gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-18500 | 5726c29a5951b619008f7d7d | Nigeria | For centuries, various peoples in modern-day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa. Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western, central and northern Africa. In the 16th century, Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant, direct trade with peoples of modern-day Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade. The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade. Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry, Lagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra. The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars. Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time, they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest, the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north. | Calabar is on which historical Bight? | Calabar is on which historical Bight? | [
"Calabar is on which historical Bight?"
] | {
"text": [
"Biafra"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18501 | 5726c29a5951b619008f7d7e | Nigeria | For centuries, various peoples in modern-day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa. Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western, central and northern Africa. In the 16th century, Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant, direct trade with peoples of modern-day Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade. The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade. Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry, Lagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra. The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars. Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time, they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest, the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north. | What is the current name of the Bight of Biafra? | What is the current name of the Bight of Biafra? | [
"What is the current name of the Bight of Biafra?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bight of Bonny"
],
"answer_start": [
647
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18502 | 5726c29a5951b619008f7d7f | Nigeria | For centuries, various peoples in modern-day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa. Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western, central and northern Africa. In the 16th century, Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant, direct trade with peoples of modern-day Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade. The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade. Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry, Lagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra. The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars. Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time, they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest, the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north. | Who were the major slave traders through Nigeria from the southwest? | Who were the major slave traders through Nigeria from the southwest? | [
"Who were the major slave traders through Nigeria from the southwest?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oyo Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
1345
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18503 | 5726d26fdd62a815002e9158 | Nigeria | The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye, and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church. | When did Britain outlaw slave trade? | When did Britain outlaw slave trade? | [
"When did Britain outlaw slave trade?"
] | {
"text": [
"1807"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18504 | 5726d26fdd62a815002e9159 | Nigeria | The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye, and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church. | After which war did Britain establish its West Africa Squadron? | After which war did Britain establish its West Africa Squadron? | [
"After which war did Britain establish its West Africa Squadron?"
] | {
"text": [
"Napoleonic Wars"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18505 | 5726d26fdd62a815002e915a | Nigeria | The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye, and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church. | Where did Britain take slaves it seized from traders? | Where did Britain take slaves it seized from traders? | [
"Where did Britain take slaves it seized from traders?"
] | {
"text": [
"Freetown"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18506 | 5726d26fdd62a815002e915b | Nigeria | The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye, and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church. | Where did Britain intervene in a power struggle? | Where did Britain intervene in a power struggle? | [
"Where did Britain intervene in a power struggle?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lagos"
],
"answer_start": [
770
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18507 | 5726d26fdd62a815002e915c | Nigeria | The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye, and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church. | Which Lagos king had supported the slave trade? | Which Lagos king had supported the slave trade? | [
"Which Lagos king had supported the slave trade?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oba Kosoko"
],
"answer_start": [
819
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18508 | 5726d331f1498d1400e8ec6e | Nigeria | In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule. | Where was Britain's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885? | Where was Britain's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885? | [
"Where was Britain's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Berlin Conference"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18509 | 5726d331f1498d1400e8ec6f | Nigeria | In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule. | What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie? | What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie? | [
"What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie?"
] | {
"text": [
"Royal Niger Company"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18510 | 5726d331f1498d1400e8ec70 | Nigeria | In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule. | When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory? | When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory? | [
"When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory?"
] | {
"text": [
"1900"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18511 | 5726d331f1498d1400e8ec71 | Nigeria | In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule. | When did Nigeria become a British protectorate? | When did Nigeria become a British protectorate? | [
"When did Nigeria become a British protectorate?"
] | {
"text": [
"1 January 1901"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18512 | 5726d331f1498d1400e8ec72 | Nigeria | In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule. | Which country did Britain conquer in 1897? | Which country did Britain conquer in 1897? | [
"Which country did Britain conquer in 1897?"
] | {
"text": [
"Benin"
],
"answer_start": [
741
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18513 | 5726d4895951b619008f7f5f | Nigeria | Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country. Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education. By independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present-day. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism. | What religion built Western schools in Nigeria? | What religion built Western schools in Nigeria? | [
"What religion built Western schools in Nigeria?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christian"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18514 | 5726d4895951b619008f7f60 | Nigeria | Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country. Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education. By independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present-day. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism. | Britain discouraged building Christian missions in which part of Nigeria? | Britain discouraged building Christian missions in which part of Nigeria? | [
"Britain discouraged building Christian missions in which part of Nigeria?"
] | {
"text": [
"northern"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18515 | 5726d4895951b619008f7f61 | Nigeria | Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country. Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education. By independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present-day. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism. | What religion was the majority in the northern part of Nigeria? | What religion was the majority in the northern part of Nigeria? | [
"What religion was the majority in the northern part of Nigeria?"
] | {
"text": [
"Islamic"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18516 | 5726d4895951b619008f7f62 | Nigeria | Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country. Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education. By independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present-day. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism. | When did Nigeria receive independence? | When did Nigeria receive independence? | [
"When did Nigeria receive independence?"
] | {
"text": [
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18517 | 5726d4895951b619008f7f63 | Nigeria | Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country. Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education. By independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present-day. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism. | When did northern Nigeria ban slavery? | When did northern Nigeria ban slavery? | [
"When did northern Nigeria ban slavery?"
] | {
"text": [
"1936"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18518 | 5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec94 | Nigeria | Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October 1960. Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. Azikiwe became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups – the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners') – were sharp. | What was Nigeria's status after independence from the UK? | What was Nigeria's status after independence from the UK? | [
"What was Nigeria's status after independence from the UK?"
] | {
"text": [
"a Commonwealth Realm"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18519 | 5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec95 | Nigeria | Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October 1960. Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. Azikiwe became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups – the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners') – were sharp. | Which Nigerian political party was mostly Islamic? | Which Nigerian political party was mostly Islamic? | [
"Which Nigerian political party was mostly Islamic?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nigerian People's Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18520 | 5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec96 | Nigeria | Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October 1960. Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. Azikiwe became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups – the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners') – were sharp. | Which Nigerian political party was mostly Christian? | Which Nigerian political party was mostly Christian? | [
"Which Nigerian political party was mostly Christian?"
] | {
"text": [
"National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18521 | 5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec97 | Nigeria | Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October 1960. Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. Azikiwe became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups – the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners') – were sharp. | Who led the NCNC party? | Who led the NCNC party? | [
"Who led the NCNC party?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nnamdi Azikiwe"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18522 | 5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec98 | Nigeria | Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October 1960. Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. Azikiwe became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups – the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners') – were sharp. | Which Nigerian political party was mostly Yoruba? | Which Nigerian political party was mostly Yoruba? | [
"Which Nigerian political party was mostly Yoruba?"
] | {
"text": [
"Obafemi Awolowo"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18523 | 5726d6995951b619008f7f83 | Nigeria | The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi. | In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria? | In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria? | [
"In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria?"
] | {
"text": [
"1966"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18524 | 5726d6995951b619008f7f84 | Nigeria | The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi. | Which group led the first 1966 coup? | Which group led the first 1966 coup? | [
"Which group led the first 1966 coup?"
] | {
"text": [
"Igbo soldiers"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18525 | 5726d6995951b619008f7f85 | Nigeria | The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi. | Which Prime Minister was murdered in the Igbo coup? | Which Prime Minister was murdered in the Igbo coup? | [
"Which Prime Minister was murdered in the Igbo coup?"
] | {
"text": [
"Abubakar Tafawa Balewa"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18526 | 5726d6995951b619008f7f86 | Nigeria | The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi. | Which Northern Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup? | Which Northern Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup? | [
"Which Northern Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ahmadu Bello"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18527 | 5726d6995951b619008f7f87 | Nigeria | The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi. | Which Western Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup? | Which Western Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup? | [
"Which Western Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ladoke Akintola"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18528 | 5726d77f708984140094d321 | Nigeria | In May 1967, the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu. The Nigerian Civil War began as the official Nigerian government side (predominated by soldiers from the North and West) attacked Biafra (Southeastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem. The 30 month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970. Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation, during the 30-month civil war. | What did Eastern Nigeria want to call itself as an independent nation? | What did Eastern Nigeria want to call itself as an independent nation? | [
"What did Eastern Nigeria want to call itself as an independent nation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Republic of Biafra"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18529 | 5726d77f708984140094d322 | Nigeria | In May 1967, the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu. The Nigerian Civil War began as the official Nigerian government side (predominated by soldiers from the North and West) attacked Biafra (Southeastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem. The 30 month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970. Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation, during the 30-month civil war. | When did Eastern Nigeria declare its independence? | When did Eastern Nigeria declare its independence? | [
"When did Eastern Nigeria declare its independence?"
] | {
"text": [
"May 1967"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18530 | 5726d77f708984140094d323 | Nigeria | In May 1967, the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu. The Nigerian Civil War began as the official Nigerian government side (predominated by soldiers from the North and West) attacked Biafra (Southeastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem. The 30 month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970. Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation, during the 30-month civil war. | Who led Eastern Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War? | Who led Eastern Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War? | [
"Who led Eastern Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18531 | 5726d77f708984140094d324 | Nigeria | In May 1967, the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu. The Nigerian Civil War began as the official Nigerian government side (predominated by soldiers from the North and West) attacked Biafra (Southeastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem. The 30 month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970. Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation, during the 30-month civil war. | How many months did the Nigerian Civil War last? | How many months did the Nigerian Civil War last? | [
"How many months did the Nigerian Civil War last?"
] | {
"text": [
"30"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18532 | 5726d77f708984140094d325 | Nigeria | In May 1967, the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu. The Nigerian Civil War began as the official Nigerian government side (predominated by soldiers from the North and West) attacked Biafra (Southeastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem. The 30 month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970. Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation, during the 30-month civil war. | How many people died during the Nigerian Civil War? | How many people died during the Nigerian Civil War? | [
"How many people died during the Nigerian Civil War?"
] | {
"text": [
"between 1 and 3 million"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18533 | 5726d830f1498d1400e8ece4 | Nigeria | During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge revenue generated made the economy richer. Despite huge revenues from oil production and sale, the military administration did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subventions to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns. It did not develop other sources of the economy for economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria. | Which oil group did Nigeria join? | Which oil group did Nigeria join? | [
"Which oil group did Nigeria join?"
] | {
"text": [
"OPEC"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18534 | 5726d830f1498d1400e8ece5 | Nigeria | During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge revenue generated made the economy richer. Despite huge revenues from oil production and sale, the military administration did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subventions to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns. It did not develop other sources of the economy for economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria. | Who failed to use the oil revenues to invest in infrastructure? | Who failed to use the oil revenues to invest in infrastructure? | [
"Who failed to use the oil revenues to invest in infrastructure?"
] | {
"text": [
"the military administration"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18535 | 5726d830f1498d1400e8ece6 | Nigeria | During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge revenue generated made the economy richer. Despite huge revenues from oil production and sale, the military administration did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subventions to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns. It did not develop other sources of the economy for economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria. | Overdependence on oil income led to the fall of what form of government in Nigeria? | Overdependence on oil income led to the fall of what form of government in Nigeria? | [
"Overdependence on oil income led to the fall of what form of government in Nigeria?"
] | {
"text": [
"federalism"
],
"answer_start": [
766
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18536 | 5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ecfc | Nigeria | Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari. The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development. Buhari promised major reforms, but his government fared little better than its predecessor. His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985. | Which Nigerian leader transferred power in 1979? | Which Nigerian leader transferred power in 1979? | [
"Which Nigerian leader transferred power in 1979?"
] | {
"text": [
"Olusegun Obasanjo"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18537 | 5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ecfd | Nigeria | Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari. The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development. Buhari promised major reforms, but his government fared little better than its predecessor. His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985. | Which Nigerian leader received power in 1979? | Which Nigerian leader received power in 1979? | [
"Which Nigerian leader received power in 1979?"
] | {
"text": [
"Shehu Shagari"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18538 | 5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ecfe | Nigeria | Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari. The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development. Buhari promised major reforms, but his government fared little better than its predecessor. His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985. | How did Nigerians view the Shagari administration? | How did Nigerians view the Shagari administration? | [
"How did Nigerians view the Shagari administration?"
] | {
"text": [
"corrupt and incompetent"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18539 | 5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ecff | Nigeria | Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari. The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development. Buhari promised major reforms, but his government fared little better than its predecessor. His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985. | Who led a military coup against Shagari? | Who led a military coup against Shagari? | [
"Who led a military coup against Shagari?"
] | {
"text": [
"Muhammadu Buhari"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18540 | 5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ed00 | Nigeria | Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari. The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development. Buhari promised major reforms, but his government fared little better than its predecessor. His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985. | When did another military coup overthrow Buhari? | When did another military coup overthrow Buhari? | [
"When did another military coup overthrow Buhari?"
] | {
"text": [
"1985"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18541 | 5726d9d5dd62a815002e928e | Nigeria | The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council. He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, which aggravated religious tensions in the country. | Which Nigerian leader decided Nigeria would return to democracy in 1990? | Which Nigerian leader decided Nigeria would return to democracy in 1990? | [
"Which Nigerian leader decided Nigeria would return to democracy in 1990?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ibrahim Babangida"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18542 | 5726d9d5dd62a815002e928f | Nigeria | The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council. He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, which aggravated religious tensions in the country. | What did Babangida set up to help pay Nigeria's national debt? | What did Babangida set up to help pay Nigeria's national debt? | [
"What did Babangida set up to help pay Nigeria's national debt?"
] | {
"text": [
"International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18543 | 5726d9d5dd62a815002e9290 | Nigeria | The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council. He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, which aggravated religious tensions in the country. | What was most of Nigeria's federal income being spent on? | What was most of Nigeria's federal income being spent on? | [
"What was most of Nigeria's federal income being spent on?"
] | {
"text": [
"debt"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18544 | 5726d9d5dd62a815002e9291 | Nigeria | The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council. He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, which aggravated religious tensions in the country. | What controversial religious group did Nigeria join? | What controversial religious group did Nigeria join? | [
"What controversial religious group did Nigeria join?"
] | {
"text": [
"Organisation of the Islamic Conference"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18545 | 5726db26f1498d1400e8ed56 | Nigeria | After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993, with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Babangida annulled the elections, leading to mass civilian violent protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks. Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian-run government, but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan as head of the interim government. Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt, and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria. | To when did Babangida delay the return to democracy? | To when did Babangida delay the return to democracy? | [
"To when did Babangida delay the return to democracy?"
] | {
"text": [
"1992"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18546 | 5726db26f1498d1400e8ed57 | Nigeria | After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993, with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Babangida annulled the elections, leading to mass civilian violent protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks. Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian-run government, but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan as head of the interim government. Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt, and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria. | When did Nigeria finally hold a fair election? | When did Nigeria finally hold a fair election? | [
"When did Nigeria finally hold a fair election?"
] | {
"text": [
"12 June 1993"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18547 | 5726db26f1498d1400e8ed58 | Nigeria | After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993, with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Babangida annulled the elections, leading to mass civilian violent protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks. Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian-run government, but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan as head of the interim government. Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt, and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria. | Who won the 1993 Nigerian election? | Who won the 1993 Nigerian election? | [
"Who won the 1993 Nigerian election?"
] | {
"text": [
"Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18548 | 5726db26f1498d1400e8ed59 | Nigeria | After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993, with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Babangida annulled the elections, leading to mass civilian violent protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks. Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian-run government, but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan as head of the interim government. Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt, and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria. | Babangida's reaction to the election results caused violent protests for how long? | Babangida's reaction to the election results caused violent protests for how long? | [
"Babangida's reaction to the election results caused violent protests for how long?"
] | {
"text": [
"weeks"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18549 | 5726db26f1498d1400e8ed5a | Nigeria | After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993, with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Babangida annulled the elections, leading to mass civilian violent protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks. Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian-run government, but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan as head of the interim government. Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt, and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria. | Who did Babangida appoint as head of an interim government when he finally stepped down? | Who did Babangida appoint as head of an interim government when he finally stepped down? | [
"Who did Babangida appoint as head of an interim government when he finally stepped down?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ernest Shonekan"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18550 | 5726dbeadd62a815002e92ee | Nigeria | Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria. This ended almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999), excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development. | When did Nigeria regain democracy? | When did Nigeria regain democracy? | [
"When did Nigeria regain democracy?"
] | {
"text": [
"1999"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18551 | 5726dbeadd62a815002e92ef | Nigeria | Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria. This ended almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999), excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development. | Who won the 1999 Nigerian election? | Who won the 1999 Nigerian election? | [
"Who won the 1999 Nigerian election?"
] | {
"text": [
"Olusegun Obasanjo"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18552 | 5726dbeadd62a815002e92f0 | Nigeria | Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria. This ended almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999), excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development. | Nigeria was under military rule for how long? | Nigeria was under military rule for how long? | [
"Nigeria was under military rule for how long?"
] | {
"text": [
"almost 33 years"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18553 | 5726dbeadd62a815002e92f1 | Nigeria | Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria. This ended almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999), excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development. | How was the 1999 election regarded? | How was the 1999 election regarded? | [
"How was the 1999 election regarded?"
] | {
"text": [
"unfree and unfair"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18554 | 5726dbeadd62a815002e92f2 | Nigeria | Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria. This ended almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999), excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development. | How was the 2003 election regarded? | How was the 2003 election regarded? | [
"How was the 2003 election regarded?"
] | {
"text": [
"unfree and unfair"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18555 | 5726dcbf708984140094d3fb | Nigeria | Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections. | Who won the 2011 election? | Who won the 2011 election? | [
"Who won the 2011 election?"
] | {
"text": [
"Goodluck Jonathan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18556 | 5726dcbf708984140094d3fc | Nigeria | Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections. | How many votes did Goodluck get in 2011? | How many votes did Goodluck get in 2011? | [
"How many votes did Goodluck get in 2011?"
] | {
"text": [
"22,495,187"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18557 | 5726dcbf708984140094d3fd | Nigeria | Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections. | What was the main opposition political party in 2011? | What was the main opposition political party in 2011? | [
"What was the main opposition political party in 2011?"
] | {
"text": [
"Congress for Progressive Change"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18558 | 5726dcbf708984140094d3fe | Nigeria | Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections. | Who was the CPC's 2011 candidate? | Who was the CPC's 2011 candidate? | [
"Who was the CPC's 2011 candidate?"
] | {
"text": [
"Muhammadu Buhari"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18559 | 5726dcbf708984140094d3ff | Nigeria | Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections. | How many votes did Buhari get? | How many votes did Buhari get? | [
"How many votes did Buhari get?"
] | {
"text": [
"12,214,853"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18560 | 5726dda25951b619008f8089 | Nigeria | Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the president. It is influenced by the Westminster System model[citation needed] in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president presides as both Head of State and head of the national executive; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the March 28, 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the Federal President of Nigeria, defeating then incumbent Goodluck Jonathan. | What is Nigeria's form of government? | What is Nigeria's form of government? | [
"What is Nigeria's form of government?"
] | {
"text": [
"Federal Republic"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18561 | 5726dda25951b619008f808a | Nigeria | Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the president. It is influenced by the Westminster System model[citation needed] in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president presides as both Head of State and head of the national executive; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the March 28, 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the Federal President of Nigeria, defeating then incumbent Goodluck Jonathan. | What houses does the Nigerian legislature have? | What houses does the Nigerian legislature have? | [
"What houses does the Nigerian legislature have?"
] | {
"text": [
"upper and lower"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18562 | 5726dda25951b619008f808b | Nigeria | Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the president. It is influenced by the Westminster System model[citation needed] in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president presides as both Head of State and head of the national executive; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the March 28, 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the Federal President of Nigeria, defeating then incumbent Goodluck Jonathan. | How many times can a Nigerian president be elected? | How many times can a Nigerian president be elected? | [
"How many times can a Nigerian president be elected?"
] | {
"text": [
"two 4-year terms"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18563 | 5726dda25951b619008f808c | Nigeria | Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the president. It is influenced by the Westminster System model[citation needed] in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president presides as both Head of State and head of the national executive; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the March 28, 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the Federal President of Nigeria, defeating then incumbent Goodluck Jonathan. | Who won the 2015 Nigerian presidential election? | Who won the 2015 Nigerian presidential election? | [
"Who won the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?"
] | {
"text": [
"General Muhammadu Buhari"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18564 | 5726dda25951b619008f808d | Nigeria | Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the president. It is influenced by the Westminster System model[citation needed] in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president presides as both Head of State and head of the national executive; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the March 28, 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the Federal President of Nigeria, defeating then incumbent Goodluck Jonathan. | Who lost the 2015 Nigerian presidential election? | Who lost the 2015 Nigerian presidential election? | [
"Who lost the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?"
] | {
"text": [
"Goodluck Jonathan"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18565 | 5726dea95951b619008f80b5 | Nigeria | Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB, Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft. | What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups? | What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups? | [
"What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18566 | 5726dea95951b619008f80b6 | Nigeria | Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB, Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft. | When did Nigeria get independence? | When did Nigeria get independence? | [
"When did Nigeria get independence?"
] | {
"text": [
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18567 | 5726dea95951b619008f80b7 | Nigeria | Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB, Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft. | What major secession movement has Nigeria had? | What major secession movement has Nigeria had? | [
"What major secession movement has Nigeria had?"
] | {
"text": [
"MASSOB"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18568 | 5726dea95951b619008f80b8 | Nigeria | Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB, Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft. | What major nationalist movement has Nigeria had? | What major nationalist movement has Nigeria had? | [
"What major nationalist movement has Nigeria had?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oodua Peoples Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18569 | 5726df8edd62a815002e9376 | Nigeria | Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People's Democratic Party of Nigeria, which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (61.9% and 69.7% respectively); the opposition formerly All Nigeria People's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate (26.6% and 24.7%). About twenty minor opposition parties are registered. | How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the House? | How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the House? | [
"How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the House?"
] | {
"text": [
"223"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18570 | 5726df8edd62a815002e9377 | Nigeria | Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People's Democratic Party of Nigeria, which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (61.9% and 69.7% respectively); the opposition formerly All Nigeria People's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate (26.6% and 24.7%). About twenty minor opposition parties are registered. | How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the Senate? | How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the Senate? | [
"How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the Senate?"
] | {
"text": [
"76"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18571 | 5726df8edd62a815002e9378 | Nigeria | Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People's Democratic Party of Nigeria, which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (61.9% and 69.7% respectively); the opposition formerly All Nigeria People's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate (26.6% and 24.7%). About twenty minor opposition parties are registered. | How many seats does the All Progressives Congress have in the House? | How many seats does the All Progressives Congress have in the House? | [
"How many seats does the All Progressives Congress have in the House?"
] | {
"text": [
"96"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18572 | 5726df8edd62a815002e9379 | Nigeria | Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People's Democratic Party of Nigeria, which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (61.9% and 69.7% respectively); the opposition formerly All Nigeria People's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate (26.6% and 24.7%). About twenty minor opposition parties are registered. | How many seats does the All Progressives Congress have in the Senate? | How many seats does the All Progressives Congress have in the Senate? | [
"How many seats does the All Progressives Congress have in the Senate?"
] | {
"text": [
"27"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18573 | 5726df8edd62a815002e937a | Nigeria | Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People's Democratic Party of Nigeria, which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (61.9% and 69.7% respectively); the opposition formerly All Nigeria People's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate (26.6% and 24.7%). About twenty minor opposition parties are registered. | How many minor opposition parties does Nigeria have? | How many minor opposition parties does Nigeria have? | [
"How many minor opposition parties does Nigeria have?"
] | {
"text": [
"About twenty"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18574 | 5726e060708984140094d477 | Nigeria | Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG, economic and military organisations, respectively. | What group did Nigeria support against white governments in Southern Africa? | What group did Nigeria support against white governments in Southern Africa? | [
"What group did Nigeria support against white governments in Southern Africa?"
] | {
"text": [
"African National Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18575 | 5726e060708984140094d478 | Nigeria | Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG, economic and military organisations, respectively. | What group was Nigeria a founding member of? | What group was Nigeria a founding member of? | [
"What group was Nigeria a founding member of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Organisation for African Unity"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18576 | 5726e060708984140094d479 | Nigeria | Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG, economic and military organisations, respectively. | What is the Organisation for African Unity now known as? | What is the Organisation for African Unity now known as? | [
"What is the Organisation for African Unity now known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"the African Union"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18577 | 5726e060708984140094d47a | Nigeria | Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG, economic and military organisations, respectively. | Nigeria is a 'standard-bearer' in what international group? | Nigeria is a 'standard-bearer' in what international group? | [
"Nigeria is a 'standard-bearer' in what international group?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Economic Community of West African States"
],
"answer_start": [
654
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18578 | 5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee76 | Nigeria | Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm) a year. In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as "salt water swamp," also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest. | How many inches of rain does southern Nigeria get each year? | How many inches of rain does southern Nigeria get each year? | [
"How many inches of rain does southern Nigeria get each year?"
] | {
"text": [
"60 to 80 inches"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18579 | 5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee77 | Nigeria | Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm) a year. In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as "salt water swamp," also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest. | What type of climate is southern Nigeria? | What type of climate is southern Nigeria? | [
"What type of climate is southern Nigeria?"
] | {
"text": [
"tropical rainforest"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18580 | 5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee78 | Nigeria | Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm) a year. In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as "salt water swamp," also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest. | What part of Nigeria is the Obudu Plateau in? | What part of Nigeria is the Obudu Plateau in? | [
"What part of Nigeria is the Obudu Plateau in?"
] | {
"text": [
"southeast"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18581 | 5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee79 | Nigeria | Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm) a year. In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as "salt water swamp," also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest. | What is Nigeria's northernmost climate? | What is Nigeria's northernmost climate? | [
"What is Nigeria's northernmost climate?"
] | {
"text": [
"rain forest"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18582 | 5726e1f45951b619008f8151 | Nigeria | The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity. It is habitat for the drill monkey, which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population, with it being replaced by grassland (see Cross-Niger transition forests). | What does the Cross River State area of Nigeria have the world's largest variety of? | What does the Cross River State area of Nigeria have the world's largest variety of? | [
"What does the Cross River State area of Nigeria have the world's largest variety of?"
] | {
"text": [
"butterflies"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18583 | 5726e1f45951b619008f8152 | Nigeria | The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity. It is habitat for the drill monkey, which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population, with it being replaced by grassland (see Cross-Niger transition forests). | Southern Nigeria is turning from a forest to what type of environment? | Southern Nigeria is turning from a forest to what type of environment? | [
"Southern Nigeria is turning from a forest to what type of environment?"
] | {
"text": [
"grassland"
],
"answer_start": [
619
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18584 | 5726e1f45951b619008f8153 | Nigeria | The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity. It is habitat for the drill monkey, which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population, with it being replaced by grassland (see Cross-Niger transition forests). | What type of monkey is only found in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon? | What type of monkey is only found in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon? | [
"What type of monkey is only found in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon?"
] | {
"text": [
"the drill monkey"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18585 | 5726e1f45951b619008f8154 | Nigeria | The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity. It is habitat for the drill monkey, which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population, with it being replaced by grassland (see Cross-Niger transition forests). | What ecoregion is in Nigeria near the Cameroon border? | What ecoregion is in Nigeria near the Cameroon border? | [
"What ecoregion is in Nigeria near the Cameroon border?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18586 | 5726e1f45951b619008f8155 | Nigeria | The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity. It is habitat for the drill monkey, which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population, with it being replaced by grassland (see Cross-Niger transition forests). | Why is southern Nigeria losing its forests? | Why is southern Nigeria losing its forests? | [
"Why is southern Nigeria losing its forests?"
] | {
"text": [
"development and harvesting by increased population"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18587 | 5726e30ddd62a815002e93f8 | Nigeria | Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited, to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year. The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. In the Sahel region, rain is less than 500 millimetres (20 in) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry north-east corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon. | What type of vegetation is in central Nigeria? | What type of vegetation is in central Nigeria? | [
"What type of vegetation is in central Nigeria?"
] | {
"text": [
"savannah"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18588 | 5726e30ddd62a815002e93f9 | Nigeria | Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited, to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year. The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. In the Sahel region, rain is less than 500 millimetres (20 in) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry north-east corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon. | How many inches of rain does central Nigeria get each year? | How many inches of rain does central Nigeria get each year? | [
"How many inches of rain does central Nigeria get each year?"
] | {
"text": [
"between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in)"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18589 | 5726e30ddd62a815002e93fa | Nigeria | Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited, to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year. The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. In the Sahel region, rain is less than 500 millimetres (20 in) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry north-east corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon. | How many subregions are there of Nigeria's savannah zone? | How many subregions are there of Nigeria's savannah zone? | [
"How many subregions are there of Nigeria's savannah zone?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18590 | 5726e30ddd62a815002e93fb | Nigeria | Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited, to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year. The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. In the Sahel region, rain is less than 500 millimetres (20 in) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry north-east corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon. | How much rain does the Sahel savannah area get per year? | How much rain does the Sahel savannah area get per year? | [
"How much rain does the Sahel savannah area get per year?"
] | {
"text": [
"less than 500 millimetres (20 in)"
],
"answer_start": [
591
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18591 | 5726e30ddd62a815002e93fc | Nigeria | Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited, to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year. The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. In the Sahel region, rain is less than 500 millimetres (20 in) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry north-east corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon. | Which desert is encroaching into northeastern Nigeria? | Which desert is encroaching into northeastern Nigeria? | [
"Which desert is encroaching into northeastern Nigeria?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sahara"
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18592 | 5726e3bd5951b619008f819b | Nigeria | Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria. Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste. This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, etc. | What is the largest Nigerian city? | What is the largest Nigerian city? | [
"What is the largest Nigerian city?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lagos"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18593 | 5726e3bd5951b619008f819c | Nigeria | Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria. Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste. This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, etc. | What type of groups have been failing to keep up with waste management in Nigeria? | What type of groups have been failing to keep up with waste management in Nigeria? | [
"What type of groups have been failing to keep up with waste management in Nigeria?"
] | {
"text": [
"municipal councils"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18594 | 5726e3bd5951b619008f819d | Nigeria | Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria. Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste. This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, etc. | What Nigerian community has the worst unsustainable waste management? | What Nigerian community has the worst unsustainable waste management? | [
"What Nigerian community has the worst unsustainable waste management?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kubwa Community"
],
"answer_start": [
561
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18595 | 5726e3bd5951b619008f819e | Nigeria | Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria. Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste. This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, etc. | What territory is Kubwa Community in? | What territory is Kubwa Community in? | [
"What territory is Kubwa Community in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Federal Capital Territory"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18596 | 5726e4e2708984140094d509 | Nigeria | Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West. | How many states does Nigeria have? | How many states does Nigeria have? | [
"How many states does Nigeria have?"
] | {
"text": [
"thirty-six"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18597 | 5726e4e2708984140094d50a | Nigeria | Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West. | What non-state area does Nigeria have? | What non-state area does Nigeria have? | [
"What non-state area does Nigeria have?"
] | {
"text": [
"Federal Capital Territory"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18598 | 5726e4e2708984140094d50b | Nigeria | Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West. | How many smaller areas are the Nigerian states divided into? | How many smaller areas are the Nigerian states divided into? | [
"How many smaller areas are the Nigerian states divided into?"
] | {
"text": [
"774"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18599 | 5726e4e2708984140094d50c | Nigeria | Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West. | What are the Nigerian states' sub-divisions called? | What are the Nigerian states' sub-divisions called? | [
"What are the Nigerian states' sub-divisions called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Local Government Areas"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
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