since humans rely on the ecosystem to sustain themselves, we have a prima facie obligation to not disrupt such systems. This analysis of ecosystems as spontaneous orders does not rely on markets qualifying as spontaneous orders. As such, one need not endorse Hayek’s analysis of markets to endorse ecosystems as spontaneous orders. | What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend? | What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend? | [
"What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend?"
] | {
"text": [
"non-interventionist policy"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16715 | 572a8747be1ee31400cb807c | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being directed by a conscious mind. On this analysis, species takes the place of price as a visible element of the system formed by a complex set of largely unknowable elements. Human ignorance about the countless interactions between the organisms of an ecosystem limits our ability to manipulate nature. Since humans rely on the ecosystem to sustain themselves, we have a prima facie obligation to not disrupt such systems. This analysis of ecosystems as spontaneous orders does not rely on markets qualifying as spontaneous orders. As such, one need not endorse Hayek’s analysis of markets to endorse ecosystems as spontaneous orders. | What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem? | What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem? | [
"What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem?"
] | {
"text": [
"prima facie"
],
"answer_start": [
689
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16716 | 572a8747be1ee31400cb807d | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being directed by a conscious mind. On this analysis, species takes the place of price as a visible element of the system formed by a complex set of largely unknowable elements. Human ignorance about the countless interactions between the organisms of an ecosystem limits our ability to manipulate nature. Since humans rely on the ecosystem to sustain themselves, we have a prima facie obligation to not disrupt such systems. This analysis of ecosystems as spontaneous orders does not rely on markets qualifying as spontaneous orders. As such, one need not endorse Hayek’s analysis of markets to endorse ecosystems as spontaneous orders. | What are ecosystems views to be? | What are ecosystems views to be? | [
"What are ecosystems views to be?"
] | {
"text": [
"spontaneous orders"
],
"answer_start": [
772
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16717 | 572a8747be1ee31400cb807e | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being directed by a conscious mind. On this analysis, species takes the place of price as a visible element of the system formed by a complex set of largely unknowable elements. Human ignorance about the countless interactions between the organisms of an ecosystem limits our ability to manipulate nature. Since humans rely on the ecosystem to sustain themselves, we have a prima facie obligation to not disrupt such systems. This analysis of ecosystems as spontaneous orders does not rely on markets qualifying as spontaneous orders. As such, one need not endorse Hayek’s analysis of markets to endorse ecosystems as spontaneous orders. | One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments? | One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments? | [
"One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments?"
] | {
"text": [
"analysis of markets"
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16718 | 572a8747be1ee31400cb807f | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being directed by a conscious mind. On this analysis, species takes the place of price as a visible element of the system formed by a complex set of largely unknowable elements. Human ignorance about the countless interactions between the organisms of an ecosystem limits our ability to manipulate nature. Since humans rely on the ecosystem to sustain themselves, we have a prima facie obligation to not disrupt such systems. This analysis of ecosystems as spontaneous orders does not rely on markets qualifying as spontaneous orders. As such, one need not endorse Hayek’s analysis of markets to endorse ecosystems as spontaneous orders. | What is limited by the ignorance of humanity? | What is limited by the ignorance of humanity? | [
"What is limited by the ignorance of humanity?"
] | {
"text": [
"our ability to manipulate nature"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16719 | 572a88adbe1ee31400cb8085 | Friedrich_Hayek | With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote that "there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance." Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes "[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state." Bernard Harcourt says that "Hayek was adamant about this." In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote: | According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care? | According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care? | [
"According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hayek"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16720 | 572a88adbe1ee31400cb8086 | Friedrich_Hayek | With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote that "there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance." Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes "[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state." Bernard Harcourt says that "Hayek was adamant about this." In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote: | Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society? | Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society? | [
"Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society?"
] | {
"text": [
"the state"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16721 | 572a88adbe1ee31400cb8087 | Friedrich_Hayek | With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote that "there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance." Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes "[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state." Bernard Harcourt says that "Hayek was adamant about this." In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote: | In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance? | In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance? | [
"In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance?"
] | {
"text": [
"The economic calculation problem"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16722 | 572a88adbe1ee31400cb8088 | Friedrich_Hayek | With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote that "there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance." Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes "[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state." Bernard Harcourt says that "Hayek was adamant about this." In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote: | Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net? | Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net? | [
"Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bernard Harcourt"
],
"answer_start": [
608
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16723 | 572a89eaf75d5e190021fb60 | Friedrich_Hayek | Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound ground to ethics. Here is where the tension develops, for he also wants to give a reasoned moral defense of the free market. He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation. It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory.” | Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts? | Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts? | [
"Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arthur M. Diamond"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16724 | 572a89eaf75d5e190021fb61 | Friedrich_Hayek | Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound ground to ethics. Here is where the tension develops, for he also wants to give a reasoned moral defense of the free market. He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation. It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory.” | Diamond believes Hayek's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic? | Diamond believes Hayek's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic? | [
"Diamond believes Hayek's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic?"
] | {
"text": [
"economic science"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16725 | 572a89eaf75d5e190021fb62 | Friedrich_Hayek | Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound ground to ethics. Here is where the tension develops, for he also wants to give a reasoned moral defense of the free market. He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation. It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory.” | What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek? | What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek? | [
"What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek?"
] | {
"text": [
"intellectual skeptic"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16726 | 572a89eaf75d5e190021fb63 | Friedrich_Hayek | Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound ground to ethics. Here is where the tension develops, for he also wants to give a reasoned moral defense of the free market. He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation. It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory.” | Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what? | Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what? | [
"Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what?"
] | {
"text": [
"confused and contradictory"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16727 | 572a8b41111d821400f38bd2 | Friedrich_Hayek | Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictatorship to democratic government devoid of liberalism. My personal impression – and this is valid for South America – is that in Chile, for example, we will witness a transition from a dictatorial government to a liberal government." In a letter to the London Times, he defended the Pinochet regime and said that he had "not been able to find a single person even in much maligned Chile who did not agree that personal freedom was much greater under Pinochet than it had been under Allende." Hayek admitted that "it is not very likely that this will succeed, even if, at a particular point in time, it may be the only hope there is.", he explained, however, "It is not certain hope, because it will always depend on the goodwill of an individual, and there are very few individuals one can trust. But if it is the sole opportunity which exists at a particular moment it may be the best solution despite this. And only if and when the dictatorial government is visibly directing its steps towards limited democracy". | At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary? | At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary? | [
"At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary?"
] | {
"text": [
"a transitional period"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16728 | 572a8b41111d821400f38bd3 | Friedrich_Hayek | Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictatorship to democratic government devoid of liberalism. My personal impression – and this is valid for South America – is that in Chile, for example, we will witness a transition from a dictatorial government to a liberal government." In a letter to the London Times, he defended the Pinochet regime and said that he had "not been able to find a single person even in much maligned Chile who did not agree that personal freedom was much greater under Pinochet than it had been under Allende." Hayek admitted that "it is not very likely that this will succeed, even if, at a particular point in time, it may be the only hope there is.", he explained, however, "It is not certain hope, because it will always depend on the goodwill of an individual, and there are very few individuals one can trust. But if it is the sole opportunity which exists at a particular moment it may be the best solution despite this. And only if and when the dictatorial government is visibly directing its steps towards limited democracy". | What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals? | What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals? | [
"What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals?"
] | {
"text": [
"a liberal dictatorship"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16729 | 572a8b41111d821400f38bd4 | Friedrich_Hayek | Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictatorship to democratic government devoid of liberalism. My personal impression – and this is valid for South America – is that in Chile, for example, we will witness a transition from a dictatorial government to a liberal government." In a letter to the London Times, he defended the Pinochet regime and said that he had "not been able to find a single person even in much maligned Chile who did not agree that personal freedom was much greater under Pinochet than it had been under Allende." Hayek admitted that "it is not very likely that this will succeed, even if, at a particular point in time, it may be the only hope there is.", he explained, however, "It is not certain hope, because it will always depend on the goodwill of an individual, and there are very few individuals one can trust. But if it is the sole opportunity which exists at a particular moment it may be the best solution despite this. And only if and when the dictatorial government is visibly directing its steps towards limited democracy". | What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future? | What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future? | [
"What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future?"
] | {
"text": [
"a liberal government"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16730 | 572a8b41111d821400f38bd5 | Friedrich_Hayek | Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictatorship to democratic government devoid of liberalism. My personal impression – and this is valid for South America – is that in Chile, for example, we will witness a transition from a dictatorial government to a liberal government." In a letter to the London Times, he defended the Pinochet regime and said that he had "not been able to find a single person even in much maligned Chile who did not agree that personal freedom was much greater under Pinochet than it had been under Allende." Hayek admitted that "it is not very likely that this will succeed, even if, at a particular point in time, it may be the only hope there is.", he explained, however, "It is not certain hope, because it will always depend on the goodwill of an individual, and there are very few individuals one can trust. But if it is the sole opportunity which exists at a particular moment it may be the best solution despite this. And only if and when the dictatorial government is visibly directing its steps towards limited democracy". | As claimed by Hayek, Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler? | As claimed by Hayek, Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler? | [
"As claimed by Hayek, Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pinochet"
],
"answer_start": [
768
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16731 | 572a8c4c111d821400f38be2 | Friedrich_Hayek | For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regimes in Latin America. In reply, Hayek warned against confusing "totalitarianism with authoritarianism," and said that he was unaware of "any totalitarian governments in Latin America. The only one was Chile under Allende". For Hayek, however, the word 'totalitarian' signifies something very specific: the want to “organize the whole of society” to attain a “definite social goal” —which is stark in contrast to “liberalism and individualism”. | Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what? | Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what? | [
"Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what?"
] | {
"text": [
"totalitarianism"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16732 | 572a8c4c111d821400f38be3 | Friedrich_Hayek | For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regimes in Latin America. In reply, Hayek warned against confusing "totalitarianism with authoritarianism," and said that he was unaware of "any totalitarian governments in Latin America. The only one was Chile under Allende". For Hayek, however, the word 'totalitarian' signifies something very specific: the want to “organize the whole of society” to attain a “definite social goal” —which is stark in contrast to “liberalism and individualism”. | What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism? | What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism? | [
"What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Venezuela"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16733 | 572a8c4c111d821400f38be4 | Friedrich_Hayek | For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regimes in Latin America. In reply, Hayek warned against confusing "totalitarianism with authoritarianism," and said that he was unaware of "any totalitarian governments in Latin America. The only one was Chile under Allende". For Hayek, however, the word 'totalitarian' signifies something very specific: the want to “organize the whole of society” to attain a “definite social goal” —which is stark in contrast to “liberalism and individualism”. | What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America? | What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America? | [
"What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America?"
] | {
"text": [
"totalitarian governments"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16734 | 572a8c4c111d821400f38be5 | Friedrich_Hayek | For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regimes in Latin America. In reply, Hayek warned against confusing "totalitarianism with authoritarianism," and said that he was unaware of "any totalitarian governments in Latin America. The only one was Chile under Allende". For Hayek, however, the word 'totalitarian' signifies something very specific: the want to “organize the whole of society” to attain a “definite social goal” —which is stark in contrast to “liberalism and individualism”. | What is Hayek's definition of totalitarian? | What is Hayek's definition of totalitarian? | [
"What is Hayek's definition of totalitarian?"
] | {
"text": [
"the want to “organize the whole of society” to attain a “definite social goal”"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16735 | 572a8d8e111d821400f38bea | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dating from Churchill's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war, pre-inflationary par was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's single public engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy, otherwise Hayek and Keynes agreed on many theoretical matters, and their economic disagreements were fundamentally theoretical, having to do almost exclusively with the relation of the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labour inputs. | What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs? | What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs? | [
"What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs?"
] | {
"text": [
"private investment in the public markets"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16736 | 572a8d8e111d821400f38beb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dating from Churchill's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war, pre-inflationary par was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's single public engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy, otherwise Hayek and Keynes agreed on many theoretical matters, and their economic disagreements were fundamentally theoretical, having to do almost exclusively with the relation of the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labour inputs. | What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment? | What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment? | [
"What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lionel Robbins"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16737 | 572a8d8e111d821400f38bec | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dating from Churchill's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war, pre-inflationary par was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's single public engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy, otherwise Hayek and Keynes agreed on many theoretical matters, and their economic disagreements were fundamentally theoretical, having to do almost exclusively with the relation of the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labour inputs. | Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency? | Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency? | [
"Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency?"
] | {
"text": [
"Churchill"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16738 | 572a8d8e111d821400f38bed | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dating from Churchill's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war, pre-inflationary par was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's single public engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy, otherwise Hayek and Keynes agreed on many theoretical matters, and their economic disagreements were fundamentally theoretical, having to do almost exclusively with the relation of the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labour inputs. | With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly? | With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly? | [
"With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Maynard Keynes"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16739 | 572ab384be1ee31400cb8197 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelisation. A number of Nobel Laureates in economics, such as Vernon Smith and Herbert A. Simon, recognise Hayek as the greatest modern economist. Another Nobel winner, Paul Samuelson, believed that Hayek was worthy of his award but nevertheless claimed that "there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity. In 1931, Hayek's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success. In retrospect hindsight tells us that its mumbo-jumbo about the period of production grossly misdiagnosed the macroeconomics of the 1927–1931 (and the 1931–2007) historical scene". Despite this comment, Samuelson spent the last 50 years of his life obsessed with the problems of capital theory identified by Hayek and Böhm-Bawerk, and Samuelson flatly judged Hayek to have been right and his own teacher, Joseph Schumpeter, to have been wrong on the central economic question of the 20th century, the feasibility of socialist economic planning in a production goods dominated economy. | Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field? | Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field? | [
"Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kenneth Arrow"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16740 | 572ab384be1ee31400cb8198 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelisation. A number of Nobel Laureates in economics, such as Vernon Smith and Herbert A. Simon, recognise Hayek as the greatest modern economist. Another Nobel winner, Paul Samuelson, believed that Hayek was worthy of his award but nevertheless claimed that "there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity. In 1931, Hayek's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success. In retrospect hindsight tells us that its mumbo-jumbo about the period of production grossly misdiagnosed the macroeconomics of the 1927–1931 (and the 1931–2007) historical scene". Despite this comment, Samuelson spent the last 50 years of his life obsessed with the problems of capital theory identified by Hayek and Böhm-Bawerk, and Samuelson flatly judged Hayek to have been right and his own teacher, Joseph Schumpeter, to have been wrong on the central economic question of the 20th century, the feasibility of socialist economic planning in a production goods dominated economy. | What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek's capital theory despite being critical of the man? | What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek's capital theory despite being critical of the man? | [
"What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek's capital theory despite being critical of the man?"
] | {
"text": [
"Paul Samuelson"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16741 | 572ab384be1ee31400cb8199 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelisation. A number of Nobel Laureates in economics, such as Vernon Smith and Herbert A. Simon, recognise Hayek as the greatest modern economist. Another Nobel winner, Paul Samuelson, believed that Hayek was worthy of his award but nevertheless claimed that "there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity. In 1931, Hayek's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success. In retrospect hindsight tells us that its mumbo-jumbo about the period of production grossly misdiagnosed the macroeconomics of the 1927–1931 (and the 1931–2007) historical scene". Despite this comment, Samuelson spent the last 50 years of his life obsessed with the problems of capital theory identified by Hayek and Böhm-Bawerk, and Samuelson flatly judged Hayek to have been right and his own teacher, Joseph Schumpeter, to have been wrong on the central economic question of the 20th century, the feasibility of socialist economic planning in a production goods dominated economy. | On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy, who does Samuelson believe was wrong? | On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy, who does Samuelson believe was wrong? | [
"On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy, who does Samuelson believe was wrong?"
] | {
"text": [
"Joseph Schumpeter"
],
"answer_start": [
1217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16742 | 572ab384be1ee31400cb819a | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelisation. A number of Nobel Laureates in economics, such as Vernon Smith and Herbert A. Simon, recognise Hayek as the greatest modern economist. Another Nobel winner, Paul Samuelson, believed that Hayek was worthy of his award but nevertheless claimed that "there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity. In 1931, Hayek's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success. In retrospect hindsight tells us that its mumbo-jumbo about the period of production grossly misdiagnosed the macroeconomics of the 1927–1931 (and the 1931–2007) historical scene". Despite this comment, Samuelson spent the last 50 years of his life obsessed with the problems of capital theory identified by Hayek and Böhm-Bawerk, and Samuelson flatly judged Hayek to have been right and his own teacher, Joseph Schumpeter, to have been wrong on the central economic question of the 20th century, the feasibility of socialist economic planning in a production goods dominated economy. | On the topic of mainstream economics, whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical? | On the topic of mainstream economics, whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical? | [
"On the topic of mainstream economics, whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hayek's"
],
"answer_start": [
738
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16743 | 572ab384be1ee31400cb819b | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelisation. A number of Nobel Laureates in economics, such as Vernon Smith and Herbert A. Simon, recognise Hayek as the greatest modern economist. Another Nobel winner, Paul Samuelson, believed that Hayek was worthy of his award but nevertheless claimed that "there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity. In 1931, Hayek's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success. In retrospect hindsight tells us that its mumbo-jumbo about the period of production grossly misdiagnosed the macroeconomics of the 1927–1931 (and the 1931–2007) historical scene". Despite this comment, Samuelson spent the last 50 years of his life obsessed with the problems of capital theory identified by Hayek and Böhm-Bawerk, and Samuelson flatly judged Hayek to have been right and his own teacher, Joseph Schumpeter, to have been wrong on the central economic question of the 20th century, the feasibility of socialist economic planning in a production goods dominated economy. | Which of Hayek's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics? | Which of Hayek's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics? | [
"Which of Hayek's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prices and Production"
],
"answer_start": [
746
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16744 | 572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a1 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work Free to Choose (1980), is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge. This can be explained by the fact that Friedman taught Hayek's famous paper "The Use of Knowledge in Society" (1945) in his graduate seminars. | Whose 1980 book mentions "informal" economics? | Whose 1980 book mentions "informal" economics? | [
"Whose 1980 book mentions \"informal\" economics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Milton Friedman's"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16745 | 572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a2 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work Free to Choose (1980), is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge. This can be explained by the fact that Friedman taught Hayek's famous paper "The Use of Knowledge in Society" (1945) in his graduate seminars. | What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980? | What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980? | [
"What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980?"
] | {
"text": [
"Free to Choose"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16746 | 572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a3 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work Free to Choose (1980), is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge. This can be explained by the fact that Friedman taught Hayek's famous paper "The Use of Knowledge in Society" (1945) in his graduate seminars. | How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system? | How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system? | [
"How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hayekian"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16747 | 572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a4 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work Free to Choose (1980), is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge. This can be explained by the fact that Friedman taught Hayek's famous paper "The Use of Knowledge in Society" (1945) in his graduate seminars. | Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach? | Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach? | [
"Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Use of Knowledge in Society"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16748 | 572ab680111d821400f38ce8 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper and, in 1982, said that "ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology". Popper also participated in the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society. Their friendship and mutual admiration, however, do not change the fact that there are important differences between their ideas. | Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with? | Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with? | [
"Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with?"
] | {
"text": [
"Karl Popper"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16749 | 572ab680111d821400f38ce9 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper and, in 1982, said that "ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology". Popper also participated in the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society. Their friendship and mutual admiration, however, do not change the fact that there are important differences between their ideas. | Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper? | Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper? | [
"Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alfred Tarski"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16750 | 572ab680111d821400f38cea | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper and, in 1982, said that "ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology". Popper also participated in the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society. Their friendship and mutual admiration, however, do not change the fact that there are important differences between their ideas. | Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work? | Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work? | [
"Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work?"
] | {
"text": [
"Conjectures and Refutations"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16751 | 572ab680111d821400f38ceb | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper and, in 1982, said that "ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology". Popper also participated in the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society. Their friendship and mutual admiration, however, do not change the fact that there are important differences between their ideas. | Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention? | Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention? | [
"Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention?"
] | {
"text": [
"Logik der Forschung"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16752 | 572ab680111d821400f38cec | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper and, in 1982, said that "ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology". Popper also participated in the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society. Their friendship and mutual admiration, however, do not change the fact that there are important differences between their ideas. | Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event? | Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event? | [
"Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event?"
] | {
"text": [
"the inaugural meeting"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16753 | 572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d5 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology, psychology and anthropology. For example, Hayek's discussion in The Road to Serfdom (1944) about truth, falsehood and the use of language influenced some later opponents of postmodernism. | Which of Hayek's books had an impact on those against postmodernism? | Which of Hayek's books had an impact on those against postmodernism? | [
"Which of Hayek's books had an impact on those against postmodernism?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Road to Serfdom"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16754 | 572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d6 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology, psychology and anthropology. For example, Hayek's discussion in The Road to Serfdom (1944) about truth, falsehood and the use of language influenced some later opponents of postmodernism. | To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success? | To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success? | [
"To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success?"
] | {
"text": [
"Carl Menger"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16755 | 572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d7 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology, psychology and anthropology. For example, Hayek's discussion in The Road to Serfdom (1944) about truth, falsehood and the use of language influenced some later opponents of postmodernism. | Carl Menger's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period?? | Carl Menger's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period?? | [
"Carl Menger's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period??"
] | {
"text": [
"Scottish Enlightenment"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16756 | 572ab905f75d5e190021fc6e | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament's economic strategies. Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981 was an acknowledged follower of Hayek. | In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister? | In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister? | [
"In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister?"
] | {
"text": [
"1979"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16757 | 572ab905f75d5e190021fc6f | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament's economic strategies. Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981 was an acknowledged follower of Hayek. | Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state? | Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state? | [
"Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state?"
] | {
"text": [
"Keith Joseph"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16758 | 572ab905f75d5e190021fc70 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament's economic strategies. Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981 was an acknowledged follower of Hayek. | During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what? | During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what? | [
"During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"conservative governments"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16759 | 572ab905f75d5e190021fc71 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament's economic strategies. Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981 was an acknowledged follower of Hayek. | What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold? | What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold? | [
"What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold?"
] | {
"text": [
"director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16760 | 572ab905f75d5e190021fc72 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament's economic strategies. Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981 was an acknowledged follower of Hayek. | One of Hayek's supporters served which US president? | One of Hayek's supporters served which US president? | [
"One of Hayek's supporters served which US president?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ronald Reagan's"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16761 | 572aba88111d821400f38d00 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals, particularly a belief in the free market, he believed it's because conservatism wants to "stand still," whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it "wants to go somewhere." Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use "liberal" in its original definition, and the term "libertarian" has been used instead. In this text, Hayek also opposed conservatism for "its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism" and its frequent association with imperialism. | What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty? | What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty? | [
"What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty?"
] | {
"text": [
"conservatism"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16762 | 572aba88111d821400f38d01 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals, particularly a belief in the free market, he believed it's because conservatism wants to "stand still," whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it "wants to go somewhere." Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use "liberal" in its original definition, and the term "libertarian" has been used instead. In this text, Hayek also opposed conservatism for "its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism" and its frequent association with imperialism. | What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism? | What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism? | [
"What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves.\""
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16763 | 572aba88111d821400f38d02 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals, particularly a belief in the free market, he believed it's because conservatism wants to "stand still," whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it "wants to go somewhere." Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use "liberal" in its original definition, and the term "libertarian" has been used instead. In this text, Hayek also opposed conservatism for "its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism" and its frequent association with imperialism. | What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism? | What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism? | [
"What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism?"
] | {
"text": [
"belief in the free market"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16764 | 572aba88111d821400f38d03 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals, particularly a belief in the free market, he believed it's because conservatism wants to "stand still," whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it "wants to go somewhere." Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use "liberal" in its original definition, and the term "libertarian" has been used instead. In this text, Hayek also opposed conservatism for "its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism" and its frequent association with imperialism. | What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology? | What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology? | [
"What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology?"
] | {
"text": [
"libertarian"
],
"answer_start": [
773
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16765 | 572aba88111d821400f38d04 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals, particularly a belief in the free market, he believed it's because conservatism wants to "stand still," whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it "wants to go somewhere." Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use "liberal" in its original definition, and the term "libertarian" has been used instead. In this text, Hayek also opposed conservatism for "its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism" and its frequent association with imperialism. | Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged? | Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged? | [
"Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged?"
] | {
"text": [
"internationalism"
],
"answer_start": [
877
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16766 | 572abb9a34ae481900deac87 | Friedrich_Hayek | However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle of the Manchester School and William Gladstone. His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers, for example James M. Buchanan's essay "Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism". | What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian? | What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian? | [
"What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian?"
] | {
"text": [
"Old Whig"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16767 | 572abb9a34ae481900deac88 | Friedrich_Hayek | However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle of the Manchester School and William Gladstone. His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers, for example James M. Buchanan's essay "Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism". | In opposition to conservatives, what group has Hayek's work influenced? | In opposition to conservatives, what group has Hayek's work influenced? | [
"In opposition to conservatives, what group has Hayek's work influenced?"
] | {
"text": [
"liberal-minded economists"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16768 | 572abb9a34ae481900deac89 | Friedrich_Hayek | However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle of the Manchester School and William Gladstone. His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers, for example James M. Buchanan's essay "Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism". | Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's "Why I Am Not a Conservative"? | Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's "Why I Am Not a Conservative"? | [
"Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"James M. Buchanan"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16769 | 572abb9a34ae481900deac8a | Friedrich_Hayek | However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle of the Manchester School and William Gladstone. His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers, for example James M. Buchanan's essay "Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism". | From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian? | From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian? | [
"From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian?"
] | {
"text": [
"Edmund Burke"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16770 | 572abb9a34ae481900deac8b | Friedrich_Hayek | However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle of the Manchester School and William Gladstone. His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers, for example James M. Buchanan's essay "Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism". | In his later years, what term did Hayek use to describe himself? | In his later years, what term did Hayek use to describe himself? | [
"In his later years, what term did Hayek use to describe himself?"
] | {
"text": [
"a Burkean Whig"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16771 | 572abd0734ae481900deaca3 | Friedrich_Hayek | His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of "neoliberalism". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, "Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals." Brittan adds that although Raymond Plant (2009) comes out in the end against Hayek's doctrines, Plant gives The Constitution of Liberty a "more thorough and fair-minded analysis than it has received even from its professed adherents". | What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals? | What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals? | [
"What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals?"
] | {
"text": [
"neoliberalism"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16772 | 572abd0734ae481900deaca4 | Friedrich_Hayek | His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of "neoliberalism". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, "Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals." Brittan adds that although Raymond Plant (2009) comes out in the end against Hayek's doctrines, Plant gives The Constitution of Liberty a "more thorough and fair-minded analysis than it has received even from its professed adherents". | Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy? | Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy? | [
"Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Samuel Brittan"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16773 | 572abd0734ae481900deaca5 | Friedrich_Hayek | His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of "neoliberalism". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, "Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals." Brittan adds that although Raymond Plant (2009) comes out in the end against Hayek's doctrines, Plant gives The Constitution of Liberty a "more thorough and fair-minded analysis than it has received even from its professed adherents". | Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's? | Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's? | [
"Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's?"
] | {
"text": [
"Raymond Plant"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16774 | 572abec0be1ee31400cb81ff | Friedrich_Hayek | In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to run things better. They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop. It is an outlook, says Pirie, that Hayek and conservatives both share. | Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative? | Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative? | [
"Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative?"
] | {
"text": [
"Madsen Pirie"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16775 | 572abec0be1ee31400cb8200 | Friedrich_Hayek | In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to run things better. They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop. It is an outlook, says Pirie, that Hayek and conservatives both share. | According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom? | According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom? | [
"According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom?"
] | {
"text": [
"people in authority who think they know how to run things better"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16776 | 572abec0be1ee31400cb8201 | Friedrich_Hayek | In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to run things better. They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop. It is an outlook, says Pirie, that Hayek and conservatives both share. | Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason? | Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason? | [
"Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason?"
] | {
"text": [
"mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16777 | 572abec0be1ee31400cb8202 | Friedrich_Hayek | In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to run things better. They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop. It is an outlook, says Pirie, that Hayek and conservatives both share. | What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market? | What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market? | [
"What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market?"
] | {
"text": [
"to function smoothly"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16778 | 5725b267b80e561500fa6f28 | Israel | On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of the Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine. This UN plan specified borders for new Arab and Jewish states and also specified an area of Jerusalem and its environs which was to be administered by the UN under an international regime. The end of the British Mandate for Palestine was set for midnight on 14 May 1948. That day, David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel," which would start to function from the termination of the mandate. The borders of the new state were not specified in the declaration. Neighboring Arab armies invaded the former Palestinian mandate on the next day and fought the Israeli forces. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula (1956–57, 1967–82), part of Southern Lebanon (1982–2000), Gaza Strip (1967–2005; still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement) and the Golan Heights. It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed. Israel's occupation of Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem is the world's longest military occupation in modern times.[note 2] | When did the UN recommend the Partition Plan? | When did the UN recommend the Partition Plan? | [
"When did the UN recommend the Partition Plan?"
] | {
"text": [
"29 November 1947"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16779 | 5725b267b80e561500fa6f29 | Israel | On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of the Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine. This UN plan specified borders for new Arab and Jewish states and also specified an area of Jerusalem and its environs which was to be administered by the UN under an international regime. The end of the British Mandate for Palestine was set for midnight on 14 May 1948. That day, David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel," which would start to function from the termination of the mandate. The borders of the new state were not specified in the declaration. Neighboring Arab armies invaded the former Palestinian mandate on the next day and fought the Israeli forces. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula (1956–57, 1967–82), part of Southern Lebanon (1982–2000), Gaza Strip (1967–2005; still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement) and the Golan Heights. It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed. Israel's occupation of Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem is the world's longest military occupation in modern times.[note 2] | When was the end of the British Mandate set? | When was the end of the British Mandate set? | [
"When was the end of the British Mandate set?"
] | {
"text": [
"midnight on 14 May 1948"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16780 | 5725b267b80e561500fa6f2a | Israel | On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of the Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine. This UN plan specified borders for new Arab and Jewish states and also specified an area of Jerusalem and its environs which was to be administered by the UN under an international regime. The end of the British Mandate for Palestine was set for midnight on 14 May 1948. That day, David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel," which would start to function from the termination of the mandate. The borders of the new state were not specified in the declaration. Neighboring Arab armies invaded the former Palestinian mandate on the next day and fought the Israeli forces. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula (1956–57, 1967–82), part of Southern Lebanon (1982–2000), Gaza Strip (1967–2005; still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement) and the Golan Heights. It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed. Israel's occupation of Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem is the world's longest military occupation in modern times.[note 2] | Who was the executive head of the Zionist Organization? | Who was the executive head of the Zionist Organization? | [
"Who was the executive head of the Zionist Organization?"
] | {
"text": [
"David Ben-Gurion"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16781 | 5725b26b69ff041400e58e26 | Israel | Israel (/ˈɪzreɪəl/ or /ˈɪzriːəl/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל Yisrā'el; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل Isrāʼīl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל Medīnat Yisrā'el [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel] ( listen); Arabic: دولة إِسْرَائِيل Dawlat Isrāʼīl [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1] | What is the official State of Israel? | What is the official State of Israel? | [
"What is the official State of Israel?"
] | {
"text": [
"Israel"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16782 | 5725b26b69ff041400e58e27 | Israel | Israel (/ˈɪzreɪəl/ or /ˈɪzriːəl/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל Yisrā'el; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل Isrāʼīl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל Medīnat Yisrā'el [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel] ( listen); Arabic: دولة إِسْرَائِيل Dawlat Isrāʼīl [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1] | Where is Israel located? | Where is Israel located? | [
"Where is Israel located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Middle East"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16783 | 5725b26b69ff041400e58e28 | Israel | Israel (/ˈɪzreɪəl/ or /ˈɪzriːəl/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל Yisrā'el; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل Isrāʼīl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל Medīnat Yisrā'el [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel] ( listen); Arabic: دولة إِسْرَائِيل Dawlat Isrāʼīl [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1] | What's Israel's financial and technology center? | What's Israel's financial and technology center? | [
"What's Israel's financial and technology center?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tel Aviv"
],
"answer_start": [
894
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16784 | 5725b2b0b80e561500fa6f2e | Israel | The population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2016 to be 8,476,600 people. It is the world's only Jewish-majority state, with 6,345,400 citizens, or 74.9%, being designated as Jewish. The country's second largest group of citizens are denoted as Arabs, numbering 1,760,400 people (including the Druze and most East Jerusalem Arabs). The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, with smaller but significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins; the rest are Christians and Druze. Other far smaller minorities include Maronites, Samaritans, Dom people and Roma, Black Hebrew Israelites, other Sub-Saharan Africans, Armenians, Circassians, Vietnamese boat people, and others. Israel also hosts a significant population of non-citizen foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia. | What was the population of Israel in 2016? | What was the population of Israel in 2016? | [
"What was the population of Israel in 2016?"
] | {
"text": [
"8,476,600"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16785 | 5725b2b0b80e561500fa6f2f | Israel | The population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2016 to be 8,476,600 people. It is the world's only Jewish-majority state, with 6,345,400 citizens, or 74.9%, being designated as Jewish. The country's second largest group of citizens are denoted as Arabs, numbering 1,760,400 people (including the Druze and most East Jerusalem Arabs). The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, with smaller but significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins; the rest are Christians and Druze. Other far smaller minorities include Maronites, Samaritans, Dom people and Roma, Black Hebrew Israelites, other Sub-Saharan Africans, Armenians, Circassians, Vietnamese boat people, and others. Israel also hosts a significant population of non-citizen foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia. | How many citizens in Israel are Jewish? | How many citizens in Israel are Jewish? | [
"How many citizens in Israel are Jewish?"
] | {
"text": [
"6,345,400"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16786 | 5725b2b0b80e561500fa6f30 | Israel | The population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2016 to be 8,476,600 people. It is the world's only Jewish-majority state, with 6,345,400 citizens, or 74.9%, being designated as Jewish. The country's second largest group of citizens are denoted as Arabs, numbering 1,760,400 people (including the Druze and most East Jerusalem Arabs). The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, with smaller but significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins; the rest are Christians and Druze. Other far smaller minorities include Maronites, Samaritans, Dom people and Roma, Black Hebrew Israelites, other Sub-Saharan Africans, Armenians, Circassians, Vietnamese boat people, and others. Israel also hosts a significant population of non-citizen foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia. | How many citizens in Israel are Arab? | How many citizens in Israel are Arab? | [
"How many citizens in Israel are Arab?"
] | {
"text": [
"1,760,400"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16787 | 5725b2fa69ff041400e58e2c | Israel | In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state. Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as the legislature. Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2015[update]. The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with the one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the fourth highest in Asia, and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world. | Israel defines itself as what? | Israel defines itself as what? | [
"Israel defines itself as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jewish and democratic state"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16788 | 5725b2fa69ff041400e58e2d | Israel | In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state. Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as the legislature. Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2015[update]. The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with the one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the fourth highest in Asia, and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world. | Where is Israel's economy ranked? | Where is Israel's economy ranked? | [
"Where is Israel's economy ranked?"
] | {
"text": [
"35th"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16789 | 5725b2fa69ff041400e58e2e | Israel | In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state. Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as the legislature. Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2015[update]. The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with the one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the fourth highest in Asia, and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world. | Where is Israel's standard of living ranked in Asia? | Where is Israel's standard of living ranked in Asia? | [
"Where is Israel's standard of living ranked in Asia?"
] | {
"text": [
"fourth"
],
"answer_start": [
704
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16790 | 5725b349b80e561500fa6f3e | Israel | The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively. The name "Israel" (Standard Yisraʾel, Isrāʾīl; Septuagint Greek: Ἰσραήλ Israēl; 'El(God) persists/rules' though, after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as "struggle with God") in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord. Jacob's twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations, lasting 430 years, until Moses, a great-great grandson of Jacob, led the Israelites back into Canaan during the "Exodus". The earliest known archaeological artifact to mention the word "Israel" is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt (dated to the late 13th century BCE). | Who was Moses? | Who was Moses? | [
"Who was Moses?"
] | {
"text": [
"a great-great grandson of Jacob"
],
"answer_start": [
756
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16791 | 5725b349b80e561500fa6f3f | Israel | The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively. The name "Israel" (Standard Yisraʾel, Isrāʾīl; Septuagint Greek: Ἰσραήλ Israēl; 'El(God) persists/rules' though, after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as "struggle with God") in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord. Jacob's twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations, lasting 430 years, until Moses, a great-great grandson of Jacob, led the Israelites back into Canaan during the "Exodus". The earliest known archaeological artifact to mention the word "Israel" is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt (dated to the late 13th century BCE). | Who led the Israelites back into Canaan during the "Exodus?" | Who led the Israelites back into Canaan during the "Exodus?" | [
"Who led the Israelites back into Canaan during the \"Exodus?\""
] | {
"text": [
"Moses"
],
"answer_start": [
749
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16792 | 5725b349b80e561500fa6f40 | Israel | The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively. The name "Israel" (Standard Yisraʾel, Isrāʾīl; Septuagint Greek: Ἰσραήλ Israēl; 'El(God) persists/rules' though, after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as "struggle with God") in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord. Jacob's twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations, lasting 430 years, until Moses, a great-great grandson of Jacob, led the Israelites back into Canaan during the "Exodus". The earliest known archaeological artifact to mention the word "Israel" is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt (dated to the late 13th century BCE). | What does the word "Israel" refer to? | What does the word "Israel" refer to? | [
"What does the word \"Israel\" refer to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jacob"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16793 | 5725b39bb80e561500fa6f44 | Israel | The notion of the "Land of Israel", known in Hebrew as Eretz Yisrael, has been important and sacred to the Jewish people since Biblical times. According to the Torah, God promised the land to the three Patriarchs of the Jewish people. On the basis of scripture, the period of the three Patriarchs has been placed somewhere in the early 2nd millennium BCE, and the first Kingdom of Israel was established around the 11th century BCE. Subsequent Israelite kingdoms and states ruled intermittently over the next four hundred years, and are known from various extra-biblical sources. | What is the "Land of Israel" known as in Hebrew? | What is the "Land of Israel" known as in Hebrew? | [
"What is the \"Land of Israel\" known as in Hebrew?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eretz Yisrael"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16794 | 5725b39bb80e561500fa6f45 | Israel | The notion of the "Land of Israel", known in Hebrew as Eretz Yisrael, has been important and sacred to the Jewish people since Biblical times. According to the Torah, God promised the land to the three Patriarchs of the Jewish people. On the basis of scripture, the period of the three Patriarchs has been placed somewhere in the early 2nd millennium BCE, and the first Kingdom of Israel was established around the 11th century BCE. Subsequent Israelite kingdoms and states ruled intermittently over the next four hundred years, and are known from various extra-biblical sources. | According to the Torah, God promised the land to how many people? | According to the Torah, God promised the land to how many people? | [
"According to the Torah, God promised the land to how many people?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16795 | 5725b39bb80e561500fa6f46 | Israel | The notion of the "Land of Israel", known in Hebrew as Eretz Yisrael, has been important and sacred to the Jewish people since Biblical times. According to the Torah, God promised the land to the three Patriarchs of the Jewish people. On the basis of scripture, the period of the three Patriarchs has been placed somewhere in the early 2nd millennium BCE, and the first Kingdom of Israel was established around the 11th century BCE. Subsequent Israelite kingdoms and states ruled intermittently over the next four hundred years, and are known from various extra-biblical sources. | When was the first Kingdom of Israel established? | When was the first Kingdom of Israel established? | [
"When was the first Kingdom of Israel established?"
] | {
"text": [
"early 2nd millennium BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16796 | 5725b404271a42140099d057 | Israel | The first record of the name Israel (as ysrỉꜣr) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not." This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state; Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites native to Canaan and the Sea Peoples. McNutt says, "It is probably safe to assume that sometime during Iron Age a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'", differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion. | When does the first record of the name Israel occurs? | When does the first record of the name Israel occurs? | [
"When does the first record of the name Israel occurs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Merneptah stele"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16797 | 5725b404271a42140099d058 | Israel | The first record of the name Israel (as ysrỉꜣr) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not." This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state; Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites native to Canaan and the Sea Peoples. McNutt says, "It is probably safe to assume that sometime during Iron Age a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'", differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion. | Who did the ancestors of Israelites include? | Who did the ancestors of Israelites include? | [
"Who did the ancestors of Israelites include?"
] | {
"text": [
"Semites"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16798 | 5725b404271a42140099d059 | Israel | The first record of the name Israel (as ysrỉꜣr) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not." This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state; Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites native to Canaan and the Sea Peoples. McNutt says, "It is probably safe to assume that sometime during Iron Age a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'", differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion. | What did Canaanites prohibit? | What did Canaanites prohibit? | [
"What did Canaanites prohibit?"
] | {
"text": [
"intermarriage"
],
"answer_start": [
719
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16799 | 5725b43c89a1e219009abd14 | Israel | Around 930 BCE, the kingdom split into a southern Kingdom of Judah and a northern Kingdom of Israel. From the middle of the 8th century BCE Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding neo-Assyrian empire. Under Tiglath-Pileser III it first split Israel's territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722 BCE). An Israelite revolt (724–722 BCE) was crushed after the siege and capture of Samaria by the Assyrian king Sargon II. Sargon's son, Sennacherib, tried and failed to conquer Judah. Assyrian records say he leveled 46 walled cities and besieged Jerusalem, leaving after receiving extensive tribute. | When did the kingdom split? | When did the kingdom split? | [
"When did the kingdom split?"
] | {
"text": [
"930 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
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