gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-28700 | 5a0f8530decec900184755c8 | Canadian_football | During the last three minutes of a half, the penalty for failure to place the ball in play within the 20-second play clock, known as "time count" (this foul is known as "delay of game" in American football), is dramatically different from during the first 27 minutes. Instead of the penalty being 5 yards with the down r... | How many yards does the loss of down lose on third down? | How many yards does the loss of down lose on third down? | [
"How many yards does the loss of down lose on third down?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28701 | 5a0f8530decec900184755c9 | Canadian_football | During the last three minutes of a half, the penalty for failure to place the ball in play within the 20-second play clock, known as "time count" (this foul is known as "delay of game" in American football), is dramatically different from during the first 27 minutes. Instead of the penalty being 5 yards with the down r... | On what down can the 20 second play clock give possession to the defense? | On what down can the 20 second play clock give possession to the defense? | [
"On what down can the 20 second play clock give possession to the defense?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28702 | 572e9091cb0c0d14000f12aa | Canadian_football | The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end ... | What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play? | What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play? | [
"What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play?"
] | {
"text": [
"extended"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28703 | 572e9091cb0c0d14000f12ab | Canadian_football | The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end ... | What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out? | What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out? | [
"What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out?"
] | {
"text": [
"penalty"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28704 | 572e9091cb0c0d14000f12ac | Canadian_football | The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end ... | How long is a quarter in minutes? | How long is a quarter in minutes? | [
"How long is a quarter in minutes?"
] | {
"text": [
"15"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28705 | 572e9091cb0c0d14000f12ad | Canadian_football | The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end ... | Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half? | Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half? | [
"Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half?"
] | {
"text": [
"convert attempts"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28706 | 5a0f91a2decec900184755cf | Canadian_football | The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end ... | When does the clock not run when a penalty is pending? | When does the clock not run when a penalty is pending? | [
"When does the clock not run when a penalty is pending?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28707 | 5a0f91a2decec900184755d0 | Canadian_football | The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end ... | If a quarter's time expires while the ball is pending how long is the quarter extended? | If a quarter's time expires while the ball is pending how long is the quarter extended? | [
"If a quarter's time expires while the ball is pending how long is the quarter extended?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28708 | 5a0f91a2decec900184755d1 | Canadian_football | The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end ... | When can't a scrimmage end? | When can't a scrimmage end? | [
"When can't a scrimmage end?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28709 | 5a0f91a2decec900184755d2 | Canadian_football | The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end ... | What does the losing team have the option to do? | What does the losing team have the option to do? | [
"What does the losing team have the option to do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28710 | 5a0f91a2decec900184755d3 | Canadian_football | The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end ... | What is the name of the plays where the clock doesn't run near the end of a half? | What is the name of the plays where the clock doesn't run near the end of a half? | [
"What is the name of the plays where the clock doesn't run near the end of a half?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28711 | 572e92c5c246551400ce4368 | Canadian_football | In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it sc... | What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie? | What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie? | [
"What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie?"
] | {
"text": [
"coin toss"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28712 | 572e92c5c246551400ce4369 | Canadian_football | In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it sc... | At which yard line on their opponent's side does a team take possession of the ball according to the CFL's tie-breaking rules? | At which yard line on their opponent's side does a team take possession of the ball according to the CFL's tie-breaking rules? | [
"At which yard line on their opponent's side does a team take possession of the ball according to the CFL's tie-breaking rules?"
] | {
"text": [
"35"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28713 | 572e92c5c246551400ce436a | Canadian_football | In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it sc... | In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation? | In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation? | [
"In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation?"
] | {
"text": [
"2010"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28714 | 572e92c5c246551400ce436b | Canadian_football | In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it sc... | Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game? | Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game? | [
"Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game?"
] | {
"text": [
"second"
],
"answer_start": [
776
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28715 | 572e92c5c246551400ce436c | Canadian_football | In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it sc... | Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results? | Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results? | [
"Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results?"
] | {
"text": [
"playoff or championship"
],
"answer_start": [
874
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28716 | 5a0f93f9decec900184755d9 | Canadian_football | In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it sc... | After teams have completed their 2 point conversions, who is declared the winner? | After teams have completed their 2 point conversions, who is declared the winner? | [
"After teams have completed their 2 point conversions, who is declared the winner?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28717 | 5a0f93f9decec900184755da | Canadian_football | In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it sc... | If a game is tied at the end of a touchdown, what determines who takes possession? | If a game is tied at the end of a touchdown, what determines who takes possession? | [
"If a game is tied at the end of a touchdown, what determines who takes possession?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28718 | 5a0f93f9decec900184755db | Canadian_football | In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it sc... | After the coin toss if there is no winner during regular season what happens? | After the coin toss if there is no winner during regular season what happens? | [
"After the coin toss if there is no winner during regular season what happens?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28719 | 5a0f93f9decec900184755dc | Canadian_football | In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it sc... | What is a team required to do after having a possession in the 2010 season? | What is a team required to do after having a possession in the 2010 season? | [
"What is a team required to do after having a possession in the 2010 season?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28720 | 5a0f93f9decec900184755dd | Canadian_football | In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it sc... | In the 2010 season if a game is tied what can each team do? | In the 2010 season if a game is tied what can each team do? | [
"In the 2010 season if a game is tied what can each team do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28721 | 571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | Who identified the active substance? | Who identified the active substance? | [
"Who identified the active substance?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Abel"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28722 | 571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a1 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | Who marketed epinephrine? | Who marketed epinephrine? | [
"Who marketed epinephrine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Parke Davis"
],
"answer_start": [
837
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28723 | 571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a3 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat? | As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat? | [
"As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?"
] | {
"text": [
"nasal congestion"
],
"answer_start": [
1168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28724 | 571a6dbe4faf5e1900b8a9a4 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state? | Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state? | [
"Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jokichi Takamine"
],
"answer_start": [
708
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28725 | 571a79d910f8ca1400305084 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | What could epinephrine treat? | What could epinephrine treat? | [
"What could epinephrine treat?"
] | {
"text": [
"nasal congestion"
],
"answer_start": [
1168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28726 | 571a79d910f8ca1400305085 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States? | When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States? | [
"When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"2011"
],
"answer_start": [
1061
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28727 | 571a79d910f8ca1400305086 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | What trade name was epinephrine marketed under? | What trade name was epinephrine marketed under? | [
"What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?"
] | {
"text": [
"Adrenalin"
],
"answer_start": [
891
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28728 | 571a79d910f8ca1400305087 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form? | Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form? | [
"Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jokichi Takamine"
],
"answer_start": [
708
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28729 | 571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1aa | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | In what year was epinephrine discovered? | In what year was epinephrine discovered? | [
"In what year was epinephrine discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"1897"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28730 | 571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1ab | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | What was the trade name of epinephrine? | What was the trade name of epinephrine? | [
"What was the trade name of epinephrine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Adrenalin"
],
"answer_start": [
891
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28731 | 571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1ac | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | Who first discovered epinephrine? | Who first discovered epinephrine? | [
"Who first discovered epinephrine?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Abel"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28732 | 571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1ad | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | What is epinephrine used to treat? | What is epinephrine used to treat? | [
"What is epinephrine used to treat?"
] | {
"text": [
"asthma attacks"
],
"answer_start": [
986
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28733 | 571ced8fdd7acb1400e4c1ae | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States? | In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States? | [
"In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"2011"
],
"answer_start": [
1061
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28734 | 5ad35451604f3c001a3fdd75 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | Who identified the inactive substance? | Who identified the inactive substance? | [
"Who identified the inactive substance?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28735 | 5ad35451604f3c001a3fdd76 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | Who marketed Primatene? | Who marketed Primatene? | [
"Who marketed Primatene?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28736 | 5ad35451604f3c001a3fdd77 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | What trade name was Primatene marketed under? | What trade name was Primatene marketed under? | [
"What trade name was Primatene marketed under?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28737 | 5ad35451604f3c001a3fdd78 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | As an inhaler, what was Primatene used to treat? | As an inhaler, what was Primatene used to treat? | [
"As an inhaler, what was Primatene used to treat?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28738 | 5ad35451604f3c001a3fdd79 | Pharmaceutical_industry | By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extra... | Who developed the method to obtain Primatene in a pure state? | Who developed the method to obtain Primatene in a pure state? | [
"Who developed the method to obtain Primatene in a pure state?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28739 | 571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9ce | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | Who developed Amphetamine? | Who developed Amphetamine? | [
"Who developed Amphetamine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Smith, Kline and French"
],
"answer_start": [
628
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28740 | 571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9cf | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | What are common side effects of Amphetamine? | What are common side effects of Amphetamine? | [
"What are common side effects of Amphetamine?"
] | {
"text": [
"sensations of exhilaration and palpitations"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28741 | 571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9d0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | When were tricyclic antidepressants developed? | When were tricyclic antidepressants developed? | [
"When were tricyclic antidepressants developed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
1101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28742 | 571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9d1 | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | What were some uses for Amphetamine? | What were some uses for Amphetamine? | [
"What were some uses for Amphetamine?"
] | {
"text": [
"narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications"
],
"answer_start": [
775
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28743 | 571a7b594faf5e1900b8a9d2 | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma? | Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma? | [
"Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gordon Alles"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28744 | 571cef645efbb31900334e52 | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness? | Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness? | [
"Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness?"
] | {
"text": [
"asthma"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28745 | 571cef645efbb31900334e53 | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients? | In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients? | [
"In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients?"
] | {
"text": [
"1929"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28746 | 571cef645efbb31900334e54 | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant? | What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant? | [
"What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant?"
] | {
"text": [
"Benzedrine Inhaler"
],
"answer_start": [
697
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28747 | 571cef645efbb31900334e55 | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use? | In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use? | [
"In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use?"
] | {
"text": [
"1937"
],
"answer_start": [
996
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28748 | 571cef645efbb31900334e56 | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created? | In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created? | [
"In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
1101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28749 | 5ad355cd604f3c001a3fddad | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | Who developed tricyclics? | Who developed tricyclics? | [
"Who developed tricyclics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28750 | 5ad355cd604f3c001a3fddae | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | What are common side effects of tricyclics? | What are common side effects of tricyclics? | [
"What are common side effects of tricyclics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28751 | 5ad355cd604f3c001a3fddaf | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | When was the American Medical Association developed? | When was the American Medical Association developed? | [
"When was the American Medical Association developed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28752 | 5ad355cd604f3c001a3fddb0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | What were some uses for the American Medical Association? | What were some uses for the American Medical Association? | [
"What were some uses for the American Medical Association?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28753 | 5ad355cd604f3c001a3fddb1 | Pharmaceutical_industry | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Follow... | Who synthesized the American Medical Association for asthma? | Who synthesized the American Medical Association for asthma? | [
"Who synthesized the American Medical Association for asthma?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28754 | 571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | What is diabetes caused from? | What is diabetes caused from? | [
"What is diabetes caused from?"
] | {
"text": [
"absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28755 | 571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e1 | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics? | Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics? | [
"Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?"
] | {
"text": [
"only a few months"
],
"answer_start": [
1411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28756 | 571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e2 | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | How can diabetes be induced in dogs? | How can diabetes be induced in dogs? | [
"How can diabetes be induced in dogs?"
] | {
"text": [
"surgical removal of the pancreas"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28757 | 571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e3 | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal? | Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal? | [
"Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?"
] | {
"text": [
"Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28758 | 571a7d3f4faf5e1900b8a9e4 | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | Why was insulin therapy delayed? | Why was insulin therapy delayed? | [
"Why was insulin therapy delayed?"
] | {
"text": [
"difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28759 | 571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b4 | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ? | Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ? | [
"Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?"
] | {
"text": [
"pancreas"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28760 | 571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b5 | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live? | Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live? | [
"Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?"
] | {
"text": [
"a few months"
],
"answer_start": [
1416
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28761 | 571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b6 | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin? | What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin? | [
"What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?"
] | {
"text": [
"pH"
],
"answer_start": [
981
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28762 | 571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b7 | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company? | To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company? | [
"To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eli Lilly and Co."
],
"answer_start": [
790
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28763 | 571cf17ddd7acb1400e4c1b8 | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal? | Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal? | [
"Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?"
] | {
"text": [
"dogs"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28764 | 5ad359eb604f3c001a3fde4b | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | What is purification caused from? | What is purification caused from? | [
"What is purification caused from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28765 | 5ad359eb604f3c001a3fde4c | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of purification? | Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of purification? | [
"Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of purification?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28766 | 5ad359eb604f3c001a3fde4d | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | How can purification be induced in dogs? | How can purification be induced in dogs? | [
"How can purification be induced in dogs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28767 | 5ad359eb604f3c001a3fde4e | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of purification removal? | Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of purification removal? | [
"Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of purification removal?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28768 | 5ad359eb604f3c001a3fde4f | Pharmaceutical_industry | A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian pr... | Why was purification therapy delayed? | Why was purification therapy delayed? | [
"Why was purification therapy delayed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28769 | 571a7fd610f8ca14003050af | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | What is phenobarbital used for? | What is phenobarbital used for? | [
"What is phenobarbital used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"epilepsy"
],
"answer_start": [
1128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28770 | 571a7fd610f8ca14003050b0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | What sleep aid was marketed in 1904? | What sleep aid was marketed in 1904? | [
"What sleep aid was marketed in 1904?"
] | {
"text": [
"Veronal"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28771 | 571a7fd610f8ca14003050b1 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | What is amphetamine used for today? | What is amphetamine used for today? | [
"What is amphetamine used for today?"
] | {
"text": [
"attention deficit disorder"
],
"answer_start": [
1063
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28772 | 571a7fd610f8ca14003050b2 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted? | Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted? | [
"Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted?"
] | {
"text": [
"addictive properties and abuse potential"
],
"answer_start": [
824
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28773 | 571a7fd610f8ca14003050b3 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs? | Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs? | [
"Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28774 | 571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1be | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | What compound was discovered to induce sleep? | What compound was discovered to induce sleep? | [
"What compound was discovered to induce sleep?"
] | {
"text": [
"diethylbarbituric acid"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28775 | 571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1bf | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid? | What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid? | [
"What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid?"
] | {
"text": [
"Veronal"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28776 | 571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1c0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today? | What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today? | [
"What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?"
] | {
"text": [
"epilepsy"
],
"answer_start": [
1128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28777 | 571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1c1 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | In what year was phenobarbital discovered? | In what year was phenobarbital discovered? | [
"In what year was phenobarbital discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"1911"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28778 | 571cf2c5dd7acb1400e4c1c2 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market? | What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market? | [
"What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market?"
] | {
"text": [
"sleep aid"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28779 | 5ad35897604f3c001a3fde2f | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | What is increased awareness used for? | What is increased awareness used for? | [
"What is increased awareness used for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28780 | 5ad35897604f3c001a3fde30 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | What acid was marketed in 1904? | What acid was marketed in 1904? | [
"What acid was marketed in 1904?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28781 | 5ad35897604f3c001a3fde31 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | What is acid used for today? | What is acid used for today? | [
"What is acid used for today?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28782 | 5ad35897604f3c001a3fde32 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | Why were acids restricted? | Why were acids restricted? | [
"Why were acids restricted? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28783 | 5ad35897604f3c001a3fde33 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | Who discovered an acid reaction? | Who discovered an acid reaction? | [
"Who discovered an acid reaction?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28784 | 571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab8e | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | Who developed Arsphenamine? | Who developed Arsphenamine? | [
"Who developed Arsphenamine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28785 | 571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab8f | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis? | What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis? | [
"What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arsphenamine"
],
"answer_start": [
609
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28786 | 571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab90 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | What complications are associated with Syphilis? | What complications are associated with Syphilis? | [
"What complications are associated with Syphilis?"
] | {
"text": [
"severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death"
],
"answer_start": [
750
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28787 | 571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab91 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | What is Amphetamine's market name? | What is Amphetamine's market name? | [
"What is Amphetamine's market name?"
] | {
"text": [
"Institute of Experimental Therapy"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28788 | 571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab92 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located? | Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located? | [
"Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Berlin"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28789 | 571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1c8 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug? | What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug? | [
"What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug?"
] | {
"text": [
"arsphenamine"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28790 | 571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1c9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye? | Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye? | [
"Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye?"
] | {
"text": [
"arsenic"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28791 | 571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1ca | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease? | Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease? | [
"Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease?"
] | {
"text": [
"syphilis"
],
"answer_start": [
669
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28792 | 571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1cb | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | In what year was arsphenamine discovered? | In what year was arsphenamine discovered? | [
"In what year was arsphenamine discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"1911"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28793 | 571cf51edd7acb1400e4c1cc | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | What was the commercial name of arsphenamine? | What was the commercial name of arsphenamine? | [
"What was the commercial name of arsphenamine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Salvarsan"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28794 | 5ad35bb2604f3c001a3fde7b | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | Who developed commercial ulceration? | Who developed commercial ulceration? | [
"Who developed commercial ulceration?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28795 | 5ad35bb2604f3c001a3fde7c | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | What was the first effective treatment for Bertheim? | What was the first effective treatment for Bertheim? | [
"What was the first effective treatment for Bertheim?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28796 | 5ad35bb2604f3c001a3fde7d | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | What complications are associated with Bertheim? | What complications are associated with Bertheim? | [
"What complications are associated with Bertheim?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28797 | 5ad35bb2604f3c001a3fde7e | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | What is Bertheim's market name? | What is Bertheim's market name? | [
"What is Bertheim's market name?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28798 | 5ad35bb2604f3c001a3fde7f | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | Where is the Institute of Bertheim located? | Where is the Institute of Bertheim located? | [
"Where is the Institute of Bertheim located?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28799 | 571aa8204faf5e1900b8abca | Pharmaceutical_industry | The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its roots to two sources. The first of these were local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacture in the mid 1800s. Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the ... | When was Morphine and Quinine first available? | When was Morphine and Quinine first available? | [
"When was Morphine and Quinine first available?"
] | {
"text": [
"mid 1800s"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.