gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-24400 | 56df510696943c1400a5d39c | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed fro... | Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit? | Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit? | [
"Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?"
] | {
"text": [
"lumen per watt"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24401 | 56df510996943c1400a5d3a3 | Lighting | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature aroun... | How many Kelvins is daylight measured at? | How many Kelvins is daylight measured at? | [
"How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?"
] | {
"text": [
"6400"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24402 | 56df510996943c1400a5d3a4 | Lighting | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature aroun... | What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin? | What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin? | [
"What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?"
] | {
"text": [
"incandescent bulb"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24403 | 56df510996943c1400a5d3a5 | Lighting | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature aroun... | It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum? | It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum? | [
"It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?"
] | {
"text": [
"blue-white"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24404 | 56df510996943c1400a5d3a6 | Lighting | Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature aroun... | A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be? | A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be? | [
"A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lower color temperature"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24405 | 56df513396943c1400a5d3ab | Lighting | Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. | A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification? | A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification? | [
"A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification?"
] | {
"text": [
"light produced by the fixture."
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24406 | 56df53138bc80c19004e4a91 | Lighting | Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecesso... | Who invented track lighting? | Who invented track lighting? | [
"Who invented track lighting?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lightolier"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24407 | 56df53138bc80c19004e4a92 | Lighting | Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecesso... | What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer. | What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer. | [
"What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer."
] | {
"text": [
"master transformer"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24408 | 56df53138bc80c19004e4a93 | Lighting | Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecesso... | What type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables? | What type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables? | [
"What type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?"
] | {
"text": [
"cable lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
739
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24409 | 56df53138bc80c19004e4a94 | Lighting | Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecesso... | How many volts does a track lighting system usually use? | How many volts does a track lighting system usually use? | [
"How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?"
] | {
"text": [
"12 or 24 volts"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24410 | 56df53a58bc80c19004e4a9b | Lighting | A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce. | What is a uplight used for ambient lighting? | What is a uplight used for ambient lighting? | [
"What is a uplight used for ambient lighting?"
] | {
"text": [
"torchiere"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24411 | 56df54788bc80c19004e4ab1 | Lighting | The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting. | What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices? | What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices? | [
"What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?"
] | {
"text": [
"table lamp"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24412 | 56df54788bc80c19004e4ab3 | Lighting | The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting. | Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? | Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? | [
"Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? "
] | {
"text": [
"task lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24413 | 56df55848bc80c19004e4ac3 | Lighting | The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actuall... | When would neon lighting be considered general lighting? | When would neon lighting be considered general lighting? | [
"When would neon lighting be considered general lighting?"
] | {
"text": [
"dark nightclub"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24414 | 56df55848bc80c19004e4ac4 | Lighting | The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actuall... | What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights? | What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights? | [
"What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights?"
] | {
"text": [
"illuminated ceiling"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24415 | 56df55848bc80c19004e4ac5 | Lighting | The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actuall... | Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting? | Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting? | [
"Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting?"
] | {
"text": [
"accent lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24416 | 56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5b | Lighting | In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions... | What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings? | What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings? | [
"What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings?"
] | {
"text": [
"small lights"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24417 | 56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5c | Lighting | In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions... | What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters? | What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters? | [
"What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters?"
] | {
"text": [
"LED based versions"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24418 | 56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5d | Lighting | In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions... | What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in? | What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in? | [
"What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?"
] | {
"text": [
"translucent tube"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24419 | 56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b6f | Lighting | Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures. | What is used to light walkways at night? | What is used to light walkways at night? | [
"What is used to light walkways at night?"
] | {
"text": [
"Street Lights"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24420 | 56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b70 | Lighting | Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures. | What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency? | What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency? | [
"What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?"
] | {
"text": [
"photovoltaic luminaires"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24421 | 56df807956340a1900b29c64 | Lighting | Floodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights. | What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night? | What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night? | [
"What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night?"
] | {
"text": [
"Floodlights"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24422 | 56df80fe56340a1900b29c77 | Lighting | Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights. | Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called? | Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called? | [
"Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called?"
] | {
"text": [
"security lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24423 | 56df819456340a1900b29c88 | Lighting | Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration. | What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property? | What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property? | [
"What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?"
] | {
"text": [
"Entry lights"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24424 | 56df82b856340a1900b29ca2 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headla... | What color are tail lights? | What color are tail lights? | [
"What color are tail lights?"
] | {
"text": [
"red"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24425 | 56df82b856340a1900b29ca3 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headla... | What color are headlamps on a vehicle? | What color are headlamps on a vehicle? | [
"What color are headlamps on a vehicle?"
] | {
"text": [
"white or selective yellow"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24426 | 56df82b856340a1900b29ca4 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headla... | When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges? | When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges? | [
"When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?"
] | {
"text": [
"late 1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
775
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24427 | 56df82b856340a1900b29ca5 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headla... | What color are reversing indicator lamps? | What color are reversing indicator lamps? | [
"What color are reversing indicator lamps?"
] | {
"text": [
"White"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24428 | 56df82b856340a1900b29ca6 | Lighting | Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headla... | What indicates that a driver is intending to change position? | What indicates that a driver is intending to change position? | [
"What indicates that a driver is intending to change position?"
] | {
"text": [
"turn signals"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24429 | 56df844f56340a1900b29cc8 | Lighting | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology ... | What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture? | What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture? | [
"What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?"
] | {
"text": [
"light bulbs"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24430 | 56df844f56340a1900b29cc9 | Lighting | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology ... | What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation? | What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation? | [
"What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?"
] | {
"text": [
"electrical energy"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24431 | 56df844f56340a1900b29cca | Lighting | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology ... | Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb. | Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb. | [
"Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb."
] | {
"text": [
"60 w"
],
"answer_start": [
870
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24432 | 56df844f56340a1900b29ccc | Lighting | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology ... | How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce? | How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce? | [
"How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?"
] | {
"text": [
"800 lumens"
],
"answer_start": [
975
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24433 | 56df865956340a1900b29cea | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the am... | What is designing as it applies to built environments? | What is designing as it applies to built environments? | [
"What is designing as it applies to built environments?"
] | {
"text": [
"architectural lighting design"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24434 | 56df865956340a1900b29ceb | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the am... | Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design? | Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design? | [
"Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?"
] | {
"text": [
"kno"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24435 | 56df865956340a1900b29cec | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the am... | What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment? | What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment? | [
"What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?"
] | {
"text": [
"Radiance"
],
"answer_start": [
634
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24436 | 56df865956340a1900b29ced | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the am... | Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data? | Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data? | [
"Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?"
] | {
"text": [
"tabular"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24437 | 56df865956340a1900b29cee | Lighting | Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the am... | What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space. | What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space. | [
"What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space."
] | {
"text": [
"Daylight factor calculation."
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24438 | 56df879856340a1900b29d0a | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting d... | What type of paint tends to absorb light? | What type of paint tends to absorb light? | [
"What type of paint tends to absorb light?"
] | {
"text": [
"dark paint"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24439 | 56df879856340a1900b29d0c | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting d... | What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter? | What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter? | [
"What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter?"
] | {
"text": [
"light paint"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24440 | 56df89dc38dc421700152022 | Lighting | Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as "layouts" or "point by points") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light inten... | What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs? | What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs? | [
"What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Photometric studies"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24441 | 56df8f054a1a83140091eb43 | Lighting | Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.[citation needed] The setup of stage li... | What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator? | What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator? | [
"What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator?"
] | {
"text": [
"lighting cues"
],
"answer_start": [
595
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24442 | 56df8fcb38dc421700152055 | Lighting | Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources ... | Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting? | Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting? | [
"Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?"
] | {
"text": [
"stage lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24443 | 56df912338dc421700152064 | Lighting | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum,... | What is the basic SI unit of measurement? | What is the basic SI unit of measurement? | [
"What is the basic SI unit of measurement?"
] | {
"text": [
"candela (cd)"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24444 | 56df912338dc421700152066 | Lighting | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum,... | What is the SI unit for lumiance? | What is the SI unit for lumiance? | [
"What is the SI unit for lumiance?"
] | {
"text": [
"cd/m2"
],
"answer_start": [
877
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24445 | 56df912338dc421700152067 | Lighting | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum,... | What is the CGS unit of lumiance? | What is the CGS unit of lumiance? | [
"What is the CGS unit of lumiance?"
] | {
"text": [
"stilb"
],
"answer_start": [
918
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24446 | 56df912338dc421700152068 | Lighting | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum,... | What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? | What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? | [
"What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? "
] | {
"text": [
"lumen (lm)"
],
"answer_start": [
1076
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24447 | 56df92a64a1a83140091eb51 | Lighting | The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the po... | What is a standardized model of human visual brightness? | What is a standardized model of human visual brightness? | [
"What is a standardized model of human visual brightness?"
] | {
"text": [
"luminosity function"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24448 | 56df92a64a1a83140091eb52 | Lighting | The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the po... | What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance? | What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance? | [
"What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lux"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24449 | 56df93904a1a83140091eb6c | Lighting | Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the d... | What does UGR stand for? | What does UGR stand for? | [
"What does UGR stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Unified Glare Rating"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24450 | 56df945038dc421700152082 | Lighting | To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to ... | What does CCT stand for? | What does CCT stand for? | [
"What does CCT stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"correlated color temperature"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24451 | 56df945038dc421700152083 | Lighting | To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to ... | What does CRI stand for? | What does CRI stand for? | [
"What does CRI stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"color rendering index"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24452 | 56df945038dc421700152084 | Lighting | To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to ... | What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural? | What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural? | [
"What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural?"
] | {
"text": [
"CRI"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24453 | 56df945038dc421700152085 | Lighting | To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to ... | What metric indicates "warmth" or "coolness"? | What metric indicates "warmth" or "coolness"? | [
"What metric indicates \"warmth\" or \"coolness\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"CCT"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24454 | 56df95d44a1a83140091eb7e | Lighting | For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greate... | What does GAI stand for? | What does GAI stand for? | [
"What does GAI stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"gamut area index"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24455 | 56df95d44a1a83140091eb80 | Lighting | For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greate... | The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as? | The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as? | [
"The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"GAI"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24456 | 56df95d44a1a83140091eb81 | Lighting | For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greate... | Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors? | Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors? | [
"Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors?"
] | {
"text": [
"ano"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24457 | 56df964438dc42170015208d | Lighting | Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. | What is typically used to measure light? | What is typically used to measure light? | [
"What is typically used to measure light?"
] | {
"text": [
"light dosimeters"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24458 | 56df96e138dc421700152090 | Lighting | In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock. | What measures the amount of light entering the eye? | What measures the amount of light entering the eye? | [
"What measures the amount of light entering the eye?"
] | {
"text": [
"Daysimeter"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24459 | 56df96e138dc421700152092 | Lighting | In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock. | A Daysimeter what type of personal meter? | A Daysimeter what type of personal meter? | [
"A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?"
] | {
"text": [
"circadian light meter"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24460 | 56df9a3738dc4217001520bf | Lighting | The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysim... | How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis? | How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis? | [
"How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis?"
] | {
"text": [
"30"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24461 | 56df9a3738dc4217001520c0 | Lighting | The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysim... | What type of light stimulates the circadian system? | What type of light stimulates the circadian system? | [
"What type of light stimulates the circadian system?"
] | {
"text": [
"short-wavelength light"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24462 | 56df9b7338dc4217001520d1 | Lighting | Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design i... | What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? | What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? | [
"What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? "
] | {
"text": [
"Specification of illumination requirements"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24463 | 56df9c5038dc4217001520e4 | Lighting | Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatical... | What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? | What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? | [
"What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? "
] | {
"text": [
"Lighting control"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24464 | 56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb90 | Lighting | Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). | What type of standard do newer control systems use? | What type of standard do newer control systems use? | [
"What type of standard do newer control systems use? "
] | {
"text": [
"wireless mesh open standards"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24465 | 56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb91 | Lighting | Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). | What is the name of one type of control system used? | What is the name of one type of control system used? | [
"What is the name of one type of control system used? "
] | {
"text": [
"ZigBee"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24466 | 56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb92 | Lighting | Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). | Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder? | Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder? | [
"Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder?"
] | {
"text": [
"no"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24467 | 56df9fbe38dc421700152112 | Lighting | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of th... | What sensor controls light with motion sensors? | What sensor controls light with motion sensors? | [
"What sensor controls light with motion sensors? "
] | {
"text": [
"Occupancy sensors"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24468 | 56df9fbe38dc421700152113 | Lighting | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of th... | What does a passive infrared sensor react to? | What does a passive infrared sensor react to? | [
"What does a passive infrared sensor react to? "
] | {
"text": [
"changes in heat"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24469 | 56df9fbe38dc421700152114 | Lighting | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of th... | What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing? | What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing? | [
"What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ultrasonic sensors"
],
"answer_start": [
566
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24470 | 56df9fbe38dc421700152115 | Lighting | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of th... | Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage? | Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage? | [
"Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage?"
] | {
"text": [
"no"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24471 | 56dfa1c738dc42170015213a | Lighting | Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospital... | What is the oldest method of interior lighting? | What is the oldest method of interior lighting? | [
"What is the oldest method of interior lighting? "
] | {
"text": [
"Daylighting"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24472 | 56dfa1c738dc42170015213c | Lighting | Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospital... | Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people? | Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people? | [
"Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?"
] | {
"text": [
"not"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24473 | 56dfa2bc38dc42170015214c | Lighting | In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics. | What is a form of solid state lighting? | What is a form of solid state lighting? | [
"What is a form of solid state lighting?"
] | {
"text": [
"LEDs"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24474 | 56dfa2bc38dc42170015214d | Lighting | In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics. | What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs? | What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs? | [
"What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs?"
] | {
"text": [
"nonimaging optics"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24475 | 56dfa3d938dc42170015215e | Lighting | Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency. | What can cause health effects such headache frequency? | What can cause health effects such headache frequency? | [
"What can cause health effects such headache frequency?"
] | {
"text": [
"higher lighting levels"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24476 | 56dfa58d7aa994140058df7e | Lighting | Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performa... | Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? | Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? | [
"Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? "
] | {
"text": [
"Alzheimer's Disease"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24477 | 56dfa58d7aa994140058df7f | Lighting | Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performa... | The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern? | The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern? | [
"The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?"
] | {
"text": [
"24"
],
"answer_start": [
799
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24478 | 56dfa58d7aa994140058df80 | Lighting | Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performa... | What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted? | What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted? | [
"What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted?"
] | {
"text": [
"disrupt the natural circadian cycle"
],
"answer_start": [
918
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24479 | 56dfa6de7aa994140058df99 | Lighting | A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative co... | Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene? | Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene? | [
"Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert Ulrich"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24480 | 56dfa6de7aa994140058df9a | Lighting | A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative co... | Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays? | Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays? | [
"Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?"
] | {
"text": [
"no"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24481 | 56dfa6de7aa994140058df9b | Lighting | A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative co... | Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics? | Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics? | [
"Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?"
] | {
"text": [
"no"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24482 | 56dfa8ab231d4119001abc51 | Lighting | Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chic... | What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at? | What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at? | [
"What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at?"
] | {
"text": [
"University of Toronto Scarborough"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24483 | 56dfa8ab231d4119001abc52 | Lighting | Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chic... | What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with? | What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with? | [
"What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"Northwestern University"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24484 | 56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb3 | Lighting | In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offe... | What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum? | What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum? | [
"What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dr. Abraham Gesner"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24485 | 56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb4 | Lighting | In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offe... | What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? | What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? | [
"What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? "
] | {
"text": [
"1849"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24486 | 56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb5 | Lighting | In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offe... | What method of lighting have been used since 1820s? | What method of lighting have been used since 1820s? | [
"What method of lighting have been used since 1820s?"
] | {
"text": [
"coal-gas methods"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24487 | 56dfb498231d4119001abc8d | Lighting | Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilit... | What does CFL stand for? | What does CFL stand for? | [
"What does CFL stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Compact fluorescent lamps"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24488 | 56dfb498231d4119001abc91 | Lighting | Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilit... | Are all CFLs suitable for dimming? | Are all CFLs suitable for dimming? | [
"Are all CFLs suitable for dimming?"
] | {
"text": [
"not"
],
"answer_start": [
894
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24489 | 56dfb65b7aa994140058e03f | Lighting | LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 ho... | How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED? | How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED? | [
"How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?"
] | {
"text": [
"10%"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24490 | 56dfb65b7aa994140058e041 | Lighting | LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 ho... | What is the average lifetime of a CFL? | What is the average lifetime of a CFL? | [
"What is the average lifetime of a CFL?"
] | {
"text": [
"50,000 hours"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24491 | 56dfb65b7aa994140058e042 | Lighting | LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 ho... | How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub? | How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub? | [
"How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub?"
] | {
"text": [
"70%"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24492 | 56dfbac5231d4119001abd34 | Lighting | Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not... | What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive? | What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive? | [
"What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive?"
] | {
"text": [
"Light pollution"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24493 | 56dfbac5231d4119001abd36 | Lighting | Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not... | What causes sharp shadows around buildings? | What causes sharp shadows around buildings? | [
"What causes sharp shadows around buildings? "
] | {
"text": [
"glare"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24494 | 56dfbc1d231d4119001abd47 | Lighting | From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in... | In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? | In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? | [
"In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? "
] | {
"text": [
"searchlights and flares"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24495 | 56dfbc1d231d4119001abd48 | Lighting | From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in... | The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? | The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? | [
"The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? "
] | {
"text": [
"light"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24496 | 56dfbc1d231d4119001abd49 | Lighting | From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in... | Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? | Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? | [
"Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? "
] | {
"text": [
"infrared cameras"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24497 | 56dfbc8c231d4119001abd4f | Lighting | Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part. | What can be used by military for targeting? | What can be used by military for targeting? | [
"What can be used by military for targeting?"
] | {
"text": [
"Flares"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24498 | 56dfbc8c231d4119001abd50 | Lighting | Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part. | What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield? | What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield? | [
"What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield?"
] | {
"text": [
"laser-guided and GPS weapons"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24499 | 56dfbd4e7aa994140058e0d1 | Lighting | The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index. | What does the CIE stand for? | What does the CIE stand for? | [
"What does the CIE stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"International Commission on Illumination"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
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