gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-27700 | 5acd01f007355d001abf3188 | Energy | Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and t... | What does uncommon energy forms include? | What does uncommon energy forms include? | [
"What does uncommon energy forms include?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27701 | 5acd01f007355d001abf3189 | Energy | Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and t... | gravitational energy is stored by stretching what? | gravitational energy is stored by stretching what? | [
"gravitational energy is stored by stretching what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27702 | 5acd01f007355d001abf318a | Energy | Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and t... | physical energy is released when what burns? | physical energy is released when what burns? | [
"physical energy is released when what burns?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27703 | 5acd01f007355d001abf318b | Energy | Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and t... | thermal energy gets carried by what? | thermal energy gets carried by what? | [
"thermal energy gets carried by what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27704 | 5acd01f007355d001abf318c | Energy | Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and t... | What does the universal law say in Plutonium physics? | What does the universal law say in Plutonium physics? | [
"What does the universal law say in Plutonium physics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27705 | 5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a7 | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | How can the total energy of a system be calculated? | How can the total energy of a system be calculated? | [
"How can the total energy of a system be calculated?"
] | {
"text": [
"by adding up all forms of energy in the system"
],
"answer_start": [
875
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27706 | 5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a8 | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what? | The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what? | [
"The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"available energy"
],
"answer_start": [
685
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27707 | 5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a9 | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas? | What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas? | [
"What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas?"
] | {
"text": [
"heat"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27708 | 5729e3feaf94a219006aa6aa | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat? | What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat? | [
"What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat?"
] | {
"text": [
"second law of thermodynamics"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27709 | 5acd10cb07355d001abf32fe | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | How can the partial energy of a system be calculated? | How can the partial energy of a system be calculated? | [
"How can the partial energy of a system be calculated?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27710 | 5acd10cb07355d001abf32ff | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | The limit to the amount of cold energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what? | The limit to the amount of cold energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what? | [
"The limit to the amount of cold energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27711 | 5acd10cb07355d001abf3300 | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal contraction of an ideal gas? | What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal contraction of an ideal gas? | [
"What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal contraction of an ideal gas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27712 | 5acd10cb07355d001abf3301 | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | What states that the system doing work always gains some energy as waste heat? | What states that the system doing work always gains some energy as waste heat? | [
"What states that the system doing work always gains some energy as waste heat?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27713 | 5acd10cb07355d001abf3302 | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | What states for "open systems" with no external source or sink of energy,that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat | What states for "open systems" with no external source or sink of energy,that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat | [
"What states for \"open systems\" with no external source or sink of energy,that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27714 | 5729e46baf94a219006aa6af | Energy | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | Give one example of energy transformation. | Give one example of energy transformation. | [
"Give one example of energy transformation."
] | {
"text": [
"generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27715 | 5729e46baf94a219006aa6b0 | Energy | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy? | What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy? | [
"What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sun"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27716 | 5729e46baf94a219006aa6b1 | Energy | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | What is another example of energy transformation? | What is another example of energy transformation? | [
"What is another example of energy transformation?"
] | {
"text": [
"lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27717 | 5acd11e007355d001abf333a | Energy | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | Give one example of linear transformation. | Give one example of linear transformation. | [
"Give one example of linear transformation."
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27718 | 5acd11e007355d001abf333b | Energy | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | What transforms non-nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy? | What transforms non-nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy? | [
"What transforms non-nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27719 | 5acd11e007355d001abf333c | Energy | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | What is another example of solar transformation? | What is another example of solar transformation? | [
"What is another example of solar transformation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27720 | 5acd11e007355d001abf333d | Energy | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | What does pushing with gravity perform? | What does pushing with gravity perform? | [
"What does pushing with gravity perform?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27721 | 5acd11e007355d001abf333e | Energy | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | what type of energy escapes to its surroundings when mass increases? | what type of energy escapes to its surroundings when mass increases? | [
"what type of energy escapes to its surroundings when mass increases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27722 | 5729e4e83f37b319004785a3 | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | What is determined by an object's movement through space? | What is determined by an object's movement through space? | [
"What is determined by an object's movement through space?"
] | {
"text": [
"kinetic energy"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27723 | 5729e4e83f37b319004785a4 | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy? | What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy? | [
"What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy?"
] | {
"text": [
"thermal energy"
],
"answer_start": [
634
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27724 | 5729e4e83f37b319004785a5 | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | What is a function of the position of an object within a field? | What is a function of the position of an object within a field? | [
"What is a function of the position of an object within a field?"
] | {
"text": [
"potential energy"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27725 | 5acd153607355d001abf33ca | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | what is determined by an object's non-movement through space? | what is determined by an object's non-movement through space? | [
"what is determined by an object's non-movement through space?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27726 | 5acd153607355d001abf33cb | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | What usually consists completely of potential energy? | What usually consists completely of potential energy? | [
"What usually consists completely of potential energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27727 | 5acd153607355d001abf33cc | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | What is a function of the position of an object outside of a field? | What is a function of the position of an object outside of a field? | [
"What is a function of the position of an object outside of a field?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27728 | 5acd153607355d001abf33cd | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | what part of a system can be multiplied? | what part of a system can be multiplied? | [
"what part of a system can be multiplied?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27729 | 5acd153607355d001abf33ce | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | what classifications don't overlap? | what classifications don't overlap? | [
"what classifications don't overlap?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27730 | 5729e5501d0469140077965b | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | What is dependent upon electrical potential energy? | What is dependent upon electrical potential energy? | [
"What is dependent upon electrical potential energy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Elastic energy in materials"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27731 | 5729e5501d0469140077965c | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | Where is chemical energy stored and released? | Where is chemical energy stored and released? | [
"Where is chemical energy stored and released?"
] | {
"text": [
"from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27732 | 5729e5501d0469140077965d | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy? | Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy? | [
"Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy?"
] | {
"text": [
"kinetic"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27733 | 5acd166907355d001abf3418 | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | What is dependent upon hydro potential energy? | What is dependent upon hydro potential energy? | [
"What is dependent upon hydro potential energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27734 | 5acd166907355d001abf3419 | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | Where is biological energy stored and released? | Where is biological energy stored and released? | [
"Where is biological energy stored and released?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27735 | 5acd166907355d001abf341a | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | All types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy? | All types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy? | [
"All types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27736 | 5acd166907355d001abf341b | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | what do chemical scientists discover about certain phenomenon? | what do chemical scientists discover about certain phenomenon? | [
"what do chemical scientists discover about certain phenomenon?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27737 | 5acd166907355d001abf341c | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | old forms are typically added that account for what? | old forms are typically added that account for what? | [
"old forms are typically added that account for what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27738 | 5729e5f76aef0514001550de | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | What is a term for living force? | What is a term for living force? | [
"What is a term for living force?"
] | {
"text": [
"vis viva"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27739 | 5729e5f76aef0514001550df | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared? | What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared? | [
"What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared?"
] | {
"text": [
"vis viva"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27740 | 5729e5f76aef0514001550e0 | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva? | Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva? | [
"Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gottfried Leibniz"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27741 | 5729e5f76aef0514001550e1 | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva? | In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva? | [
"In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva?"
] | {
"text": [
"late 17th century"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27742 | 5729e5f76aef0514001550e2 | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter? | Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter? | [
"Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?"
] | {
"text": [
"Isaac Newton"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27743 | 5acd17c607355d001abf345c | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | What is a term for dying force? | What is a term for dying force? | [
"What is a term for dying force?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27744 | 5acd17c607355d001abf345d | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity cubed? | What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity cubed? | [
"What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity cubed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27745 | 5acd17c607355d001abf345e | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | Who proposed the idea of the Italian: vis viva? | Who proposed the idea of the Italian: vis viva? | [
"Who proposed the idea of the Italian: vis viva?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27746 | 5acd17c607355d001abf345f | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | In what century did Newton propose the idea of Latin: vis viva? | In what century did Newton propose the idea of Latin: vis viva? | [
"In what century did Newton propose the idea of Latin: vis viva?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27747 | 5acd17c607355d001abf3460 | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | Who rejected Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter? | Who rejected Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter? | [
"Who rejected Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27748 | 5729e6923f37b319004785b3 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | Who was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | [
"Who was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thomas Young"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27749 | 5729e6923f37b319004785b4 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | When did Thomas Young use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | When did Thomas Young use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | [
"When did Thomas Young use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?"
] | {
"text": [
"1807"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27750 | 5729e6923f37b319004785b5 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who coined the term "potential energy?" | Who coined the term "potential energy?" | [
"Who coined the term \"potential energy?\""
] | {
"text": [
"William Rankine"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27751 | 5729e6923f37b319004785b6 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat? | Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat? | [
"Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat?"
] | {
"text": [
"James Prescott Joule"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27752 | 5729e6923f37b319004785b7 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated? | When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated? | [
"When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated?"
] | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27753 | 5acd189307355d001abf3488 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who was definitely the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | Who was definitely the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | [
"Who was definitely the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27754 | 5acd189307355d001abf3489 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | When did Newton use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | When did Newton use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | [
"When did Newton use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27755 | 5acd189307355d001abf348a | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who rejected the term "potential energy?" | Who rejected the term "potential energy?" | [
"Who rejected the term \"potential energy?\""
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27756 | 5acd189307355d001abf348b | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the reduction of heat? | Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the reduction of heat? | [
"Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the reduction of heat?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27757 | 5acd189307355d001abf348c | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | When was the law of conservation of physics first postulated? | When was the law of conservation of physics first postulated? | [
"When was the law of conservation of physics first postulated?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27758 | 5729e73c6aef0514001550e8 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy? | Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy? | [
"Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy?"
] | {
"text": [
"William Thomson"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27759 | 5729e73c6aef0514001550e9 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst? | What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst? | [
"What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thermodynamics"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27760 | 5729e73c6aef0514001550ea | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy? | Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy? | [
"Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jožef Stefan"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27761 | 5729e73c6aef0514001550eb | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time? | What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time? | [
"What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time?"
] | {
"text": [
"Noether's theorem"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27762 | 5acd192f07355d001abf34c0 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | Who largely rejected the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy? | Who largely rejected the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy? | [
"Who largely rejected the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27763 | 5acd192f07355d001abf34c1 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | What hindered the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst? | What hindered the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst? | [
"What hindered the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27764 | 5acd192f07355d001abf34c2 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of stored energy? | Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of stored energy? | [
"Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of stored energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27765 | 5acd192f07355d001abf34c3 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics change over time? | What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics change over time? | [
"What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics change over time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27766 | 5acd192f07355d001abf34c4 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | since 1819, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is what? | since 1819, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is what? | [
"since 1819, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27767 | 5729e7a86aef0514001550f0 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | What is another energy-related concept? | What is another energy-related concept? | [
"What is another energy-related concept?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lagrangian"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27768 | 5729e7a86aef0514001550f1 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | Who is the Lagrangian named after? | Who is the Lagrangian named after? | [
"Who is the Lagrangian named after?"
] | {
"text": [
"Joseph-Louis Lagrange"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27769 | 5729e7a86aef0514001550f2 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy? | What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy? | [
"What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lagrangian"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27770 | 5729e7a86aef0514001550f3 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems? | Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems? | [
"Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lagrange formalism"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27771 | 5acd1a0207355d001abf34f2 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | What is another non-energy-related concept? | What is another non-energy-related concept? | [
"What is another non-energy-related concept?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27772 | 5acd1a0207355d001abf34f3 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | Who is the Lestrangian named after? | Who is the Lestrangian named after? | [
"Who is the Lestrangian named after?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27773 | 5acd1a0207355d001abf34f4 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | What is defined as the potential energy minus the kinetic energy? | What is defined as the potential energy minus the kinetic energy? | [
"What is defined as the potential energy minus the kinetic energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27774 | 5acd1a0207355d001abf34f5 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for conservative systems? | Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for conservative systems? | [
"Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for conservative systems?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27775 | 5acd1a0207355d001abf34f6 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | This non-formalism is as fundamental as what? | This non-formalism is as fundamental as what? | [
"This non-formalism is as fundamental as what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27776 | 5729e83f6aef0514001550f8 | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | When was Noether's theorem created? | When was Noether's theorem created? | [
"When was Noether's theorem created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1918"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27777 | 5729e83f6aef0514001550f9 | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law? | What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law? | [
"What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law?"
] | {
"text": [
"Noether's theorem"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27778 | 5729e83f6aef0514001550fa | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations? | What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations? | [
"What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations?"
] | {
"text": [
"Noether's theorem"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27779 | 5acd1a9807355d001abf3524 | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | When was Noether's theorem destroyed? | When was Noether's theorem destroyed? | [
"When was Noether's theorem destroyed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27780 | 5acd1a9807355d001abf3525 | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a non-physical system has a corresponding conservation law? | What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a non-physical system has a corresponding conservation law? | [
"What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a non-physical system has a corresponding conservation law?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27781 | 5acd1a9807355d001abf3526 | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical chemistry and the calculus of variations? | What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical chemistry and the calculus of variations? | [
"What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical chemistry and the calculus of variations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27782 | 5acd1a9807355d001abf3527 | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | What theorem was derived in 1819? | What theorem was derived in 1819? | [
"What theorem was derived in 1819?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27783 | 5acd1a9807355d001abf3528 | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | dissipative systems with non-continuous symmetries need not have what? | dissipative systems with non-continuous symmetries need not have what? | [
"dissipative systems with non-continuous symmetries need not have what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27784 | 5729f2b16aef05140015513a | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure? | In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure? | [
"In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?"
] | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27785 | 5729f2b16aef05140015513b | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy? | What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy? | [
"What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chemical reactions"
],
"answer_start": [
700
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27786 | 5729f2b16aef05140015513c | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T? | What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T? | [
"What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?"
] | {
"text": [
"e−E/kT"
],
"answer_start": [
961
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27787 | 5729f2b16aef05140015513d | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | Who created the population factor e-E/kT? | Who created the population factor e-E/kT? | [
"Who created the population factor e-E/kT?"
] | {
"text": [
"Boltzmann's"
],
"answer_start": [
931
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27788 | 5729f2b16aef05140015513e | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature? | What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature? | [
"What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arrhenius equation"
],
"answer_start": [
1154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27789 | 5acd1b2407355d001abf354c | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | In the context of biology, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure? | In the context of biology, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure? | [
"In the context of biology, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27790 | 5acd1b2407355d001abf354d | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | What is always possible except when the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy? | What is always possible except when the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy? | [
"What is always possible except when the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27791 | 5acd1b2407355d001abf354e | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | What is the certainty of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T? | What is the certainty of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T? | [
"What is the certainty of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27792 | 5acd1b2407355d001abf354f | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | Who rejected the population factor e-E/kT? | Who rejected the population factor e-E/kT? | [
"Who rejected the population factor e-E/kT?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27793 | 5acd1b2407355d001abf3550 | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | What is the exponential independence of a reaction rate on temperature? | What is the exponential independence of a reaction rate on temperature? | [
"What is the exponential independence of a reaction rate on temperature?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27794 | 5729f3426aef051400155144 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism? | In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism? | [
"In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism?"
] | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27795 | 5729f3426aef051400155145 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins? | What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins? | [
"What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?"
] | {
"text": [
"Energy"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27796 | 5729f3426aef051400155146 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | What does H-e stand for? | What does H-e stand for? | [
"What does H-e stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Human energy conversion"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27797 | 5729f3426aef051400155147 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | How many watts is in one official horsepower? | How many watts is in one official horsepower? | [
"How many watts is in one official horsepower?"
] | {
"text": [
"746 watts"
],
"answer_start": [
1017
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27798 | 5acd22e607355d001abf364e | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | In chemistry, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism? | In chemistry, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism? | [
"In chemistry, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27799 | 5acd22e607355d001abf364f | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | What is often said to be expelled by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins? | What is often said to be expelled by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins? | [
"What is often said to be expelled by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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