gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-7000 | 57314067a5e9cc1400cdbdc0 | Red | As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow. | What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering? | What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering? | [
"What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering?"
] | {
"text": [
"scatter more strongly"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7001 | 57314067a5e9cc1400cdbdc1 | Red | As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow. | What is the effect on blue and green light experiencing Rayleigh scattering during sunrise? | What is the effect on blue and green light experiencing Rayleigh scattering during sunrise? | [
"What is the effect on blue and green light experiencing Rayleigh scattering during sunrise?"
] | {
"text": [
"removed almost completely"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7002 | 57314067a5e9cc1400cdbdc2 | Red | As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow. | In comparison to blue and green, what would describe the wavelength of orange or red light? | In comparison to blue and green, what would describe the wavelength of orange or red light? | [
"In comparison to blue and green, what would describe the wavelength of orange or red light?"
] | {
"text": [
"longer"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7003 | 5ad4e5145b96ef001a10a590 | Red | As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow. | Why does white sunlight travel through the atmosphere? | Why does white sunlight travel through the atmosphere? | [
"Why does white sunlight travel through the atmosphere? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7004 | 5ad4e5145b96ef001a10a591 | Red | As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow. | How do colors with longer wavelengths scatter? | How do colors with longer wavelengths scatter? | [
"How do colors with longer wavelengths scatter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7005 | 5ad4e5145b96ef001a10a592 | Red | As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow. | What colors have a longer wavelength than orange and red? | What colors have a longer wavelength than orange and red? | [
"What colors have a longer wavelength than orange and red?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7006 | 5ad4e5145b96ef001a10a593 | Red | As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow. | What colors have shorter wavelengths than blue and green? | What colors have shorter wavelengths than blue and green? | [
"What colors have shorter wavelengths than blue and green?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7007 | 573140efa5e9cc1400cdbdc7 | Red | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography. | When was the first ruby laser invented? | When was the first ruby laser invented? | [
"When was the first ruby laser invented?"
] | {
"text": [
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7008 | 573140efa5e9cc1400cdbdc8 | Red | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography. | In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be? | In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be? | [
"In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be?"
] | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7009 | 573140efa5e9cc1400cdbdc9 | Red | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography. | What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player? | What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player? | [
"What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player?"
] | {
"text": [
"Red helium–neon"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7010 | 573140efa5e9cc1400cdbdca | Red | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography. | What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player? | What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player? | [
"What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player?"
] | {
"text": [
"a 660 nm laser"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7011 | 573140efa5e9cc1400cdbdcb | Red | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography. | What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy? | What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy? | [
"What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy?"
] | {
"text": [
"671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers"
],
"answer_start": [
711
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7012 | 5ad4e5965b96ef001a10a5a2 | Red | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography. | What was invented in 1906? | What was invented in 1906? | [
"What was invented in 1906?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7013 | 5ad4e5965b96ef001a10a5a3 | Red | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography. | What was invented in 1926? | What was invented in 1926? | [
"What was invented in 1926?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7014 | 5ad4e5965b96ef001a10a5a4 | Red | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography. | What uses a 606 nm laser diode technology? | What uses a 606 nm laser diode technology? | [
"What uses a 606 nm laser diode technology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7015 | 5ad4e5965b96ef001a10a5a5 | Red | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography. | What have been introduced with a 617 nm diode-pumped solid state? | What have been introduced with a 617 nm diode-pumped solid state? | [
"What have been introduced with a 617 nm diode-pumped solid state?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7016 | 5ad4e5965b96ef001a10a5a6 | Red | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography. | What does DSPS stand for? | What does DSPS stand for? | [
"What does DSPS stand for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7017 | 573141b2e6313a140071cd8e | Red | During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. | At which period of the year are phosphates high? | At which period of the year are phosphates high? | [
"At which period of the year are phosphates high?"
] | {
"text": [
"the summer growing season"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7018 | 573141b2e6313a140071cd8f | Red | During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. | What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown? | What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown? | [
"What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?"
] | {
"text": [
"phosphate"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7019 | 573141b2e6313a140071cd90 | Red | During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. | Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall? | Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall? | [
"Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall?"
] | {
"text": [
"the stem of the plant"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7020 | 573141b2e6313a140071cd91 | Red | During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. | What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants? | What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants? | [
"What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants?"
] | {
"text": [
"anthocyanin pigments"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7021 | 573141b2e6313a140071cd92 | Red | During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. | What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall? | What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall? | [
"What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall?"
] | {
"text": [
"greater the production of anthocyanins"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7022 | 5ad4e6675b96ef001a10a5b6 | Red | During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. | What does chlorophyll have a vital role in breaking down? | What does chlorophyll have a vital role in breaking down? | [
"What does chlorophyll have a vital role in breaking down?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7023 | 5ad4e6675b96ef001a10a5b7 | Red | During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. | What moves from the leaf into the stem during the summer? | What moves from the leaf into the stem during the summer? | [
"What moves from the leaf into the stem during the summer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7024 | 5ad4e6675b96ef001a10a5b8 | Red | During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. | What does the chloropyll breakdown process lead to? | What does the chloropyll breakdown process lead to? | [
"What does the chloropyll breakdown process lead to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7025 | 5ad4e6675b96ef001a10a5b9 | Red | During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. | What leads to the production of anthocyanin chlorophyll pigments? | What leads to the production of anthocyanin chlorophyll pigments? | [
"What leads to the production of anthocyanin chlorophyll pigments?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7026 | 57314244a5e9cc1400cdbdd9 | Red | Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair). | What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair? | What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair? | [
"What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair?"
] | {
"text": [
"pheomelanin"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7027 | 57314244a5e9cc1400cdbdda | Red | Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair). | There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it? | There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it? | [
"There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it?"
] | {
"text": [
"the lips"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7028 | 57314244a5e9cc1400cdbddb | Red | Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair). | Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair? | Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair? | [
"Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair?"
] | {
"text": [
"eumelanin"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7029 | 57314244a5e9cc1400cdbddc | Red | Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair). | In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to? | In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to? | [
"In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to?"
] | {
"text": [
"1510"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7030 | 57314244a5e9cc1400cdbddd | Red | Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair). | What type of temper are people with red hair considered to have? | What type of temper are people with red hair considered to have? | [
"What type of temper are people with red hair considered to have?"
] | {
"text": [
"fiery"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7031 | 5ad4e6d95b96ef001a10a5c8 | Red | Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair). | How does copper hair vary? | How does copper hair vary? | [
"How does copper hair vary?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7032 | 5ad4e6d95b96ef001a10a5c9 | Red | Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair). | Copper color is characterized by what? | Copper color is characterized by what? | [
"Copper color is characterized by what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7033 | 5ad4e6d95b96ef001a10a5ca | Red | Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair). | What was hede redd the original term for? | What was hede redd the original term for? | [
"What was hede redd the original term for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7034 | 5ad4e6d95b96ef001a10a5cb | Red | Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair). | What has been in use since 1015? | What has been in use since 1015? | [
"What has been in use since 1015?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7035 | 5731434205b4da19006bcf84 | Red | Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test). | In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank? | In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank? | [
"In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank?"
] | {
"text": [
"the face"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7036 | 5731434205b4da19006bcf85 | Red | Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test). | Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport? | Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport? | [
"Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport?"
] | {
"text": [
"increased performance"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7037 | 5731434205b4da19006bcf86 | Red | Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test). | In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red? | In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red? | [
"In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red?"
] | {
"text": [
"tae kwon do"
],
"answer_start": [
821
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7038 | 5731434205b4da19006bcf87 | Red | Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test). | What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills? | What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills? | [
"What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills?"
] | {
"text": [
"decreases performance"
],
"answer_start": [
1183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7039 | 5731434205b4da19006bcf88 | Red | Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test). | The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what? | The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what? | [
"The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"testosterone"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7040 | 5ad4e7dc5b96ef001a10a5ec | Red | Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test). | What are blue shapes most likely to win? | What are blue shapes most likely to win? | [
"What are blue shapes most likely to win?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7041 | 5ad4e7dc5b96ef001a10a5ed | Red | Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test). | What does exposure to red increase performance in? | What does exposure to red increase performance in? | [
"What does exposure to red increase performance in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7042 | 5ad4e7dc5b96ef001a10a5ee | Red | Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test). | What has wearing blue been linked with? | What has wearing blue been linked with? | [
"What has wearing blue been linked with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7043 | 5ad4e7dc5b96ef001a10a5ef | Red | Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test). | What can blue affect the perception of by others? | What can blue affect the perception of by others? | [
"What can blue affect the perception of by others?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7044 | 573143cd05b4da19006bcf8e | Red | Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia. | What trait do people most commonly link red with? | What trait do people most commonly link red with? | [
"What trait do people most commonly link red with?"
] | {
"text": [
"courage"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7045 | 573143cd05b4da19006bcf8f | Red | Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia. | Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red? | Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red? | [
"Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red?"
] | {
"text": [
"to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7046 | 573143cd05b4da19006bcf90 | Red | Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia. | What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade? | What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade? | [
"What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade?"
] | {
"text": [
"a red cross on a white field"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7047 | 573143cd05b4da19006bcf91 | Red | Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia. | What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as? | What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as? | [
"What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"St. George's Cross"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7048 | 573143cd05b4da19006bcf92 | Red | Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia. | Who was Saint George believed to be? | Who was Saint George believed to be? | [
"Who was Saint George believed to be?"
] | {
"text": [
"a Roman soldier"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7049 | 5ad4e89a5b96ef001a10a5fe | Red | Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia. | Why is the color red worn in the Catholic Church? | Why is the color red worn in the Catholic Church? | [
"Why is the color red worn in the Catholic Church?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7050 | 5ad4e89a5b96ef001a10a5ff | Red | Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia. | What was the banner of the Catholic soldiers in the First Crusade? | What was the banner of the Catholic soldiers in the First Crusade? | [
"What was the banner of the Catholic soldiers in the First Crusade?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7051 | 5ad4e89a5b96ef001a10a600 | Red | Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia. | What is the Catholic cross of the First Crusade called? | What is the Catholic cross of the First Crusade called? | [
"What is the Catholic cross of the First Crusade called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7052 | 5ad4e89a5b96ef001a10a601 | Red | Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia. | Who was Saint George according to Catholic tradition? | Who was Saint George according to Catholic tradition? | [
"Who was Saint George according to Catholic tradition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7053 | 5ad4e89a5b96ef001a10a602 | Red | Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia. | What cross became the Roman flag in the 16th century? | What cross became the Roman flag in the 16th century? | [
"What cross became the Roman flag in the 16th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7054 | 57314a6f497a881900248d5f | Red | Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday. | When was Saint Valentine martyred? | When was Saint Valentine martyred? | [
"When was Saint Valentine martyred?"
] | {
"text": [
"296 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7055 | 57314a6f497a881900248d60 | Red | Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday. | Who was Saint Valentine? | Who was Saint Valentine? | [
"Who was Saint Valentine?"
] | {
"text": [
"a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7056 | 57314a6f497a881900248d61 | Red | Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday. | In which century did Saint Valentine's day become connected with lovers? | In which century did Saint Valentine's day become connected with lovers? | [
"In which century did Saint Valentine's day become connected with lovers?"
] | {
"text": [
"14th"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7057 | 57314a6f497a881900248d62 | Red | Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday. | In what kind of countries is the celebration of Valentine's day forbidden? | In what kind of countries is the celebration of Valentine's day forbidden? | [
"In what kind of countries is the celebration of Valentine's day forbidden?"
] | {
"text": [
"Islamic"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7058 | 57314a6f497a881900248d63 | Red | Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday. | Which nation forbade the sale of Valentine's Day products in 2002 and 2011? | Which nation forbade the sale of Valentine's Day products in 2002 and 2011? | [
"Which nation forbade the sale of Valentine's Day products in 2002 and 2011?"
] | {
"text": [
"Saudi Arabia"
],
"answer_start": [
619
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7059 | 5ad4eb5c5b96ef001a10a656 | Red | Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday. | Who was martyred in about 269 AD? | Who was martyred in about 269 AD? | [
"Who was martyred in about 269 AD?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7060 | 5ad4eb5c5b96ef001a10a657 | Red | Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday. | Where was Saint Valentine's Day condemned in 2002? | Where was Saint Valentine's Day condemned in 2002? | [
"Where was Saint Valentine's Day condemned in 2002?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7061 | 5ad4eb5c5b96ef001a10a658 | Red | Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday. | What type of holiday does China consider Saint Valentine's Day to be? | What type of holiday does China consider Saint Valentine's Day to be? | [
"What type of holiday does China consider Saint Valentine's Day to be?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7062 | 5ad4eb5c5b96ef001a10a659 | Red | Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday. | When did Japan begin to celebrate Saint Valentine's Day? | When did Japan begin to celebrate Saint Valentine's Day? | [
"When did Japan begin to celebrate Saint Valentine's Day?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7063 | 57314b13497a881900248d69 | Red | Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red. | What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford? | What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford? | [
"What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford?"
] | {
"text": [
"Scarlet"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7064 | 57314b13497a881900248d6a | Red | Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red. | What good traits is the color red associated with in China? | What good traits is the color red associated with in China? | [
"What good traits is the color red associated with in China?"
] | {
"text": [
"good fortune and prosperity"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7065 | 57314b13497a881900248d6b | Red | Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red. | In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus? | In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus? | [
"In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus?"
] | {
"text": [
"4th"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7066 | 57314b13497a881900248d6c | Red | Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red. | Who was Saint Nicholas? | Who was Saint Nicholas? | [
"Who was Saint Nicholas?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra"
],
"answer_start": [
633
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7067 | 57314b13497a881900248d6d | Red | Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red. | In what nation is Myra? | In what nation is Myra? | [
"In what nation is Myra?"
] | {
"text": [
"Turkey"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7068 | 5ad4ec5c5b96ef001a10a67c | Red | Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red. | What color to brides wear in Christian countries? | What color to brides wear in Christian countries? | [
"What color to brides wear in Christian countries?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7069 | 5ad4ec5c5b96ef001a10a67d | Red | Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red. | Who was the 4th century Santa Claus in Turkey? | Who was the 4th century Santa Claus in Turkey? | [
"Who was the 4th century Santa Claus in Turkey?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7070 | 5ad4ec5c5b96ef001a10a67e | Red | Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red. | What color gowns are worn on red carpets? | What color gowns are worn on red carpets? | [
"What color gowns are worn on red carpets?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7071 | 5ad4ec5c5b96ef001a10a67f | Red | Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red. | What do all Doctors of Philosophy wear? | What do all Doctors of Philosophy wear? | [
"What do all Doctors of Philosophy wear?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7072 | 57314bf3497a881900248d79 | Red | Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game. | What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages? | What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages? | [
"What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7073 | 57314bf3497a881900248d7a | Red | Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game. | What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages? | What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages? | [
"What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"they would show no mercy to their enemy"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7074 | 57314bf3497a881900248d7b | Red | Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game. | Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles? | Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles? | [
"Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7075 | 57314bf3497a881900248d7c | Red | Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game. | Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing? | Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing? | [
"Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing?"
] | {
"text": [
"if there is danger to the drivers"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7076 | 57314bf3497a881900248d7d | Red | Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game. | What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match? | What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match? | [
"What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match?"
] | {
"text": [
"a red penalty card"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7077 | 5ad4eefb5b96ef001a10a6a8 | Red | Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game. | What did the Highway Act of 1869 abolish? | What did the Highway Act of 1869 abolish? | [
"What did the Highway Act of 1869 abolish?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7078 | 5ad4eefb5b96ef001a10a6a9 | Red | Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game. | What does a red flag signify in football? | What does a red flag signify in football? | [
"What does a red flag signify in football?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7079 | 5ad4eefb5b96ef001a10a6aa | Red | Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game. | What did motor cars have to follow in the Middle Ages? | What did motor cars have to follow in the Middle Ages? | [
"What did motor cars have to follow in the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7080 | 57314cbca5e9cc1400cdbe2b | Red | Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning. | In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur? | In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur? | [
"In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vienna"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7081 | 57314cbca5e9cc1400cdbe2c | Red | Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning. | In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights? | In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights? | [
"In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights?"
] | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7082 | 57314cbca5e9cc1400cdbe2d | Red | Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning. | At what event did the color red become the standard color of stop lights? | At what event did the color red become the standard color of stop lights? | [
"At what event did the color red become the standard color of stop lights?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7083 | 57314cbca5e9cc1400cdbe2e | Red | Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning. | Red is the color of stoplights due to its universal affiliation with what? | Red is the color of stoplights due to its universal affiliation with what? | [
"Red is the color of stoplights due to its universal affiliation with what?"
] | {
"text": [
"danger and warning"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7084 | 57314cbca5e9cc1400cdbe2f | Red | Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning. | At what time is red at its brightest? | At what time is red at its brightest? | [
"At what time is red at its brightest?"
] | {
"text": [
"daytime"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7085 | 5ad4efba5b96ef001a10a6d6 | Red | Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning. | What took place in 1986? | What took place in 1986? | [
"What took place in 1986?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7086 | 5ad4efba5b96ef001a10a6d7 | Red | Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning. | What was standardized as the international color at the Vienna Road Signs Convention? | What was standardized as the international color at the Vienna Road Signs Convention? | [
"What was standardized as the international color at the Vienna Road Signs Convention?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7087 | 5ad4efba5b96ef001a10a6d8 | Red | Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning. | What color next to red is the brightest in the daytime? | What color next to red is the brightest in the daytime? | [
"What color next to red is the brightest in the daytime?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7088 | 5ad4efba5b96ef001a10a6d9 | Red | Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning. | What is orange considered during twilight? | What is orange considered during twilight? | [
"What is orange considered during twilight?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7089 | 57314df805b4da19006bd014 | Red | Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found. | In what way is red used in contemporary fashion? | In what way is red used in contemporary fashion? | [
"In what way is red used in contemporary fashion?"
] | {
"text": [
"to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7090 | 57314df805b4da19006bd015 | Red | Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found. | What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance? | What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance? | [
"What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance?"
] | {
"text": [
"People wearing red seem to be closer"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7091 | 57314df805b4da19006bd016 | Red | Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found. | Why do monarchs sometimes wear red? | Why do monarchs sometimes wear red? | [
"Why do monarchs sometimes wear red?"
] | {
"text": [
"to be visible from a distance in a crowd"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7092 | 57314df805b4da19006bd017 | Red | Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found. | Some professions require employees to wear red because it allows them to be what? | Some professions require employees to wear red because it allows them to be what? | [
"Some professions require employees to wear red because it allows them to be what?"
] | {
"text": [
"easily found"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7093 | 5ad4f0d05b96ef001a10a6f0 | Red | Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found. | What older period was red used in fashion? | What older period was red used in fashion? | [
"What older period was red used in fashion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7094 | 5ad4f0d05b96ef001a10a6f1 | Red | Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found. | What color causes people to be seen as further away even though distance is the same? | What color causes people to be seen as further away even though distance is the same? | [
"What color causes people to be seen as further away even though distance is the same?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7095 | 5ad4f0d05b96ef001a10a6f2 | Red | Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found. | What color is used in modern fashion so the person can be easily found? | What color is used in modern fashion so the person can be easily found? | [
"What color is used in modern fashion so the person can be easily found?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7096 | 5ad4f0d05b96ef001a10a6f3 | Red | Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found. | What prominent people do not wear red because they can be easily found in a crowd? | What prominent people do not wear red because they can be easily found in a crowd? | [
"What prominent people do not wear red because they can be easily found in a crowd?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7097 | 57314ebde6313a140071ce00 | Red | "So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. "And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: "And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery: Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth: And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus. | How many heads did the scarlet beast which a woman sat on have? | How many heads did the scarlet beast which a woman sat on have? | [
"How many heads did the scarlet beast which a woman sat on have?"
] | {
"text": [
"seven heads"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7098 | 57314ebde6313a140071ce01 | Red | "So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. "And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: "And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery: Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth: And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus. | The horned scarlet beast that a woman sat on had how many horns? | The horned scarlet beast that a woman sat on had how many horns? | [
"The horned scarlet beast that a woman sat on had how many horns?"
] | {
"text": [
"ten"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7099 | 57314ebde6313a140071ce02 | Red | "So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. "And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: "And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery: Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth: And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus. | What kind of cup did the woman on the scarlet horned beast have? | What kind of cup did the woman on the scarlet horned beast have? | [
"What kind of cup did the woman on the scarlet horned beast have?"
] | {
"text": [
"golden"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
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