gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-16600 | 572a43b63f37b31900478849 | Friedrich_Hayek | With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading... | In what year did Hayek come to London? | In what year did Hayek come to London? | [
"In what year did Hayek come to London?"
] | {
"text": [
"1931"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16601 | 572a49233f37b3190047885f | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se... | What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism? | What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism? | [
"What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Road to Serfdom"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16602 | 572a49233f37b31900478860 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se... | Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom? | Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom? | [
"Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alexis de Tocqueville"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16603 | 572a49233f37b31900478861 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se... | When was the Road to Serfdom published? | When was the Road to Serfdom published? | [
"When was the Road to Serfdom published?"
] | {
"text": [
"March 1944"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16604 | 572a49233f37b31900478862 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se... | Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain? | Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain? | [
"Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain?"
] | {
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16605 | 572a49233f37b31900478863 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se... | Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945? | Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945? | [
"Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?"
] | {
"text": [
"Max Eastman"
],
"answer_start": [
686
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16606 | 572a4d0f1d046914007798e7 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag... | Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work? | Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work? | [
"Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?"
] | {
"text": [
"University of Chicago"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16607 | 572a4d0f1d046914007798e8 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag... | Who supplied Hayek's salary? | Who supplied Hayek's salary? | [
"Who supplied Hayek's salary?"
] | {
"text": [
"an outside foundation"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16608 | 572a4d0f1d046914007798e9 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag... | What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty? | What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty? | [
"What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?"
] | {
"text": [
"departmental autonomy and control"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16609 | 572a4d0f1d046914007798ea | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag... | Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment? | Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment? | [
"Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?"
] | {
"text": [
"sick of Hutchins' meddling"
],
"answer_start": [
577
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16610 | 572a4d0f1d046914007798eb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag... | What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection? | What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection? | [
"What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?"
] | {
"text": [
"Committee on Social Thought"
],
"answer_start": [
722
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16611 | 572a56fbfed8de19000d5b99 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o... | Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago? | Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago? | [
"Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Road to Serfdom"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16612 | 572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9a | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o... | Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program? | Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program? | [
"Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aaron Director"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16613 | 572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9b | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o... | What group did Hayek form with three other people? | What group did Hayek form with three other people? | [
"What group did Hayek form with three other people?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mont Pèlerin Society"
],
"answer_start": [
633
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16614 | 572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9c | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o... | What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to? | What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to? | [
"What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Intercollegiate Studies Institute"
],
"answer_start": [
815
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16615 | 572a589bb8ce0319002e2acb | Friedrich_Hayek | After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p... | What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover? | What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover? | [
"What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover?"
] | {
"text": [
"the liberal order"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16616 | 572a589bb8ce0319002e2acc | Friedrich_Hayek | After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p... | Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom? | Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom? | [
"Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Constitution of Liberty"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16617 | 572a589bb8ce0319002e2acd | Friedrich_Hayek | After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p... | As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released? | As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released? | [
"As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released?"
] | {
"text": [
"sixteen years"
],
"answer_start": [
600
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16618 | 572a589bb8ce0319002e2ace | Friedrich_Hayek | After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p... | What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter? | What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter? | [
"What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16619 | 572a589bb8ce0319002e2acf | Friedrich_Hayek | After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p... | How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960? | How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960? | [
"How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960?"
] | {
"text": [
"disappointed"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16620 | 572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba1 | Friedrich_Hayek | From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U... | What country did Hayek move to in 1962? | What country did Hayek move to in 1962? | [
"What country did Hayek move to in 1962?"
] | {
"text": [
"West Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16621 | 572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba2 | Friedrich_Hayek | From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U... | What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany? | What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany? | [
"What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany?"
] | {
"text": [
"Law, Legislation and Liberty"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16622 | 572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba3 | Friedrich_Hayek | From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U... | Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement? | Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement? | [
"Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement?"
] | {
"text": [
"University of California, Los Angeles"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16623 | 572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba4 | Friedrich_Hayek | From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U... | When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released? | When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released? | [
"When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released?"
] | {
"text": [
"1979"
],
"answer_start": [
676
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16624 | 572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba5 | Friedrich_Hayek | From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U... | During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book? | During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book? | [
"During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book?"
] | {
"text": [
"philosophy of social science"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16625 | 572a5db3b8ce0319002e2add | Friedrich_Hayek | In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on wh... | What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975? | What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975? | [
"What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975?"
] | {
"text": [
"British Conservative Party"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16626 | 572a5db3b8ce0319002e2ade | Friedrich_Hayek | In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on wh... | Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party? | Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party? | [
"Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hayek"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16627 | 572a5db3b8ce0319002e2adf | Friedrich_Hayek | In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on wh... | What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher's party by a speaker? | What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher's party by a speaker? | [
"What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher's party by a speaker?"
] | {
"text": [
"the \"middle way\""
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16628 | 572a5db3b8ce0319002e2ae0 | Friedrich_Hayek | In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on wh... | Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department? | Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department? | [
"Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Constitution of Liberty"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16629 | 572a5f107a1753140016aee8 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a... | What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977? | What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977? | [
"What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lib-Lab pact"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16630 | 572a5f107a1753140016aee9 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a... | What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do? | What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do? | [
"What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"discourage socialist legislation"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16631 | 572a5f107a1753140016aeea | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a... | The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party? | The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party? | [
"The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party?"
] | {
"text": [
"British Liberal Party"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16632 | 572a5f107a1753140016aeeb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a... | What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government? | What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government? | [
"What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government?"
] | {
"text": [
"all title to the name 'Liberal'"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16633 | 572a6092fed8de19000d5bc3 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy? | Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy? | [
"Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Conservative Party"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16634 | 572a6092fed8de19000d5bc4 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | With which political group was David Steel affiliated? | With which political group was David Steel affiliated? | [
"With which political group was David Steel affiliated?"
] | {
"text": [
"Liberal Party"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16635 | 572a6092fed8de19000d5bc5 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | Who disagreed with David Steel's statements in 1978 | Who disagreed with David Steel's statements in 1978 | [
"Who disagreed with David Steel's statements in 1978"
] | {
"text": [
"Hayek"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16636 | 572a6092fed8de19000d5bc6 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek? | Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek? | [
"Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek?"
] | {
"text": [
"limited democracy"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16637 | 572a6092fed8de19000d5bc7 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives? | Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives? | [
"Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives?"
] | {
"text": [
"unlimited"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16638 | 572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af7 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England? | What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England? | [
"What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England?"
] | {
"text": [
"Order of the Companions of Honour"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16639 | 572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af8 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order? | Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order? | [
"Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order?"
] | {
"text": [
"Margaret Thatcher"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16640 | 572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af9 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | In 1984, what was Margaret Thatcher's position within the British government? | In 1984, what was Margaret Thatcher's position within the British government? | [
"In 1984, what was Margaret Thatcher's position within the British government?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prime Minister"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16641 | 572a61a3b8ce0319002e2afa | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award? | How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award? | [
"How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award?"
] | {
"text": [
"Frederick"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16642 | 572a61a3b8ce0319002e2afb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England, what did he say? | At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England, what did he say? | [
"At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England, what did he say?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"I've just had the happiest day of my life.\""
],
"answer_start": [
858
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16643 | 572a630e7a1753140016aefa | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | What was the reason given for Hayek's 1991 award from the President? | What was the reason given for Hayek's 1991 award from the President? | [
"What was the reason given for Hayek's 1991 award from the President?"
] | {
"text": [
"a \"lifetime of looking beyond the horizon\""
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16644 | 572a630e7a1753140016aefb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Which President presented the award to Hayek? | Which President presented the award to Hayek? | [
"Which President presented the award to Hayek?"
] | {
"text": [
"George H. W. Bush"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16645 | 572a630e7a1753140016aefc | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Where was Hayek when he died? | Where was Hayek when he died? | [
"Where was Hayek when he died?"
] | {
"text": [
"Freiburg, Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16646 | 572a630e7a1753140016aefd | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna? | Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna? | [
"Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna?"
] | {
"text": [
"northern outskirts"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16647 | 572a630e7a1753140016aefe | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published? | Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published? | [
"Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published?"
] | {
"text": [
"American Economic Review"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16648 | 572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b27 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | What is the name of Mises' 1912 book? | What is the name of Mises' 1912 book? | [
"What is the name of Mises' 1912 book?"
] | {
"text": [
"Theory of Money and Credit"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16649 | 572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b28 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else? | Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else? | [
"Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else?"
] | {
"text": [
"capital"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16650 | 572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b29 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book? | What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book? | [
"What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book?"
] | {
"text": [
"Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16651 | 572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b2a | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929? | What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929? | [
"What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929?"
] | {
"text": [
"Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle"
],
"answer_start": [
705
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16652 | 572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b2b | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds? | According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds? | [
"According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds?"
] | {
"text": [
"artificially low interest rates"
],
"answer_start": [
1029
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16653 | 572a6b587a1753140016af2a | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929? | Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929? | [
"Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929?"
] | {
"text": [
"London School of Economics"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16654 | 572a6b587a1753140016af2b | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what? | In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what? | [
"In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what?"
] | {
"text": [
"narrow approach"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16655 | 572a6b587a1753140016af2c | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''? | Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''? | [
"Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alfred Marshall"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16656 | 572a6b587a1753140016af2d | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE? | Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE? | [
"Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lionel Robbins"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16657 | 572a6b587a1753140016af2e | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics? | What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics? | [
"What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics?"
] | {
"text": [
"less \"facile and superficial\" understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16658 | 572a6ceb7a1753140016af34 | Friedrich_Hayek | Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a prev... | Hayek's critical analysis of Keyne's work was published under what title? | Hayek's critical analysis of Keyne's work was published under what title? | [
"Hayek's critical analysis of Keyne's work was published under what title?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prices and Production"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16659 | 572a6ceb7a1753140016af35 | Friedrich_Hayek | Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a prev... | Apart from easy money, what did Hayek believe unemployment was caused by? | Apart from easy money, what did Hayek believe unemployment was caused by? | [
"Apart from easy money, what did Hayek believe unemployment was caused by?"
] | {
"text": [
"artificially low interest rates"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16660 | 572a6ceb7a1753140016af36 | Friedrich_Hayek | Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a prev... | Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek? | Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek? | [
"Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek?"
] | {
"text": [
"Piero Sraffa"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16661 | 572a6ceb7a1753140016af37 | Friedrich_Hayek | Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a prev... | According to Nicholas Kaldor, what had Hayek's book created? | According to Nicholas Kaldor, what had Hayek's book created? | [
"According to Nicholas Kaldor, what had Hayek's book created?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"a remarkable crop of critics\""
],
"answer_start": [
807
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16662 | 572a6eae7a1753140016af44 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production? | What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production? | [
"What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production?"
] | {
"text": [
"works were largely ignored"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16663 | 572a6eae7a1753140016af45 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production? | What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production? | [
"What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production?"
] | {
"text": [
"Profits, Interest and Investment"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16664 | 572a6eae7a1753140016af46 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production? | Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production? | [
"Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nicholas Kaldor"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16665 | 572a6eae7a1753140016af47 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what? | Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what? | [
"Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Austrian theory of the business cycle"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16666 | 572a6eae7a1753140016af48 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence? | Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence? | [
"Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lionel Robbins"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16667 | 572a6fe47a1753140016af62 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would? | What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would? | [
"What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would?"
] | {
"text": [
"the dynamics of capital"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16668 | 572a6fe47a1753140016af63 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital? | What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital? | [
"What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital?"
] | {
"text": [
"macroeconomics"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16669 | 572a6fe57a1753140016af64 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek? | What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek? | [
"What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek?"
] | {
"text": [
"an \"ideologue\""
],
"answer_start": [
611
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16670 | 572a6fe57a1753140016af65 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most? | Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most? | [
"Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Road to Serfdom"
],
"answer_start": [
842
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16671 | 572a6fe57a1753140016af66 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize? | Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize? | [
"Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gunnar Myrdal"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16672 | 572a714a7a1753140016af6c | Friedrich_Hayek | Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, fi... | What did Hayek claim those who must distribute resources would lack most? | What did Hayek claim those who must distribute resources would lack most? | [
"What did Hayek claim those who must distribute resources would lack most?"
] | {
"text": [
"enough information"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16673 | 572a714a7a1753140016af6d | Friedrich_Hayek | Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, fi... | Whose work most notably influenced Hayek's argument regarding resource distribution? | Whose work most notably influenced Hayek's argument regarding resource distribution? | [
"Whose work most notably influenced Hayek's argument regarding resource distribution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Max Weber"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16674 | 572a714a7a1753140016af6e | Friedrich_Hayek | Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, fi... | What is the one way Hayek argued that resource distribution could succeed? | What is the one way Hayek argued that resource distribution could succeed? | [
"What is the one way Hayek argued that resource distribution could succeed?"
] | {
"text": [
"through the price mechanism in free markets"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16675 | 572a714a7a1753140016af6f | Friedrich_Hayek | Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, fi... | Other than Max Weber, who was a notable influence to Hayek's statements regarding resource distribution? | Other than Max Weber, who was a notable influence to Hayek's statements regarding resource distribution? | [
"Other than Max Weber, who was a notable influence to Hayek's statements regarding resource distribution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ludwig von Mises"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16676 | 572a72e474f2e11900503fad | Friedrich_Hayek | Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen... | What did some socialists bring up as a rebuttal to Hayek's resource distribution argument? | What did some socialists bring up as a rebuttal to Hayek's resource distribution argument? | [
"What did some socialists bring up as a rebuttal to Hayek's resource distribution argument?"
] | {
"text": [
"general equilibrium theory"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16677 | 572a72e474f2e11900503fae | Friedrich_Hayek | Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen... | What did socialists believe equilibrium theory invalidated? | What did socialists believe equilibrium theory invalidated? | [
"What did socialists believe equilibrium theory invalidated?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mises's thesis"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16678 | 572a72e474f2e11900503faf | Friedrich_Hayek | Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen... | According to those who argued against Hayek, what sets planned and free markets apart is what? | According to those who argued against Hayek, what sets planned and free markets apart is what? | [
"According to those who argued against Hayek, what sets planned and free markets apart is what?"
] | {
"text": [
"who was responsible for solving the equations"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16679 | 572a72e474f2e11900503fb0 | Friedrich_Hayek | Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen... | What type of economic system did the socialists want to avoid? | What type of economic system did the socialists want to avoid? | [
"What type of economic system did the socialists want to avoid?"
] | {
"text": [
"free market"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16680 | 572a75aa27b69114009ef5d8 | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central p... | Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism? | Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism? | [
"Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Use of Knowledge in Society"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16681 | 572a75aa27b69114009ef5d9 | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central p... | Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with? | Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with? | [
"Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with?"
] | {
"text": [
"central planning"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16682 | 572a75aa27b69114009ef5da | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central p... | The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who? | The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who? | [
"The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oliver Williamson"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16683 | 572a75aa27b69114009ef5db | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central p... | The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award? | The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award? | [
"The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Nobel prize"
],
"answer_start": [
816
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16684 | 572a76d27a1753140016afa4 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the... | What was the name of the ideology Hayek criticized? | What was the name of the ideology Hayek criticized? | [
"What was the name of the ideology Hayek criticized?"
] | {
"text": [
"collectivism"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16685 | 572a76d27a1753140016afa5 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the... | How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained? | How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained? | [
"How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained?"
] | {
"text": [
"a central authority"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16686 | 572a76d27a1753140016afa6 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the... | According to Hayek, what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy? | According to Hayek, what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy? | [
"According to Hayek, what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy?"
] | {
"text": [
"central economic planning"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16687 | 572a76d27a1753140016afa7 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the... | Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what? | Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what? | [
"Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"totalitarianism"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16688 | 572a76d27a1753140016afa8 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the... | What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state? | What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state? | [
"What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state?"
] | {
"text": [
"maintain the rule of law"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16689 | 572a798abe1ee31400cb8021 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s... | Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what? | Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what? | [
"Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what?"
] | {
"text": [
"creating a \"safety net\""
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16690 | 572a798abe1ee31400cb8022 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s... | Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to? | Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to? | [
"Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to?"
] | {
"text": [
"all"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16691 | 572a798abe1ee31400cb8023 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s... | According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent? | According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent? | [
"According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent?"
] | {
"text": [
"sufficient to preserve health"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16692 | 572a798abe1ee31400cb8024 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s... | What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create? | What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create? | [
"What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create?"
] | {
"text": [
"social insurance"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16693 | 572a7af4111d821400f38b4c | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic... | In what economic field of study does Hayek's views differ from those in macroeconomics? | In what economic field of study does Hayek's views differ from those in macroeconomics? | [
"In what economic field of study does Hayek's views differ from those in macroeconomics?"
] | {
"text": [
"microeconomics"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16694 | 572a7af4111d821400f38b4d | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic... | What is the term used to describe economists following Keynes school of thought? | What is the term used to describe economists following Keynes school of thought? | [
"What is the term used to describe economists following Keynes school of thought?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Marshallian\""
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16695 | 572a7af4111d821400f38b4e | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic... | Whose works inspire the term "Walrasian" in economics? | Whose works inspire the term "Walrasian" in economics? | [
"Whose works inspire the term \"Walrasian\" in economics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Abba Lerner"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16696 | 572a8062f75d5e190021fb0e | Friedrich_Hayek | During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ... | When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason? | When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason? | [
"When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason?"
] | {
"text": [
"During World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16697 | 572a8062f75d5e190021fb0f | Friedrich_Hayek | During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ... | What did Hayek specifically aim to expose in Abuse of Reason? | What did Hayek specifically aim to expose in Abuse of Reason? | [
"What did Hayek specifically aim to expose in Abuse of Reason?"
] | {
"text": [
"fundamental misconceptions about the social science"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16698 | 572a8062f75d5e190021fb10 | Friedrich_Hayek | During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ... | Whose beliefs in scientific philosophy were similar to Hayek's? | Whose beliefs in scientific philosophy were similar to Hayek's? | [
"Whose beliefs in scientific philosophy were similar to Hayek's?"
] | {
"text": [
"Karl Popper"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16699 | 572a8062f75d5e190021fb11 | Friedrich_Hayek | During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ... | What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences? | What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences? | [
"What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences?"
] | {
"text": [
"scientism"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
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