gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-29100 | 571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c212 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | What was the brand name of simvastatin? | What was the brand name of simvastatin? | [
"What was the brand name of simvastatin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zocor"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29101 | 571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c213 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | Patients treated with Zocor had their cholesterol reduced by how much? | Patients treated with Zocor had their cholesterol reduced by how much? | [
"Patients treated with Zocor had their cholesterol reduced by how much?"
] | {
"text": [
"35%"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29102 | 571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c214 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | How much did Zocor reduce the chance of dying from a heart attack? | How much did Zocor reduce the chance of dying from a heart attack? | [
"How much did Zocor reduce the chance of dying from a heart attack?"
] | {
"text": [
"42%"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29103 | 571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c215 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | How much money did Merck make from sales of Zocor and Mevacor? | How much money did Merck make from sales of Zocor and Mevacor? | [
"How much money did Merck make from sales of Zocor and Mevacor?"
] | {
"text": [
"over US$1 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29104 | 571d13cbdd7acb1400e4c216 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | Endo received what award in 2008? | Endo received what award in 2008? | [
"Endo received what award in 2008?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29105 | 5ad38c22604f3c001a3fe5bd | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | Who received the Zocor Research Reward? | Who received the Zocor Research Reward? | [
"Who received the Zocor Research Reward?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29106 | 5ad38c22604f3c001a3fe5be | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | How much money did Simvastatin make in 1995? | How much money did Simvastatin make in 1995? | [
"How much money did Simvastatin make in 1995?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29107 | 5ad38c22604f3c001a3fe5bf | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | How many patients received Simvastatin? | How many patients received Simvastatin? | [
"How many patients received Simvastatin?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29108 | 5ad38c22604f3c001a3fe5c0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | What study did Merk sponsor in 2008? | What study did Merk sponsor in 2008? | [
"What study did Merk sponsor in 2008?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29109 | 5ad38c22604f3c001a3fe5c1 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In April 1994, the results of a Merck-sponsored study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, were announced. Researchers tested simvastatin, later sold by Merck as Zocor, on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease. After five years, the study concluded the patients saw a 35% reduction in their cho... | What did the study reveal after 2 years? | What did the study reveal after 2 years? | [
"What did the study reveal after 2 years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29110 | 571ae2c632177014007e9f94 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | What is a drug discovery? | What is a drug discovery? | [
"What is a drug discovery?"
] | {
"text": [
"the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29111 | 571ae2c632177014007e9f95 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | Who is usually responsible for early stages of drug discovery? | Who is usually responsible for early stages of drug discovery? | [
"Who is usually responsible for early stages of drug discovery?"
] | {
"text": [
"universities and research institutions"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29112 | 571ae2c632177014007e9f96 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | What is used to manipulate pathways? | What is used to manipulate pathways? | [
"What is used to manipulate pathways?"
] | {
"text": [
"molecular biology or biochemistry"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29113 | 571ae2c632177014007e9f97 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | What is involved in drug discovery? | What is involved in drug discovery? | [
"What is involved in drug discovery?"
] | {
"text": [
"isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29114 | 571ae2c632177014007e9f98 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | What focuses on metabolic pathways? | What focuses on metabolic pathways? | [
"What focuses on metabolic pathways?"
] | {
"text": [
"biotechnology"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29115 | 571d14aa5efbb31900334ea0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | What is the name of the process in which possible drugs are discovered? | What is the name of the process in which possible drugs are discovered? | [
"What is the name of the process in which possible drugs are discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"Drug discovery"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29116 | 571d14aa5efbb31900334ea1 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | What groups carry out most early drug discoveries? | What groups carry out most early drug discoveries? | [
"What groups carry out most early drug discoveries?"
] | {
"text": [
"research institutions"
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29117 | 571d14aa5efbb31900334ea2 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | What kind of technology studies the understanding and manipulation of disease states and pathogens? | What kind of technology studies the understanding and manipulation of disease states and pathogens? | [
"What kind of technology studies the understanding and manipulation of disease states and pathogens?"
] | {
"text": [
"biotechnology"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29118 | 571d14aa5efbb31900334ea3 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | Most drugs have been found by isolating what from traditional remedies? | Most drugs have been found by isolating what from traditional remedies? | [
"Most drugs have been found by isolating what from traditional remedies?"
] | {
"text": [
"active ingredient"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29119 | 5ad38d67604f3c001a3fe5e5 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | What is a remedy discovery? | What is a remedy discovery? | [
"What is a remedy discovery?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29120 | 5ad38d67604f3c001a3fe5e6 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | Who is usually responsible for early stages of remedy discovery? | Who is usually responsible for early stages of remedy discovery? | [
"Who is usually responsible for early stages of remedy discovery?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29121 | 5ad38d67604f3c001a3fe5e7 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | What is used to manipulate institutions? | What is used to manipulate institutions? | [
"What is used to manipulate institutions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29122 | 5ad38d67604f3c001a3fe5e8 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | What is involved in remedy discovery? | What is involved in remedy discovery? | [
"What is involved in remedy discovery?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29123 | 5ad38d67604f3c001a3fe5e9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | What focuses on early-stage pathways? | What focuses on early-stage pathways? | [
"What focuses on early-stage pathways?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29124 | 571ae4719499d21900609b8d | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | How much does it cost to develop a new drug? | How much does it cost to develop a new drug? | [
"How much does it cost to develop a new drug?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 1.3 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
1038
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29125 | 571ae4719499d21900609b8e | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | How many approvals of new drugs happen every year? | How many approvals of new drugs happen every year? | [
"How many approvals of new drugs happen every year?"
] | {
"text": [
"averaged 22.9 approvals"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29126 | 571ae4719499d21900609b8f | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs? | Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs? | [
"Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29127 | 571ae4719499d21900609b90 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | How many drugs were approved in 2007? | How many drugs were approved in 2007? | [
"How many drugs were approved in 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"18 approvals"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29128 | 571ae4719499d21900609b91 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | Who reported the stable average rate in 2012? | Who reported the stable average rate in 2012? | [
"Who reported the stable average rate in 2012?"
] | {
"text": [
"Professors Light and Lexchin"
],
"answer_start": [
1095
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29129 | 571d1c3fdd7acb1400e4c21c | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | What does NMEs stand for? | What does NMEs stand for? | [
"What does NMEs stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"New Molecular Entities"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29130 | 571d1c3fdd7acb1400e4c21d | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001? | How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001? | [
"How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001?"
] | {
"text": [
"22.9"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29131 | 571d1c3fdd7acb1400e4c21e | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | What is the approximate cost of developing a new drug, including the costs of failure? | What is the approximate cost of developing a new drug, including the costs of failure? | [
"What is the approximate cost of developing a new drug, including the costs of failure?"
] | {
"text": [
"1.3 billion USD"
],
"answer_start": [
1044
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29132 | 571d1c3fdd7acb1400e4c21f | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs? | What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs? | [
"What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs?"
] | {
"text": [
"15 to 25"
],
"answer_start": [
1236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29133 | 5ad39294604f3c001a3fe6ab | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | How much does it cost to develop approvals? | How much does it cost to develop approvals? | [
"How much does it cost to develop approvals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29134 | 5ad39294604f3c001a3fe6ac | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | How many approvals of new centers happen every year? | How many approvals of new centers happen every year? | [
"How many approvals of new centers happen every year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29135 | 5ad39294604f3c001a3fe6ad | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | Who is responsible for approval or rejection of centers? | Who is responsible for approval or rejection of centers? | [
"Who is responsible for approval or rejection of centers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29136 | 5ad39294604f3c001a3fe6ae | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | How many drugs were approved in 2012? | How many drugs were approved in 2012? | [
"How many drugs were approved in 2012?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29137 | 5ad39294604f3c001a3fe6af | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molec... | Who reported the stable average rate in 2007? | Who reported the stable average rate in 2007? | [
"Who reported the stable average rate in 2007?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29138 | 571ae71a32177014007e9fc6 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What drugs are the least expensive to develop? | What drugs are the least expensive to develop? | [
"What drugs are the least expensive to develop?"
] | {
"text": [
"those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient"
],
"answer_start": [
694
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29139 | 571ae71a32177014007e9fc7 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs? | What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs? | [
"What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs?"
] | {
"text": [
"opportunity cost of investing capital"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29140 | 571ae71a32177014007e9fc8 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What is the consequence in the value chain? | What is the consequence in the value chain? | [
"What is the consequence in the value chain?"
] | {
"text": [
"increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29141 | 571ae71a32177014007e9fc9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What happens when companies outsource? | What happens when companies outsource? | [
"What happens when companies outsource?"
] | {
"text": [
"somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29142 | 571ae71a32177014007e9fca | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to? | What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to? | [
"What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Line-extensions"
],
"answer_start": [
778
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29143 | 571d1d495efbb31900334ea8 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much? | Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much? | [
"Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much?"
] | {
"text": [
"nearly half the total expense"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29144 | 571d1d495efbb31900334ea9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development? | What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development? | [
"What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development?"
] | {
"text": [
"biotechnology"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29145 | 571d1d495efbb31900334eaa | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What firms tend to outsource drug development? | What firms tend to outsource drug development? | [
"What firms tend to outsource drug development?"
] | {
"text": [
"major pharmaceutical multinationals"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29146 | 5ad399f2604f3c001a3fe843 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What drugs are the least fundamental to develop? | What drugs are the least fundamental to develop? | [
"What drugs are the least fundamental to develop?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29147 | 5ad399f2604f3c001a3fe844 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop companies? | What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop companies? | [
"What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop companies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29148 | 5ad399f2604f3c001a3fe845 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What is the consequence in the research chain? | What is the consequence in the research chain? | [
"What is the consequence in the research chain?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29149 | 5ad399f2604f3c001a3fe846 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What happens when companies approve drugs? | What happens when companies approve drugs? | [
"What happens when companies approve drugs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29150 | 5ad399f2604f3c001a3fe847 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What is re-formulations of approved drugs referred to? | What is re-formulations of approved drugs referred to? | [
"What is re-formulations of approved drugs referred to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29151 | 571ae94232177014007e9fda | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | Why was Mevastatin never marketed? | Why was Mevastatin never marketed? | [
"Why was Mevastatin never marketed?"
] | {
"text": [
"adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29152 | 571ae94232177014007e9fdb | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | Who discovered Mevastatin? | Who discovered Mevastatin? | [
"Who discovered Mevastatin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Akira Endo"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29153 | 571ae94232177014007e9fdc | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing? | What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing? | [
"What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing?"
] | {
"text": [
"cholesterol"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29154 | 571ae94232177014007e9fdd | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | Where did Endo discover ML-236B? | Where did Endo discover ML-236B? | [
"Where did Endo discover ML-236B?"
] | {
"text": [
"Penicillium citrinum"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29155 | 571ae94232177014007e9fde | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | What was discovered in long term studies? | What was discovered in long term studies? | [
"What was discovered in long term studies?"
] | {
"text": [
"too toxic for human use"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29156 | 571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c224 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | In what year was mevastatin discovered? | In what year was mevastatin discovered? | [
"In what year was mevastatin discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"1971"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29157 | 571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c225 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | Who discovered mevastatin? | Who discovered mevastatin? | [
"Who discovered mevastatin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Akira Endo"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29158 | 571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c226 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | What organism produces mevastatin? | What organism produces mevastatin? | [
"What organism produces mevastatin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Penicillium citrinum"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29159 | 571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c227 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | What enzyme helps produce cholesterol? | What enzyme helps produce cholesterol? | [
"What enzyme helps produce cholesterol?"
] | {
"text": [
"HMG-CoA reductase"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29160 | 5ad389c2604f3c001a3fe595 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | Why was Penicillium never marketed? | Why was Penicillium never marketed? | [
"Why was Penicillium never marketed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29161 | 5ad389c2604f3c001a3fe596 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | Who discovered Penicillium? | Who discovered Penicillium? | [
"Who discovered Penicillium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29162 | 5ad389c2604f3c001a3fe597 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | What is Penicillium responsible for producing? | What is Penicillium responsible for producing? | [
"What is Penicillium responsible for producing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29163 | 5ad389c2604f3c001a3fe598 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | What was discovered in short term studies? | What was discovered in short term studies? | [
"What was discovered in short term studies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29164 | 5ad389c2604f3c001a3fe599 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | In what year was Penicillium discovered? | In what year was Penicillium discovered? | [
"In what year was Penicillium discovered?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29165 | 571aeca132177014007e9fee | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for? | How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for? | [
"How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for?"
] | {
"text": [
"$301 million"
],
"answer_start": [
680
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29166 | 571aeca132177014007e9fef | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | What drugs were involved in cases of the largest criminal fines? | What drugs were involved in cases of the largest criminal fines? | [
"What drugs were involved in cases of the largest criminal fines?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29167 | 571aeca132177014007e9ff0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | What was Pfizer accused of illegally marketing? | What was Pfizer accused of illegally marketing? | [
"What was Pfizer accused of illegally marketing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Geodon"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29168 | 571aeca132177014007e9ff1 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | What companies have been involved with health care fraud cases? | What companies have been involved with health care fraud cases? | [
"What companies have been involved with health care fraud cases?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29169 | 571aeca132177014007e9ff2 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | What do illegal marketing cases fall under? | What do illegal marketing cases fall under? | [
"What do illegal marketing cases fall under?"
] | {
"text": [
"False Claims Act"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29170 | 571d3bc95efbb31900334ed2 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | Firms such as Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca have settled claims under what act? | Firms such as Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca have settled claims under what act? | [
"Firms such as Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca have settled claims under what act?"
] | {
"text": [
"False Claims Act"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29171 | 571d3bc95efbb31900334ed3 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | Zyprexa was owned by what company? | Zyprexa was owned by what company? | [
"Zyprexa was owned by what company?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eli Lilly"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29172 | 571d3bc95efbb31900334ed4 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug? | Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug? | [
"Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug?"
] | {
"text": [
"Geodon"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29173 | 571d3bc95efbb31900334ed5 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money? | Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money? | [
"Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money?"
] | {
"text": [
"$301 million"
],
"answer_start": [
680
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29174 | 5ad3b079604f3c001a3feca7 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | How much did Eli Lilly settle the illegal marketing suit for? | How much did Eli Lilly settle the illegal marketing suit for? | [
"How much did Eli Lilly settle the illegal marketing suit for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29175 | 5ad3b079604f3c001a3feca8 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | What drugs were involved in cases of the largest Johnson & Johnson fines? | What drugs were involved in cases of the largest Johnson & Johnson fines? | [
"What drugs were involved in cases of the largest Johnson & Johnson fines?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29176 | 5ad3b079604f3c001a3feca9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | What was Johnson & Johnson accused of illegally marketing? | What was Johnson & Johnson accused of illegally marketing? | [
"What was Johnson & Johnson accused of illegally marketing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29177 | 5ad3b079604f3c001a3fecaa | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | What companies have been involved with wrongdoing? | What companies have been involved with wrongdoing? | [
"What companies have been involved with wrongdoing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29178 | 5ad3b079604f3c001a3fecab | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | What do Johnson & Johnson marketing cases fall under? | What do Johnson & Johnson marketing cases fall under? | [
"What do Johnson & Johnson marketing cases fall under?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29179 | 571af11632177014007e9ff8 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry? | Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry? | [
"Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry?"
] | {
"text": [
"World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration"
],
"answer_start": [
612
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29180 | 571af11632177014007e9ff9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | When did the article come out about the importance of interactions? | When did the article come out about the importance of interactions? | [
"When did the article come out about the importance of interactions?"
] | {
"text": [
"May 2015"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29181 | 571af11632177014007e9ffa | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | What was the reason behind these interactions? | What was the reason behind these interactions? | [
"What was the reason behind these interactions?"
] | {
"text": [
"bring greater benefits to patients"
],
"answer_start": [
793
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29182 | 571af11632177014007e9ffb | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest? | What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest? | [
"What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest?"
] | {
"text": [
"moral outrage over industry malfeasance"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29183 | 571af11632177014007e9ffc | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | Who printed the article about the importance of interactions? | Who printed the article about the importance of interactions? | [
"Who printed the article about the importance of interactions?"
] | {
"text": [
"New England Journal of Medicine"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29184 | 571d26ce5efbb31900334eae | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015? | What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015? | [
"What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015?"
] | {
"text": [
"New England Journal of Medicine"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29185 | 571d26ce5efbb31900334eaf | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | When was the editorial published? | When was the editorial published? | [
"When was the editorial published?"
] | {
"text": [
"May 2015"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29186 | 571d26ce5efbb31900334eb0 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries? | Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries? | [
"Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries?"
] | {
"text": [
"encouraged greater interactions"
],
"answer_start": [
717
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29187 | 5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e1 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health? | Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health? | [
"Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29188 | 5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e2 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | When did the article come out about the importance of doctors? | When did the article come out about the importance of doctors? | [
"When did the article come out about the importance of doctors?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29189 | 5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e3 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | What was the reason behind these conflicts? | What was the reason behind these conflicts? | [
"What was the reason behind these conflicts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29190 | 5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e4 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | What was believed to have created physician interactions? | What was believed to have created physician interactions? | [
"What was believed to have created physician interactions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29191 | 5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e5 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | Who printed the article about the importance of malfeasance? | Who printed the article about the importance of malfeasance? | [
"Who printed the article about the importance of malfeasance?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29192 | 571af2219499d21900609bb3 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | Who conduced an investigation on doctors? | Who conduced an investigation on doctors? | [
"Who conduced an investigation on doctors?"
] | {
"text": [
"ProPublica"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29193 | 571af2219499d21900609bb4 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | Billions of dollars have been paid by which companies? | Billions of dollars have been paid by which companies? | [
"Billions of dollars have been paid by which companies?"
] | {
"text": [
"AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29194 | 571af2219499d21900609bb5 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | How much was discovered to have been paid to doctors by drug companies? | How much was discovered to have been paid to doctors by drug companies? | [
"How much was discovered to have been paid to doctors by drug companies?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than $500,000"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29195 | 571af2219499d21900609bb6 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | What was the reason these companies have to pay fines? | What was the reason these companies have to pay fines? | [
"What was the reason these companies have to pay fines?"
] | {
"text": [
"allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29196 | 571af2219499d21900609bb7 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | How many doctors have been paid by varies companies? | How many doctors have been paid by varies companies? | [
"How many doctors have been paid by varies companies?"
] | {
"text": [
"at least 21"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29197 | 571d29295efbb31900334eb4 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | A ProPublica study found that some doctors were being paid how much money for speeches? | A ProPublica study found that some doctors were being paid how much money for speeches? | [
"A ProPublica study found that some doctors were being paid how much money for speeches?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than $500,000"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29198 | 571d29295efbb31900334eb5 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | Half of the top earners were mostly in what field? | Half of the top earners were mostly in what field? | [
"Half of the top earners were mostly in what field?"
] | {
"text": [
"psychiatry"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29199 | 571d29295efbb31900334eb6 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of how much money? | Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of how much money? | [
"Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of how much money?"
] | {
"text": [
"$2 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
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