gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-17100 | 5ad119f0645df0001a2d0d7e | Uranium | The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951. Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory). The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956, and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954. | What was the world's last artificial nuclear reactor? | What was the world's last artificial nuclear reactor? | [
"What was the world's last artificial nuclear reactor?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17101 | 5ad119f0645df0001a2d0d7f | Uranium | The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951. Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory). The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956, and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954. | In what state is the X-01 Graphite Reactor located? | In what state is the X-01 Graphite Reactor located? | [
"In what state is the X-01 Graphite Reactor located?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17102 | 5ad119f0645df0001a2d0d80 | Uranium | The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951. Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory). The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956, and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954. | Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor never known as? | Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor never known as? | [
"Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor never known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17103 | 5ad119f0645df0001a2d0d81 | Uranium | The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951. Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory). The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956, and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954. | In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor II located? | In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor II located? | [
"In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor II located?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17104 | 5ad119f0645df0001a2d0d82 | Uranium | The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951. Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory). The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956, and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954. | On what date did Breeder Reactor II first make electricity? | On what date did Breeder Reactor II first make electricity? | [
"On what date did Breeder Reactor II first make electricity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17105 | 570e32740b85d914000d7d31 | Uranium | Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics. | Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust? | Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust? | [
"Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust?"
] | {
"text": [
"51st"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17106 | 570e32740b85d914000d7d32 | Uranium | Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics. | Where is uranium naturally formed? | Where is uranium naturally formed? | [
"Where is uranium naturally formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"in supernovae"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17107 | 570e32740b85d914000d7d33 | Uranium | Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics. | Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics? | Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics? | [
"Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics?"
] | {
"text": [
"thorium"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17108 | 570e32740b85d914000d7d34 | Uranium | Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics. | In what state is the Earth's outer core? | In what state is the Earth's outer core? | [
"In what state is the Earth's outer core?"
] | {
"text": [
"liquid"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17109 | 5ad11b91645df0001a2d0dac | Uranium | Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics. | Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's atmosphere? | Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's atmosphere? | [
"Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's atmosphere?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17110 | 5ad11b91645df0001a2d0dad | Uranium | Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics. | Where is uranium unnaturally formed? | Where is uranium unnaturally formed? | [
"Where is uranium unnaturally formed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17111 | 5ad11b91645df0001a2d0dae | Uranium | Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics. | Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary cooling source driving plate tectonics? | Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary cooling source driving plate tectonics? | [
"Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary cooling source driving plate tectonics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17112 | 5ad11b91645df0001a2d0daf | Uranium | Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics. | In what state is the Earth's inner core? | In what state is the Earth's inner core? | [
"In what state is the Earth's inner core?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17113 | 5ad11b91645df0001a2d0db0 | Uranium | Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics. | In what state is the Earth's middle core? | In what state is the Earth's middle core? | [
"In what state is the Earth's middle core?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17114 | 570e33510dc6ce1900204e73 | Uranium | Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control). | What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile? | What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile? | [
"What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile?"
] | {
"text": [
"235"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17115 | 570e33510dc6ce1900204e74 | Uranium | Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control). | How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons? | How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons? | [
"How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17116 | 570e33510dc6ce1900204e75 | Uranium | Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control). | When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in? | When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in? | [
"When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?"
] | {
"text": [
"an explosion"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17117 | 570e33510dc6ce1900204e76 | Uranium | Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control). | What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor? | What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor? | [
"What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?"
] | {
"text": [
"neutron poison"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17118 | 570e33510dc6ce1900204e77 | Uranium | Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control). | What does a neutron poison absorb? | What does a neutron poison absorb? | [
"What does a neutron poison absorb?"
] | {
"text": [
"free neutrons"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17119 | 5ad11389645df0001a2d0c80 | Uranium | Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control). | What isotope of uranium was the last to be found fissile? | What isotope of uranium was the last to be found fissile? | [
"What isotope of uranium was the last to be found fissile?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17120 | 5ad11389645df0001a2d0c81 | Uranium | Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control). | How many nuclei does uranium-245 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons? | How many nuclei does uranium-245 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons? | [
"How many nuclei does uranium-245 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17121 | 5ad11389645df0001a2d0c82 | Uranium | Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control). | When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-245 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in? | When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-245 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in? | [
"When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-245 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17122 | 5ad11389645df0001a2d0c83 | Uranium | Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control). | What is used to speed a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor? | What is used to speed a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor? | [
"What is used to speed a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17123 | 5ad11389645df0001a2d0c84 | Uranium | Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control). | What does a neutron poison give off? | What does a neutron poison give off? | [
"What does a neutron poison give off?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17124 | 570e33de0b85d914000d7d43 | Uranium | In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli. | What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature? | What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature? | [
"What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?"
] | {
"text": [
"carbonate"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17125 | 570e33de0b85d914000d7d44 | Uranium | In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli. | The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate? | The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate? | [
"The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?"
] | {
"text": [
"carbonate"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17126 | 570e33de0b85d914000d7d45 | Uranium | In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli. | What is BSAR-1 a strain of? | What is BSAR-1 a strain of? | [
"What is BSAR-1 a strain of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sphingomonas sp."
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17127 | 5ad11dd6645df0001a2d0e04 | Uranium | In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli. | What type of complexes does uranium(V) form in nature? | What type of complexes does uranium(V) form in nature? | [
"What type of complexes does uranium(V) form in nature?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17128 | 5ad11dd6645df0001a2d0e05 | Uranium | In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli. | What type of complexes does uranium(VI) not form in nature? | What type of complexes does uranium(VI) not form in nature? | [
"What type of complexes does uranium(VI) not form in nature?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17129 | 5ad11dd6645df0001a2d0e06 | Uranium | In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli. | The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it easy to precipitate uranium as phosphate? | The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it easy to precipitate uranium as phosphate? | [
"The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it easy to precipitate uranium as phosphate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17130 | 5ad11dd6645df0001a2d0e07 | Uranium | In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli. | What is BSAR-2 a strain of? | What is BSAR-2 a strain of? | [
"What is BSAR-2 a strain of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17131 | 5ad11dd6645df0001a2d0e08 | Uranium | In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli. | What is BSAR-1 not a strain of? | What is BSAR-1 not a strain of? | [
"What is BSAR-1 not a strain of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17132 | 570e347a0b85d914000d7d49 | Uranium | It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006. | How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in millions of tonnes? | How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in millions of tonnes? | [
"How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in millions of tonnes?"
] | {
"text": [
"5.5"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17133 | 570e347a0b85d914000d7d4a | Uranium | It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006. | How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources? | How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources? | [
"How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?"
] | {
"text": [
"35"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17134 | 570e347a0b85d914000d7d4b | Uranium | It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006. | What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003? | What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003? | [
"What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003?"
] | {
"text": [
"$10"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17135 | 570e347a0b85d914000d7d4c | Uranium | It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006. | In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration? | In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration? | [
"In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?"
] | {
"text": [
"US$200 million"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17136 | 570e347a0b85d914000d7d4d | Uranium | It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006. | How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006? | How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006? | [
"How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006?"
] | {
"text": [
"$774 million"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17137 | 5ad11eda645df0001a2d0e3e | Uranium | It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006. | How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in billions of tonnes? | How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in billions of tonnes? | [
"How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in billions of tonnes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17138 | 5ad11eda645df0001a2d0e3f | Uranium | It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006. | How many billions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources? | How many billions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources? | [
"How many billions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17139 | 5ad11eda645df0001a2d0e40 | Uranium | It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006. | What was the price of uranium per kilo as of May 2003? | What was the price of uranium per kilo as of May 2003? | [
"What was the price of uranium per kilo as of May 2003?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17140 | 5ad11eda645df0001a2d0e41 | Uranium | It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006. | In 2015, how much money was spent on uranium exploration? | In 2015, how much money was spent on uranium exploration? | [
"In 2015, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17141 | 5ad11eda645df0001a2d0e42 | Uranium | It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006. | How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2016? | How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2016? | [
"How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2016?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17142 | 570e35280b85d914000d7d5d | Uranium | A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. | When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission? | When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission? | [
"When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission?"
] | {
"text": [
"1934"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17143 | 570e35280b85d914000d7d5e | Uranium | A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. | Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions? | Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions? | [
"Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions?"
] | {
"text": [
"Enrico Fermi"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17144 | 570e35280b85d914000d7d5f | Uranium | A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. | What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94? | What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94? | [
"What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94?"
] | {
"text": [
"hesperium"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17145 | 570e35280b85d914000d7d60 | Uranium | A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. | What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino? | What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino? | [
"What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dean of the Faculty of Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17146 | 570e35280b85d914000d7d61 | Uranium | A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. | Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch? | Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch? | [
"Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lise Meitner"
],
"answer_start": [
604
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17147 | 5ad1184a645df0001a2d0d46 | Uranium | A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. | When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in gamma ray emission? | When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in gamma ray emission? | [
"When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in gamma ray emission?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17148 | 5ad1184a645df0001a2d0d47 | Uranium | A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. | Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created gamma ray emissions? | Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created gamma ray emissions? | [
"Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created gamma ray emissions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17149 | 5ad1184a645df0001a2d0d48 | Uranium | A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. | What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 194? | What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 194? | [
"What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 194?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17150 | 5ad1184a645df0001a2d0d49 | Uranium | A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. | What wasn't the job title of Orso Mario Corbino? | What wasn't the job title of Orso Mario Corbino? | [
"What wasn't the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17151 | 5ad1184a645df0001a2d0d4a | Uranium | A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. | Who was the uncle of Otto Robert Frisch? | Who was the uncle of Otto Robert Frisch? | [
"Who was the uncle of Otto Robert Frisch?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17152 | 570e357f0b85d914000d7d67 | Uranium | The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes. | In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VI)? | In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VI)? | [
"In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VI)?"
] | {
"text": [
"carbonate containing solution"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17153 | 570e357f0b85d914000d7d68 | Uranium | The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes. | What notable carbonates are often water soluble? | What notable carbonates are often water soluble? | [
"What notable carbonates are often water soluble?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17154 | 570e357f0b85d914000d7d69 | Uranium | The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes. | What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates? | What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates? | [
"What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?"
] | {
"text": [
"anionic complexes"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17155 | 5ad14b6e645df0001a2d1606 | Uranium | The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes. | In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VII)? | In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VII)? | [
"In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VII)?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17156 | 5ad14b6e645df0001a2d1607 | Uranium | The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes. | In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonite anions interact with uranium(VI)? | In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonite anions interact with uranium(VI)? | [
"In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonite anions interact with uranium(VI)?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17157 | 5ad14b6e645df0001a2d1608 | Uranium | The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes. | What notable carbonates are unoften water soluble? | What notable carbonates are unoften water soluble? | [
"What notable carbonates are unoften water soluble?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17158 | 5ad14b6e645df0001a2d1609 | Uranium | The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes. | What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal dioxides and three or more carbonates? | What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal dioxides and three or more carbonates? | [
"What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal dioxides and three or more carbonates?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17159 | 5ad14b6e645df0001a2d160a | Uranium | The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes. | What does a uranium(VII) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates? | What does a uranium(VII) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates? | [
"What does a uranium(VII) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17160 | 570e35d20b85d914000d7d6d | Uranium | Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium). | Along with arsenic, what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium? | Along with arsenic, what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium? | [
"Along with arsenic, what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"molybdenum"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17161 | 570e35d20b85d914000d7d6e | Uranium | Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium). | Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than? | Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than? | [
"Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than?"
] | {
"text": [
"antimony"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17162 | 570e35d20b85d914000d7d6f | Uranium | Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium). | What is the most prevalent uranium ore? | What is the most prevalent uranium ore? | [
"What is the most prevalent uranium ore?"
] | {
"text": [
"uraninite"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17163 | 570e35d20b85d914000d7d70 | Uranium | Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium). | What mineral sometimes contains uranium? | What mineral sometimes contains uranium? | [
"What mineral sometimes contains uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"lignite"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17164 | 570e35d20b85d914000d7d71 | Uranium | Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium). | What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium? | What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium? | [
"What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"phosphate"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17165 | 5ad11cee645df0001a2d0de6 | Uranium | Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium). | Along with arsenic, what metal is less abundant as uranium? | Along with arsenic, what metal is less abundant as uranium? | [
"Along with arsenic, what metal is less abundant as uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17166 | 5ad11cee645df0001a2d0de7 | Uranium | Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium). | Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium less plentiful than? | Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium less plentiful than? | [
"Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium less plentiful than?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17167 | 5ad11cee645df0001a2d0de8 | Uranium | Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium). | What is the least prevalent uranium ore? | What is the least prevalent uranium ore? | [
"What is the least prevalent uranium ore?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17168 | 5ad11cee645df0001a2d0de9 | Uranium | Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium). | What mineral always contains uranium? | What mineral always contains uranium? | [
"What mineral always contains uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17169 | 5ad11cee645df0001a2d0dea | Uranium | Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium). | What types of rocks never contain uranium? | What types of rocks never contain uranium? | [
"What types of rocks never contain uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17170 | 570e366b0b85d914000d7d77 | Uranium | Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally. | What is the least prevalent major isotope of natural uranium? | What is the least prevalent major isotope of natural uranium? | [
"What is the least prevalent major isotope of natural uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium-234"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17171 | 570e366b0b85d914000d7d78 | Uranium | Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally. | What is the natural abundance of uranium-235? | What is the natural abundance of uranium-235? | [
"What is the natural abundance of uranium-235?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.71%"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17172 | 570e366b0b85d914000d7d79 | Uranium | Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally. | What isotope of uranium is formed when 238U experiences spontaneous fission? | What isotope of uranium is formed when 238U experiences spontaneous fission? | [
"What isotope of uranium is formed when 238U experiences spontaneous fission?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium-239"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17173 | 570e366b0b85d914000d7d7a | Uranium | Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally. | When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-237? | When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-237? | [
"When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-237?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium-233"
],
"answer_start": [
616
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17174 | 570e366b0b85d914000d7d7b | Uranium | Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally. | What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double beta decay? | What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double beta decay? | [
"What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double beta decay?"
] | {
"text": [
"thorium-232"
],
"answer_start": [
808
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17175 | 5ad14d18645df0001a2d1688 | Uranium | Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally. | What is the least prevalent major isotope of unnatural uranium? | What is the least prevalent major isotope of unnatural uranium? | [
"What is the least prevalent major isotope of unnatural uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17176 | 5ad14d18645df0001a2d1689 | Uranium | Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally. | What is the unnatural abundance of uranium-235? | What is the unnatural abundance of uranium-235? | [
"What is the unnatural abundance of uranium-235?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17177 | 5ad14d18645df0001a2d168a | Uranium | Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally. | What isotope of uranium is formed when 239U experiences spontaneous fission? | What isotope of uranium is formed when 239U experiences spontaneous fission? | [
"What isotope of uranium is formed when 239U experiences spontaneous fission?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17178 | 5ad14d18645df0001a2d168b | Uranium | Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally. | When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-247? | When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-247? | [
"When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-247?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17179 | 5ad14d18645df0001a2d168c | Uranium | Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-236 and -240, which appear in the decay chain of primordial plutonium-244. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally. | What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double alpha decay? | What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double alpha decay? | [
"What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double alpha decay?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17180 | 570e36e30dc6ce1900204e7d | Uranium | An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. | About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be present in the sea? | About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be present in the sea? | [
"About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be present in the sea?"
] | {
"text": [
"4.6 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17181 | 570e36e30dc6ce1900204e7e | Uranium | An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. | The presence of what substance in sea water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium? | The presence of what substance in sea water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium? | [
"The presence of what substance in sea water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"carbonate"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17182 | 570e36e30dc6ce1900204e7f | Uranium | An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. | What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on solid molecules? | What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on solid molecules? | [
"What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on solid molecules?"
] | {
"text": [
"HiCap"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17183 | 570e36e30dc6ce1900204e80 | Uranium | An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. | Where were ORNL's results verified? | Where were ORNL's results verified? | [
"Where were ORNL's results verified?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17184 | 570e36e30dc6ce1900204e81 | Uranium | An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. | When was HiCap announced? | When was HiCap announced? | [
"When was HiCap announced?"
] | {
"text": [
"2012"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17185 | 5ad11f4a645df0001a2d0e48 | Uranium | An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. | About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be absent in the sea? | About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be absent in the sea? | [
"About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be absent in the sea?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17186 | 5ad11f4a645df0001a2d0e49 | Uranium | An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. | The presence of what substance in fresh water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium? | The presence of what substance in fresh water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium? | [
"The presence of what substance in fresh water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17187 | 5ad11f4a645df0001a2d0e4a | Uranium | An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. | What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on liquid molecules? | What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on liquid molecules? | [
"What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on liquid molecules?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17188 | 5ad11f4a645df0001a2d0e4b | Uranium | An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. | Where were ORNL's results unverified? | Where were ORNL's results unverified? | [
"Where were ORNL's results unverified?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17189 | 5ad11f4a645df0001a2d0e4c | Uranium | An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. | When wasn't HiCap announced? | When wasn't HiCap announced? | [
"When wasn't HiCap announced?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17190 | 570e37590dc6ce1900204e87 | Uranium | Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. | What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature? | What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature? | [
"What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature?"
] | {
"text": [
"Uranium-235"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17191 | 570e37590dc6ce1900204e88 | Uranium | Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. | What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor? | What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor? | [
"What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Uranium-238"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17192 | 570e37590dc6ce1900204e89 | Uranium | Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. | What uranium isotope is produced from thorium? | What uranium isotope is produced from thorium? | [
"What uranium isotope is produced from thorium?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium-233"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17193 | 570e37590dc6ce1900204e8a | Uranium | Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. | Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons? | Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons? | [
"Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium-233"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17194 | 570e37590dc6ce1900204e8b | Uranium | Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. | What is 238U? | What is 238U? | [
"What is 238U?"
] | {
"text": [
"Depleted uranium"
],
"answer_start": [
829
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17195 | 5ad1120d645df0001a2d0c12 | Uranium | Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. | What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs out of nature? | What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs out of nature? | [
"What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs out of nature?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17196 | 5ad1120d645df0001a2d0c13 | Uranium | Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. | What can't be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor? | What can't be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor? | [
"What can't be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17197 | 5ad1120d645df0001a2d0c14 | Uranium | Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. | What uranium isotope is produced into thorium? | What uranium isotope is produced into thorium? | [
"What uranium isotope is produced into thorium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17198 | 5ad1120d645df0001a2d0c15 | Uranium | Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. | Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a low fission cross-section for slow neutrons? | Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a low fission cross-section for slow neutrons? | [
"Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a low fission cross-section for slow neutrons?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17199 | 5ad1120d645df0001a2d0c16 | Uranium | Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. | What is 239U? | What is 239U? | [
"What is 239U?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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