gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-17300 | 570e45630b85d914000d7dd5 | Uranium | In 2005, seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides, with Canada (27.9% of world production) and Australia (22.8%) being the largest producers and Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) and China (1.7%) also producing significant amounts. Kazakhstan continues to increase production and may have become the world's largest producer of uranium by 2009 with an expected production of 12,826 tonnes, compared to Canada with 11,100 t and Australia with 9,430 t. In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons. | How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2005? | How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2005? | [
"How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2005?"
] | {
"text": [
"seventeen"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17301 | 5ad149ab645df0001a2d158a | Uranium | In 2005, seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides, with Canada (27.9% of world production) and Australia (22.8%) being the largest producers and Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) and China (1.7%) also producing significant amounts. Kazakhstan continues to increase production and may have become the world's largest producer of uranium by 2009 with an expected production of 12,826 tonnes, compared to Canada with 11,100 t and Australia with 9,430 t. In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons. | As of 2015, what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides? | As of 2015, what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides? | [
"As of 2015, what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17302 | 5ad149ab645df0001a2d158b | Uranium | In 2005, seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides, with Canada (27.9% of world production) and Australia (22.8%) being the largest producers and Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) and China (1.7%) also producing significant amounts. Kazakhstan continues to increase production and may have become the world's largest producer of uranium by 2009 with an expected production of 12,826 tonnes, compared to Canada with 11,100 t and Australia with 9,430 t. In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons. | What percentage of world uranium oxide production isn't produced by Argentina? | What percentage of world uranium oxide production isn't produced by Argentina? | [
"What percentage of world uranium oxide production isn't produced by Argentina?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17303 | 5ad149ab645df0001a2d158c | Uranium | In 2005, seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides, with Canada (27.9% of world production) and Australia (22.8%) being the largest producers and Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) and China (1.7%) also producing significant amounts. Kazakhstan continues to increase production and may have become the world's largest producer of uranium by 2009 with an expected production of 12,826 tonnes, compared to Canada with 11,100 t and Australia with 9,430 t. In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons. | What country produced 5.5% of the world's concentrated uranium oxide in 2015? | What country produced 5.5% of the world's concentrated uranium oxide in 2015? | [
"What country produced 5.5% of the world's concentrated uranium oxide in 2015?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17304 | 5ad149ab645df0001a2d158d | Uranium | In 2005, seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides, with Canada (27.9% of world production) and Australia (22.8%) being the largest producers and Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) and China (1.7%) also producing significant amounts. Kazakhstan continues to increase production and may have become the world's largest producer of uranium by 2009 with an expected production of 12,826 tonnes, compared to Canada with 11,100 t and Australia with 9,430 t. In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons. | How many pounds of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009? | How many pounds of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009? | [
"How many pounds of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17305 | 5ad149ab645df0001a2d158e | Uranium | In 2005, seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides, with Canada (27.9% of world production) and Australia (22.8%) being the largest producers and Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) and China (1.7%) also producing significant amounts. Kazakhstan continues to increase production and may have become the world's largest producer of uranium by 2009 with an expected production of 12,826 tonnes, compared to Canada with 11,100 t and Australia with 9,430 t. In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons. | How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2015? | How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2015? | [
"How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2015?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17306 | 570e45fe0b85d914000d7ddb | Uranium | During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box. | Who was the Soviet Union's opponent in the Cold War? | Who was the Soviet Union's opponent in the Cold War? | [
"Who was the Soviet Union's opponent in the Cold War?"
] | {
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17307 | 570e45fe0b85d914000d7ddc | Uranium | During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box. | How many nuclear warheads can be made with 540 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium? | How many nuclear warheads can be made with 540 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium? | [
"How many nuclear warheads can be made with 540 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"40,000"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17308 | 570e45fe0b85d914000d7ddd | Uranium | During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box. | What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1993 and 2005? | What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1993 and 2005? | [
"What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1993 and 2005?"
] | {
"text": [
"US $550 million"
],
"answer_start": [
870
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17309 | 570e45fe0b85d914000d7dde | Uranium | During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box. | What is another term for uranium that is enriched? | What is another term for uranium that is enriched? | [
"What is another term for uranium that is enriched?"
] | {
"text": [
"weapons grade"
],
"answer_start": [
1301
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17310 | 570e45fe0b85d914000d7ddf | Uranium | During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box. | Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2005? | Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2005? | [
"Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2005?"
] | {
"text": [
"16"
],
"answer_start": [
572
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17311 | 5ad11ad3645df0001a2d0d92 | Uranium | During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box. | Who was the Soviet Union's ally in the Cold War? | Who was the Soviet Union's ally in the Cold War? | [
"Who was the Soviet Union's ally in the Cold War?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17312 | 5ad11ad3645df0001a2d0d93 | Uranium | During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box. | How many nuclear warheads can be made with 450 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium? | How many nuclear warheads can be made with 450 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium? | [
"How many nuclear warheads can be made with 450 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17313 | 5ad11ad3645df0001a2d0d94 | Uranium | During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box. | What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1995 and 2005? | What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1995 and 2005? | [
"What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1995 and 2005?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17314 | 5ad11ad3645df0001a2d0d95 | Uranium | During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box. | What is another term for uranium that is not enriched? | What is another term for uranium that is not enriched? | [
"What is another term for uranium that is not enriched?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17315 | 5ad11ad3645df0001a2d0d96 | Uranium | During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box. | Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2003? | Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2003? | [
"Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2003?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17316 | 570e469c0dc6ce1900204eff | Uranium | Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+
2 (unstable), and UO2+
2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+
2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+
2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate. | What is the color of U4+? | What is the color of U4+? | [
"What is the color of U4+?"
] | {
"text": [
"green"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17317 | 570e469c0dc6ce1900204f01 | Uranium | Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+
2 (unstable), and UO2+
2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+
2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+
2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate. | What state is represented by the UO2+ 2 ion? | What state is represented by the UO2+ 2 ion? | [
"What state is represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium(VI)"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17318 | 570e469c0dc6ce1900204f02 | Uranium | Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+
2 (unstable), and UO2+
2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+
2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+
2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate. | Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion? | Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion? | [
"Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranyl carbonate"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17319 | 570e469c0dc6ce1900204f03 | Uranium | Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+
2 (unstable), and UO2+
2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+
2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+
2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate. | What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents? | What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents? | [
"What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranyl acetate"
],
"answer_start": [
769
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17320 | 5ad14b13645df0001a2d15d6 | Uranium | Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+
2 (unstable), and UO2+
2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+
2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+
2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate. | What is the color of U4-? | What is the color of U4-? | [
"What is the color of U4-?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17321 | 5ad14b13645df0001a2d15d8 | Uranium | Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+
2 (unstable), and UO2+
2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+
2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+
2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate. | What state isn't represented by the UO2+ 2 ion? | What state isn't represented by the UO2+ 2 ion? | [
"What state isn't represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17322 | 5ad14b13645df0001a2d15d9 | Uranium | Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+
2 (unstable), and UO2+
2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+
2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+
2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate. | Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound isn't formed by the UO2+ 2 ion? | Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound isn't formed by the UO2+ 2 ion? | [
"Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound isn't formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17323 | 5ad14b13645df0001a2d15da | Uranium | Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+
2 (unstable), and UO2+
2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+
2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+
2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate. | What uncommon complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents? | What uncommon complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents? | [
"What uncommon complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17324 | 570e47250dc6ce1900204f09 | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant. | What microorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium? | What microorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium? | [
"What microorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"Citrobacter"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17325 | 570e47250dc6ce1900204f0a | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant. | What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment? | What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment? | [
"What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment?"
] | {
"text": [
"Trapelia involuta"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17326 | 570e47250dc6ce1900204f0b | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant. | What is given to Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions? | What is given to Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions? | [
"What is given to Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?"
] | {
"text": [
"glycerol phosphate"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17327 | 570e47250dc6ce1900204f0c | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant. | What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium? | What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium? | [
"What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"Geobacter"
],
"answer_start": [
556
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17328 | 570e47250dc6ce1900204f0d | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant. | What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase? | What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase? | [
"What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase?"
] | {
"text": [
"Glomus intraradices"
],
"answer_start": [
650
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17329 | 5ad11d6a645df0001a2d0dfa | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant. | What macroorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium? | What macroorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium? | [
"What macroorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17330 | 5ad11d6a645df0001a2d0dfb | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant. | What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 400 times higher than the amount in the environment? | What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 400 times higher than the amount in the environment? | [
"What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 400 times higher than the amount in the environment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17331 | 5ad11d6a645df0001a2d0dfc | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant. | What is taken from Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions? | What is taken from Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions? | [
"What is taken from Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17332 | 5ad11d6a645df0001a2d0dfd | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant. | What protobacterium never bioremediates ground water uranium? | What protobacterium never bioremediates ground water uranium? | [
"What protobacterium never bioremediates ground water uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17333 | 5ad11d6a645df0001a2d0dfe | Uranium | Some organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment. Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water. The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water. The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant. | What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to decrease? | What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to decrease? | [
"What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to decrease?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17334 | 570e48100b85d914000d7de5 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C. | At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride? | At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride? | [
"At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride?"
] | {
"text": [
"482 to 572"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17335 | 570e48100b85d914000d7de6 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C. | What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride? | What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride? | [
"What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?"
] | {
"text": [
"hydrogen"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17336 | 570e48100b85d914000d7de7 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C. | Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride created? | Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride created? | [
"Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride created?"
] | {
"text": [
"250 °C"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17337 | 570e48100b85d914000d7de8 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C. | Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride? | Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride? | [
"Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride?"
] | {
"text": [
"nitride"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17338 | 570e48100b85d914000d7de9 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C. | How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant? | How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant? | [
"How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant?"
] | {
"text": [
"Two"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17339 | 5ad14c01645df0001a2d162e | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C. | At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit won't uranium metal form uranium hydride? | At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit won't uranium metal form uranium hydride? | [
"At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit won't uranium metal form uranium hydride?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17340 | 5ad14c01645df0001a2d162f | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C. | What doesn't uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride? | What doesn't uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride? | [
"What doesn't uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17341 | 5ad14c01645df0001a2d1630 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C. | Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride destroyed? | Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride destroyed? | [
"Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride destroyed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17342 | 5ad14c01645df0001a2d1631 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C. | Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often destroyed with uranium hydride? | Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often destroyed with uranium hydride? | [
"Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often destroyed with uranium hydride?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17343 | 5ad14c01645df0001a2d1632 | Uranium | Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C. | How many crystal modifications of plutonium hydride are extant? | How many crystal modifications of plutonium hydride are extant? | [
"How many crystal modifications of plutonium hydride are extant?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17344 | 570e489e0b85d914000d7df0 | Uranium | Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U
3O
8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC
2), and diuranium tricarbide (U
2C
3). Both UC and UC
2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U
2C
3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC
2 to mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN
2), and diuranium trinitride (U
2N
3). | Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium? | Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium? | [
"Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"diuranium tricarbide"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17345 | 570e489e0b85d914000d7df2 | Uranium | Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U
3O
8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC
2), and diuranium tricarbide (U
2C
3). Both UC and UC
2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U
2C
3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC
2 to mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN
2), and diuranium trinitride (U
2N
3). | Below what temperature is U2C3 stable? | Below what temperature is U2C3 stable? | [
"Below what temperature is U2C3 stable?"
] | {
"text": [
"1800 °C"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17346 | 5ad14c7f645df0001a2d1657 | Uranium | Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U
3O
8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC
2), and diuranium tricarbide (U
2C
3). Both UC and UC
2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U
2C
3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC
2 to mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN
2), and diuranium trinitride (U
2N
3). | Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a unnotable carbide of uranium? | Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a unnotable carbide of uranium? | [
"Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a unnotable carbide of uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17347 | 5ad14c7f645df0001a2d1659 | Uranium | Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U
3O
8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC
2), and diuranium tricarbide (U
2C
3). Both UC and UC
2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U
2C
3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC
2 to mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN
2), and diuranium trinitride (U
2N
3). | Below what temperature is U2C3 unstable? | Below what temperature is U2C3 unstable? | [
"Below what temperature is U2C3 unstable?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17348 | 570e491b0dc6ce1900204f13 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001. | Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as enriched? | Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as enriched? | [
"Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as enriched?"
] | {
"text": [
"3% and 5%"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17349 | 570e491b0dc6ce1900204f14 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001. | What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for uranium to be considered depleted? | What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for uranium to be considered depleted? | [
"What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for uranium to be considered depleted?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.3%"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17350 | 570e491b0dc6ce1900204f15 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001. | In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase? | In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase? | [
"In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase?"
] | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17351 | 570e491b0dc6ce1900204f16 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001. | What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001? | What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001? | [
"What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?"
] | {
"text": [
"$5"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17352 | 570e491b0dc6ce1900204f17 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001. | How much did a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007? | How much did a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007? | [
"How much did a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"$130"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17353 | 5ad15209645df0001a2d1746 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001. | Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as unenriched? | Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as unenriched? | [
"Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as unenriched?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17354 | 5ad15209645df0001a2d1747 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001. | What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for plutonium to be considered depleted? | What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for plutonium to be considered depleted? | [
"What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for plutonium to be considered depleted?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17355 | 5ad15209645df0001a2d1748 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001. | In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to decrease? | In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to decrease? | [
"In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to decrease?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17356 | 5ad15209645df0001a2d1749 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001. | What was the price of a pound of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001? | What was the price of a pound of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001? | [
"What was the price of a pound of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17357 | 5ad15209645df0001a2d174a | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentration should be no more than 0.3%. The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of depleted uranium hexafluoride above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001. | How much did a pound of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007? | How much did a pound of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007? | [
"How much did a pound of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17358 | 570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f1d | Uranium | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+
2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature. | Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium? | Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium? | [
"Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"kidney"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17359 | 570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f1e | Uranium | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+
2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature. | What is the main form of 238U decay? | What is the main form of 238U decay? | [
"What is the main form of 238U decay?"
] | {
"text": [
"alpha radiation"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17360 | 570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f20 | Uranium | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+
2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature. | What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate? | What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate? | [
"What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate?"
] | {
"text": [
"hexavalent"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17361 | 570e4a0e0dc6ce1900204f21 | Uranium | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+
2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature. | At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air? | At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air? | [
"At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air?"
] | {
"text": [
"room"
],
"answer_start": [
1403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17362 | 5ad154ad645df0001a2d17b2 | Uranium | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+
2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature. | Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably unaffected by exposure to uranium? | Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably unaffected by exposure to uranium? | [
"Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably unaffected by exposure to uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17363 | 5ad154ad645df0001a2d17b3 | Uranium | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+
2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature. | What is the main form of 239U decay? | What is the main form of 239U decay? | [
"What is the main form of 239U decay?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17364 | 5ad154ad645df0001a2d17b5 | Uranium | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+
2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature. | What type of uranium compounds are uranium dioxide and uranyl nitrate? | What type of uranium compounds are uranium dioxide and uranyl nitrate? | [
"What type of uranium compounds are uranium dioxide and uranyl nitrate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17365 | 5ad154ad645df0001a2d17b6 | Uranium | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+
2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature. | At what temperature will grains of plutonium metal spontaneously ignite in air? | At what temperature will grains of plutonium metal spontaneously ignite in air? | [
"At what temperature will grains of plutonium metal spontaneously ignite in air?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17366 | 570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f27 | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion. | What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process? | What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process? | [
"What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process?"
] | {
"text": [
"gas centrifuge"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17367 | 570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f28 | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion. | What compound is UF6? | What compound is UF6? | [
"What compound is UF6?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium hexafluoride"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17368 | 570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f29 | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion. | What enrichment process was used by the Manhattan Project? | What enrichment process was used by the Manhattan Project? | [
"What enrichment process was used by the Manhattan Project?"
] | {
"text": [
"gaseous diffusion"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17369 | 570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f2a | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion. | In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a silver-zinc membrane? | In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a silver-zinc membrane? | [
"In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a silver-zinc membrane?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium hexafluoride"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17370 | 570e4a7f0dc6ce1900204f2b | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion. | How does the weight of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235? | How does the weight of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235? | [
"How does the weight of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235?"
] | {
"text": [
"heavier"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17371 | 5ad152c5645df0001a2d1764 | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion. | What is the name of the least widely used enrichment process? | What is the name of the least widely used enrichment process? | [
"What is the name of the least widely used enrichment process?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17372 | 5ad152c5645df0001a2d1765 | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion. | What compound is UF5? | What compound is UF5? | [
"What compound is UF5?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17373 | 5ad152c5645df0001a2d1766 | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion. | What enrichment process wasn't used by the Manhattan Project? | What enrichment process wasn't used by the Manhattan Project? | [
"What enrichment process wasn't used by the Manhattan Project?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17374 | 5ad152c5645df0001a2d1767 | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion. | In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a gold-zinc membrane? | In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a gold-zinc membrane? | [
"In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a gold-zinc membrane?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17375 | 5ad152c5645df0001a2d1768 | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Manhattan Project. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly diffused through a silver-zinc membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium 238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235). The molecular laser isotope separation method employs a laser beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution. An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion. | How does the height of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235? | How does the height of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235? | [
"How does the height of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17376 | 570e4e090dc6ce1900204f31 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite. | What is uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements? | What is uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements? | [
"What is uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements?"
] | {
"text": [
"U"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17377 | 570e4e090dc6ce1900204f32 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite. | What is the atomic number of uranium? | What is the atomic number of uranium? | [
"What is the atomic number of uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"92"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17378 | 570e4e090dc6ce1900204f33 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite. | What color is uranium? | What color is uranium? | [
"What color is uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"silvery-white"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17379 | 570e4e090dc6ce1900204f34 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite. | Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part? | Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part? | [
"Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part?"
] | {
"text": [
"actinide"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17380 | 570e4e090dc6ce1900204f35 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite. | How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium? | How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium? | [
"How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"6"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17381 | 5ad111b4645df0001a2d0c08 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite. | What isn't uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements? | What isn't uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements? | [
"What isn't uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17382 | 5ad111b4645df0001a2d0c09 | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite. | What isn't the atomic number of uranium? | What isn't the atomic number of uranium? | [
"What isn't the atomic number of uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17383 | 5ad111b4645df0001a2d0c0a | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite. | What shape is uranium? | What shape is uranium? | [
"What shape is uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17384 | 5ad111b4645df0001a2d0c0b | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite. | Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium not a part? | Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium not a part? | [
"Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium not a part?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17385 | 5ad111b4645df0001a2d0c0c | Uranium | Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite. | How many valence electrons aren't contained in an atom of uranium? | How many valence electrons aren't contained in an atom of uranium? | [
"How many valence electrons aren't contained in an atom of uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17386 | 570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3b | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry. | What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to? | What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to? | [
"What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to?"
] | {
"text": [
"noble gases"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17387 | 570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3c | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry. | Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium? | Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium? | [
"Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hydrochloric"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17388 | 570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3d | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry. | What coats uranium metal in air? | What coats uranium metal in air? | [
"What coats uranium metal in air?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium oxide"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17389 | 570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3e | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry. | What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction? | What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction? | [
"What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium dioxide"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17390 | 570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3f | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry. | What reacts with finely divided uranium? | What reacts with finely divided uranium? | [
"What reacts with finely divided uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"cold water"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17391 | 5ad11311645df0001a2d0c4e | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry. | What non-metal elements does uranium notably react to? | What non-metal elements does uranium notably react to? | [
"What non-metal elements does uranium notably react to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17392 | 5ad11311645df0001a2d0c4f | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry. | Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve in uranium? | Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve in uranium? | [
"Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve in uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17393 | 5ad11311645df0001a2d0c50 | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry. | What coats uranium metal in liquid? | What coats uranium metal in liquid? | [
"What coats uranium metal in liquid?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17394 | 5ad11311645df0001a2d0c51 | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry. | What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into before extraction? | What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into before extraction? | [
"What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into before extraction?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17395 | 5ad11311645df0001a2d0c52 | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry. | What reacts with finely multiplied uranium? | What reacts with finely multiplied uranium? | [
"What reacts with finely multiplied uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17396 | 570e4f430dc6ce1900204f4f | Uranium | During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process. | During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons? | During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons? | [
"During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons?"
] | {
"text": [
"World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17397 | 570e4f430dc6ce1900204f50 | Uranium | During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process. | From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived? | From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived? | [
"From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived?"
] | {
"text": [
"238"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17398 | 570e4f430dc6ce1900204f51 | Uranium | During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process. | What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb? | What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb? | [
"What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?"
] | {
"text": [
"deuterium"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17399 | 570e4f430dc6ce1900204f52 | Uranium | During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process. | What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb? | What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb? | [
"What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb?"
] | {
"text": [
"thermonuclear weapon"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
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