gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-29200 | 5ad39ae3604f3c001a3fe885 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | Who conducted an investigation on drugs? | Who conducted an investigation on drugs? | [
"Who conducted an investigation on drugs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29201 | 5ad39ae3604f3c001a3fe886 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | Billions of drugs have been paid why which companies? | Billions of drugs have been paid why which companies? | [
"Billions of drugs have been paid why which companies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29202 | 5ad39ae3604f3c001a3fe887 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | How much was discovered to have been paid to drug companies by doctors? | How much was discovered to have been paid to drug companies by doctors? | [
"How much was discovered to have been paid to drug companies by doctors?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29203 | 5ad39ae3604f3c001a3fe888 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | What was the reason these doctors have to pay fines? | What was the reason these doctors have to pay fines? | [
"What was the reason these doctors have to pay fines?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29204 | 5ad39ae3604f3c001a3fe889 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | How many companies have been paid by various doctors? | How many companies have been paid by various doctors? | [
"How many companies have been paid by various doctors?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29205 | 571af72f9499d21900609bbd | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | Why are collaborative agreements important? | Why are collaborative agreements important? | [
"Why are collaborative agreements important?"
] | {
"text": [
"to explore the potential of new drug substances"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29206 | 571af72f9499d21900609bbe | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | How do large corporations show vertical integration? | How do large corporations show vertical integration? | [
"How do large corporations show vertical integration?"
] | {
"text": [
"participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29207 | 571af72f9499d21900609bbf | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | What are large companies relying on outside organizations for? | What are large companies relying on outside organizations for? | [
"What are large companies relying on outside organizations for?"
] | {
"text": [
"to manage drug development"
],
"answer_start": [
595
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29208 | 571af72f9499d21900609bc0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | What are smaller organizations responsible for? | What are smaller organizations responsible for? | [
"What are smaller organizations responsible for?"
] | {
"text": [
"focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29209 | 571d29cf5efbb31900334eba | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | What type of integration do large corporations often do? | What type of integration do large corporations often do? | [
"What type of integration do large corporations often do?"
] | {
"text": [
"vertical"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29210 | 571d29cf5efbb31900334ebb | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | What type of integration do smaller organizations do? | What type of integration do smaller organizations do? | [
"What type of integration do smaller organizations do?"
] | {
"text": [
"a specific aspect"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29211 | 571d29cf5efbb31900334ebc | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs? | What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs? | [
"What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs?"
] | {
"text": [
"collaborative agreements"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29212 | 571d29cf5efbb31900334ebd | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on? | What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on? | [
"What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on?"
] | {
"text": [
"contract research"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29213 | 5ad39125604f3c001a3fe665 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | Why is collaborative distribution important? | Why is collaborative distribution important? | [
"Why is collaborative distribution important?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29214 | 5ad39125604f3c001a3fe666 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | How do large corporations show multi-nationals integration? | How do large corporations show multi-nationals integration? | [
"How do large corporations show multi-nationals integration?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29215 | 5ad39125604f3c001a3fe667 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | What are large companies relying on outside marketing for? | What are large companies relying on outside marketing for? | [
"What are large companies relying on outside marketing for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29216 | 5ad39125604f3c001a3fe668 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | What are smaller drugs responsible for? | What are smaller drugs responsible for? | [
"What are smaller drugs responsible for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29217 | 5ad39125604f3c001a3fe669 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or... | What type of integration do large drugs often do? | What type of integration do large drugs often do? | [
"What type of integration do large drugs often do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29218 | 571af86f32177014007ea002 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | Who is the core guide? | Who is the core guide? | [
"Who is the core guide?"
] | {
"text": [
"The British National Formulary"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29219 | 571af86f32177014007ea003 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom? | Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom? | [
"Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom?"
] | {
"text": [
"Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29220 | 571af86f32177014007ea004 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | After an approval in the United States, when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries? | After an approval in the United States, when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries? | [
"After an approval in the United States, when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries?"
] | {
"text": [
"comes later"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29221 | 571af86f32177014007ea005 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | Who decides how NHS will allow drugs? | Who decides how NHS will allow drugs? | [
"Who decides how NHS will allow drugs?"
] | {
"text": [
"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29222 | 571af86f32177014007ea006 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom? | Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom? | [
"Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom?"
] | {
"text": [
"European Medicines Agency"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29223 | 571d2a97dd7acb1400e4c22c | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs? | What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs? | [
"What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29224 | 571d2a97dd7acb1400e4c22d | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | What UK organization evaluates drugs? | What UK organization evaluates drugs? | [
"What UK organization evaluates drugs? "
] | {
"text": [
"European Medicines Agency"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29225 | 571d2a97dd7acb1400e4c22e | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs? | What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs? | [
"What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs?"
] | {
"text": [
"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29226 | 571d2a97dd7acb1400e4c22f | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians? | What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians? | [
"What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians?"
] | {
"text": [
"British National Formulary"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29227 | 5ad3a053604f3c001a3fe995 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | Who is the core clinician? | Who is the core clinician? | [
"Who is the core clinician?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29228 | 5ad3a053604f3c001a3fe996 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | Who is responsible for approving drugs in the NHS? | Who is responsible for approving drugs in the NHS? | [
"Who is responsible for approving drugs in the NHS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29229 | 5ad3a053604f3c001a3fe997 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | After an approval in the UK, when does an approval occur in the NHS and other countries? | After an approval in the UK, when does an approval occur in the NHS and other countries? | [
"After an approval in the UK, when does an approval occur in the NHS and other countries?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29230 | 5ad3a053604f3c001a3fe998 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | Who decides how the USA will allow drugs? | Who decides how the USA will allow drugs? | [
"Who decides how the USA will allow drugs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29231 | 5ad3a053604f3c001a3fe999 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National... | Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United States? | Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United States? | [
"Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29232 | 571af9329499d21900609bc5 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act? | What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act? | [
"What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act?"
] | {
"text": [
"diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29233 | 571af9329499d21900609bc6 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | What is given to companies who develop drugs for "orphan diseases"? | What is given to companies who develop drugs for "orphan diseases"? | [
"What is given to companies who develop drugs for \"orphan diseases\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29234 | 571af9329499d21900609bc7 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | Why are these companies rewarded? | Why are these companies rewarded? | [
"Why are these companies rewarded?"
] | {
"text": [
"Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29235 | 571d2b4ddd7acb1400e4c234 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | What is a term for rare diseases in some territories? | What is a term for rare diseases in some territories? | [
"What is a term for rare diseases in some territories?"
] | {
"text": [
"orphan diseases"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29236 | 571d2b4ddd7acb1400e4c235 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act? | What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act? | [
"What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act?"
] | {
"text": [
"fewer than 200,000 patients"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29237 | 571d2b4ddd7acb1400e4c236 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs? | What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs? | [
"What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs?"
] | {
"text": [
"tax reductions"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29238 | 571d2b4ddd7acb1400e4c237 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug? | What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug? | [
"What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug?"
] | {
"text": [
"seven years"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29239 | 5ad3a4c6604f3c001a3fea95 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | What is subject to patients in the United States? | What is subject to patients in the United States? | [
"What is subject to patients in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29240 | 5ad3a4c6604f3c001a3fea96 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | What is given to companies who develop rules for "orphan diseases"? | What is given to companies who develop rules for "orphan diseases"? | [
"What is given to companies who develop rules for \"orphan diseases\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29241 | 5ad3a4c6604f3c001a3fea97 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | Why are these rules rewarded? | Why are these rules rewarded? | [
"Why are these rules rewarded?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29242 | 5ad3a4c6604f3c001a3fea98 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | What is a term for rare rules in some territories? | What is a term for rare rules in some territories? | [
"What is a term for rare rules in some territories?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29243 | 5ad3a4c6604f3c001a3fea99 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | What size of disease populations are subject to patents? | What size of disease populations are subject to patents? | [
"What size of disease populations are subject to patents?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29244 | 571af9889499d21900609bcb | Pharmaceutical_industry | Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees bet... | Who argued against regulators? | Who argued against regulators? | [
"Who argued against regulators?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ben Goldacre"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29245 | 571d3ae3dd7acb1400e4c25c | Pharmaceutical_industry | Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees bet... | Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients? | Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients? | [
"Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ben Goldacre"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29246 | 571d3ae3dd7acb1400e4c25d | Pharmaceutical_industry | Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees bet... | The business friendships between which parties have been criticized? | The business friendships between which parties have been criticized? | [
"The business friendships between which parties have been criticized?"
] | {
"text": [
"regulator and company employees"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29247 | 571d3ae3dd7acb1400e4c25e | Pharmaceutical_industry | Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees bet... | Goldacre argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all? | Goldacre argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all? | [
"Goldacre argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all?"
] | {
"text": [
"regulators"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29248 | 5ad3ad2f604f3c001a3febe5 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees bet... | Who argued against the public? | Who argued against the public? | [
"Who argued against the public?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29249 | 5ad3ad2f604f3c001a3febe6 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees bet... | Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of patients than the drug companies? | Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of patients than the drug companies? | [
"Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of patients than the drug companies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29250 | 5ad3ad2f604f3c001a3febe7 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees bet... | The business friendships between which parties have been praised? | The business friendships between which parties have been praised? | [
"The business friendships between which parties have been praised?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29251 | 5ad3ad2f604f3c001a3febe8 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees bet... | The FDA argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all? | The FDA argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all? | [
"The FDA argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29252 | 5ad3ad2f604f3c001a3febe9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Ben Goldacre has argued that regulators – such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK, or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States – advance the interests of the drug companies rather than the interests of the public due to revolving door exchange of employees bet... | Who argues that regulators do not require that new regulators offer an improvement? | Who argues that regulators do not require that new regulators offer an improvement? | [
"Who argues that regulators do not require that new regulators offer an improvement?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29253 | 571d2c3b5efbb31900334ec2 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question rather than their efficacy. In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circum... | NICE decides the availability of drugs in which two countries? | NICE decides the availability of drugs in which two countries? | [
"NICE decides the availability of drugs in which two countries?"
] | {
"text": [
"England and Wales"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29254 | 571d2c3b5efbb31900334ec3 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question rather than their efficacy. In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circum... | What is the name of the organization in Scotland that decides the availability of drugs? | What is the name of the organization in Scotland that decides the availability of drugs? | [
"What is the name of the organization in Scotland that decides the availability of drugs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Scottish Medicines Consortium"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29255 | 571d2c3b5efbb31900334ec4 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question rather than their efficacy. In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circum... | What threshold must a drug pass before it is approved? | What threshold must a drug pass before it is approved? | [
"What threshold must a drug pass before it is approved?"
] | {
"text": [
"cost-effectiveness"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29256 | 5ad3a314604f3c001a3fea45 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question rather than their efficacy. In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circum... | QALY decides the availability of drugs in which two countries? | QALY decides the availability of drugs in which two countries? | [
"QALY decides the availability of drugs in which two countries?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29257 | 5ad3a314604f3c001a3fea46 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question rather than their efficacy. In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circum... | What is the name of the organization in Wales that decides the availability of drugs? | What is the name of the organization in Wales that decides the availability of drugs? | [
"What is the name of the organization in Wales that decides the availability of drugs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29258 | 5ad3a314604f3c001a3fea47 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question rather than their efficacy. In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circum... | What threshold must a Wales pass before it is approved? | What threshold must a Wales pass before it is approved? | [
"What threshold must a Wales pass before it is approved?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29259 | 5ad3a314604f3c001a3fea48 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question rather than their efficacy. In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circum... | Where does QALY decide whether decide in what circumstances drugs and technologies will be made available? | Where does QALY decide whether decide in what circumstances drugs and technologies will be made available? | [
"Where does QALY decide whether decide in what circumstances drugs and technologies will be made available?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29260 | 5ad3a314604f3c001a3fea49 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question rather than their efficacy. In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circum... | What must the NHS do in order to be approved? | What must the NHS do in order to be approved? | [
"What must the NHS do in order to be approved?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29261 | 571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c23c | Pharmaceutical_industry | The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abil... | How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013? | How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013? | [
"How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013?"
] | {
"text": [
"$75.6 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29262 | 571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c23d | Pharmaceutical_industry | The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abil... | What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013? | What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013? | [
"What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013?"
] | {
"text": [
"Humira"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29263 | 571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c23e | Pharmaceutical_industry | The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abil... | What was the bestselling drug in history? | What was the bestselling drug in history? | [
"What was the bestselling drug in history?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lipitor"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29264 | 571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c23f | Pharmaceutical_industry | The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abil... | How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired? | How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired? | [
"How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired?"
] | {
"text": [
"$141 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29265 | 571d2ccfdd7acb1400e4c240 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abil... | In what year did Pfizer's patent over Lipitor expire? | In what year did Pfizer's patent over Lipitor expire? | [
"In what year did Pfizer's patent over Lipitor expire?"
] | {
"text": [
"2011"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29266 | 5ad3a5d0604f3c001a3feaa9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abil... | How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2011? | How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2011? | [
"How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2011?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29267 | 5ad3a5d0604f3c001a3feaaa | Pharmaceutical_industry | The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abil... | What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2011? | What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2011? | [
"What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2011?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29268 | 5ad3a5d0604f3c001a3feaab | Pharmaceutical_industry | The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abil... | What was the bestselling drug in 2011? | What was the bestselling drug in 2011? | [
"What was the bestselling drug in 2011?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29269 | 5ad3a5d0604f3c001a3feaac | Pharmaceutical_industry | The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abil... | How much money did Lipitor make after the patent expired? | How much money did Lipitor make after the patent expired? | [
"How much money did Lipitor make after the patent expired?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29270 | 5ad3a5d0604f3c001a3feaad | Pharmaceutical_industry | The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abil... | In what year did Humira's patent over Lipitor expire? | In what year did Humira's patent over Lipitor expire? | [
"In what year did Humira's patent over Lipitor expire?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29271 | 571d2dbf5efbb31900334ec8 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities gran... | How long do drug exclusivity rights usually last? | How long do drug exclusivity rights usually last? | [
"How long do drug exclusivity rights usually last?"
] | {
"text": [
"20 years"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29272 | 571d2dbf5efbb31900334ec9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities gran... | Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years? | Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years? | [
"Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years?"
] | {
"text": [
"10 to 15 years on average"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29273 | 571d2dbf5efbb31900334eca | Pharmaceutical_industry | Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities gran... | What enables a drug's owner to recover R&D costs? | What enables a drug's owner to recover R&D costs? | [
"What enables a drug's owner to recover R&D costs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Patent protection"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29274 | 571d2dbf5efbb31900334ecb | Pharmaceutical_industry | Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities gran... | What kind of drug is produced by competitors once a patent expires? | What kind of drug is produced by competitors once a patent expires? | [
"What kind of drug is produced by competitors once a patent expires?"
] | {
"text": [
"generic"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29275 | 571d2dbf5efbb31900334ecc | Pharmaceutical_industry | Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities gran... | What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's "golden era"? | What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's "golden era"? | [
"What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's \"golden era\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"1990s"
],
"answer_start": [
1034
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29276 | 5ad3a6d2604f3c001a3feabf | Pharmaceutical_industry | Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities gran... | How long do company exclusivity rights usually last? | How long do company exclusivity rights usually last? | [
"How long do company exclusivity rights usually last?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29277 | 5ad3a6d2604f3c001a3feac0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities gran... | Governments grant permission to market companies after how many years? | Governments grant permission to market companies after how many years? | [
"Governments grant permission to market companies after how many years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29278 | 5ad3a6d2604f3c001a3feac1 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities gran... | What enables a drug's owner to recover patent costs? | What enables a drug's owner to recover patent costs? | [
"What enables a drug's owner to recover patent costs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29279 | 5ad3a6d2604f3c001a3feac2 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities gran... | What kind of drug is produced by competitors once an industry expires? | What kind of drug is produced by competitors once an industry expires? | [
"What kind of drug is produced by competitors once an industry expires?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29280 | 5ad3a6d2604f3c001a3feac3 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities gran... | What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's "drug era"? | What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's "drug era"? | [
"What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's \"drug era\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29281 | 571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c246 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US? | The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US? | [
"The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US?"
] | {
"text": [
"Food and Drug Administration"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29282 | 571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c247 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | What type of filing is used before beginning human trials? | What type of filing is used before beginning human trials? | [
"What type of filing is used before beginning human trials?"
] | {
"text": [
"Investigational New Drug"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29283 | 571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c248 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval? | How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval? | [
"How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29284 | 571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c249 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials? | What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials? | [
"What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials?"
] | {
"text": [
"New Drug Application"
],
"answer_start": [
667
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29285 | 571d2eafdd7acb1400e4c24a | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market? | What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market? | [
"What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market?"
] | {
"text": [
"positive benefit-risk"
],
"answer_start": [
776
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29286 | 5ad39f27604f3c001a3fe941 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | What organization in the US must approve the safety and efficacy of testing? | What organization in the US must approve the safety and efficacy of testing? | [
"What organization in the US must approve the safety and efficacy of testing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29287 | 5ad39f27604f3c001a3fe942 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | What type of filing is used before beginning risk assessment? | What type of filing is used before beginning risk assessment? | [
"What type of filing is used before beginning risk assessment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29288 | 5ad39f27604f3c001a3fe943 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | How many phases of human trials may be done after review? | How many phases of human trials may be done after review? | [
"How many phases of human trials may be done after review?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29289 | 5ad39f27604f3c001a3fe944 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | What type of application is filed after completing three phases of products? | What type of application is filed after completing three phases of products? | [
"What type of application is filed after completing three phases of products?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29290 | 5ad39f27604f3c001a3fe945 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on to studies? | What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on to studies? | [
"What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on to studies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29291 | 571d2f3bdd7acb1400e4c250 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often called 'drug reps' or, an older term, 'detail men') to market direc... | "Drug reps" are usually hired by what type of firms? | "Drug reps" are usually hired by what type of firms? | [
"\"Drug reps\" are usually hired by what type of firms?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pharmaceutical companies"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29292 | 571d2f3bdd7acb1400e4c251 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often called 'drug reps' or, an older term, 'detail men') to market direc... | What law regulates drug marketing in the US? | What law regulates drug marketing in the US? | [
"What law regulates drug marketing in the US?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29293 | 571d2f3bdd7acb1400e4c252 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often called 'drug reps' or, an older term, 'detail men') to market direc... | Who do drug reps market to? | Who do drug reps market to? | [
"Who do drug reps market to?"
] | {
"text": [
"directly and personally to physicians"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29294 | 5ad3a829604f3c001a3feae7 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often called 'drug reps' or, an older term, 'detail men') to market direc... | "US reps" are usually hired by what type of firms? | "US reps" are usually hired by what type of firms? | [
"\"US reps\" are usually hired by what type of firms?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29295 | 5ad3a829604f3c001a3feae8 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often called 'drug reps' or, an older term, 'detail men') to market direc... | What law regulates drug marketing in some countries? | What law regulates drug marketing in some countries? | [
"What law regulates drug marketing in some countries?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29296 | 5ad3a829604f3c001a3feae9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often called 'drug reps' or, an older term, 'detail men') to market direc... | Who do US reps market to? | Who do US reps market to? | [
"Who do US reps market to? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29297 | 5ad3a829604f3c001a3feaea | Pharmaceutical_industry | Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often called 'drug reps' or, an older term, 'detail men') to market direc... | Who do US companies generally employ? | Who do US companies generally employ? | [
"Who do US companies generally employ?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29298 | 5ad3a829604f3c001a3feaeb | Pharmaceutical_industry | Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ sales people (often called 'drug reps' or, an older term, 'detail men') to market direc... | What is marketing of media in the US regulated by? | What is marketing of media in the US regulated by? | [
"What is marketing of media in the US regulated by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29299 | 571d34cadd7acb1400e4c256 | Pharmaceutical_industry | There has been increasing controversy surrounding pharmaceutical marketing and influence. There have been accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps, including the constant provision of marketing 'gifts' and biased information to health professionals; highly preval... | Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals? | Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals? | [
"Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals?"
] | {
"text": [
"'gifts' and biased information"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
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