gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-29000 | 571d3d015efbb31900334eda | Pharmaceutical_industry | Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease. A 2012 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and T... | What is excessive drug regulation said to suppress? | What is excessive drug regulation said to suppress? | [
"What is excessive drug regulation said to suppress?"
] | {
"text": [
"therapeutic innovation"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29001 | 571d3d015efbb31900334edb | Pharmaceutical_industry | Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease. A 2012 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and T... | In what year was a report made to reduce the burdens of drug development? | In what year was a report made to reduce the burdens of drug development? | [
"In what year was a report made to reduce the burdens of drug development?"
] | {
"text": [
"2012"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29002 | 571d3d015efbb31900334edc | Pharmaceutical_industry | Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease. A 2012 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and T... | What was argued to be holding back new knowledge for treating diseases? | What was argued to be holding back new knowledge for treating diseases? | [
"What was argued to be holding back new knowledge for treating diseases?"
] | {
"text": [
"current cost of regulator-required clinical trials"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29003 | 5ad3adf5604f3c001a3fec29 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease. A 2012 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and T... | Who put out a report in 2011? | Who put out a report in 2011? | [
"Who put out a report in 2011?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29004 | 5ad3adf5604f3c001a3fec2a | Pharmaceutical_industry | Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease. A 2012 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and T... | What has been argued restricted population? | What has been argued restricted population? | [
"What has been argued restricted population?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29005 | 5ad3adf5604f3c001a3fec2b | Pharmaceutical_industry | Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease. A 2012 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and T... | What was a recommendation brought about from human disease? | What was a recommendation brought about from human disease? | [
"What was a recommendation brought about from human disease?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29006 | 5ad3adf5604f3c001a3fec2c | Pharmaceutical_industry | Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease. A 2012 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and T... | What is one thing excessive development causes? | What is one thing excessive development causes? | [
"What is one thing excessive development causes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29007 | 5ad3adf5604f3c001a3fec2d | Pharmaceutical_industry | Others have argued that excessive regulation suppresses therapeutic innovation, and that the current cost of regulator-required clinical trials prevents the full exploitation of new genetic and biological knowledge for the treatment of human disease. A 2012 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and T... | What can be used to evaluate new human diseases? | What can be used to evaluate new human diseases? | [
"What can be used to evaluate new human diseases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29008 | 571ad0d09499d21900609b3d | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | Who discovered Hydralazine? | Who discovered Hydralazine? | [
"Who discovered Hydralazine?"
] | {
"text": [
"researchers at Ciba"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29009 | 571ad0d09499d21900609b3e | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | Why were the researchers recognized in 1975? | Why were the researchers recognized in 1975? | [
"Why were the researchers recognized in 1975?"
] | {
"text": [
"the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension"
],
"answer_start": [
600
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29010 | 571ad0d09499d21900609b3f | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | Who developed Chlorothiazide? | Who developed Chlorothiazide? | [
"Who developed Chlorothiazide?"
] | {
"text": [
"Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29011 | 571ad0d09499d21900609b40 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | What is Chlorothiazide used to treat? | What is Chlorothiazide used to treat? | [
"What is Chlorothiazide used to treat?"
] | {
"text": [
"hypertension"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29012 | 571ad0d09499d21900609b41 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine? | What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine? | [
"What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine?"
] | {
"text": [
"lost its effectiveness over time"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29013 | 571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f4 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | What was the name of the first oral vasodilator? | What was the name of the first oral vasodilator? | [
"What was the name of the first oral vasodilator?"
] | {
"text": [
"hydralazine"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29014 | 571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f5 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | What is the most used antihypertensive drug today? | What is the most used antihypertensive drug today? | [
"What is the most used antihypertensive drug today?"
] | {
"text": [
"chlorothiazide"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29015 | 571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f6 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975? | Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975? | [
"Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975?"
] | {
"text": [
"Public Health Lasker Award"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29016 | 571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f7 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | In what year was hydralazine discovered? | In what year was hydralazine discovered? | [
"In what year was hydralazine discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"1952"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29017 | 571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f8 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease? | Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease? | [
"Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease?"
] | {
"text": [
"hypertension"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29018 | 5ad37580604f3c001a3fe301 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | Who discovered Lasker? | Who discovered Lasker? | [
"Who discovered Lasker?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29019 | 5ad37580604f3c001a3fe302 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | Why were the researchers recognized in 1952? | Why were the researchers recognized in 1952? | [
"Why were the researchers recognized in 1952?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29020 | 5ad37580604f3c001a3fe303 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | who developed Ciba? | who developed Ciba? | [
"who developed Ciba?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29021 | 5ad37580604f3c001a3fe304 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | What is Ciba used to treat? | What is Ciba used to treat? | [
"What is Ciba used to treat?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29022 | 5ad37580604f3c001a3fe305 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | What was the main shortcoming in the drug Ciba? | What was the main shortcoming in the drug Ciba? | [
"What was the main shortcoming in the drug Ciba?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29023 | 571adbce32177014007e9f4c | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | Who led the congressional hearings? | Who led the congressional hearings? | [
"Who led the congressional hearings?"
] | {
"text": [
"Senator Estes Kefauver"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29024 | 571adbce32177014007e9f4d | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | What act needed provisions? | What act needed provisions? | [
"What act needed provisions?"
] | {
"text": [
"FD&C"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29025 | 571adbce32177014007e9f4e | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | What were the major issues that needed to be addressed? | What were the major issues that needed to be addressed? | [
"What were the major issues that needed to be addressed?"
] | {
"text": [
"advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29026 | 571adbce32177014007e9f4f | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | What caused a need for more regulation? | What caused a need for more regulation? | [
"What caused a need for more regulation?"
] | {
"text": [
"a new tragedy emerged"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29027 | 571adbce32177014007e9f50 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | When did this push occur? | When did this push occur? | [
"When did this push occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"1959"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29028 | 571d0ddb5efbb31900334e88 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act? | Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act? | [
"Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act?"
] | {
"text": [
"FD&C"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29029 | 571d0ddb5efbb31900334e89 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959? | Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959? | [
"Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959?"
] | {
"text": [
"Senator Estes Kefauver"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29030 | 571d0ddb5efbb31900334e8a | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals? | Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals? | [
"Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals?"
] | {
"text": [
"greater"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29031 | 5ad379e5604f3c001a3fe3bb | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | Who led the congressional passages? | Who led the congressional passages? | [
"Who led the congressional passages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29032 | 5ad379e5604f3c001a3fe3bc | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | What congress needed provisions? | What congress needed provisions? | [
"What congress needed provisions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29033 | 5ad379e5604f3c001a3fe3bd | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | What were the major issues that needed to be revised? | What were the major issues that needed to be revised? | [
"What were the major issues that needed to be revised?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29034 | 5ad379e5604f3c001a3fe3be | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | What caused a need for more industry? | What caused a need for more industry? | [
"What caused a need for more industry?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29035 | 5ad379e5604f3c001a3fe3bf | Pharmaceutical_industry | In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum ... | When did questionable efficacy occur? | When did questionable efficacy occur? | [
"When did questionable efficacy occur?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29036 | 571adceb9499d21900609b5b | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | What did the first measles prevent in it's first 20 years? | What did the first measles prevent in it's first 20 years? | [
"What did the first measles prevent in it's first 20 years?"
] | {
"text": [
"an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29037 | 571adceb9499d21900609b5c | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | Who originally created the measles vaccine? | Who originally created the measles vaccine? | [
"Who originally created the measles vaccine?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Franklin Enders"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29038 | 571adceb9499d21900609b5d | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of the measles vaccine? | How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of the measles vaccine? | [
"How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of the measles vaccine?"
] | {
"text": [
">95%"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29039 | 571adceb9499d21900609b5e | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | When did the Rubella vaccine come out? | When did the Rubella vaccine come out? | [
"When did the Rubella vaccine come out?"
] | {
"text": [
"1969"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29040 | 571adceb9499d21900609b5f | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | Who recreated the measles vaccine? | Who recreated the measles vaccine? | [
"Who recreated the measles vaccine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Maurice Hilleman"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29041 | 571d0e925efbb31900334e8e | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | In what year was the measles vaccine made? | In what year was the measles vaccine made? | [
"In what year was the measles vaccine made?"
] | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29042 | 571d0e925efbb31900334e8f | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | Who helped refine the measles vaccine? | Who helped refine the measles vaccine? | [
"Who helped refine the measles vaccine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Maurice Hilleman"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29043 | 571d0e925efbb31900334e90 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | In what year was the mumps vaccine made? | In what year was the mumps vaccine made? | [
"In what year was the mumps vaccine made?"
] | {
"text": [
"1967"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29044 | 571d0e925efbb31900334e91 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | How much did rubella, measles, and mumps infections drop after vaccination? | How much did rubella, measles, and mumps infections drop after vaccination? | [
"How much did rubella, measles, and mumps infections drop after vaccination?"
] | {
"text": [
">95%"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29045 | 571d0e925efbb31900334e92 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | Measles vaccinations helped prevent how many estimated cases of the illness? | Measles vaccinations helped prevent how many estimated cases of the illness? | [
"Measles vaccinations helped prevent how many estimated cases of the illness?"
] | {
"text": [
"52 million"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29046 | 5ad374ab604f3c001a3fe2cf | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | What did the first measles prevent in its first 10 years? | What did the first measles prevent in its first 10 years? | [
"What did the first measles prevent in its first 10 years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29047 | 5ad374ab604f3c001a3fe2d0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | Who originally created rubella? | Who originally created rubella? | [
"Who originally created rubella?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29048 | 5ad374ab604f3c001a3fe2d1 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of rubella? | How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of rubella? | [
"How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of rubella?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29049 | 5ad374ab604f3c001a3fe2d2 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | When did measles come out? | When did measles come out? | [
"When did measles come out?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29050 | 5ad374ab604f3c001a3fe2d3 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Other notable new vaccines of the period include those for measles (1962, John Franklin Enders of Children's Medical Center Boston, later refined by Maurice Hilleman at Merck), Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, measles... | Who recreated measles? | Who recreated measles? | [
"Who recreated measles?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29051 | 571addd39499d21900609b65 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment become a law? | When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment become a law? | [
"When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment become a law?"
] | {
"text": [
"10 October 1962"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29052 | 571addd39499d21900609b66 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | What did this new law require? | What did this new law require? | [
"What did this new law require?"
] | {
"text": [
"all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29053 | 571addd39499d21900609b67 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | What did the National Academy of Science's study discover? | What did the National Academy of Science's study discover? | [
"What did the National Academy of Science's study discover?"
] | {
"text": [
"nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29054 | 571addd39499d21900609b68 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | How long after the National Academy of Science's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur? | How long after the National Academy of Science's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur? | [
"How long after the National Academy of Science's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"ten years later"
],
"answer_start": [
705
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29055 | 571addd39499d21900609b69 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | What brought up enhancement of drug regulations? | What brought up enhancement of drug regulations? | [
"What brought up enhancement of drug regulations?"
] | {
"text": [
"The thalidomide tragedy"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29056 | 571d10085efbb31900334e98 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law? | When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law? | [
"When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law?"
] | {
"text": [
"10 October 1962"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29057 | 571d10085efbb31900334e99 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | What federal agency regulated the advertising of prescription drugs? | What federal agency regulated the advertising of prescription drugs? | [
"What federal agency regulated the advertising of prescription drugs?"
] | {
"text": [
"FDA"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29058 | 571d10085efbb31900334e9a | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market? | Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market? | [
"Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market?"
] | {
"text": [
"1938 and 1962"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29059 | 571d10085efbb31900334e9b | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | What percentage of drugs were shown to be ineffective after an FDA study? | What percentage of drugs were shown to be ineffective after an FDA study? | [
"What percentage of drugs were shown to be ineffective after an FDA study?"
] | {
"text": [
"40 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29060 | 5ad37ba5604f3c001a3fe3fd | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | When did the FDA Amendment become a law? | When did the FDA Amendment become a law? | [
"When did the FDA Amendment become a law?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29061 | 5ad37ba5604f3c001a3fe3fe | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | What did this new law prohibit? | What did this new law prohibit? | [
"What did this new law prohibit?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29062 | 5ad37ba5604f3c001a3fe3ff | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | What did the FDA study discover? | What did the FDA study discover? | [
"What did the FDA study discover?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29063 | 5ad37ba5604f3c001a3fe400 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | How long after the FDA's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur? | How long after the FDA's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur? | [
"How long after the FDA's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29064 | 5ad37ba5604f3c001a3fe401 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA receiv... | What brought up enhancement of Congress regulations? | What brought up enhancement of Congress regulations? | [
"What brought up enhancement of Congress regulations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29065 | 571ade8e32177014007e9f64 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon? | How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon? | [
"How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon?"
] | {
"text": [
"Over 20,000"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29066 | 571ade8e32177014007e9f65 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | When was the drug taken off shelves in Germany? | When was the drug taken off shelves in Germany? | [
"When was the drug taken off shelves in Germany?"
] | {
"text": [
"November 1961"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29067 | 571ade8e32177014007e9f66 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | How many newborns were born with issues due to Kevadon? | How many newborns were born with issues due to Kevadon? | [
"How many newborns were born with issues due to Kevadon?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 17"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29068 | 571ade8e32177014007e9f67 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | How was Kevadon distributed to doctors? | How was Kevadon distributed to doctors? | [
"How was Kevadon distributed to doctors?"
] | {
"text": [
"under the guise of investigational use"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29069 | 571ade8e32177014007e9f68 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | Why was this drug pulled off shelves? | Why was this drug pulled off shelves? | [
"Why was this drug pulled off shelves?"
] | {
"text": [
"association with grave congenital abnormalities"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29070 | 571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c1fe | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | In what year was thalidomide banned in Germany? | In what year was thalidomide banned in Germany? | [
"In what year was thalidomide banned in Germany?"
] | {
"text": [
"1961"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29071 | 571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c1ff | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | What adverse effect was thalidomide associated with? | What adverse effect was thalidomide associated with? | [
"What adverse effect was thalidomide associated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"congenital abnormalities"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29072 | 571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c200 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | Thalidomide was distributed in the USA by what name? | Thalidomide was distributed in the USA by what name? | [
"Thalidomide was distributed in the USA by what name?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kevadon"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29073 | 571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c201 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | About how many Americans received thalidomide in a supposed study? | About how many Americans received thalidomide in a supposed study? | [
"About how many Americans received thalidomide in a supposed study?"
] | {
"text": [
"Over 20,000"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29074 | 571d11b4dd7acb1400e4c202 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | How many newborn American babies were affected by thalidomide? | How many newborn American babies were affected by thalidomide? | [
"How many newborn American babies were affected by thalidomide?"
] | {
"text": [
"17"
],
"answer_start": [
561
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29075 | 5ad37aff604f3c001a3fe3e5 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | How many Americans were given the drug thalidomide? | How many Americans were given the drug thalidomide? | [
"How many Americans were given the drug thalidomide?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29076 | 5ad37aff604f3c001a3fe3e6 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | When was the drug taken off shelves in the USA? | When was the drug taken off shelves in the USA? | [
"When was the drug taken off shelves in the USA?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29077 | 5ad37aff604f3c001a3fe3e7 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | How many newborns were born with issues due to Germany? | How many newborns were born with issues due to Germany? | [
"How many newborns were born with issues due to Germany?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29078 | 5ad37aff604f3c001a3fe3e8 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | How was Kevadon distributed to the USA? | How was Kevadon distributed to the USA? | [
"How was Kevadon distributed to the USA?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29079 | 5ad37aff604f3c001a3fe3e9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | Why was this drug put on shelves? | Why was this drug put on shelves? | [
"Why was this drug put on shelves?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29080 | 571ae0179499d21900609b79 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | What law prohibited birth control? | What law prohibited birth control? | [
"What law prohibited birth control?"
] | {
"text": [
"Comstock laws"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29081 | 571ae0179499d21900609b7a | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | When was Enovid first approved? | When was Enovid first approved? | [
"When was Enovid first approved?"
] | {
"text": [
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29082 | 571ae0179499d21900609b7b | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | What increased due to the availability of birth control? | What increased due to the availability of birth control? | [
"What increased due to the availability of birth control?"
] | {
"text": [
"pre-marital co-habitation"
],
"answer_start": [
1184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29083 | 571ae0179499d21900609b7c | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | In 1965, how many women were on the birth control pill? | In 1965, how many women were on the birth control pill? | [
"In 1965, how many women were on the birth control pill?"
] | {
"text": [
"6.5 million"
],
"answer_start": [
879
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29084 | 571ae0179499d21900609b7d | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | Who created the first oral birth control? | Who created the first oral birth control? | [
"Who created the first oral birth control?"
] | {
"text": [
"E.D. Searle and Co"
],
"answer_start": [
613
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29085 | 571d128ddd7acb1400e4c208 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | Discussing contraception sometimes led to prosecution under what laws? | Discussing contraception sometimes led to prosecution under what laws? | [
"Discussing contraception sometimes led to prosecution under what laws?"
] | {
"text": [
"Comstock laws"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29086 | 571d128ddd7acb1400e4c209 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | What was the name of the first oral contraceptive? | What was the name of the first oral contraceptive? | [
"What was the name of the first oral contraceptive?"
] | {
"text": [
"Enovid"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29087 | 571d128ddd7acb1400e4c20a | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | When did the FDA approve Enovid? | When did the FDA approve Enovid? | [
"When did the FDA approve Enovid?"
] | {
"text": [
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29088 | 571d128ddd7acb1400e4c20b | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | By 1965, about how many American women were taking Enovid? | By 1965, about how many American women were taking Enovid? | [
"By 1965, about how many American women were taking Enovid?"
] | {
"text": [
"6.5 million"
],
"answer_start": [
879
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29089 | 571d128ddd7acb1400e4c20c | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | Birth control was prohibited in most countries before what war? | Birth control was prohibited in most countries before what war? | [
"Birth control was prohibited in most countries before what war?"
] | {
"text": [
"second world war"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29090 | 5ad377e5604f3c001a3fe383 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | What law prohibited severe pills? | What law prohibited severe pills? | [
"What law prohibited severe pills?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29091 | 5ad377e5604f3c001a3fe384 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | When was Colton first approved? | When was Colton first approved? | [
"When was Colton first approved?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29092 | 5ad377e5604f3c001a3fe385 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | What increased due to the availability of severe pills? | What increased due to the availability of severe pills? | [
"What increased due to the availability of severe pills?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29093 | 5ad377e5604f3c001a3fe386 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | In 1965, how many women were on the severe pill? | In 1965, how many women were on the severe pill? | [
"In 1965, how many women were on the severe pill?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29094 | 5ad377e5604f3c001a3fe387 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts ... | Who created the first marriage control? | Who created the first marriage control? | [
"Who created the first marriage control?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29095 | 571ae17b32177014007e9f80 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | Who received the Laser-Debakey Clinical Medical Research Aware? | Who received the Laser-Debakey Clinical Medical Research Aware? | [
"Who received the Laser-Debakey Clinical Medical Research Aware?"
] | {
"text": [
"Endo"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29096 | 571ae17b32177014007e9f81 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | How much money did Merk make in 1995? | How much money did Merk make in 1995? | [
"How much money did Merk make in 1995?"
] | {
"text": [
"over US$1 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29097 | 571ae17b32177014007e9f82 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | How many patients received Zocor? | How many patients received Zocor? | [
"How many patients received Zocor?"
] | {
"text": [
"4,444"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29098 | 571ae17b32177014007e9f83 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | What study did Merk sponsor in 1994? | What study did Merk sponsor in 1994? | [
"What study did Merk sponsor in 1994?"
] | {
"text": [
"Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29099 | 571ae17b32177014007e9f84 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | What did the study reveal after 5 years? | What did the study reveal after 5 years? | [
"What did the study reveal after 5 years?"
] | {
"text": [
"a 35% reduction in their cholesterol, and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42%"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
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