gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-33700 | 57265352dd62a815002e8194 | Film_speed | Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po... | What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve? | What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve? | [
"What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve?"
] | {
"text": [
"the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33701 | 5a67abeaf038b7001ab0c408 | Film_speed | Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po... | What is film speed combined with to produce optical density? | What is film speed combined with to produce optical density? | [
"What is film speed combined with to produce optical density?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33702 | 5a67abeaf038b7001ab0c409 | Film_speed | Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po... | What is a plot of film speed vs. log of exposure called? | What is a plot of film speed vs. log of exposure called? | [
"What is a plot of film speed vs. log of exposure called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33703 | 5a67abeaf038b7001ab0c40a | Film_speed | Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po... | How many speed points are there in a black and white film? | How many speed points are there in a black and white film? | [
"How many speed points are there in a black and white film?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33704 | 5a67abeaf038b7001ab0c40b | Film_speed | Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po... | What is the point at which density is 0.1 less than the base + fog? | What is the point at which density is 0.1 less than the base + fog? | [
"What is the point at which density is 0.1 less than the base + fog?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33705 | 5a67abeaf038b7001ab0c40c | Film_speed | Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po... | What is the ISO arithmetic speed? | What is the ISO arithmetic speed? | [
"What is the ISO arithmetic speed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33706 | 572655085951b619008f6fdb | Film_speed | Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm... | What is the effective f-number proportional to? | What is the effective f-number proportional to? | [
"What is the effective f-number proportional to?"
] | {
"text": [
"the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33707 | 572655085951b619008f6fdc | Film_speed | Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm... | What is used to discover the right exposure parameters? | What is used to discover the right exposure parameters? | [
"What is used to discover the right exposure parameters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Film speed"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33708 | 572655085951b619008f6fdd | Film_speed | Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm... | What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect? | What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect? | [
"What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect?"
] | {
"text": [
"lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time)"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33709 | 572655085951b619008f6fde | Film_speed | Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm... | A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2? | A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2? | [
"A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2?"
] | {
"text": [
"twice as much"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33710 | 572655085951b619008f6fdf | Film_speed | Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm... | In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what? | In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what? | [
"In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"stop\""
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33711 | 5a67aceaf038b7001ab0c412 | Film_speed | Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm... | What are appropriate exposure parameters used to find? | What are appropriate exposure parameters used to find? | [
"What are appropriate exposure parameters used to find?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33712 | 5a67aceaf038b7001ab0c413 | Film_speed | Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm... | What is another name for film speed? | What is another name for film speed? | [
"What is another name for film speed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33713 | 5a67aceaf038b7001ab0c414 | Film_speed | Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm... | What system uses ratios? | What system uses ratios? | [
"What system uses ratios?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33714 | 5a67aceaf038b7001ab0c415 | Film_speed | Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm... | The ratio between the diameter and square root of the aperture is called what? | The ratio between the diameter and square root of the aperture is called what? | [
"The ratio between the diameter and square root of the aperture is called what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33715 | 5a67aceaf038b7001ab0c416 | Film_speed | Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm... | How much does light does an f/2 let in as compared to an f/4? | How much does light does an f/2 let in as compared to an f/4? | [
"How much does light does an f/2 let in as compared to an f/4?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33716 | 5726565df1498d1400e8dc72 | Film_speed | Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the fil... | What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure? | What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure? | [
"What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure?"
] | {
"text": [
"the amount of light energy that reaches the film"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33717 | 5726565df1498d1400e8dc73 | Film_speed | Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the fil... | In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work? | In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work? | [
"In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work?"
] | {
"text": [
"between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33718 | 5726565df1498d1400e8dc74 | Film_speed | Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the fil... | How is the exposure of film changed? | How is the exposure of film changed? | [
"How is the exposure of film changed?"
] | {
"text": [
"by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33719 | 5726565df1498d1400e8dc75 | Film_speed | Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the fil... | How are ways of finding an emulsion's sensitivity possible? | How are ways of finding an emulsion's sensitivity possible? | [
"How are ways of finding an emulsion's sensitivity possible?"
] | {
"text": [
"because reciprocity holds"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33720 | 5726565df1498d1400e8dc76 | Film_speed | Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the fil... | What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range? | What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range? | [
"What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range?"
] | {
"text": [
"reciprocity failure"
],
"answer_start": [
718
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33721 | 5a67adf2f038b7001ab0c41c | Film_speed | Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the fil... | What determines the amount of light energy that reaches the film? | What determines the amount of light energy that reaches the film? | [
"What determines the amount of light energy that reaches the film?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33722 | 5a67adf2f038b7001ab0c41d | Film_speed | Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the fil... | Multiplying the brightness of a light by a factor and decreasing the exposure by the same factor causes what to change? | Multiplying the brightness of a light by a factor and decreasing the exposure by the same factor causes what to change? | [
"Multiplying the brightness of a light by a factor and decreasing the exposure by the same factor causes what to change?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33723 | 5a67adf2f038b7001ab0c41e | Film_speed | Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the fil... | How is the brightness of a light changed? | How is the brightness of a light changed? | [
"How is the brightness of a light changed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33724 | 5a67adf2f038b7001ab0c41f | Film_speed | Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the fil... | Reciprocity only works outside of what ranges? | Reciprocity only works outside of what ranges? | [
"Reciprocity only works outside of what ranges?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33725 | 5a67adf2f038b7001ab0c420 | Film_speed | Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the fil... | Reciprocity holds because of what system? | Reciprocity holds because of what system? | [
"Reciprocity holds because of what system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33726 | 572657b8708984140094c31d | Film_speed | Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate... | What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed? | What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed? | [
"What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33727 | 572657b8708984140094c31e | Film_speed | Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate... | What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200? | What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200? | [
"What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200?"
] | {
"text": [
"ISO 1000"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33728 | 572657b8708984140094c31f | Film_speed | Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate... | Which two companies produced E6 films meant for "pushing"? | Which two companies produced E6 films meant for "pushing"? | [
"Which two companies produced E6 films meant for \"pushing\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kodak and Fuji"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33729 | 572657b8708984140094c320 | Film_speed | Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate... | What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600? | What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600? | [
"What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600?"
] | {
"text": [
"ISO 400"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33730 | 572657b8708984140094c321 | Film_speed | Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate... | What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200? | What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200? | [
"What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200?"
] | {
"text": [
"high-speed black-and-white films"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33731 | 5a67af54f038b7001ab0c426 | Film_speed | Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate... | What cameras have speeds above what they are marketed as? | What cameras have speeds above what they are marketed as? | [
"What cameras have speeds above what they are marketed as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33732 | 5a67af54f038b7001ab0c427 | Film_speed | Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate... | 3200 is the true ISO of what film? | 3200 is the true ISO of what film? | [
"3200 is the true ISO of what film?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33733 | 5a67af54f038b7001ab0c428 | Film_speed | Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate... | What is the true speed of the Kodak T-MAX P3200 according to the data sheet? | What is the true speed of the Kodak T-MAX P3200 according to the data sheet? | [
"What is the true speed of the Kodak T-MAX P3200 according to the data sheet?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33734 | 5a67af54f038b7001ab0c429 | Film_speed | Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate... | What is the Delta 3200 designed for? | What is the Delta 3200 designed for? | [
"What is the Delta 3200 designed for? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33735 | 5a67af54f038b7001ab0c42a | Film_speed | Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate... | Ilford Delta and Fuji marketed what kind of film? | Ilford Delta and Fuji marketed what kind of film? | [
"Ilford Delta and Fuji marketed what kind of film?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33736 | 57265bf25951b619008f7085 | Film_speed | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | What is another name for an exposure index rating? | What is another name for an exposure index rating? | [
"What is another name for an exposure index rating?"
] | {
"text": [
"ISO setting"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33737 | 57265bf25951b619008f7086 | Film_speed | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | How do some camera designs give some EI choices? | How do some camera designs give some EI choices? | [
"How do some camera designs give some EI choices?"
] | {
"text": [
"by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33738 | 57265bf25951b619008f7087 | Film_speed | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | Who provides the exposure index rating? | Who provides the exposure index rating? | [
"Who provides the exposure index rating?"
] | {
"text": [
"the manufacturer"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33739 | 57265bf25951b619008f7088 | Film_speed | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | What are digital photo cameras also called? | What are digital photo cameras also called? | [
"What are digital photo cameras also called?"
] | {
"text": [
"digital still cameras"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33740 | 5a67b268f038b7001ab0c430 | Film_speed | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | What is an sRGB image file commonly called? | What is an sRGB image file commonly called? | [
"What is an sRGB image file commonly called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33741 | 5a67b268f038b7001ab0c431 | Film_speed | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | The lightness of an sRGB file is designed to be different from what? | The lightness of an sRGB file is designed to be different from what? | [
"The lightness of an sRGB file is designed to be different from what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33742 | 5a67b268f038b7001ab0c432 | Film_speed | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | What is adjusted prior to conversion to analog? | What is adjusted prior to conversion to analog? | [
"What is adjusted prior to conversion to analog?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33743 | 5a67b268f038b7001ab0c433 | Film_speed | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | What do choices do camera designs not offer? | What do choices do camera designs not offer? | [
"What do choices do camera designs not offer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33744 | 5a67b268f038b7001ab0c434 | Film_speed | For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual de... | What does the choice of lightness parameters prevent? | What does the choice of lightness parameters prevent? | [
"What does the choice of lightness parameters prevent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33745 | 57265d27708984140094c3a1 | Film_speed | Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed t... | What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film? | What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film? | [
"What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film?"
] | {
"text": [
"Digital cameras"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33746 | 57265d27708984140094c3a2 | Film_speed | Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed t... | What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain? | What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain? | [
"What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain?"
] | {
"text": [
"409,600"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33747 | 57265d27708984140094c3a3 | Film_speed | Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed t... | What is responsible for these vast increases in speed? | What is responsible for these vast increases in speed? | [
"What is responsible for these vast increases in speed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33748 | 57265d27708984140094c3a4 | Film_speed | Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed t... | What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware? | What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware? | [
"What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware?"
] | {
"text": [
"prohibitively time consuming to process"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33749 | 57265d27708984140094c3a5 | Film_speed | Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed t... | What does the higher speed do for the images produced? | What does the higher speed do for the images produced? | [
"What does the higher speed do for the images produced?"
] | {
"text": [
"a higher level of refinement"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33750 | 5a67c170f038b7001ab0c44e | Film_speed | Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed t... | How has film surpassed digital cameras? | How has film surpassed digital cameras? | [
"How has film surpassed digital cameras?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33751 | 5a67c170f038b7001ab0c44f | Film_speed | Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed t... | What is the highest ISO speed a film camera can reach? | What is the highest ISO speed a film camera can reach? | [
"What is the highest ISO speed a film camera can reach?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33752 | 5a67c170f038b7001ab0c450 | Film_speed | Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed t... | What, besides a faster processor, prevents processing from happening when a photo is taken? | What, besides a faster processor, prevents processing from happening when a photo is taken? | [
"What, besides a faster processor, prevents processing from happening when a photo is taken?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33753 | 5a67c170f038b7001ab0c451 | Film_speed | Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed t... | What could earlier generations of digital cameras store? | What could earlier generations of digital cameras store? | [
"What could earlier generations of digital cameras store?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33754 | 5a67c170f038b7001ab0c452 | Film_speed | Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed t... | Which generation of cameras are capable of storing higher refined images? | Which generation of cameras are capable of storing higher refined images? | [
"Which generation of cameras are capable of storing higher refined images?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33755 | 5726625c5951b619008f710f | Film_speed | The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, wh... | How many techniques are available because of ISO 12232:2006? | How many techniques are available because of ISO 12232:2006? | [
"How many techniques are available because of ISO 12232:2006?"
] | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33756 | 5726625c5951b619008f7110 | Film_speed | The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, wh... | What techniques did CIPA DC-004 provide? | What techniques did CIPA DC-004 provide? | [
"What techniques did CIPA DC-004 provide?"
] | {
"text": [
"two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33757 | 5726625c5951b619008f7111 | Film_speed | The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, wh... | What factors affect the exposure index rating? | What factors affect the exposure index rating? | [
"What factors affect the exposure index rating?"
] | {
"text": [
"the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33758 | 5726625c5951b619008f7112 | Film_speed | The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, wh... | What does the standard of ISO 12232:2006 specify? | What does the standard of ISO 12232:2006 specify? | [
"What does the standard of ISO 12232:2006 specify?"
] | {
"text": [
"the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33759 | 5726625c5951b619008f7113 | Film_speed | The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, wh... | In what year did Kodak start using a different way of characterizing two sensors? | In what year did Kodak start using a different way of characterizing two sensors? | [
"In what year did Kodak start using a different way of characterizing two sensors?"
] | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
843
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33760 | 5a67c3e1f038b7001ab0c458 | Film_speed | The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, wh... | When was ISO 12232:2006 made public? | When was ISO 12232:2006 made public? | [
"When was ISO 12232:2006 made public?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33761 | 5a67c3e1f038b7001ab0c459 | Film_speed | The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, wh... | How many JPEG techniques were introduced in 1998? | How many JPEG techniques were introduced in 1998? | [
"How many JPEG techniques were introduced in 1998?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33762 | 5a67c3e1f038b7001ab0c45a | Film_speed | The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, wh... | What are the three techniques that affect ISO? | What are the three techniques that affect ISO? | [
"What are the three techniques that affect ISO?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33763 | 5a67c3e1f038b7001ab0c45b | Film_speed | The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, wh... | How many techniques depend on sensor sensitivity? | How many techniques depend on sensor sensitivity? | [
"How many techniques depend on sensor sensitivity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33764 | 5a67c3e1f038b7001ab0c45c | Film_speed | The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, wh... | When did Kodak stop using variations of sensitivity? | When did Kodak stop using variations of sensitivity? | [
"When did Kodak stop using variations of sensitivity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33765 | 572663cd5951b619008f7147 | Film_speed | The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. T... | What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers? | What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers? | [
"What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers? "
] | {
"text": [
"to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33766 | 572663cd5951b619008f7148 | Film_speed | The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. T... | What is another name for multi-zone metering? | What is another name for multi-zone metering? | [
"What is another name for multi-zone metering?"
] | {
"text": [
"pattern metering"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33767 | 572663cd5951b619008f7149 | Film_speed | The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. T... | What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have? | What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have? | [
"What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have?"
] | {
"text": [
"the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33768 | 572663cd5951b619008f714a | Film_speed | The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. T... | When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced? | When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced? | [
"When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced?"
] | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33769 | 572663cd5951b619008f714b | Film_speed | The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. T... | What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used? | What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used? | [
"What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used?"
] | {
"text": [
"Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33770 | 5a67c59cf038b7001ab0c462 | Film_speed | The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. T... | What standardized EI choices? | What standardized EI choices? | [
"What standardized EI choices?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33771 | 5a67c59cf038b7001ab0c463 | Film_speed | The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. T... | When was multi-zone metering introduced? | When was multi-zone metering introduced? | [
"When was multi-zone metering introduced?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33772 | 5a67c59cf038b7001ab0c464 | Film_speed | The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. T... | REI and what are the only techniques available under standard outputs? | REI and what are the only techniques available under standard outputs? | [
"REI and what are the only techniques available under standard outputs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33773 | 5a67c59cf038b7001ab0c465 | Film_speed | The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. T... | What was retracted in the 2006 standards? | What was retracted in the 2006 standards? | [
"What was retracted in the 2006 standards?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33774 | 5a67c59cf038b7001ab0c466 | Film_speed | The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. T... | Who created the 2006 standard? | Who created the 2006 standard? | [
"Who created the 2006 standard?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33775 | 572665495951b619008f7193 | Film_speed | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | What year was the Standard Output Sensitivity technique introduced? | What year was the Standard Output Sensitivity technique introduced? | [
"What year was the Standard Output Sensitivity technique introduced?"
] | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33776 | 572665495951b619008f7194 | Film_speed | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | What does the Standard Output Sensitivity technique apply to? | What does the Standard Output Sensitivity technique apply to? | [
"What does the Standard Output Sensitivity technique apply to?"
] | {
"text": [
"sRGB images—typically JPEG"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33777 | 572665495951b619008f7195 | Film_speed | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | What is the output level measured in? | What is the output level measured in? | [
"What is the output level measured in?"
] | {
"text": [
"the sRGB output from the camera"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33778 | 572665495951b619008f7196 | Film_speed | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | With what type of metering can the Standard Output Sensitivity not be used? | With what type of metering can the Standard Output Sensitivity not be used? | [
"With what type of metering can the Standard Output Sensitivity not be used?"
] | {
"text": [
"multi-zone metering"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33779 | 572665495951b619008f7197 | Film_speed | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | With what standard is the automatic exposure control system calibrated? | With what standard is the automatic exposure control system calibrated? | [
"With what standard is the automatic exposure control system calibrated?"
] | {
"text": [
"ISO 2721"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33780 | 5a67d295f038b7001ab0c46c | Film_speed | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | What technique was removed in the 2006 standards? | What technique was removed in the 2006 standards? | [
"What technique was removed in the 2006 standards?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33781 | 5a67d295f038b7001ab0c46d | Film_speed | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | When exposure is not automatically controlled, what is the gray set at? | When exposure is not automatically controlled, what is the gray set at? | [
"When exposure is not automatically controlled, what is the gray set at?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33782 | 5a67d295f038b7001ab0c46e | Film_speed | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | How are files in raw measured? | How are files in raw measured? | [
"How are files in raw measured?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33783 | 5a67d295f038b7001ab0c46f | Film_speed | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | Multi-zone metering uses what ISO calibration? | Multi-zone metering uses what ISO calibration? | [
"Multi-zone metering uses what ISO calibration?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33784 | 5a67d295f038b7001ab0c470 | Film_speed | The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no ... | When was the SOS technique applied to raw images? | When was the SOS technique applied to raw images? | [
"When was the SOS technique applied to raw images?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33785 | 5726668a708984140094c4cb | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004? | Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004? | [
"Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004?"
] | {
"text": [
"REI or SOS techniques"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33786 | 5726668a708984140094c4cc | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used? | In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used? | [
"In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used?"
] | {
"text": [
"approximately 2007 and later"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33787 | 5726668a708984140094c4cd | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used? | With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used? | [
"With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used?"
] | {
"text": [
"cameras that produce images only in JPEG format"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33788 | 5726668a708984140094c4ce | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to? | What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to? | [
"What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Japanese"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33789 | 5726668a708984140094c4cf | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | What does the DC-008 change? | What does the DC-008 change? | [
"What does the DC-008 change?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Exif specification"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33790 | 5a67d407f038b7001ab0c476 | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | How many techniques are widely used in new camera models? | How many techniques are widely used in new camera models? | [
"How many techniques are widely used in new camera models?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33791 | 5a67d407f038b7001ab0c477 | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | When was the CIPA DC-004 standard released? | When was the CIPA DC-004 standard released? | [
"When was the CIPA DC-004 standard released?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33792 | 5a67d407f038b7001ab0c478 | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | Which manufacturers are exempt from CIPA DC-004? | Which manufacturers are exempt from CIPA DC-004? | [
"Which manufacturers are exempt from CIPA DC-004?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33793 | 5a67d407f038b7001ab0c479 | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | After 2007, newer camera models started using what techniques again? | After 2007, newer camera models started using what techniques again? | [
"After 2007, newer camera models started using what techniques again?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33794 | 5a67d407f038b7001ab0c47a | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | The three EI techniques have to be used on cameras that only capture in what format? | The three EI techniques have to be used on cameras that only capture in what format? | [
"The three EI techniques have to be used on cameras that only capture in what format?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33795 | 5726722df1498d1400e8dfee | Film_speed | where is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The f... | What does the sensor usually determine? | What does the sensor usually determine? | [
"What does the sensor usually determine?"
] | {
"text": [
"lower limit of the saturation speed"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33796 | 5726722df1498d1400e8dfef | Film_speed | where is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The f... | How can the saturation speed be increased? | How can the saturation speed be increased? | [
"How can the saturation speed be increased?"
] | {
"text": [
"with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33797 | 5726722df1498d1400e8dff0 | Film_speed | where is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The f... | What is indicated by the factor √2? | What is indicated by the factor √2? | [
"What is indicated by the factor √2?"
] | {
"text": [
"there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33798 | 5726722df1498d1400e8dff1 | Film_speed | where is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The f... | What can too much exposure lead to? | What can too much exposure lead to? | [
"What can too much exposure lead to?"
] | {
"text": [
"clipped or bloomed camera output"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33799 | 5a67d77bf038b7001ab0c480 | Film_speed | where is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The f... | The lower limit of saturation speed leads to what? | The lower limit of saturation speed leads to what? | [
"The lower limit of saturation speed leads to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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