gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-33100 | 5ad190bb645df0001a2d1f96 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as... | Whose initial cost is large compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime? | Whose initial cost is large compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime? | [
"Whose initial cost is large compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33101 | 5ad190bb645df0001a2d1f97 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as... | Whose light emits more light as they age? | Whose light emits more light as they age? | [
"Whose light emits more light as they age?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33102 | 5ad190bb645df0001a2d1f98 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as... | What type of light has a longer life span than other sources? | What type of light has a longer life span than other sources? | [
"What type of light has a longer life span than other sources?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33103 | 5ad190bb645df0001a2d1f99 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as... | What type of lighting system is less efficient over the course of a year? | What type of lighting system is less efficient over the course of a year? | [
"What type of lighting system is less efficient over the course of a year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33104 | 57260f0538643c19005acf93 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the U... | Do incandescent light bulbs use more or less energy as compared to CFLs and LED lamps? | Do incandescent light bulbs use more or less energy as compared to CFLs and LED lamps? | [
"Do incandescent light bulbs use more or less energy as compared to CFLs and LED lamps?"
] | {
"text": [
"more"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33105 | 57260f0538643c19005acf94 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the U... | How much does the incandescent light ban in Europe contribute to the economy each year? | How much does the incandescent light ban in Europe contribute to the economy each year? | [
"How much does the incandescent light ban in Europe contribute to the economy each year?"
] | {
"text": [
"5 to 10 billion euros"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33106 | 57260f0538643c19005acf95 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the U... | How much energy does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year? | How much energy does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year? | [
"How much energy does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?"
] | {
"text": [
"40 TWh of electricity"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33107 | 57260f0538643c19005acf96 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the U... | How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year? | How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year? | [
"How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?"
] | {
"text": [
"15 million tonnes"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33108 | 57260f0538643c19005acf97 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the U... | How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs? | How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs? | [
"How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs?"
] | {
"text": [
"by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33109 | 5ad191b3645df0001a2d1fd4 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the U... | What type of light bulbs use less energy than alternatives? | What type of light bulbs use less energy than alternatives? | [
"What type of light bulbs use less energy than alternatives?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33110 | 5ad191b3645df0001a2d1fd5 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the U... | What type of light source has had measures introduced for the continued use of? | What type of light source has had measures introduced for the continued use of? | [
"What type of light source has had measures introduced for the continued use of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33111 | 5ad191b3645df0001a2d1fd6 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the U... | How much does the incandescent light ban in Asia contribute to the economy each year? | How much does the incandescent light ban in Asia contribute to the economy each year? | [
"How much does the incandescent light ban in Asia contribute to the economy each year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33112 | 5ad191b3645df0001a2d1fd7 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the U... | How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Asia save each year? | How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Asia save each year? | [
"How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Asia save each year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33113 | 5ad191b3645df0001a2d1fd8 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the U... | How are laws written that bring about the continued use of incandescent light bulbs? | How are laws written that bring about the continued use of incandescent light bulbs? | [
"How are laws written that bring about the continued use of incandescent light bulbs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33114 | 5726134f89a1e219009ac1fc | Incandescent_light_bulb | Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much bet... | Is the environmental performance of CFLs better or worse than that of incandescents? | Is the environmental performance of CFLs better or worse than that of incandescents? | [
"Is the environmental performance of CFLs better or worse than that of incandescents?"
] | {
"text": [
"better"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33115 | 5726134f89a1e219009ac1fd | Incandescent_light_bulb | Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much bet... | Which type of light bulbs is considered most cost effective and robust? | Which type of light bulbs is considered most cost effective and robust? | [
"Which type of light bulbs is considered most cost effective and robust?"
] | {
"text": [
"LED lamps"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33116 | 5726134f89a1e219009ac1fe | Incandescent_light_bulb | Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much bet... | What are some objections to banning incandescent bulbs? | What are some objections to banning incandescent bulbs? | [
"What are some objections to banning incandescent bulbs?"
] | {
"text": [
"higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33117 | 5726134f89a1e219009ac1ff | Incandescent_light_bulb | Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much bet... | What substance in CFL bulbs raises health concerns? | What substance in CFL bulbs raises health concerns? | [
"What substance in CFL bulbs raises health concerns?"
] | {
"text": [
"mercury"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33118 | 5726134f89a1e219009ac200 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much bet... | Do CFLs consume more, less, or the same amount of energy as incandescent bulbs? | Do CFLs consume more, less, or the same amount of energy as incandescent bulbs? | [
"Do CFLs consume more, less, or the same amount of energy as incandescent bulbs?"
] | {
"text": [
"much less"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33119 | 5ad192db645df0001a2d2008 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much bet... | What does not contain mercury? | What does not contain mercury? | [
"What does not contain mercury?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33120 | 5ad192db645df0001a2d2009 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much bet... | What type of light consumes much more energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production? | What type of light consumes much more energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production? | [
"What type of light consumes much more energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33121 | 5ad192db645df0001a2d200a | Incandescent_light_bulb | Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much bet... | What does CFLS's have that cause people health concerns? | What does CFLS's have that cause people health concerns? | [
"What does CFLS's have that cause people health concerns?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33122 | 5ad192db645df0001a2d200b | Incandescent_light_bulb | Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much bet... | What is regarded as the worst solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness? | What is regarded as the worst solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness? | [
"What is regarded as the worst solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33123 | 57261826271a42140099d473 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect... | Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs? | Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs? | [
"Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Philips"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33124 | 57261826271a42140099d474 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect... | How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents? | How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents? | [
"How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents?"
] | {
"text": [
"30 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33125 | 57261826271a42140099d475 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect... | What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency? | What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency? | [
"What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency?"
] | {
"text": [
"Duro-Test"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33126 | 57261826271a42140099d476 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect... | What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs? | What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs? | [
"What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs?"
] | {
"text": [
"270 lm/W"
],
"answer_start": [
672
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33127 | 57261826271a42140099d477 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect... | What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs? | What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs? | [
"What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs?"
] | {
"text": [
"45 lm/W"
],
"answer_start": [
786
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33128 | 5ad19690645df0001a2d20a4 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect... | Which company did not introduce hybrid incandescent bulbs? | Which company did not introduce hybrid incandescent bulbs? | [
"Which company did not introduce hybrid incandescent bulbs? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33129 | 5ad19690645df0001a2d20a5 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect... | What did not prompt Philips to introduce the hybrid incandescent bulbs? | What did not prompt Philips to introduce the hybrid incandescent bulbs? | [
"What did not prompt Philips to introduce the hybrid incandescent bulbs? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33130 | 5ad19690645df0001a2d20a6 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect... | What can produce about 25 Im/W? | What can produce about 25 Im/W? | [
"What can produce about 25 Im/W?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33131 | 5ad19690645df0001a2d20a7 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect... | What is 40% less efficient than traditional incandescent? | What is 40% less efficient than traditional incandescent? | [
"What is 40% less efficient than traditional incandescent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33132 | 5ad19690645df0001a2d20a8 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect... | Which concept was not pioneered by Duro-Test in 1980? | Which concept was not pioneered by Duro-Test in 1980? | [
"Which concept was not pioneered by Duro-Test in 1980?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33133 | 57261afa38643c19005acffb | Incandescent_light_bulb | Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually ... | What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb? | What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb? | [
"What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb?"
] | {
"text": [
"the envelope"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33134 | 57261afa38643c19005acffc | Incandescent_light_bulb | Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually ... | What is the filament made of? | What is the filament made of? | [
"What is the filament made of?"
] | {
"text": [
"tungsten wire"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33135 | 57261afa38643c19005acffd | Incandescent_light_bulb | Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually ... | How many conductors are present in the bulb's base? | How many conductors are present in the bulb's base? | [
"How many conductors are present in the bulb's base?"
] | {
"text": [
"two (or more)"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33136 | 57261afa38643c19005acffe | Incandescent_light_bulb | Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually ... | What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb? | What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb? | [
"What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb?"
] | {
"text": [
"a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33137 | 57261afa38643c19005acfff | Incandescent_light_bulb | Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually ... | What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform? | What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform? | [
"What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform?"
] | {
"text": [
"Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33138 | 5ad19767645df0001a2d20c6 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually ... | What consists of a non-air-tight glass enclosure? | What consists of a non-air-tight glass enclosure? | [
"What consists of a non-air-tight glass enclosure?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33139 | 5ad19767645df0001a2d20c7 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually ... | What is the filament not made of? | What is the filament not made of? | [
"What is the filament not made of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33140 | 5ad19767645df0001a2d20c8 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually ... | What allows air or gas leaks in the bulb's base? | What allows air or gas leaks in the bulb's base? | [
"What allows air or gas leaks in the bulb's base?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33141 | 5ad19767645df0001a2d20c9 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually ... | What does not support the filament and its lead wires? | What does not support the filament and its lead wires? | [
"What does not support the filament and its lead wires?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33142 | 5ad19767645df0001a2d20ca | Incandescent_light_bulb | Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually ... | What has four conductors that provide electrical connections to the filament? | What has four conductors that provide electrical connections to the filament? | [
"What has four conductors that provide electrical connections to the filament?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33143 | 57261c3438643c19005ad019 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted fro... | What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs? | What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs? | [
"What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs?"
] | {
"text": [
"kaolin"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33144 | 57261c3438643c19005ad01a | Incandescent_light_bulb | Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted fro... | How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb? | How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb? | [
"How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb?"
] | {
"text": [
"blown in and electrostatically deposited"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33145 | 57261c3438643c19005ad01b | Incandescent_light_bulb | Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted fro... | What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast? | What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast? | [
"What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast?"
] | {
"text": [
"a more gentle and evenly distributed light"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33146 | 57261c3438643c19005ad01c | Incandescent_light_bulb | Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted fro... | How are Christmas colored light bulbs created? | How are Christmas colored light bulbs created? | [
"How are Christmas colored light bulbs created?"
] | {
"text": [
"by coloring the glass with a dopant"
],
"answer_start": [
784
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33147 | 57261c3438643c19005ad01d | Incandescent_light_bulb | Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted fro... | How does kaolin create a more gentle light? | How does kaolin create a more gentle light? | [
"How does kaolin create a more gentle light?"
] | {
"text": [
"It diffuses the light emitted from the filament"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33148 | 5ad1983e645df0001a2d20e6 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted fro... | What type of glass does a light bulb not have? | What type of glass does a light bulb not have? | [
"What type of glass does a light bulb not have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33149 | 5ad1983e645df0001a2d20e7 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted fro... | What does not coat the glass bulb? | What does not coat the glass bulb? | [
"What does not coat the glass bulb?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33150 | 5ad1983e645df0001a2d20e8 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted fro... | What is a black, chalky clay on the inside of a glass bulb? | What is a black, chalky clay on the inside of a glass bulb? | [
"What is a black, chalky clay on the inside of a glass bulb?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33151 | 5ad1983e645df0001a2d20e9 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted fro... | What does not produce a gentle ans evenly distributed light? | What does not produce a gentle ans evenly distributed light? | [
"What does not produce a gentle ans evenly distributed light?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33152 | 5ad1983e645df0001a2d20ea | Incandescent_light_bulb | Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is a white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form, that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the bulb. It diffuses the light emitted fro... | What is sometimes used to provide a more artificial appearing light? | What is sometimes used to provide a more artificial appearing light? | [
"What is sometimes used to provide a more artificial appearing light?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33153 | 57261e1d89a1e219009ac296 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniat... | What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell? | What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell? | [
"What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell?"
] | {
"text": [
"screw base"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33154 | 57261e1d89a1e219009ac297 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniat... | What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support? | What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support? | [
"What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support?"
] | {
"text": [
"bayonet base"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33155 | 57261e1d89a1e219009ac298 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniat... | What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket? | What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket? | [
"What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket?"
] | {
"text": [
"allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33156 | 57261e1d89a1e219009ac299 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniat... | What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs? | What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs? | [
"What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33157 | 57261e1d89a1e219009ac29a | Incandescent_light_bulb | Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniat... | Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires? | Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires? | [
"Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires?"
] | {
"text": [
"automotive and special purpose lamps"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33158 | 5ad198f2645df0001a2d20f8 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniat... | What type of base do large lamps not have? | What type of base do large lamps not have? | [
"What type of base do large lamps not have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33159 | 5ad198f2645df0001a2d20f9 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniat... | What base is not used for mechanical support? | What base is not used for mechanical support? | [
"What base is not used for mechanical support?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33160 | 5ad198f2645df0001a2d20fa | Incandescent_light_bulb | Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniat... | What type of base does a miniature lamp may not have? | What type of base does a miniature lamp may not have? | [
"What type of base does a miniature lamp may not have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33161 | 5ad198f2645df0001a2d20fb | Incandescent_light_bulb | Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniat... | What does not allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament? | What does not allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament? | [
"What does not allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33162 | 5ad198f2645df0001a2d20fc | Incandescent_light_bulb | Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniat... | Whose power ratings range from about .0001 to .01? | Whose power ratings range from about .0001 to .01? | [
"Whose power ratings range from about .0001 to .01?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33163 | 57262605271a42140099d5e5 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allo... | What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb? | What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb? | [
"What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb?"
] | {
"text": [
"introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss)"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33164 | 57262605271a42140099d5e6 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allo... | What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb? | What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb? | [
"What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb?"
] | {
"text": [
"chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33165 | 57262605271a42140099d5e7 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allo... | What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb? | What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb? | [
"What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb?"
] | {
"text": [
"to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33166 | 57262605271a42140099d5e8 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allo... | How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament? | How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament? | [
"How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament?"
] | {
"text": [
"The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33167 | 5ad199b4645df0001a2d2102 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allo... | Whose role is to allow evaporation of the filament? | Whose role is to allow evaporation of the filament? | [
"Whose role is to allow evaporation of the filament?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33168 | 5ad199b4645df0001a2d2103 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allo... | What type of properties are not ideal for gas in a light bulb? | What type of properties are not ideal for gas in a light bulb? | [
"What type of properties are not ideal for gas in a light bulb?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33169 | 5ad199b4645df0001a2d2104 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allo... | What does not knock the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament? | What does not knock the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament? | [
"What does not knock the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33170 | 5ad199b4645df0001a2d2105 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allo... | What introduces heat gain from the filament? | What introduces heat gain from the filament? | [
"What introduces heat gain from the filament?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33171 | 57262c83ec44d21400f3db91 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, ... | What type of machine manufactures glass light bulbs. | What type of machine manufactures glass light bulbs. | [
"What type of machine manufactures glass light bulbs."
] | {
"text": [
"ribbon machine"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33172 | 57262c83ec44d21400f3db92 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, ... | How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour? | How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour? | [
"How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour?"
] | {
"text": [
"50,000"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33173 | 57262c83ec44d21400f3db93 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, ... | How is the filament attached to the bulb? | How is the filament attached to the bulb? | [
"How is the filament attached to the bulb?"
] | {
"text": [
"assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33174 | 57262c83ec44d21400f3db94 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, ... | How is the evacuation tube sealed? | How is the evacuation tube sealed? | [
"How is the evacuation tube sealed?"
] | {
"text": [
"by a flame"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33175 | 57262c83ec44d21400f3db95 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, ... | What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape? | What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape? | [
"What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape?"
] | {
"text": [
"precisely aligned air nozzles"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33176 | 5ad19a94645df0001a2d210a | Incandescent_light_bulb | In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, ... | What type of machine is not used in manufacturing light bulbs? | What type of machine is not used in manufacturing light bulbs? | [
"What type of machine is not used in manufacturing light bulbs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33177 | 5ad19a94645df0001a2d210b | Incandescent_light_bulb | In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, ... | What is not passed along a conveyor belt when making bulbs? | What is not passed along a conveyor belt when making bulbs? | [
"What is not passed along a conveyor belt when making bulbs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33178 | 5ad19a94645df0001a2d210c | Incandescent_light_bulb | In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, ... | What is cooled in a furnace and blown by aligned air nozzles though holes in the conveyor belt? | What is cooled in a furnace and blown by aligned air nozzles though holes in the conveyor belt? | [
"What is cooled in a furnace and blown by aligned air nozzles though holes in the conveyor belt?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33179 | 5ad19a94645df0001a2d210d | Incandescent_light_bulb | In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, ... | What is not sealed by a flame? | What is not sealed by a flame? | [
"What is not sealed by a flame?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33180 | 57262d20271a42140099d703 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increa... | What material were the first light bulb filaments made from? | What material were the first light bulb filaments made from? | [
"What material were the first light bulb filaments made from?"
] | {
"text": [
"carbon"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33181 | 57262d20271a42140099d704 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increa... | What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments? | What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments? | [
"What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?"
] | {
"text": [
"as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33182 | 57262d20271a42140099d705 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increa... | What were the positive effects of the flashing process? | What were the positive effects of the flashing process? | [
"What were the positive effects of the flashing process?"
] | {
"text": [
"improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency"
],
"answer_start": [
678
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33183 | 57262d20271a42140099d706 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increa... | What properties of graphite improved the filament? | What properties of graphite improved the filament? | [
"What properties of graphite improved the filament?"
] | {
"text": [
"further strengthened and smoothed the filament"
],
"answer_start": [
923
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33184 | 57262d20271a42140099d707 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increa... | What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient? | What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient? | [
"What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient?"
] | {
"text": [
"helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage"
],
"answer_start": [
1077
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33185 | 5ad19bb3645df0001a2d2112 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increa... | What were the first failed light bulb filaments made from? | What were the first failed light bulb filaments made from? | [
"What were the first failed light bulb filaments made from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33186 | 5ad19bb3645df0001a2d2113 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increa... | What had a positive temperature coefficient of resistence? | What had a positive temperature coefficient of resistence? | [
"What had a positive temperature coefficient of resistence?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33187 | 5ad19bb3645df0001a2d2114 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increa... | What was not a problem for early carbon filaments? | What was not a problem for early carbon filaments? | [
"What was not a problem for early carbon filaments?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33188 | 5ad19bb3645df0001a2d2115 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increa... | What were negative effects of the flashing process? | What were negative effects of the flashing process? | [
"What were negative effects of the flashing process?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33189 | 5ad19bb3645df0001a2d2116 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increa... | What did not further strengthen and did not smooth the filament? | What did not further strengthen and did not smooth the filament? | [
"What did not further strengthen and did not smooth the filament?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33190 | 57262d97ec44d21400f3dbad | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T... | What company invented the tantalum light filament? | What company invented the tantalum light filament? | [
"What company invented the tantalum light filament?"
] | {
"text": [
"Siemens"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33191 | 57262d97ec44d21400f3dbae | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T... | In what year was the tantalum light filament invented? | In what year was the tantalum light filament invented? | [
"In what year was the tantalum light filament invented?"
] | {
"text": [
"1902"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33192 | 57262d97ec44d21400f3dbaf | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T... | What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament? | What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament? | [
"What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament?"
] | {
"text": [
"These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures."
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33193 | 57262d97ec44d21400f3dbb0 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T... | Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens? | Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens? | [
"Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?"
] | {
"text": [
"General Electric"
],
"answer_start": [
665
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33194 | 57262d97ec44d21400f3dbb1 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T... | When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament? | When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament? | [
"When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament?"
] | {
"text": [
"1913"
],
"answer_start": [
760
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33195 | 5ad19c8d645df0001a2d211c | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T... | Who developed the tantalum light filament in 1905? | Who developed the tantalum light filament in 1905? | [
"Who developed the tantalum light filament in 1905?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33196 | 5ad19c8d645df0001a2d211d | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T... | What lamps were less efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments? | What lamps were less efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments? | [
"What lamps were less efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33197 | 5ad19c8d645df0001a2d211e | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T... | What had a higher resistivity than carbon? | What had a higher resistivity than carbon? | [
"What had a higher resistivity than carbon?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33198 | 5ad19c8d645df0001a2d211f | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T... | Who bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produce then in Canada in 1913? | Who bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produce then in Canada in 1913? | [
"Who bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produce then in Canada in 1913?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33199 | 5ad19c8d645df0001a2d2120 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T... | What were the minor advantages of the tantalum light filament from Siemens? | What were the minor advantages of the tantalum light filament from Siemens? | [
"What were the minor advantages of the tantalum light filament from Siemens?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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