gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-33600 | 57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b8 | Film_speed | The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed w... | Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? | Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? | [
"Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? "
] | {
"text": [
"an increment of 3° Sch"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33601 | 5a678045f038b7001ab0c25c | Film_speed | The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed w... | What was the second use of the Scheinergrade system? | What was the second use of the Scheinergrade system? | [
"What was the second use of the Scheinergrade system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33602 | 5a678045f038b7001ab0c25d | Film_speed | The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed w... | What did an increment of 1 degree Sch. correspond to? | What did an increment of 1 degree Sch. correspond to? | [
"What did an increment of 1 degree Sch. correspond to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33603 | 5a678045f038b7001ab0c25e | Film_speed | The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed w... | What was 20 degrees Sch. indicative of? | What was 20 degrees Sch. indicative of? | [
"What was 20 degrees Sch. indicative of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33604 | 5a678045f038b7001ab0c25f | Film_speed | The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed w... | What measured the visible darkening of a developing photograph? | What measured the visible darkening of a developing photograph? | [
"What measured the visible darkening of a developing photograph?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33605 | 5a678045f038b7001ab0c260 | Film_speed | The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed w... | When did the Scheinergrade system become outdated? | When did the Scheinergrade system become outdated? | [
"When did the Scheinergrade system become outdated?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33606 | 572640b938643c19005ad383 | Film_speed | The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion ... | Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention? | Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention? | [
"Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention?"
] | {
"text": [
"Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de)"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33607 | 572640b938643c19005ad384 | Film_speed | The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion ... | What did the Eder-Hecht device measure? | What did the Eder-Hecht device measure? | [
"What did the Eder-Hecht device measure?"
] | {
"text": [
"emulsion speeds"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33608 | 572640b938643c19005ad385 | Film_speed | The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion ... | What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds? | What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds? | [
"What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds?"
] | {
"text": [
"comparing with competing products"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33609 | 572640b938643c19005ad386 | Film_speed | The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion ... | What type of measurement methods began to proliferate? | What type of measurement methods began to proliferate? | [
"What type of measurement methods began to proliferate?"
] | {
"text": [
"modified semi-Scheiner-based systems"
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33610 | 572640b938643c19005ad387 | Film_speed | The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion ... | What eliminated comparability? | What eliminated comparability? | [
"What eliminated comparability?"
] | {
"text": [
"modified semi-Scheiner-based systems"
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33611 | 5a67848df038b7001ab0c266 | Film_speed | The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion ... | Who caused the shortcomings in the Scheiner invention? | Who caused the shortcomings in the Scheiner invention? | [
"Who caused the shortcomings in the Scheiner invention?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33612 | 5a67848df038b7001ab0c267 | Film_speed | The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion ... | What device allowed manufacturers to reliably determine speed? | What device allowed manufacturers to reliably determine speed? | [
"What device allowed manufacturers to reliably determine speed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33613 | 5a67848df038b7001ab0c268 | Film_speed | The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion ... | What was revised to a measure a tighter range? | What was revised to a measure a tighter range? | [
"What was revised to a measure a tighter range?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33614 | 5a67848df038b7001ab0c269 | Film_speed | The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion ... | What made comparability a more common option? | What made comparability a more common option? | [
"What made comparability a more common option?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33615 | 5a67848df038b7001ab0c26a | Film_speed | The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion ... | What scientist suggested comparing the systems? | What scientist suggested comparing the systems? | [
"What scientist suggested comparing the systems?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33616 | 5726428438643c19005ad3af | Film_speed | The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committ... | When was the DIN system established? | When was the DIN system established? | [
"When was the DIN system established? "
] | {
"text": [
"January 1934"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33617 | 5726428438643c19005ad3b0 | Film_speed | The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committ... | Who created the DIN system? | Who created the DIN system? | [
"Who created the DIN system?"
] | {
"text": [
"Deutsches Institut für Normung"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33618 | 5726428438643c19005ad3b1 | Film_speed | The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committ... | What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography? | What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography? | [
"What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography?"
] | {
"text": [
"a standardized method of sensitometry"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33619 | 5726428438643c19005ad3b2 | Film_speed | The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committ... | Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN? | Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN? | [
"Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert Luther (de) (1868–1945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970)"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33620 | 5726428438643c19005ad3b3 | Film_speed | The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committ... | Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held? | Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held? | [
"Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dresden"
],
"answer_start": [
646
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33621 | 5a6786f4f038b7001ab0c270 | Film_speed | The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committ... | When were the drafts by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik made? | When were the drafts by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik made? | [
"When were the drafts by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik made?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33622 | 5a6786f4f038b7001ab0c271 | Film_speed | The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committ... | What was the abbreviation for the Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik drafts? | What was the abbreviation for the Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik drafts? | [
"What was the abbreviation for the Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik drafts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33623 | 5a6786f4f038b7001ab0c272 | Film_speed | The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committ... | When was Deutsche Gesellschaft für photographische Forschung founded? | When was Deutsche Gesellschaft für photographische Forschung founded? | [
"When was Deutsche Gesellschaft für photographische Forschung founded?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33624 | 5a6786f4f038b7001ab0c273 | Film_speed | The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committ... | Where was Emanuel Goldberg from? | Where was Emanuel Goldberg from? | [
"Where was Emanuel Goldberg from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33625 | 5a6786f4f038b7001ab0c274 | Film_speed | The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committ... | Who founded the VIII. International Congress of Photography? | Who founded the VIII. International Congress of Photography? | [
"Who founded the VIII. International Congress of Photography?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33626 | 572644315951261400b51960 | Film_speed | As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above ... | What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? | What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? | [
"What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? "
] | {
"text": [
"degrees"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33627 | 572644315951261400b51961 | Film_speed | As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above ... | How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system? | How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system? | [
"How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system?"
] | {
"text": [
"as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example \"18/10° DIN\")"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33628 | 572644315951261400b51962 | Film_speed | As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above ... | When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system? | When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system? | [
"When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system?"
] | {
"text": [
"with DIN 4512:1961-10"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33629 | 572644315951261400b51963 | Film_speed | As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above ... | Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably? | Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably? | [
"Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably?"
] | {
"text": [
"to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33630 | 572644315951261400b51964 | Film_speed | As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above ... | What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film? | What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film? | [
"What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film?"
] | {
"text": [
"would become doubled"
],
"answer_start": [
638
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33631 | 5a67883df038b7001ab0c28c | Film_speed | As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above ... | What replaced the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard? | What replaced the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard? | [
"What replaced the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33632 | 5a67883df038b7001ab0c28d | Film_speed | As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above ... | What system reintroduced the degree symbol? | What system reintroduced the degree symbol? | [
"What system reintroduced the degree symbol?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33633 | 5a67883df038b7001ab0c28e | Film_speed | As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above ... | What American standard abandoned the tenths method? | What American standard abandoned the tenths method? | [
"What American standard abandoned the tenths method?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33634 | 5a67883df038b7001ab0c28f | Film_speed | As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above ... | With emulsion changes, what did 18° DIN become? | With emulsion changes, what did 18° DIN become? | [
"With emulsion changes, what did 18° DIN become?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33635 | 5a67883df038b7001ab0c290 | Film_speed | As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above ... | What happened to film speeds after the introduction of the DIN 4512:1957-11? | What happened to film speeds after the introduction of the DIN 4512:1957-11? | [
"What happened to film speeds after the introduction of the DIN 4512:1957-11?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33636 | 57264597f1498d1400e8dace | Film_speed | On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as ... | What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system? | What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system? | [
"What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system?"
] | {
"text": [
"ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33637 | 57264597f1498d1400e8dacf | Film_speed | On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as ... | How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems? | How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems? | [
"How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems?"
] | {
"text": [
"in linear and logarithmic form as \"ISO 100/21°\""
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33638 | 57264597f1498d1400e8dad0 | Film_speed | On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as ... | What standards did the DIN begin to use? | What standards did the DIN begin to use? | [
"What standards did the DIN begin to use?"
] | {
"text": [
"ISO standards"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33639 | 57264597f1498d1400e8dad1 | Film_speed | On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as ... | When were the ISO standards first adopted? | When were the ISO standards first adopted? | [
"When were the ISO standards first adopted?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the 1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33640 | 57264597f1498d1400e8dad2 | Film_speed | On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as ... | When were the last ISO standards adopted? | When were the last ISO standards adopted? | [
"When were the last ISO standards adopted? "
] | {
"text": [
"July 2002"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33641 | 5a679283f038b7001ab0c2e0 | Film_speed | On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as ... | What did the German DIN 4512 supersede? | What did the German DIN 4512 supersede? | [
"What did the German DIN 4512 supersede?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33642 | 5a679283f038b7001ab0c2e1 | Film_speed | On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as ... | What German system wrote in a linear and logarithmic form? | What German system wrote in a linear and logarithmic form? | [
"What German system wrote in a linear and logarithmic form?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33643 | 5a679283f038b7001ab0c2e2 | Film_speed | On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as ... | What standards did DIN abandon? | What standards did DIN abandon? | [
"What standards did DIN abandon?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33644 | 5a679283f038b7001ab0c2e3 | Film_speed | On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as ... | When did the ISO adopt the DIN standards? | When did the ISO adopt the DIN standards? | [
"When did the ISO adopt the DIN standards?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33645 | 5a679283f038b7001ab0c2e4 | Film_speed | On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as ... | When did DIN 4512-5:1990-11 replace DIN ISO 5800:1998-06? | When did DIN 4512-5:1990-11 replace DIN ISO 5800:1998-06? | [
"When did DIN 4512-5:1990-11 replace DIN ISO 5800:1998-06?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33646 | 57264675dd62a815002e8038 | Film_speed | Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617... | What system was used previous to the ASA system? | What system was used previous to the ASA system? | [
"What system was used previous to the ASA system?"
] | {
"text": [
"the system of Weston film speed ratings"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33647 | 57264675dd62a815002e8039 | Film_speed | Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617... | Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? | Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? | [
"Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? "
] | {
"text": [
"Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936)"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33648 | 57264675dd62a815002e803a | Film_speed | Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617... | What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? | What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? | [
"What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? "
] | {
"text": [
"the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33649 | 57264675dd62a815002e803b | Film_speed | Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617... | When was the Weston model 617 created? | When was the Weston model 617 created? | [
"When was the Weston model 617 created?"
] | {
"text": [
"August 1932"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33650 | 57264675dd62a815002e803c | Film_speed | Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617... | Who is credited with creating the film and meter system? | Who is credited with creating the film and meter system? | [
"Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?"
] | {
"text": [
"William Nelson Goodwin, Jr."
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33651 | 5a679303f038b7001ab0c2f4 | Film_speed | Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617... | Who introduced the ASA system? | Who introduced the ASA system? | [
"Who introduced the ASA system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33652 | 5a679303f038b7001ab0c2f5 | Film_speed | Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617... | When was the ASA system introduced? | When was the ASA system introduced? | [
"When was the ASA system introduced?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33653 | 5a679303f038b7001ab0c2f6 | Film_speed | Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617... | When was William Nelson Goodwin Jr. born? | When was William Nelson Goodwin Jr. born? | [
"When was William Nelson Goodwin Jr. born?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33654 | 5a679303f038b7001ab0c2f7 | Film_speed | Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617... | What medal did Edward Faraday Weston win? | What medal did Edward Faraday Weston win? | [
"What medal did Edward Faraday Weston win?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33655 | 5a679303f038b7001ab0c2f8 | Film_speed | Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617... | What did Howard N. Potts invent in 1932? | What did Howard N. Potts invent in 1932? | [
"What did Howard N. Potts invent in 1932?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33656 | 57264e6f5951b619008f6f6f | Film_speed | The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca... | Which cameras were first of their type to adopt the ASA scale? | Which cameras were first of their type to adopt the ASA scale? | [
"Which cameras were first of their type to adopt the ASA scale?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956)"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33657 | 57264e6f5951b619008f6f70 | Film_speed | The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca... | What were updated Weston values based on? | What were updated Weston values based on? | [
"What were updated Weston values based on?"
] | {
"text": [
"the ASA system"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33658 | 57264e6f5951b619008f6f71 | Film_speed | The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca... | How were Weston values changed to ASA values? | How were Weston values changed to ASA values? | [
"How were Weston values changed to ASA values?"
] | {
"text": [
"by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33659 | 57264e6f5951b619008f6f72 | Film_speed | The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca... | Beginning with which year was the Weston to ASA conversion not necessary? | Beginning with which year was the Weston to ASA conversion not necessary? | [
"Beginning with which year was the Weston to ASA conversion not necessary?"
] | {
"text": [
"1956"
],
"answer_start": [
1018
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33660 | 57264e6f5951b619008f6f73 | Film_speed | The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca... | Until what year did other models use the original Weston scale? | Until what year did other models use the original Weston scale? | [
"Until what year did other models use the original Weston scale?"
] | {
"text": [
"1955"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33661 | 5a67a089f038b7001ab0c36e | Film_speed | The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca... | Which two models were introduced in 1949? | Which two models were introduced in 1949? | [
"Which two models were introduced in 1949?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33662 | 5a67a089f038b7001ab0c36f | Film_speed | The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca... | When did models move back to the Weston scale? | When did models move back to the Weston scale? | [
"When did models move back to the Weston scale?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33663 | 5a67a089f038b7001ab0c370 | Film_speed | The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca... | What was added to convert Weston values to the older meters? | What was added to convert Weston values to the older meters? | [
"What was added to convert Weston values to the older meters?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33664 | 5a67a089f038b7001ab0c371 | Film_speed | The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca... | What was necessary on meters manufactured after 1956? | What was necessary on meters manufactured after 1956? | [
"What was necessary on meters manufactured after 1956?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33665 | 5a67a089f038b7001ab0c372 | Film_speed | The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca... | When was the ASA scale established? | When was the ASA scale established? | [
"When was the ASA scale established?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33666 | 57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbda | Film_speed | General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable ... | Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946? | Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946? | [
"Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946?"
] | {
"text": [
"General Electric"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33667 | 57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbdb | Film_speed | General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable ... | Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter? | Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter? | [
"Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter?"
] | {
"text": [
"1946"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33668 | 57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbdc | Film_speed | General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable ... | How did older models convert to ASA scale? | How did older models convert to ASA scale? | [
"How did older models convert to ASA scale?"
] | {
"text": [
"replaceable hoods with ASA scales"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33669 | 57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbdd | Film_speed | General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable ... | How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946? | How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946? | [
"How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946?"
] | {
"text": [
"labeled \"Exposure Index\""
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33670 | 57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbde | Film_speed | General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable ... | What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946? | What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946? | [
"What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946?"
] | {
"text": [
"they were now aligned to the ASA scale"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33671 | 5a67a1b9f038b7001ab0c37e | Film_speed | General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable ... | What company stopped using ASA in 1946? | What company stopped using ASA in 1946? | [
"What company stopped using ASA in 1946?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33672 | 5a67a1b9f038b7001ab0c37f | Film_speed | General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable ... | When were the DW-48 and DW-49 models made? | When were the DW-48 and DW-49 models made? | [
"When were the DW-48 and DW-49 models made?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33673 | 5a67a1b9f038b7001ab0c380 | Film_speed | General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable ... | What were models pre-1946 labeled with? | What were models pre-1946 labeled with? | [
"What were models pre-1946 labeled with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33674 | 5a67a1b9f038b7001ab0c381 | Film_speed | General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable ... | Who refused to create replaceable hoods with ASA scales? | Who refused to create replaceable hoods with ASA scales? | [
"Who refused to create replaceable hoods with ASA scales?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33675 | 5a67a1b9f038b7001ab0c382 | Film_speed | General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable ... | What did the recommended film values no longer follow after 1946? | What did the recommended film values no longer follow after 1946? | [
"What did the recommended film values no longer follow after 1946?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33676 | 572650e6708984140094c219 | Film_speed | Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA... | Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values? | Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values? | [
"Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values?"
] | {
"text": [
"Loyd Ancile Jones"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33677 | 572650e6708984140094c21a | Film_speed | Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA... | What standards were the ANSI developed from? | What standards were the ANSI developed from? | [
"What standards were the ANSI developed from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33678 | 572650e6708984140094c21b | Film_speed | Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA... | What types of film did the ANSI measure? | What types of film did the ANSI measure? | [
"What types of film did the ANSI measure?"
] | {
"text": [
"black-and-white negative films"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33679 | 572650e6708984140094c21c | Film_speed | Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA... | When did the ANSI define its new measure? | When did the ANSI define its new measure? | [
"When did the ANSI define its new measure?"
] | {
"text": [
"1943"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33680 | 572650e6708984140094c21d | Film_speed | Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA... | What were ANSI values often called in the beginning? | What were ANSI values often called in the beginning? | [
"What were ANSI values often called in the beginning?"
] | {
"text": [
"American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33681 | 5a67a29af038b7001ab0c398 | Film_speed | Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA... | Who did research for General Electric? | Who did research for General Electric? | [
"Who did research for General Electric?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33682 | 5a67a29af038b7001ab0c399 | Film_speed | Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA... | What was Kodak renamed as? | What was Kodak renamed as? | [
"What was Kodak renamed as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33683 | 5a67a29af038b7001ab0c39a | Film_speed | Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA... | What were the Weston Film speed ratings inspired by? | What were the Weston Film speed ratings inspired by? | [
"What were the Weston Film speed ratings inspired by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33684 | 5a67a29af038b7001ab0c39b | Film_speed | Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA... | When did Jones publish his research? | When did Jones publish his research? | [
"When did Jones publish his research?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33685 | 5a67a29af038b7001ab0c39c | Film_speed | Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA... | When was ASA PH2.5-1954 released? | When was ASA PH2.5-1954 released? | [
"When was ASA PH2.5-1954 released?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33686 | 57265236708984140094c249 | Film_speed | The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had bee... | In what year were big changes made to the ANSI? | In what year were big changes made to the ANSI? | [
"In what year were big changes made to the ANSI?"
] | {
"text": [
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33687 | 57265236708984140094c24a | Film_speed | The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had bee... | What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to? | What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to? | [
"What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to?"
] | {
"text": [
"effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33688 | 57265236708984140094c24b | Film_speed | The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had bee... | Which other system were these changes applied to? | Which other system were these changes applied to? | [
"Which other system were these changes applied to?"
] | {
"text": [
"the DIN system"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33689 | 57265236708984140094c24c | Film_speed | The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had bee... | In what year was the BS system modified? | In what year was the BS system modified? | [
"In what year was the BS system modified?"
] | {
"text": [
"1963"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33690 | 57265236708984140094c24d | Film_speed | The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had bee... | What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards? | What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards? | [
"What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards?"
] | {
"text": [
"safety factors against under-exposure"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33691 | 5a67a409f038b7001ab0c3b6 | Film_speed | The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had bee... | When were new safety factors put in place? | When were new safety factors put in place? | [
"When were new safety factors put in place?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33692 | 5a67a409f038b7001ab0c3b7 | Film_speed | The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had bee... | The nominal speed of what films were halved by abandoning safety factors? | The nominal speed of what films were halved by abandoning safety factors? | [
"The nominal speed of what films were halved by abandoning safety factors?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33693 | 5a67a409f038b7001ab0c3b8 | Film_speed | The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had bee... | A 400 ASA became what after 1960? | A 400 ASA became what after 1960? | [
"A 400 ASA became what after 1960?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33694 | 5a67a409f038b7001ab0c3b9 | Film_speed | The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had bee... | When were changes applied to the DIN system? | When were changes applied to the DIN system? | [
"When were changes applied to the DIN system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33695 | 5a67a409f038b7001ab0c3ba | Film_speed | The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had bee... | The Ilford HP3 changes were applied to what in the following years? | The Ilford HP3 changes were applied to what in the following years? | [
"The Ilford HP3 changes were applied to what in the following years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33696 | 57265352dd62a815002e8190 | Film_speed | Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po... | What is the plot from which film speed is derived called? | What is the plot from which film speed is derived called? | [
"What is the plot from which film speed is derived called?"
] | {
"text": [
"the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33697 | 57265352dd62a815002e8191 | Film_speed | Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po... | How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have? | How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have? | [
"How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have?"
] | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33698 | 57265352dd62a815002e8192 | Film_speed | Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po... | What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve? | What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve? | [
"What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve?"
] | {
"text": [
"a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33699 | 57265352dd62a815002e8193 | Film_speed | Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po... | What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met? | What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met? | [
"What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met?"
] | {
"text": [
"The exposure Hm, in lux-s"
],
"answer_start": [
585
]
} |
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