gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-7400 | 5a13b059c8eab200188dca09 | Georgian_architecture | In the early decades of the twentieth century when there was a growing nostalgia for its sense of order, the style was revived and adapted and in the United States came to be known as the Colonial Revival. In Canada the United Empire Loyalists embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their fealty to Britain, and the Georgian style was dominant in the country for most of the first half of the 19th century. The Grange, for example, a manor built in Toronto, was built in 1817. In Montreal, English born architect John Ostell worked on a significant number of remarkable constructions in the Georgian style such as the Old Montreal Custom House and the Grand séminaire de Montréal. | When did John Ostell build the Grange? | When did John Ostell build the Grange? | [
"When did John Ostell build the Grange?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7401 | 5730229d04bcaa1900d771f9 | Georgian_architecture | The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences. | The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as? | The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as? | [
"The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as?"
] | {
"text": [
"Neo-Georgian"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7402 | 5730229d04bcaa1900d771fa | Georgian_architecture | The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences. | Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade? | Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade? | [
"Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade?"
] | {
"text": [
"1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7403 | 5730229d04bcaa1900d771fb | Georgian_architecture | The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences. | Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958? | Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958? | [
"Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7404 | 5730229d04bcaa1900d771fc | Georgian_architecture | The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences. | Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences? | Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences? | [
"Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences?"
] | {
"text": [
"Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7405 | 5a13b0fec8eab200188dca0f | Georgian_architecture | The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences. | The US revival of Georgian architecture is referred to as was | The US revival of Georgian architecture is referred to as was | [
"The US revival of Georgian architecture is referred to as was"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7406 | 5a13b0fec8eab200188dca10 | Georgian_architecture | The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences. | Where was neo-Georgian style common after the 1950s? | Where was neo-Georgian style common after the 1950s? | [
"Where was neo-Georgian style common after the 1950s?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7407 | 5a13b0fec8eab200188dca11 | Georgian_architecture | The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences. | What police headquarters was built in 1950? | What police headquarters was built in 1950? | [
"What police headquarters was built in 1950?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7408 | 5a13b0fec8eab200188dca12 | Georgian_architecture | The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences. | Who still uses the Georgian style for public buildings? | Who still uses the Georgian style for public buildings? | [
"Who still uses the Georgian style for public buildings?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7409 | 572f59fc947a6a140053c8a4 | Database | A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'. | What does DBMS stand for? | What does DBMS stand for? | [
"What does DBMS stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"database management system"
],
"answer_start": [
2
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7410 | 572f59fc947a6a140053c8a5 | Database | A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'. | What is the purpose of a DBMS? | What is the purpose of a DBMS? | [
"What is the purpose of a DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [
"to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7411 | 572f59fc947a6a140053c8a6 | Database | A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'. | How are DBMSs classified? | How are DBMSs classified? | [
"How are DBMSs classified?"
] | {
"text": [
"according to the database model that they support"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7412 | 572f59fc947a6a140053c8a7 | Database | A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'. | What is the most popular DBMS? | What is the most popular DBMS? | [
"What is the most popular DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [
"SQL language"
],
"answer_start": [
820
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7413 | 5a8c2e86fd22b3001a8d8607 | Database | A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'. | What does DBMS stand against? | What does DBMS stand against? | [
"What does DBMS stand against?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7414 | 5a8c2e86fd22b3001a8d8608 | Database | A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'. | What is a DBMS designed to avoid? | What is a DBMS designed to avoid? | [
"What is a DBMS designed to avoid?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7415 | 5a8c2e86fd22b3001a8d8609 | Database | A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'. | What is generally portable across different DBMSs? | What is generally portable across different DBMSs? | [
"What is generally portable across different DBMSs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7416 | 5a8c2e86fd22b3001a8d860a | Database | A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'. | What is the least popular DBMS? | What is the least popular DBMS? | [
"What is the least popular DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7417 | 5a8c2e86fd22b3001a8d860b | Database | A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'. | When did popular database systems stop releasing updates? | When did popular database systems stop releasing updates? | [
"When did popular database systems stop releasing updates?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7418 | 572f5bcfa23a5019007fc59b | Database | Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a "database management system" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data). The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large quantities of information and provides ways to manage how that information is organized. | How is data accessed? | How is data accessed? | [
"How is data accessed?"
] | {
"text": [
"by a \"database management system\" (DBMS)"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7419 | 572f5bcfa23a5019007fc59c | Database | Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a "database management system" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data). The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large quantities of information and provides ways to manage how that information is organized. | A DBMS consists of what? | A DBMS consists of what? | [
"A DBMS consists of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"an integrated set of computer software"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7420 | 572f5bcfa23a5019007fc59d | Database | Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a "database management system" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data). The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large quantities of information and provides ways to manage how that information is organized. | How much data can a DBMS store? | How much data can a DBMS store? | [
"How much data can a DBMS store?"
] | {
"text": [
"large quantities"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7421 | 5a8c2f77fd22b3001a8d8611 | Database | Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a "database management system" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data). The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large quantities of information and provides ways to manage how that information is organized. | What does a database refer to informally? | What does a database refer to informally? | [
"What does a database refer to informally?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7422 | 5a8c2f77fd22b3001a8d8612 | Database | Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a "database management system" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data). The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large quantities of information and provides ways to manage how that information is organized. | What requires a user to use more than one database? | What requires a user to use more than one database? | [
"What requires a user to use more than one database?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7423 | 5a8c2f77fd22b3001a8d8613 | Database | Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a "database management system" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data). The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large quantities of information and provides ways to manage how that information is organized. | What allows the entry, storage and retrieval of only small quantities of information? | What allows the entry, storage and retrieval of only small quantities of information? | [
"What allows the entry, storage and retrieval of only small quantities of information?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7424 | 5a8c2f77fd22b3001a8d8614 | Database | Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a "database management system" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data). The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large quantities of information and provides ways to manage how that information is organized. | How much data is typically lost by a DBMS? | How much data is typically lost by a DBMS? | [
"How much data is typically lost by a DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7425 | 572f5d6ea23a5019007fc5a7 | Database | Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed] | What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure? | What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure? | [
"What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure?"
] | {
"text": [
"RAID"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7426 | 572f5d6ea23a5019007fc5a8 | Database | Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed] | How can large quantities of data be accessed? | How can large quantities of data be accessed? | [
"How can large quantities of data be accessed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hardware database accelerators"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7427 | 572f5d6ea23a5019007fc5a9 | Database | Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed] | What do most database applications contain? | What do most database applications contain? | [
"What do most database applications contain?"
] | {
"text": [
"DBMSs"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7428 | 572f5d6ea23a5019007fc5aa | Database | Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed] | What is required for a modern DBMS to function? | What is required for a modern DBMS to function? | [
"What is required for a modern DBMS to function?"
] | {
"text": [
"standard operating system"
],
"answer_start": [
654
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7429 | 5a8c3023fd22b3001a8d8619 | Database | Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed] | What is used to destroy data if disks suffer a failure? | What is used to destroy data if disks suffer a failure? | [
"What is used to destroy data if disks suffer a failure?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7430 | 5a8c3023fd22b3001a8d861a | Database | Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed] | How can no quantities of data be accessed? | How can no quantities of data be accessed? | [
"How can no quantities of data be accessed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7431 | 5a8c3023fd22b3001a8d861b | Database | Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed] | What do most database applications not integrate? | What do most database applications not integrate? | [
"What do most database applications not integrate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7432 | 5a8c3023fd22b3001a8d861c | Database | Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed] | What is required for a broken DBMS to function? | What is required for a broken DBMS to function? | [
"What is required for a broken DBMS to function?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7433 | 5a8c3023fd22b3001a8d861d | Database | Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed] | What are non-dedicated computers that hold databases called? | What are non-dedicated computers that hold databases called? | [
"What are non-dedicated computers that hold databases called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7434 | 572f5ebd947a6a140053c8c8 | Database | A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity. However, the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach. However, a general-purpose DBMS is not always the optimal solution: in some cases a general-purpose DBMS may introduce unnecessary overhead. Therefore, there are many examples of systems that use special-purpose databases. A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and don't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS. | How long can it take to create a DBMS? | How long can it take to create a DBMS? | [
"How long can it take to create a DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [
"thousands of human years"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7435 | 572f5ebd947a6a140053c8c9 | Database | A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity. However, the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach. However, a general-purpose DBMS is not always the optimal solution: in some cases a general-purpose DBMS may introduce unnecessary overhead. Therefore, there are many examples of systems that use special-purpose databases. A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and don't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS. | Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s. | Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s. | [
"Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s."
] | {
"text": [
"Adabas, Oracle and DB2"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7436 | 572f5ebd947a6a140053c8ca | Database | A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity. However, the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach. However, a general-purpose DBMS is not always the optimal solution: in some cases a general-purpose DBMS may introduce unnecessary overhead. Therefore, there are many examples of systems that use special-purpose databases. A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and don't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS. | How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed? | How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed? | [
"How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed?"
] | {
"text": [
"spread over a large number of users"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7437 | 572f5ebd947a6a140053c8cb | Database | A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity. However, the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach. However, a general-purpose DBMS is not always the optimal solution: in some cases a general-purpose DBMS may introduce unnecessary overhead. Therefore, there are many examples of systems that use special-purpose databases. A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and don't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS. | Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS. | Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS. | [
"Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS."
] | {
"text": [
"an email system"
],
"answer_start": [
748
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7438 | 5a8c30bafd22b3001a8d8623 | Database | A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity. However, the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach. However, a general-purpose DBMS is not always the optimal solution: in some cases a general-purpose DBMS may introduce unnecessary overhead. Therefore, there are many examples of systems that use special-purpose databases. A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and don't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS. | How long can it take to search for a DBMS? | How long can it take to search for a DBMS? | [
"How long can it take to search for a DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7439 | 5a8c30bafd22b3001a8d8624 | Database | A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity. However, the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach. However, a general-purpose DBMS is not always the optimal solution: in some cases a general-purpose DBMS may introduce unnecessary overhead. Therefore, there are many examples of systems that use special-purpose databases. A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and don't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS. | What are three DBMSs that have been used during the 1960s? | What are three DBMSs that have been used during the 1960s? | [
"What are three DBMSs that have been used during the 1960s?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7440 | 5a8c30bafd22b3001a8d8625 | Database | A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity. However, the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach. However, a general-purpose DBMS is not always the optimal solution: in some cases a general-purpose DBMS may introduce unnecessary overhead. Therefore, there are many examples of systems that use special-purpose databases. A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and don't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS. | How is the cost to remove a DBMS distributed? | How is the cost to remove a DBMS distributed? | [
"How is the cost to remove a DBMS distributed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7441 | 5a8c30bafd22b3001a8d8626 | Database | A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity. However, the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach. However, a general-purpose DBMS is not always the optimal solution: in some cases a general-purpose DBMS may introduce unnecessary overhead. Therefore, there are many examples of systems that use special-purpose databases. A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and don't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS. | What is always the optimal solution to manage databases? | What is always the optimal solution to manage databases? | [
"What is always the optimal solution to manage databases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7442 | 572f6041947a6a140053c8e4 | Database | Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administrators interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters. | How are many databases accessed? | How are many databases accessed? | [
"How are many databases accessed?"
] | {
"text": [
"application software"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7443 | 572f6041947a6a140053c8e5 | Database | Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administrators interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters. | How do administrators work with the DBMS? | How do administrators work with the DBMS? | [
"How do administrators work with the DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [
"through dedicated interfaces"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7444 | 572f6041947a6a140053c8e6 | Database | Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administrators interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters. | What is a way for programmers to use the DBMS? | What is a way for programmers to use the DBMS? | [
"What is a way for programmers to use the DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [
"wire protocol"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7445 | 5a8c3197fd22b3001a8d862b | Database | Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administrators interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters. | How are no databases accessed? | How are no databases accessed? | [
"How are no databases accessed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7446 | 5a8c3197fd22b3001a8d862c | Database | Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administrators interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters. | How do administrators no longer work with the DBMS? | How do administrators no longer work with the DBMS? | [
"How do administrators no longer work with the DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7447 | 5a8c3197fd22b3001a8d862d | Database | Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administrators interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters. | What is a way for programmers to avoid DBMS? | What is a way for programmers to avoid DBMS? | [
"What is a way for programmers to avoid DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7448 | 5a8c3197fd22b3001a8d862e | Database | Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administrators interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters. | Who is not typically allowed to interact with a DBMS? | Who is not typically allowed to interact with a DBMS? | [
"Who is not typically allowed to interact with a DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7449 | 5a8c3197fd22b3001a8d862f | Database | Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administrators interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters. | Who needs less knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate? | Who needs less knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate? | [
"Who needs less knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7450 | 572f61e8b2c2fd1400568093 | Database | The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed] | Who created the relational model of DBMS? | Who created the relational model of DBMS? | [
"Who created the relational model of DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [
"Edgar F. Codd"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7451 | 572f61e8b2c2fd1400568094 | Database | The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed] | Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model? | Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model? | [
"Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model?"
] | {
"text": [
"by content"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7452 | 572f61e8b2c2fd1400568095 | Database | The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed] | In what decade did computer hardware become able to handle a relational system? | In what decade did computer hardware become able to handle a relational system? | [
"In what decade did computer hardware become able to handle a relational system?"
] | {
"text": [
"1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7453 | 572f61e8b2c2fd1400568096 | Database | The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed] | What type of system in still prominent to this day? | What type of system in still prominent to this day? | [
"What type of system in still prominent to this day?"
] | {
"text": [
"relational systems"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7454 | 572f61e8b2c2fd1400568097 | Database | The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed] | What database language is the most prominent? | What database language is the most prominent? | [
"What database language is the most prominent?"
] | {
"text": [
"SQL"
],
"answer_start": [
700
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7455 | 5a8c3282fd22b3001a8d8635 | Database | The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed] | Who was falsely misrepresented as having created the relational model of DBMS? | Who was falsely misrepresented as having created the relational model of DBMS? | [
"Who was falsely misrepresented as having created the relational model of DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7456 | 5a8c3282fd22b3001a8d8636 | Database | The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed] | How was information lost in a relational model? | How was information lost in a relational model? | [
"How was information lost in a relational model?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7457 | 5a8c3282fd22b3001a8d8637 | Database | The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed] | What decade did computer hardware lose the ability to handle a relational system? | What decade did computer hardware lose the ability to handle a relational system? | [
"What decade did computer hardware lose the ability to handle a relational system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7458 | 5a8c3282fd22b3001a8d8638 | Database | The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed] | What type of system in rarely seen to this day? | What type of system in rarely seen to this day? | [
"What type of system in rarely seen to this day?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7459 | 5a8c3282fd22b3001a8d8639 | Database | The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed] | What database language is now outlawed? | What database language is now outlawed? | [
"What database language is now outlawed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7460 | 572f661fa23a5019007fc5cd | Database | As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market. | When were DBMSs first used commercially? | When were DBMSs first used commercially? | [
"When were DBMSs first used commercially?"
] | {
"text": [
"mid-1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7461 | 572f661fa23a5019007fc5ce | Database | As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market. | What group discovered COBOL? | What group discovered COBOL? | [
"What group discovered COBOL?"
] | {
"text": [
"Database Task Group"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7462 | 572f661fa23a5019007fc5cf | Database | As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market. | Why was COBOL created? | Why was COBOL created? | [
"Why was COBOL created?"
] | {
"text": [
"Interest in a standard"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7463 | 572f661fa23a5019007fc5d0 | Database | As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market. | What was the standard protocol called? | What was the standard protocol called? | [
"What was the standard protocol called?"
] | {
"text": [
"CODASYL approach"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7464 | 572f661fa23a5019007fc5d1 | Database | As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market. | When was the standard protocol completed? | When was the standard protocol completed? | [
"When was the standard protocol completed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1971"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7465 | 5a8c3316fd22b3001a8d863f | Database | As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market. | When were DBMSs last used commercially? | When were DBMSs last used commercially? | [
"When were DBMSs last used commercially?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7466 | 5a8c3316fd22b3001a8d8640 | Database | As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market. | What group destroyed COBOL? | What group destroyed COBOL? | [
"What group destroyed COBOL?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7467 | 5a8c3316fd22b3001a8d8641 | Database | As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market. | Why was COBOL removed? | Why was COBOL removed? | [
"Why was COBOL removed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7468 | 5a8c3316fd22b3001a8d8642 | Database | As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market. | When was the standard taken away? | When was the standard taken away? | [
"When was the standard taken away?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7469 | 5a8c3316fd22b3001a8d8643 | Database | As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market. | What was the name of the incomplete standard? | What was the name of the incomplete standard? | [
"What was the name of the incomplete standard?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7470 | 572f678604bcaa1900d768dd | Database | IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update]. | What was the DBMS created by IBM called? | What was the DBMS created by IBM called? | [
"What was the DBMS created by IBM called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Information Management System (IMS)"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7471 | 572f678604bcaa1900d768de | Database | IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update]. | What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS? | What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS? | [
"What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Apollo program"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7472 | 572f678604bcaa1900d768df | Database | IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update]. | What is the classification of IMS? | What is the classification of IMS? | [
"What is the classification of IMS?"
] | {
"text": [
"hierarchical database"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7473 | 572f678604bcaa1900d768e0 | Database | IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update]. | What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973? | What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973? | [
"What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Programmer as Navigator"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7474 | 5a8c33c9fd22b3001a8d8649 | Database | IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update]. | What was the DBMS designed for IBM by a third-party called? | What was the DBMS designed for IBM by a third-party called? | [
"What was the DBMS designed for IBM by a third-party called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7475 | 5a8c33c9fd22b3001a8d864a | Database | IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update]. | What was irrelevant to the IBM DBMS? | What was irrelevant to the IBM DBMS? | [
"What was irrelevant to the IBM DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7476 | 5a8c33c9fd22b3001a8d864b | Database | IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update]. | What is the classification of IMS not considered? | What is the classification of IMS not considered? | [
"What is the classification of IMS not considered?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7477 | 5a8c33c9fd22b3001a8d864c | Database | IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update]. | What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1972? | What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1972? | [
"What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1972?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7478 | 5a8c33c9fd22b3001a8d864d | Database | IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update]. | When did IBM lose their own DBMS? | When did IBM lose their own DBMS? | [
"When did IBM lose their own DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7479 | 572f692804bcaa1900d768f5 | Database | In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables (or relations), with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user. | Who proposed using a table to store data? | Who proposed using a table to store data? | [
"Who proposed using a table to store data?"
] | {
"text": [
"Codd"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7480 | 572f692804bcaa1900d768f6 | Database | In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables (or relations), with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user. | How is data accessed in a table? | How is data accessed in a table? | [
"How is data accessed in a table?"
] | {
"text": [
"A linked-list system"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7481 | 572f692804bcaa1900d768f7 | Database | In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables (or relations), with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user. | What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing? | What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing? | [
"What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing?"
] | {
"text": [
"relational"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7482 | 572f692804bcaa1900d768f8 | Database | In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables (or relations), with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user. | What system assists a user in seeing a table? | What system assists a user in seeing a table? | [
"What system assists a user in seeing a table?"
] | {
"text": [
"DBMS"
],
"answer_start": [
722
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7483 | 5a8c34a2fd22b3001a8d8653 | Database | In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables (or relations), with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user. | Who proposed using a table to remove data? | Who proposed using a table to remove data? | [
"Who proposed using a table to remove data?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7484 | 5a8c34a2fd22b3001a8d8654 | Database | In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables (or relations), with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user. | How is data lost in a table? | How is data lost in a table? | [
"How is data lost in a table?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7485 | 5a8c34a2fd22b3001a8d8655 | Database | In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables (or relations), with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user. | What model couldn't solve the problem of databases where information was missing? | What model couldn't solve the problem of databases where information was missing? | [
"What model couldn't solve the problem of databases where information was missing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7486 | 5a8c34a2fd22b3001a8d8656 | Database | In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables (or relations), with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user. | What system can't assist a user in seeing a table? | What system can't assist a user in seeing a table? | [
"What system can't assist a user in seeing a table?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7487 | 572f6a98947a6a140053c930 | Database | The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigational (network) model. Thus, a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models, as well as its native tabular model, allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models, as the application requires. | How was the relational model able to improve over time? | How was the relational model able to improve over time? | [
"How was the relational model able to improve over time?"
] | {
"text": [
"without constant rewriting of links and pointers"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7488 | 572f6a98947a6a140053c931 | Database | The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigational (network) model. Thus, a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models, as well as its native tabular model, allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models, as the application requires. | What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model? | What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model? | [
"What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model?"
] | {
"text": [
"one-to-many"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7489 | 572f6a98947a6a140053c932 | Database | The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigational (network) model. Thus, a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models, as well as its native tabular model, allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models, as the application requires. | What is the relationship called in a navigational model? | What is the relationship called in a navigational model? | [
"What is the relationship called in a navigational model?"
] | {
"text": [
"many-to-many"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7490 | 572f6a98947a6a140053c933 | Database | The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigational (network) model. Thus, a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models, as well as its native tabular model, allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models, as the application requires. | What is a third type of model that can be combined with heirarchical and navigation models? | What is a third type of model that can be combined with heirarchical and navigation models? | [
"What is a third type of model that can be combined with heirarchical and navigation models?"
] | {
"text": [
"tabular"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7491 | 5a8c4178fd22b3001a8d865b | Database | The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigational (network) model. Thus, a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models, as well as its native tabular model, allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models, as the application requires. | How was the relational model able to degrade over time? | How was the relational model able to degrade over time? | [
"How was the relational model able to degrade over time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7492 | 5a8c4178fd22b3001a8d865c | Database | The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigational (network) model. Thus, a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models, as well as its native tabular model, allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models, as the application requires. | What is the only kind of relationship called? | What is the only kind of relationship called? | [
"What is the only kind of relationship called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7493 | 5a8c4178fd22b3001a8d865d | Database | The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigational (network) model. Thus, a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models, as well as its native tabular model, allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models, as the application requires. | What is the relationship that is avoided in a navigational model? | What is the relationship that is avoided in a navigational model? | [
"What is the relationship that is avoided in a navigational model?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7494 | 5a8c4178fd22b3001a8d865e | Database | The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigational (network) model. Thus, a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models, as well as its native tabular model, allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models, as the application requires. | What is a third type of model that can't be combined with hierarchical and navigation models? | What is a third type of model that can't be combined with hierarchical and navigation models? | [
"What is a third type of model that can't be combined with hierarchical and navigation models?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7495 | 572f6be0947a6a140053c938 | Database | For instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the relational approach, the data would be normalized into a user table, an address table and a phone number table (for instance). Records would be created in these optional tables only if the address or phone numbers were actually provided. | How is a database system frequently used? | How is a database system frequently used? | [
"How is a database system frequently used?"
] | {
"text": [
"to track information about users"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7496 | 572f6be0947a6a140053c939 | Database | For instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the relational approach, the data would be normalized into a user table, an address table and a phone number table (for instance). Records would be created in these optional tables only if the address or phone numbers were actually provided. | How is information stored in a navigational system? | How is information stored in a navigational system? | [
"How is information stored in a navigational system?"
] | {
"text": [
"in a single record"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7497 | 572f6be0947a6a140053c93a | Database | For instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the relational approach, the data would be normalized into a user table, an address table and a phone number table (for instance). Records would be created in these optional tables only if the address or phone numbers were actually provided. | What happens to blank data fields in a navigational system? | What happens to blank data fields in a navigational system? | [
"What happens to blank data fields in a navigational system?"
] | {
"text": [
"not be placed in the database"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7498 | 572f6be0947a6a140053c93b | Database | For instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the relational approach, the data would be normalized into a user table, an address table and a phone number table (for instance). Records would be created in these optional tables only if the address or phone numbers were actually provided. | How is information stored in a relational system? | How is information stored in a relational system? | [
"How is information stored in a relational system?"
] | {
"text": [
"normalized into a user table"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7499 | 5a8c424cfd22b3001a8d8663 | Database | For instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the relational approach, the data would be normalized into a user table, an address table and a phone number table (for instance). Records would be created in these optional tables only if the address or phone numbers were actually provided. | How is a database system rarely used? | How is a database system rarely used? | [
"How is a database system rarely used?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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