gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-27800 | 5acd22e607355d001abf3650 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | What does E-h stand for? | What does E-h stand for? | [
"What does E-h stand for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27801 | 5acd22e607355d001abf3651 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | How many watts is in half an official horsepower? | How many watts is in half an official horsepower? | [
"How many watts is in half an official horsepower?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27802 | 5acd22e607355d001abf3652 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | For tasks lasting a few minutes, an unfit human can generate how many watts? | For tasks lasting a few minutes, an unfit human can generate how many watts? | [
"For tasks lasting a few minutes, an unfit human can generate how many watts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27803 | 5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e7 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis? | What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis? | [
"What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sunlight"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27804 | 5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e8 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What do plants release during photosynthesis? | What do plants release during photosynthesis? | [
"What do plants release during photosynthesis?"
] | {
"text": [
"oxygen"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27805 | 5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e9 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What may be triggered suddenly by a spark? | What may be triggered suddenly by a spark? | [
"What may be triggered suddenly by a spark?"
] | {
"text": [
"Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27806 | 5729f3c6af94a219006aa6ea | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What are two low-energy compounds? | What are two low-energy compounds? | [
"What are two low-energy compounds?"
] | {
"text": [
"carbon dioxide and water"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27807 | 5acd257407355d001abf36c6 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What isn't captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis? | What isn't captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis? | [
"What isn't captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27808 | 5acd257407355d001abf36c7 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What do plants retain? during photosynthesis? | What do plants retain? during photosynthesis? | [
"What do plants retain? during photosynthesis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27809 | 5acd257407355d001abf36c8 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What may be triggered after a long time by a spark? | What may be triggered after a long time by a spark? | [
"What may be triggered after a long time by a spark?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27810 | 5acd257407355d001abf36c9 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What are two high-energy compounds? | What are two high-energy compounds? | [
"What are two high-energy compounds?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27811 | 5acd257407355d001abf36ca | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | what is utilized by dead organisms as an electron acceptor? | what is utilized by dead organisms as an electron acceptor? | [
"what is utilized by dead organisms as an electron acceptor?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27812 | 5729f4331d04691400779685 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce? | What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce? | [
"What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce?"
] | {
"text": [
"an external source of energy"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27813 | 5729f4331d04691400779686 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult? | How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult? | [
"How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult?"
] | {
"text": [
"1500–2000"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27814 | 5729f4331d04691400779687 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water? | Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water? | [
"Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water?"
] | {
"text": [
"mitochondria"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27815 | 5acd299b07355d001abf375e | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | What does any dead organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce? | What does any dead organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce? | [
"What does any dead organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27816 | 5acd299b07355d001abf375f | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | How many weekly calories are recommended for a human adult? | How many weekly calories are recommended for a human adult? | [
"How many weekly calories are recommended for a human adult?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27817 | 5acd299b07355d001abf3760 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | Where are food molecules oxidised to oxygen and water? | Where are food molecules oxidised to oxygen and water? | [
"Where are food molecules oxidised to oxygen and water?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27818 | 5acd299b07355d001abf3761 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | what relies on an internal source of energy | what relies on an internal source of energy | [
"what relies on an internal source of energy"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27819 | 5acd299b07355d001abf3762 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | radiation from the Sun in the case of red what? | radiation from the Sun in the case of red what? | [
"radiation from the Sun in the case of red what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27820 | 5729f51d6aef051400155160 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe? | What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe? | [
"What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe?"
] | {
"text": [
"The second law of thermodynamics"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27821 | 5729f51e6aef051400155161 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive? | What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive? | [
"What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive?"
] | {
"text": [
"living organisms"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27822 | 5729f51e6aef051400155162 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern? | Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern? | [
"Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?"
] | {
"text": [
"ecological niches"
],
"answer_start": [
845
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27823 | 5acd2a6907355d001abf3782 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | What states that energy tends to become more grouped together across the universe? | What states that energy tends to become more grouped together across the universe? | [
"What states that energy tends to become more grouped together across the universe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27824 | 5acd2a6907355d001abf3783 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | What are remarkably efficient in their use of the energy they receive? | What are remarkably efficient in their use of the energy they receive? | [
"What are remarkably efficient in their use of the energy they receive?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27825 | 5acd2a6907355d001abf3784 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to cool at each step in a what? | The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to cool at each step in a what? | [
"The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to cool at each step in a what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27826 | 5acd2a6907355d001abf3785 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | Where is the hypothetical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed? | Where is the hypothetical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed? | [
"Where is the hypothetical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27827 | 5acd2a6907355d001abf3786 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | Simple organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern? | Simple organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern? | [
"Simple organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27828 | 5729f6063f37b3190047860f | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy? | When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy? | [
"When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy?"
] | {
"text": [
"after it strikes the Earth"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27829 | 5729f6063f37b31900478610 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. | This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. | [
"This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events."
] | {
"text": [
"Sunlight"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27830 | 5729f6063f37b31900478611 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event? | What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event? | [
"What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event?"
] | {
"text": [
"hurricane"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27831 | 5729f6063f37b31900478612 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement? | What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement? | [
"What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?"
] | {
"text": [
"hurricane"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27832 | 5acd409f07355d001abf3a66 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | When may sunlight be stored as gravitational kinetic energy? | When may sunlight be stored as gravitational kinetic energy? | [
"When may sunlight be stored as gravitational kinetic energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27833 | 5acd409f07355d001abf3a67 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | This drives no weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. | This drives no weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. | [
"This drives no weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events."
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27834 | 5acd409f07355d001abf3a68 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | What is an example of a water-mediated weather event? | What is an example of a water-mediated weather event? | [
"What is an example of a water-mediated weather event?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27835 | 5acd409f07355d001abf3a69 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | after being released at a wind powered dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce what? | after being released at a wind powered dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce what? | [
"after being released at a wind powered dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27836 | 5acd409f07355d001abf3a6a | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement? | What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement? | [
"What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27837 | 5729f6b13f37b31900478617 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks? | What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks? | [
"What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks?"
] | {
"text": [
"Earthquakes"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27838 | 5729f6b13f37b31900478618 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release? | What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release? | [
"What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release?"
] | {
"text": [
"heat"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27839 | 5729f6b13f37b31900478619 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis? | What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis? | [
"What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis?"
] | {
"text": [
"thermal energy"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27840 | 5729f6b13f37b3190047861a | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What is mechanical potential energy? | What is mechanical potential energy? | [
"What is mechanical potential energy?"
] | {
"text": [
"elastic strain"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27841 | 5acd416807355d001abf3aa2 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What releases stored elastic kinetic energy in rocks? | What releases stored elastic kinetic energy in rocks? | [
"What releases stored elastic kinetic energy in rocks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27842 | 5acd416807355d001abf3aa3 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of Mars release? | What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of Mars release? | [
"What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of Mars release?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27843 | 5acd416807355d001abf3aa4 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What hinders plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis? | What hinders plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis? | [
"What hinders plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27844 | 5acd416807355d001abf3aa5 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What is non-mechanical potential energy? | What is non-mechanical potential energy? | [
"What is non-mechanical potential energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27845 | 5acd416807355d001abf3aa6 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of recently destroyed supernova stars created what? | energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of recently destroyed supernova stars created what? | [
"energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of recently destroyed supernova stars created what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27846 | 5729f781af94a219006aa6ff | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations? | What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations? | [
"What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations?"
] | {
"text": [
"stellar phenomena"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27847 | 5729f781af94a219006aa700 | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang? | What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang? | [
"What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?"
] | {
"text": [
"nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27848 | 5729f781af94a219006aa701 | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements? | What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements? | [
"What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?"
] | {
"text": [
"Big Bang"
],
"answer_start": [
643
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27849 | 5729f781af94a219006aa702 | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what? | Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what? | [
"Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what?"
] | {
"text": [
"fusion"
],
"answer_start": [
882
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27850 | 5acd426607355d001abf3aca | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What is driven by various kinds of energy transfusions? | What is driven by various kinds of energy transfusions? | [
"What is driven by various kinds of energy transfusions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27851 | 5acd426607355d001abf3acb | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What retains another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang? | What retains another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang? | [
"What retains another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27852 | 5acd426607355d001abf3acc | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled very slowly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements? | What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled very slowly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements? | [
"What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled very slowly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27853 | 5acd426607355d001abf3acd | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | Oxygen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what? | Oxygen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what? | [
"Oxygen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27854 | 5acd426607355d001abf3ace | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of nitrogen clouds? | What process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of nitrogen clouds? | [
"What process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of nitrogen clouds?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27855 | 5729f80c6aef051400155166 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function? | In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function? | [
"In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function?"
] | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27856 | 5729f80c6aef051400155167 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system? | What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system? | [
"What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Schrödinger equation"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27857 | 5729f80c6aef051400155168 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems? | What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems? | [
"What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Schrödinger equation"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27858 | 5acd430a07355d001abf3ae6 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the sine function? | In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the sine function? | [
"In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the sine function?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27859 | 5acd430a07355d001abf3ae7 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | What equates the energy operator to the partial energy of a particle or a system? | What equates the energy operator to the partial energy of a particle or a system? | [
"What equates the energy operator to the partial energy of a particle or a system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27860 | 5acd430a07355d001abf3ae8 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | What describes the space-and-time dependence of a rapidly changing wave function of quantum systems? | What describes the space-and-time dependence of a rapidly changing wave function of quantum systems? | [
"What describes the space-and-time dependence of a rapidly changing wave function of quantum systems?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27861 | 5acd430a07355d001abf3ae9 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | what is a set of permitted states, none of which are characterized by an energy level? | what is a set of permitted states, none of which are characterized by an energy level? | [
"what is a set of permitted states, none of which are characterized by an energy level?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27862 | 5acd430a07355d001abf3aea | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | In the case of an electromagnetic wave these are called quanta of light or protons | In the case of an electromagnetic wave these are called quanta of light or protons | [
"In the case of an electromagnetic wave these are called quanta of light or protons"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27863 | 5729f8db6aef051400155174 | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains? | What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains? | [
"What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains?"
] | {
"text": [
"electron–positron annihilation"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27864 | 5729f8db6aef051400155175 | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is the inverse process called? | What is the inverse process called? | [
"What is the inverse process called?"
] | {
"text": [
"pair creation"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27865 | 5729f8db6aef051400155176 | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons? | What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons? | [
"What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons?"
] | {
"text": [
"pair creation"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27866 | 5acd438207355d001abf3b18 | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the three particles remains? | What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the three particles remains? | [
"What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the three particles remains?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27867 | 5acd438207355d001abf3b19 | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is the converse process called? | What is the converse process called? | [
"What is the converse process called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27868 | 5acd438207355d001abf3b1a | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is destroyed from energy of two or more annihilating photons? | What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is destroyed from energy of two or more annihilating photons? | [
"What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is destroyed from energy of two or more annihilating photons?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27869 | 5acd438207355d001abf3b1b | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | what is created and changed to non-matter energy? | what is created and changed to non-matter energy? | [
"what is created and changed to non-matter energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27870 | 5acd438207355d001abf3b1c | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is matter energy? | What is matter energy? | [
"What is matter energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27871 | 5729f9511d04691400779695 | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process? | What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process? | [
"What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process?"
] | {
"text": [
"Carnot's theorem"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27872 | 5729f9511d04691400779696 | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | What is the direction of transformations in energy? | What is the direction of transformations in energy? | [
"What is the direction of transformations in energy?"
] | {
"text": [
"what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27873 | 5729f9511d04691400779697 | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | What is often determined by entropy considerations? | What is often determined by entropy considerations? | [
"What is often determined by entropy considerations?"
] | {
"text": [
"direction of transformations in energy"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27874 | 5729f9511d04691400779698 | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | Why are certain larger transformations not permitted? | Why are certain larger transformations not permitted? | [
"Why are certain larger transformations not permitted?"
] | {
"text": [
"because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27875 | 5acd447e07355d001abf3b4c | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | What states that there are no limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process? | What states that there are no limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process? | [
"What states that there are no limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27876 | 5acd447e07355d001abf3b4d | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | What is the direction of translations in energy? | What is the direction of translations in energy? | [
"What is the direction of translations in energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27877 | 5acd447e07355d001abf3b4e | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | What is never determined by entropy considerations? | What is never determined by entropy considerations? | [
"What is never determined by entropy considerations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27878 | 5acd447e07355d001abf3b4f | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | Why are certain larger transformations permitted? | Why are certain larger transformations permitted? | [
"Why are certain larger transformations permitted?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27879 | 5acd447e07355d001abf3b50 | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | what is non-equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom | what is non-equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom | [
"what is non-equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27880 | 5729fc3caf94a219006aa71d | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | Name an example of a heavy isotope? | Name an example of a heavy isotope? | [
"Name an example of a heavy isotope?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27881 | 5729fc3caf94a219006aa71e | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | Name another example of a heavy isotope. | Name another example of a heavy isotope. | [
"Name another example of a heavy isotope."
] | {
"text": [
"thorium"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27882 | 5729fc3caf94a219006aa71f | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth? | What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth? | [
"What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth?"
] | {
"text": [
"nucleosynthesis"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27883 | 5729fc3caf94a219006aa720 | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time? | In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time? | [
"In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time?"
] | {
"text": [
"chemical potential energy"
],
"answer_start": [
866
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27884 | 5acd454407355d001abf3b74 | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | Name an example of a heavy transitope? | Name an example of a heavy transitope? | [
"Name an example of a heavy transitope?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27885 | 5acd454407355d001abf3b75 | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | Name another example of a heavy transitope. | Name another example of a heavy transitope. | [
"Name another example of a heavy transitope."
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27886 | 5acd454407355d001abf3b76 | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the lunar system and the Earth? | What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the lunar system and the Earth? | [
"What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the lunar system and the Earth?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27887 | 5acd454407355d001abf3b77 | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and wind energy in a short time? | In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and wind energy in a short time? | [
"In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and wind energy in a short time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27888 | 5acd454407355d001abf3b78 | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | what active types of energy can be transformed? | what active types of energy can be transformed? | [
"what active types of energy can be transformed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27889 | 5729fcffaf94a219006aa725 | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | When does energy give rise to weight? | When does energy give rise to weight? | [
"When does energy give rise to weight?"
] | {
"text": [
"when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27890 | 5729fcffaf94a219006aa726 | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | Mass is also equivalent to what? | Mass is also equivalent to what? | [
"Mass is also equivalent to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"certain amount of energy"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27891 | 5729fcffaf94a219006aa727 | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | Who created the formula E = mc2? | Who created the formula E = mc2? | [
"Who created the formula E = mc2?"
] | {
"text": [
"Albert Einstein"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27892 | 5729fcffaf94a219006aa728 | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | In what year did Einstein create E = mc2? | In what year did Einstein create E = mc2? | [
"In what year did Einstein create E = mc2?"
] | {
"text": [
"1905"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27893 | 5729fcffaf94a219006aa729 | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity? | What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity? | [
"What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity?"
] | {
"text": [
"E = mc²"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27894 | 5acd46d507355d001abf3bcc | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | When does energy give rise to height? | When does energy give rise to height? | [
"When does energy give rise to height?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27895 | 5acd46d507355d001abf3bcd | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | Mass is not equivalent to what? | Mass is not equivalent to what? | [
"Mass is not equivalent to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27896 | 5acd46d507355d001abf3bce | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | Who created the formula E = nc2? | Who created the formula E = nc2? | [
"Who created the formula E = nc2?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27897 | 5acd46d507355d001abf3bcf | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | In what year did Weinstein create E = mc2? | In what year did Weinstein create E = mc2? | [
"In what year did Weinstein create E = mc2?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27898 | 5acd46d507355d001abf3bd0 | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy outside of the concept of special relativity? | What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy outside of the concept of special relativity? | [
"What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy outside of the concept of special relativity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27899 | 5729fd8e6aef05140015517a | Energy | Matter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion o... | Matter may be converted to what? | Matter may be converted to what? | [
"Matter may be converted to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
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