gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-33000 | 5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60c | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when ... | What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp? | What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp? | [
"What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp?"
] | {
"text": [
"two carbon rods"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33001 | 5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60d | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when ... | In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair? | In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair? | [
"In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair?"
] | {
"text": [
"1900"
],
"answer_start": [
641
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33002 | 5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60e | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when ... | What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA? | What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA? | [
"What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alexander de Lodyguine"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33003 | 5725d0b0ec44d21400f3d60f | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when ... | When did Lodygin invent his first lamp? | When did Lodygin invent his first lamp? | [
"When did Lodygin invent his first lamp?"
] | {
"text": [
"1872"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33004 | 5ad188d0645df0001a2d1eba | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when ... | Who did not patent an incandescent light bulb in 1872? | Who did not patent an incandescent light bulb in 1872? | [
"Who did not patent an incandescent light bulb in 1872?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33005 | 5ad188d0645df0001a2d1ebb | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when ... | Who did not demonstrate at the world fair in 1900 in Paris? | Who did not demonstrate at the world fair in 1900 in Paris? | [
"Who did not demonstrate at the world fair in 1900 in Paris?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33006 | 5ad188d0645df0001a2d1ebc | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when ... | When did Anxander Lodygin change his name? | When did Anxander Lodygin change his name? | [
"When did Anxander Lodygin change his name?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33007 | 5ad188d0645df0001a2d1ebd | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when ... | Who invented his first lamp in the 1700's? | Who invented his first lamp in the 1700's? | [
"Who invented his first lamp in the 1700's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33008 | 5ad188d0645df0001a2d1ebe | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when ... | What did Lodygin not use as a burner in his lamp? | What did Lodygin not use as a burner in his lamp? | [
"What did Lodygin not use as a burner in his lamp?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33009 | 5725d2ee38643c19005acda1 | Incandescent_light_bulb | With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, a... | Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879? | Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879? | [
"Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?"
] | {
"text": [
"at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33010 | 5725d2ee38643c19005acda2 | Incandescent_light_bulb | With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, a... | Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp? | Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp? | [
"Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?"
] | {
"text": [
"Charles Stearn"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33011 | 5725d2ee38643c19005acda3 | Incandescent_light_bulb | With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, a... | Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable? | Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable? | [
"Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?"
] | {
"text": [
"'parchmentised thread'"
],
"answer_start": [
1182
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33012 | 5725d2ee38643c19005acda4 | Incandescent_light_bulb | With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, a... | When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread? | When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread? | [
"When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?"
] | {
"text": [
"1880"
],
"answer_start": [
1241
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33013 | 5725d2ee38643c19005acda5 | Incandescent_light_bulb | With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, a... | What was the first public building to install electric lighting? | What was the first public building to install electric lighting? | [
"What was the first public building to install electric lighting?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London"
],
"answer_start": [
1624
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33014 | 5ad189d8645df0001a2d1ec4 | Incandescent_light_bulb | With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, a... | Who did not help Swan in 1878? | Who did not help Swan in 1878? | [
"Who did not help Swan in 1878?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33015 | 5ad189d8645df0001a2d1ec5 | Incandescent_light_bulb | With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, a... | What method did Swan not develop in 1878? | What method did Swan not develop in 1878? | [
"What method did Swan not develop in 1878?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33016 | 5ad189d8645df0001a2d1ec6 | Incandescent_light_bulb | With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, a... | What was not shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemistry Society? | What was not shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemistry Society? | [
"What was not shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemistry Society?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33017 | 5ad189d8645df0001a2d1ec7 | Incandescent_light_bulb | With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, a... | What was shown to an audience of 800 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle? | What was shown to an audience of 800 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle? | [
"What was shown to an audience of 800 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33018 | 5ad189d8645df0001a2d1ec8 | Incandescent_light_bulb | With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, a... | Why was Swan's first lamp commercially viable? | Why was Swan's first lamp commercially viable? | [
"Why was Swan's first lamp commercially viable?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33019 | 5725d45bec44d21400f3d669 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned ... | When did Edison begin research into incandescent lighting? | When did Edison begin research into incandescent lighting? | [
"When did Edison begin research into incandescent lighting?"
] | {
"text": [
"1878"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33020 | 5725d45bec44d21400f3d66a | Incandescent_light_bulb | Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned ... | With what material did Edison make his first filament? | With what material did Edison make his first filament? | [
"With what material did Edison make his first filament?"
] | {
"text": [
"carbon"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33021 | 5725d45bec44d21400f3d66b | Incandescent_light_bulb | Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned ... | How long did Edison's light burn during his first successful test in 1879? | How long did Edison's light burn during his first successful test in 1879? | [
"How long did Edison's light burn during his first successful test in 1879?"
] | {
"text": [
"13.5 hours"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33022 | 5725d45bec44d21400f3d66c | Incandescent_light_bulb | Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned ... | What type of wood did Edison use in his improved filament? | What type of wood did Edison use in his improved filament? | [
"What type of wood did Edison use in his improved filament?"
] | {
"text": [
"bamboo"
],
"answer_start": [
826
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33023 | 5725d45bec44d21400f3d66d | Incandescent_light_bulb | Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned ... | What was the name of the first ship to use Edison's lamp? | What was the name of the first ship to use Edison's lamp? | [
"What was the name of the first ship to use Edison's lamp?"
] | {
"text": [
"Columbia"
],
"answer_start": [
936
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33024 | 5ad18abc645df0001a2d1ece | Incandescent_light_bulb | Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned ... | Who began research into developing a practical incandescent lamp? | Who began research into developing a practical incandescent lamp? | [
"Who began research into developing a practical incandescent lamp? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33025 | 5ad18abc645df0001a2d1ecf | Incandescent_light_bulb | Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned ... | Who filed his first patent application in 1890? | Who filed his first patent application in 1890? | [
"Who filed his first patent application in 1890?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33026 | 5ad18abc645df0001a2d1ed0 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned ... | What did Edison turn refuse to use after his experiment with platinum and other metals? | What did Edison turn refuse to use after his experiment with platinum and other metals? | [
"What did Edison turn refuse to use after his experiment with platinum and other metals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33027 | 5ad18abc645df0001a2d1ed1 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned ... | What type of material was not used in the US patent for an electric lamp in November 1879? | What type of material was not used in the US patent for an electric lamp in November 1879? | [
"What type of material was not used in the US patent for an electric lamp in November 1879?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33028 | 5ad18abc645df0001a2d1ed2 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned ... | What type of material did Edison use that could not last more than 1200 hours? | What type of material did Edison use that could not last more than 1200 hours? | [
"What type of material did Edison use that could not last more than 1200 hours?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33029 | 5725d74389a1e219009abf86 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercanti... | Who founded Electro-Dynamic Light Company? | Who founded Electro-Dynamic Light Company? | [
"Who founded Electro-Dynamic Light Company?"
] | {
"text": [
"Albon Man"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33030 | 5725d74389a1e219009abf87 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercanti... | Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company? | Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company? | [
"Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hiram S. Maxim"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33031 | 5725d74389a1e219009abf88 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercanti... | Where did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights? | Where did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights? | [
"Where did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mercantile Safe Deposit Company"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33032 | 5725d74389a1e219009abf89 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercanti... | When did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights? | When did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights? | [
"When did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?"
] | {
"text": [
"fall of 1880"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33033 | 5725d74389a1e219009abf8a | Incandescent_light_bulb | Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercanti... | Which company was organized first, Electro-Dynamic Light Company or United States Electric Lighting Company? | Which company was organized first, Electro-Dynamic Light Company or United States Electric Lighting Company? | [
"Which company was organized first, Electro-Dynamic Light Company or United States Electric Lighting Company?"
] | {
"text": [
"Electro-Dynamic Light Company"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33034 | 5ad18b83645df0001a2d1ee2 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercanti... | Who began the Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1890? | Who began the Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1890? | [
"Who began the Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1890?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33035 | 5ad18b83645df0001a2d1ee3 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercanti... | Whose other patents did Albon Man not exploit? | Whose other patents did Albon Man not exploit? | [
"Whose other patents did Albon Man not exploit?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33036 | 5ad18b83645df0001a2d1ee4 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercanti... | Where was the first installation of incandescent lamps in 1890? | Where was the first installation of incandescent lamps in 1890? | [
"Where was the first installation of incandescent lamps in 1890?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33037 | 5ad18b83645df0001a2d1ee5 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercanti... | Who was the chief architect at the United States Electric Lighting Company? | Who was the chief architect at the United States Electric Lighting Company? | [
"Who was the chief architect at the United States Electric Lighting Company?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33038 | 5ad18b83645df0001a2d1ee6 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercanti... | Who did not make their first installation until the spring of 1880? | Who did not make their first installation until the spring of 1880? | [
"Who did not make their first installation until the spring of 1880?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33039 | 5725d9dd89a1e219009abfb6 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing C... | Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes? | Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes? | [
"Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lewis Latimer"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33040 | 5725d9dd89a1e219009abfb7 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing C... | When did Latimer patent his "Process of Manufacturing Carbons"? | When did Latimer patent his "Process of Manufacturing Carbons"? | [
"When did Latimer patent his \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"17 January 1882"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33041 | 5725d9dd89a1e219009abfb8 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing C... | Which company purchased Latimer's patent? | Which company purchased Latimer's patent? | [
"Which company purchased Latimer's patent?"
] | {
"text": [
"United States Electric Light Company"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33042 | 5725d9dd89a1e219009abfb9 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing C... | Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent? | Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent? | [
"Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent?"
] | {
"text": [
"Edison"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33043 | 5ad18c22645df0001a2d1eec | Incandescent_light_bulb | Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing C... | Who developed an improved method of carbon filaments in 1882? | Who developed an improved method of carbon filaments in 1882? | [
"Who developed an improved method of carbon filaments in 1882?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33044 | 5ad18c22645df0001a2d1eed | Incandescent_light_bulb | Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing C... | When did Edison patent his "Process of Manufacturing Carbons"? | When did Edison patent his "Process of Manufacturing Carbons"? | [
"When did Edison patent his \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33045 | 5ad18c22645df0001a2d1eee | Incandescent_light_bulb | Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing C... | What was not an improved method for production of a light bulb? | What was not an improved method for production of a light bulb? | [
"What was not an improved method for production of a light bulb?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33046 | 5ad18c22645df0001a2d1eef | Incandescent_light_bulb | Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing C... | What was not purchased by the United States Electric Light Company? | What was not purchased by the United States Electric Light Company? | [
"What was not purchased by the United States Electric Light Company?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33047 | 5ad18c22645df0001a2d1ef0 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing C... | Who did not employ Latimer when he developed his first patent? | Who did not employ Latimer when he developed his first patent? | [
"Who did not employ Latimer when he developed his first patent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33048 | 5725de3489a1e219009abff4 | Incandescent_light_bulb | On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c... | Which inventors patented the tungsten filament lamp? | Which inventors patented the tungsten filament lamp? | [
"Which inventors patented the tungsten filament lamp?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33049 | 5725de3489a1e219009abff5 | Incandescent_light_bulb | On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c... | When did Just and Hanaman receive their patent for the tungsten filament lamp? | When did Just and Hanaman receive their patent for the tungsten filament lamp? | [
"When did Just and Hanaman receive their patent for the tungsten filament lamp?"
] | {
"text": [
"13 December 1904"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33050 | 5725de3489a1e219009abff6 | Incandescent_light_bulb | On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c... | Which company first marketed the tungsten filament lamp? | Which company first marketed the tungsten filament lamp? | [
"Which company first marketed the tungsten filament lamp?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tungsram"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33051 | 5725de3489a1e219009abff7 | Incandescent_light_bulb | On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c... | What type of gas fills a tungsten filament bulb? | What type of gas fills a tungsten filament bulb? | [
"What type of gas fills a tungsten filament bulb?"
] | {
"text": [
"argon or nitrogen"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33052 | 5725de3489a1e219009abff8 | Incandescent_light_bulb | On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c... | What is a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe? | What is a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe? | [
"What is a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tungsram-bulbs"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33053 | 5ad18cbd645df0001a2d1ef6 | Incandescent_light_bulb | On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c... | Who was not granted a patent fr the tungsten filament lamp? | Who was not granted a patent fr the tungsten filament lamp? | [
"Who was not granted a patent fr the tungsten filament lamp?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33054 | 5ad18cbd645df0001a2d1ef7 | Incandescent_light_bulb | On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c... | Who was granted patent No. 34540? | Who was granted patent No. 34540? | [
"Who was granted patent No. 34540?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33055 | 5ad18cbd645df0001a2d1ef8 | Incandescent_light_bulb | On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c... | Who receive their patent in 1905? | Who receive their patent in 1905? | [
"Who receive their patent in 1905?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33056 | 5ad18cbd645df0001a2d1ef9 | Incandescent_light_bulb | On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c... | What type of gas does not fill a tungsten filament bulb? | What type of gas does not fill a tungsten filament bulb? | [
"What type of gas does not fill a tungsten filament bulb?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33057 | 5ad18cbd645df0001a2d1efa | Incandescent_light_bulb | On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c... | What is not a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe. | What is not a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe. | [
"What is not a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe."
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33058 | 5725eaf7271a42140099d319 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) t... | What does the acronym LER refer to? | What does the acronym LER refer to? | [
"What does the acronym LER refer to?"
] | {
"text": [
"radiant luminous efficacy"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33059 | 5725eaf7271a42140099d31a | Incandescent_light_bulb | Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) t... | What is the maximum LER possible? | What is the maximum LER possible? | [
"What is the maximum LER possible?"
] | {
"text": [
"683 lm/W"
],
"answer_start": [
852
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33060 | 5725eaf7271a42140099d31b | Incandescent_light_bulb | Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) t... | In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source? | In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source? | [
"In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source?"
] | {
"text": [
"two ways"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33061 | 5725eaf7271a42140099d31c | Incandescent_light_bulb | Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) t... | What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy? | What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy? | [
"What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy?"
] | {
"text": [
"the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33062 | 5725eaf7271a42140099d31d | Incandescent_light_bulb | Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) t... | What does the acronym LES refer to? | What does the acronym LES refer to? | [
"What does the acronym LES refer to?"
] | {
"text": [
"source luminous efficacy"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33063 | 5ad18d4e645df0001a2d1f08 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) t... | What may be defined in three ways? | What may be defined in three ways? | [
"What may be defined in three ways?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33064 | 5ad18d4e645df0001a2d1f09 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) t... | What does the acronym LER not stand for? | What does the acronym LER not stand for? | [
"What does the acronym LER not stand for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33065 | 5ad18d4e645df0001a2d1f0a | Incandescent_light_bulb | Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) t... | What does the acronym LES not stand for? | What does the acronym LES not stand for? | [
"What does the acronym LES not stand for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33066 | 5ad18d4e645df0001a2d1f0b | Incandescent_light_bulb | Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) t... | What is not the ratio of the visible light flux emitted to the total power input to the source? | What is not the ratio of the visible light flux emitted to the total power input to the source? | [
"What is not the ratio of the visible light flux emitted to the total power input to the source?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33067 | 5ad18d4e645df0001a2d1f0c | Incandescent_light_bulb | Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) t... | What is the minimum LER possible? | What is the minimum LER possible? | [
"What is the minimum LER possible?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33068 | 5725ee0a38643c19005acea9 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiatio... | At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light? | At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light? | [
"At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light?"
] | {
"text": [
"6,300 °C"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33069 | 5725ee0a38643c19005aceaa | Incandescent_light_bulb | The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiatio... | What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp? | What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp? | [
"What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?"
] | {
"text": [
"52 lumens per watt"
],
"answer_start": [
902
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33070 | 5725ee0a38643c19005aceab | Incandescent_light_bulb | The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiatio... | What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions? | What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions? | [
"What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions?"
] | {
"text": [
"infrared radiation"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33071 | 5725ee0a38643c19005aceac | Incandescent_light_bulb | The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiatio... | What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb? | What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb? | [
"What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb?"
] | {
"text": [
"the light emitted does not appear white,"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33072 | 5725ee0a38643c19005acead | Incandescent_light_bulb | The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiatio... | What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point? | What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point? | [
"What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?"
] | {
"text": [
"52 lumens per watt"
],
"answer_start": [
902
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33073 | 5ad18e11645df0001a2d1f12 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiatio... | What appears white to the human eye when it is emitted? | What appears white to the human eye when it is emitted? | [
"What appears white to the human eye when it is emitted?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33074 | 5ad18e11645df0001a2d1f13 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiatio... | What is the lower limit for LER of an incandescent lamp? | What is the lower limit for LER of an incandescent lamp? | [
"What is the lower limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33075 | 5ad18e11645df0001a2d1f14 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiatio... | What does not radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid? | What does not radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid? | [
"What does not radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33076 | 5ad18e11645df0001a2d1f15 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiatio... | What is not infrared or ultraviolet? | What is not infrared or ultraviolet? | [
"What is not infrared or ultraviolet?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33077 | 5ad18e11645df0001a2d1f16 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiatio... | What known material can be used as a filament at 95 lumens per watt? | What known material can be used as a filament at 95 lumens per watt? | [
"What known material can be used as a filament at 95 lumens per watt?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33078 | 572607cd89a1e219009ac15a | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | What is the purpose of white-balancing? | What is the purpose of white-balancing? | [
"What is the purpose of white-balancing?"
] | {
"text": [
"to avoid too \"warm\" or \"cool\" colors"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33079 | 572607cd89a1e219009ac15b | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance? | Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance? | [
"Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance?"
] | {
"text": [
"incandescent lights"
],
"answer_start": [
624
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33080 | 572607cd89a1e219009ac15c | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light? | What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light? | [
"What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light?"
] | {
"text": [
"100"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33081 | 572607cd89a1e219009ac15d | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering? | Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering? | [
"Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering?"
] | {
"text": [
"the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33082 | 572607cd89a1e219009ac15e | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | What is the highest possible color rendering index score? | What is the highest possible color rendering index score? | [
"What is the highest possible color rendering index score?"
] | {
"text": [
"100"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33083 | 5ad18ef3645df0001a2d1f3a | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | What does not have an advantage in applications where color reproduction is important? | What does not have an advantage in applications where color reproduction is important? | [
"What does not have an advantage in applications where color reproduction is important?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33084 | 5ad18ef3645df0001a2d1f3b | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | What is not the purpose of white-balancing? | What is not the purpose of white-balancing? | [
"What is not the purpose of white-balancing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33085 | 5ad18ef3645df0001a2d1f3c | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | What can be matched by LEDs or flourescent lights? | What can be matched by LEDs or flourescent lights? | [
"What can be matched by LEDs or flourescent lights?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33086 | 5ad18ef3645df0001a2d1f3d | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | Whose coloring rendering index is 109? | Whose coloring rendering index is 109? | [
"Whose coloring rendering index is 109?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33087 | 5ad18ef3645df0001a2d1f3e | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | What does not require additional adjustments to reduce green-magenta color casts? | What does not require additional adjustments to reduce green-magenta color casts? | [
"What does not require additional adjustments to reduce green-magenta color casts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33088 | 5726086889a1e219009ac16e | Incandescent_light_bulb | There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete s... | Do fluorescent lights have a higher or lower luminous efficiency than incandescents? | Do fluorescent lights have a higher or lower luminous efficiency than incandescents? | [
"Do fluorescent lights have a higher or lower luminous efficiency than incandescents?"
] | {
"text": [
"higher"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33089 | 5726086889a1e219009ac16f | Incandescent_light_bulb | There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete s... | How can luminescent light sources be modified to resemble the appearance of incandescents? | How can luminescent light sources be modified to resemble the appearance of incandescents? | [
"How can luminescent light sources be modified to resemble the appearance of incandescents?"
] | {
"text": [
"By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33090 | 5726086889a1e219009ac170 | Incandescent_light_bulb | There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete s... | Why are luminescent light sources not ideal for photography? | Why are luminescent light sources not ideal for photography? | [
"Why are luminescent light sources not ideal for photography?"
] | {
"text": [
"Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum"
],
"answer_start": [
676
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33091 | 5ad18fb3645df0001a2d1f6c | Incandescent_light_bulb | There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete s... | Which lights have lower luminous efficiency? | Which lights have lower luminous efficiency? | [
"Which lights have lower luminous efficiency?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33092 | 5ad18fb3645df0001a2d1f6d | Incandescent_light_bulb | There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete s... | Which devices do not produce light by luminescence? | Which devices do not produce light by luminescence? | [
"Which devices do not produce light by luminescence?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33093 | 5ad18fb3645df0001a2d1f6e | Incandescent_light_bulb | There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete s... | What lamps produce prominent spectral lines and have a broad "tail" of visible infrared emissions? | What lamps produce prominent spectral lines and have a broad "tail" of visible infrared emissions? | [
"What lamps produce prominent spectral lines and have a broad \"tail\" of visible infrared emissions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33094 | 5ad18fb3645df0001a2d1f6f | Incandescent_light_bulb | There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete s... | Why are luminescent light sources ideal for photography? | Why are luminescent light sources ideal for photography? | [
"Why are luminescent light sources ideal for photography?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33095 | 57260ae238643c19005acf77 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as... | Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age? | Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age? | [
"Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?"
] | {
"text": [
"less"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33096 | 57260ae238643c19005acf78 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as... | What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting? | What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting? | [
"What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?"
] | {
"text": [
"a building's air conditioning system"
],
"answer_start": [
875
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33097 | 57260ae238643c19005acf79 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as... | Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources? | Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources? | [
"Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources?"
] | {
"text": [
"shorter"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33098 | 57260ae238643c19005acf7a | Incandescent_light_bulb | The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as... | What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting? | What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting? | [
"What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?"
] | {
"text": [
"illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33099 | 57260ae238643c19005acf7b | Incandescent_light_bulb | The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as... | What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system? | What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system? | [
"What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?"
] | {
"text": [
"heat from the heating system"
],
"answer_start": [
1040
]
} |
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