id
string
dataset
string
question
string
options
list
answer
string
explanation
string
aquarat_39181
aquarat
<ctx> result. for concreteness, let us join and and call the new node. second branch length estimation the lengths of the branches joining and to can be calculated : the joining of the elements and the branch length calculation help drawing the neighbor joining tree as shown in the figure. second distance matrix update...
[ "A)10", "B)12", "C)14", "D)16" ]
A
26 trees have 25 gaps between them, Required distance (225/25) = 10 A
mmlu_aux_5127
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> them from spreading to nearby nests. this defense mechanism has not been proven to be effective, as more often than not the e. polistis larvae go undetected by the hosts. in one experiment conducted, it was found that over 60 % of all nests lost brood to the parasitoids e. polistis or c. iphitalis in 1981. it was...
[ "they can eat and kill elephants", "they can eat horses", "they are often in big groups", "they can kill people" ]
D
null
arc_challenge_576
arc_challenge
<ctx> fortschr. zool. 25 : 283 - 293. 1974 on the evolution of habitat selection. pr. first international congress of ecology, pp. 401 – 404. 1998 articles on predation in encyclopedia of ecology and environmental management ( p. calow, ed. ) blackwell scientific publications ltd., oxford, england. 1 ) paradox of enric...
[ "Deer shed their antlers in the fall.", "Newts drop their tails when threatened.", "Anglerfish produce light to attract other fish.", "Otters produce oil to coat their fur and make it waterproof." ]
B
arc_easy_201
arc_easy
<ctx> discussion. the chemical behaviors of zinc and cadmium are quite similar to each other but differ from that of mercury. zinc and cadmium have lower reduction potentials than hydrogen, and, like the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, they will produce hydrogen gas when they react with acids. the reaction of ...
[ "a chemical reaction", "a physical change", "photosynthesis", "evaporation" ]
B
mmlu_aux_3123
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> ##2, spacex was awarded a $ 102 million five - year contract to develop the rocket cargo program for the united states space force. space exploration starship's lunar lander starship hls was initially chosen by nasa as the sole lunar lander for the artemis 3 and artemis 4 crewed missions, as part of the artemis p...
[ "it is less costly", "it is much safer", "it can last longer", "it is more environmentally friendly" ]
B
null
arc_easy_1901
arc_easy
<ctx> but today the world health organization takes a more broad approach, that the principles of palliative care should be applied as early as possible to any chronic and ultimately fatal illness. palpation – is the process of using one's hands to check the body, especially while perceiving / diagnosing a disease or i...
[ "reproductive system", "excretory system", "digestive system", "endocrine system" ]
C
arc_challenge_859
arc_challenge
<ctx> cells that were capable of restoring the integrity of dna and chromosomes from the types of damage that cause irreversible aging in somatic cells. prospects for human biological immortality life - extending substances some scientists believe that boosting the amount or proportion of telomerase in the body, a natu...
[ "The body has to keep breathing around the clock.", "Active people often require more food than inactive ones.", "There are many different types of tissues in the human body.", "Human beings shed millions of" ]
D
medmcqa_2646
medmcqa
<ctx> there are, in all likelihood, other receptors besides tlrs that have not yet been characterized, opening the door to future research. safety reports after the first gulf war linked anthrax vaccine adjuvants to gulf war syndrome in american and british troops. the united states department of defense strongly denie...
[ "Peussis", "Hepatitis B", "Meningococcal", "Yellow fever" ]
C
Polysaccharide vaccines are: Typhim-Vi Pneumococcal vaccine Meningococcal vaccine Hib.
arc_challenge_53
arc_challenge
<ctx> produced during the operation of an automobile. 22. matter is everywhere around us. make a list by name of fifteen different kinds of matter that you encounter every day. your list should include ( and label at least one example of each ) the following : a solid, a liquid, a gas, an element, a compound, a homogen...
[ "The amount of oxygen increased.", "The amount of oxygen decreased.", "The oxygen was transformed into water.", "The oxygen was transformed into carbon dioxide." ]
A
medmcqa_9234
medmcqa
<ctx> breadth of their symptoms, and the challenges of identifying impacted patients all complicate the diagnosis. these related conditions include : tunica vasculosa lentis : a capillary network that branches from the hyaloid artery and covers the lens surface ; if this capillary network persists, the lens does not fo...
[ "Iris", "Ciliary body", "Choroid", "Sclera" ]
C
medmcqa_7931
medmcqa
<ctx> been put forth. studies have shown an increased incidence in siblings, suggesting a genetic component. at least one study has also shown a predilection in the white population. it has also been reported to be more common in males. however, there is no concrete evidence to suggest a genetic trait and instead, the ...
[ "Genu valgum", "Germ recurratum", "Genu varus", "Procurvaturn." ]
C
In knee joint osteoarthritis, medial joint space is affected earliest and causes asymmetrical joint space narrowing. This results in varus deformity (genu varus).
openbookqa_610
openbookqa
<ctx> at usually low - altitude weather stations, and the area - altitude distribution of the glacier. output are daily snow accumulation ( bc ) and ablation ( ba ) for each altitude interval, which is converted to mass balance by bn = bc – ba. snow accumulation ( bc ) is calculated for each area - altitude interval ba...
[ "is an effect of too many polar bears", "is an effect of an abundance of CO2 in the environment", "is an effect of deforestation", "is an effect of oxygen saturation" ]
B
aquarat_12775
aquarat
<ctx> stock under different stock valuation methods can be confusing. another example is modelling labour variances with learning curve corrections and stock level changes. with the absence of a basic profit model in an algebraic form, confident development of such models is difficult. the development of spreadsheets h...
[ "A)3000", "B)6000", "C)9000", "D)12000" ]
C
Explanation: 8100:7200:2700 9:8:3 3/20 * 60000 = 9000 C)
mmlu_aux_8102
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> liquids and gases. it has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics ( the study of air and other gases in motion ) and hydrodynamics ( the study of liquids in motion ). fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of pet...
[ "pool water is usually cooler than ocean water", "pool waves carry more turbulence than ocean waves", "pool water has less mass and density than saltwater", "saltwater has less mass and density than pool water" ]
C
null
openbookqa_1637
openbookqa
<ctx> overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. continued overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource, as it will be unable to replenish. the term applies to natural resources such as water aquifers, grazing pastures and...
[ "chickens", "insects", "cats", "birds" ]
B
openbookqa_1670
openbookqa
<ctx> a radiator is a heat exchanger used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating. the majority of radiators are constructed to function in cars, buildings, and electronics. a radiator is always a source of heat to its environment, although this may be for either the...
[ "winter", "spring", "fall", "summer" ]
A
mmlu_aux_8279
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> a battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices. when a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. the terminal marked negative is the source of electrons...
[ "cupcake", "rock", "nosehair trimmer", "tree" ]
C
null
aquarat_46614
aquarat
<ctx> to the same real number – and there are no other duplicate images. in the decimal system, for example, there is 0. = 1. = 1 ; in the balanced ternary system there is 0. = 1. =. a rational number has an indefinitely repeating sequence of finite length, if the reduced fraction's denominator contains a prime factor ...
[ "A)-1", "B)7", "C)10", "D)11" ]
D
We know that t1 = 23 So, using the given formula we have: t1=(t1-1) -3 =23 t0 - 3 = 23 t0= 26 The same way we find that t2= 20 It seems that the sequence goes like this: t0 = 26 t1 = 23 t2 = 20 t3 = 17 t4 = 14 t5 = 11 t6 = 8 t7 = 5 t8 = 2 t9 = -1 t10 = -4 t11 = -7 So, ourANS is D.
arc_challenge_838
arc_challenge
<ctx> ##ive system also works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping. further circulatory routes are associated, such as the coronary circulation to the heart itself, the cerebral circulation to the brain, renal circulation to the kidneys, and bronchial circulati...
[ "respiratory", "skeletal", "endocrine", "digestive" ]
D
aquarat_44918
aquarat
<ctx> following example? " literature this category consists of texts from five categories : modern poetry, classic poetry, modern novel, classical prose and play / essay. candidates may be asked to summarise a single passage or outline a common theme between multiple texts ( sometimes of different text types ), among ...
[ "A)144", "B)119", "C)113", "D)117" ]
D
Greatest Possible Number taken both should be 144 (As it is maximum for One) Smallest Possible Number taken both should be given by Total - Neither = A + B - Both Both = A+B+Neither - Total (Neither must be 0 to minimize the both) So 144 + 119 + 0 - 236 = 27 Greatest - Smallest is 144-27 = 117 So answer must be D. 117
aquarat_4922
aquarat
<ctx> larger number of trials ( such as 20 ) would be used, rendering the probability of error very small. error analysis let p equal the probability of error. we claim that if a × b = c, then p = 0, and if a × b = c, then p ≤ 1 / 2. case a × b = c this is regardless of the value of, since it uses only that. hence the ...
[ "A)5:16", "B)5:17", "C)9:8", "D)10:9" ]
D
Explanation : Since it is a relay race, all the runners ran the same distance. Hence for a same distance, (ratio of times) = 1/(ratio of speeds). Hence ratio of times taken by B t& D =20 : 18 = 10 : 9. Answer : D
aquarat_47163
aquarat
<ctx> different - parts. svg | thumb | 300px | assume that a task has two independent parts, a and b. part b takes roughly 25 % of the time of the whole computation. by working very hard, one may be able to make this part 5 times faster, but this only reduces the time for the whole computation by a little. in contrast,...
[ "A)22 days", "B)77 days", "C)24 days", "D)17 days" ]
C
B = 1/8 – 1/2 = 1/24 => 24 days Answer: C
arc_easy_1090
arc_easy
<ctx> instruments use a microscope to enhance the accuracy of measurements taken using this method. chilled mirror analyzers are subject to the confounding effects of some contaminants, however, at levels similar to other analyzers. with proper filtration and gas analysis preparation systems, other condensable liquids ...
[ "balance", "magnifying glass", "ruler", "thermometer" ]
D
aquarat_4372
aquarat
<ctx> this equation and entering the known values gives 10. 28 10. 29 10. 30 10. 31 10. 32 10. 33 is, entering this into the expression above, we get 21. 34 21. 35 21. 36 21. 37 21. 38 21. 39 21. 40 ml mark and estimate this digit to be 7. note that it would be pointless to attempt to estimate a digit for the hundred...
[ "A)7200", "B)48000", "C)5610", "D)58000" ]
C
? ≈ 2 × 230 + 3000 + 2150 = 460 + 3000 + 2150 = 5610 Answer C
mmlu_aux_5033
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> , observed that comets moved regularly through the sky and were undisturbed by the wind, behavior more typical of celestial than atmospheric phenomena. while he conceded that the other planets do not appear outside the zodiac, he saw no reason that a planet - like object could not move through any part of the sky...
[ "at any time", "at noon", "at regular times", "at daybreak" ]
C
null
mmlu_aux_7990
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> television interference ( tvi ) is a particular case of electromagnetic interference which affects television reception. many natural and man - made phenomena can disrupt the reception of television signals. these include naturally occurring and artificial spark discharges, and effects due to the operation of rad...
[ "it will produce hydroponic energy", "it will produce warmth", "it will produce kinetic energy", "it will produce hydro energy" ]
B
null
arc_challenge_318
arc_challenge
<ctx> thought to have been a translucent and perfect sphere, as aristotle claimed, and hardly the first " planet ", an " eternal pearl to magnificently ascend into the heavenly empyrian ", as put forth by dante. galileo is sometimes credited with the discovery of the lunar libration in latitude in 1632, although thomas...
[ "Jupiter came close to Earth during his lifetime.", "He realized that all of the planets go around the Sun.", "He invented advanced tools for looking at the sky.", "Earlier scientists failed to take an interest in the sky." ]
C
medmcqa_4652
medmcqa
<ctx> and socioeconomic factors. references for many of these environmental risk factors have been collected in an online database. there may be an association between non - celiac gluten sensitivity and schizophrenia in a small proportion of people, though large randomized controlled trials and epidemiological studies...
[ "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)", "mineral oil", "diuretics", "INH" ]
A
Tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs are both effective treatments for depression, but their side-effect profiles are different. Tricyclics can promote weight gain while weight loss is more common with SSRIs.
mmlu_aux_6909
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> cat coat genetics determine the coloration, pattern, length, and texture of feline fur. the variations among cat coats are physical properties and should not be confused with cat breeds. a cat may display the coat of a certain breed without actually being that breed. for example, a neva masquerade ( siberian colo...
[ "value", "hue", "weight", "length" ]
B
null
aquarat_45724
aquarat
<ctx> 38. 9 m / s ( about 87 miles per hour ) 23. ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) 25. ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) this result does not really make sense. if the runner starts at 9. 00 m / s and decelerates at, then she will have stopped after 4. 50 s. if she continues to decelerate, she will be running backwards. 27. 29. ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) 7. ...
[ "A)4 minutes, 17.6 seconds", "B)4 minutes, 21.8 seconds", "C)4 minutes, 43.56 seconds", "D)5 minutes, 10.4 seconds" ]
D
One approach: The watch starts to work after Nuria began his running. It means the time should be greater than credited 4 minutes, 44 seconds. The only number is 5 minutes, 10.4 seconds. Another approach: 11/25 close to 30 second when added to the 4 minutes, 44 seconds, it means it passes 5 minute. Answer: D
openbookqa_424
openbookqa
<ctx> the number of species initially present in an ecosystem increases. other researchers believe that the relationship between species diversity and productivity is unimodal within an ecosystem. a 1999 study on grassland ecosystems in europe, for example, found that increasing species diversity initially increased pr...
[ "Trash", "Bodies of Water", "Animals/Plants", "Air" ]
C
medmcqa_6885
medmcqa
<ctx> , churchill livingstone. 2012. management of acute and chronic neck pain. n bogduk, b mcguirk ( authors ), 1st ed., elsevier. 2006. biomechanics of back pain. m adams, n bogduk, k burton, p dolan ( authors ), 3rd ed., churchill livingstone. 2012. medical management of acute and chronic low back pain. an evidence ...
[ "Immediate restrictive exercises", "Skeletal traction and manipulation", "Immediate surgery to prevent neurological complications", "Medical management only" ]
C
(C) Immediate surgery to prevent neurological complications # Cervical disc prolapse the management includes:> Heat and analgesics are soothing but, as with lumbar disc prolapse, there are only three satisfactory ways of treating the prolapse itself.> Rest: A collar will prevent unguarded movement; it may be made of fe...
arc_easy_536
arc_easy
<ctx> tetrahydropyran. the simplest systematic name of water is hydrogen oxide. this is analogous to related compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, and deuterium oxide ( heavy water ). using chemical nomenclature for type i ionic binary compounds, water would take the name hydrogen monoxide, but this is...
[ "the number of valence electrons", "the charge of the compound", "the mass of protons in each atom", "the number of atoms of each element" ]
D
medmcqa_6536
medmcqa
<ctx> , called osteoclasts. usually these work at the same speed and keep each other in balance. in periodontitis, however, the chemical mediators, or by - products, of chronic inflammation stimulate the osteoclasts, causing them to work more rapidly than the cells that build bone. the net result is that bone is lost, ...
[ "Lateral wall of pocket", "Root surface", "Junctional epithelium", "None of the above" ]
A
arc_easy_72
arc_easy
<ctx> plant diversity. as altitude increases, temperature decreases, limiting plant diversity. coconuts and fruit trees tend to develop better in lower - altitude pekarangans while vegetables tend to grow better at higher altitudes. with better access to water — either by climate or by proximity to water resources — ar...
[ "to release gases", "to release water", "to absorb energy", "to absorb nutrients" ]
D
openbookqa_2186
openbookqa
<ctx> exterior. modern window film technology has created ceramic window films that are non - metallic and do not contain dyes that can result in discoloration. the ceramic and metallic window films usually cost 50 - 100 + percent more than regular window film but they can reduce energy transmission by as much as 80 pe...
[ "a bird", "a sweater", "a cat", "a dog" ]
B
aquarat_23904
aquarat
<ctx> to a market that is spatially - distributed, i. e. the buyers and sellers are in several different locations, and some units of the good may have to be transported between these locations. the cost of transport is thus added to the cost of production of the sellers. mcafee's mechanism the following mechanism is a...
[ "A)20%", "B)25%", "C)35%", "D)40%" ]
D
Let P be the original price of the goods and let x be the rate after the markup. (1.75P)*x = 1.05P x = 1.05/1.75 = 0.6 which is a discount of 40%. The answer is D.
aquarat_42595
aquarat
<ctx> 2. 3 • time, velocity, and speed 45 figure 2. 11 position vs. time, velocity vs. time, and speed vs. time on a trip. note that the velocity for the return trip is negative. making connections : take - home investigation — getting a sense of speed if you have spent much time driving, you probably have a good sense...
[ "A)42", "B)42.5", "C)44", "D)50" ]
A
Total Time taken by jerry = (8/40)*60 Minutes + 12 Minutes + (20/60)*60 Minutes = 44 Minutes Average Speed = Total Distance / Total Time = (8+20) miles / (44/60)Hours = 28*60 / 44 = 42 Miles per hour Answer: option A
mmlu_aux_3887
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> most common families of desert plants are the cacti, which are covered in sharp spines or bristles for defence against herbivory. the bristles on certain cacti also have the ability to reflect sunlight, such as those of the old man cactus. certain xerophytes, like oleander, feature stomata that are recessed as a ...
[ "leaves", "root", "flowers", "fruit" ]
A
null
aquarat_16906
aquarat
<ctx> the christian trinity. mathematics : π ≈, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. religion : the four noble truths in buddhism. biology : 7 ± 2, in cognitive science, george a. miller's estimate of the number of objects that can be simultaneously held in human working memory. music : 7 notes in a m...
[ "A)3", "B)6", "C)9", "D)12" ]
D
Let single piano players = p Let single guitar players = g Let single violin players = v Given, p + g + v + 3 + 20 = 10 + 11 + 14. Hence, p + g + v = 35 - 23 = 12 ANSWER:D
mmlu_aux_3455
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> , albertus seba. common name usage varies with the species referred to as the african rock python or simply the rock python. description africa's largest snake species and one of the world's largest, the central african rock python adult measures in total length ( including tail ), with only unusually large speci...
[ "a tool.", "a toy.", "harmfull insects.", "Good animals." ]
B
null
medmcqa_4567
medmcqa
<ctx> - flip. the one - bond - flip isomerizes at the reactive double bond while the hula twist undergoes a conformational isomerization at the adjacent single bond. however, the interconversion of stereoisomers of stilbene proceeds via one - bond - flip. quantum yield one of the most important properties of a photoswi...
[ "Mycobacterium Gordonae", "Mycobacterium Marinum", "Mycobacterium Intracellulare", "Mycobacterium avium" ]
A
Ans: A (Mycobacterium Gordonae) M. Marinum & M. Kansasii are photochromogenes while M. intracellulare & M. avium are non-photochromogenes.Scotochromogens# M, Gordonae (formely M.aquae) - Often found in tap water (hence called 'the tap water scotochromogen), is a common contaminant in clinical specimens and a rare cause...
qasc_5376
qasc
<ctx> 13. 2 thermal expansion of solids and liquids 5. thermal stresses caused by uneven cooling can easily break glass cookware. explain why pyrex®, a glass with a small coefficient of linear expansion, is less susceptible. 6. water expands significantly when it freezes : a volume increase of about 9 % occurs. as a re...
[ "evaporation", "vaporization", "hydrogen bonds", "helium bonds" ]
C
arc_easy_1133
arc_easy
<ctx> for the effect. nevertheless, the atmosphere is completely opaque to many wavelengths requiring the use of satellites to make observations. this extinction has three main components : rayleigh scattering by air molecules, scattering by particulates, and molecular absorption. molecular absorption is often referred...
[ "The distance between Earth and the Sun is increasing.", "The tilt of Earth on its axis is constantly changing.", "Earth is revolving around the Sun.", "Earth is rotating on its axis." ]
D
qasc_2800
qasc
<ctx> : ( fish, ( lizard, ( whale, ( cat, monkey ) ) ) ). adding a rat and a walrus will probably reduce the support for the ( whale, ( cat, monkey ) ) clade, because the rat and the walrus may fall within this clade, or outside of the clade, and since these five animals are all relatively closely related, there should...
[ "Marsupial.", "Monotremes.", "insects", "animals" ]
B
aquarat_964
aquarat
<ctx> ##2261917482286102 x4 - 13392499389128176685 x3 + 16875252458877684989 x2 + 3759900174855208738 x1 - 46769930553931905995 which has a root of 12574411168418005980468 modulo rsa - 130. rsa - 140 rsa - 140 has 140 decimal digits ( 463 bits ), and was factored on february 2, 1999, by a team led by herman te riele an...
[ "A)10", "B)100", "C)1000", "D)10000" ]
D
Explanation: =(10)150/(10)146=10(4)=10000 Option D
arc_challenge_1030
arc_challenge
<ctx> train. freewheel crank, that is a freewheel in the bottom bracket, is a necessary part in mid - drive systems to allow the electric motor to work inside its optimal rotational speed range ( r / min ). because the power is applied through the chain and sprocket, power is typically limited to around 250 – 500 watts...
[ "light", "sound", "mechanical", "electrical" ]
C
openbookqa_2816
openbookqa
<ctx> thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. a thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internal therm...
[ "toasty", "chilly", "hot", "burning" ]
B
aquarat_2359
aquarat
<ctx> which means every student with a number ending in 4 ( 14, 24, 34, etc. ) will be included in the sample. this way, the researcher will have a representative sample of 100 students from the high school, which is 10 % of the population. the sample will consist of students from different grades, genders, and backgro...
[ "A)53.33", "B)54.28", "C)55", "D)57" ]
B
Sol. Required average = [70x50 + 60x55 + 45x60 / 70 + 60 + 45] = [3500 + 3300 + 2700 / 175] = 9500 / 175 = 54.28. Answer B
mmlu_aux_7027
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> in forestry, windthrow refers to trees uprooted by wind. breakage of the tree bole ( trunk ) instead of uprooting is called windsnap. blowdown refers to both windthrow and windsnap. causes windthrow is common in all forested parts of the world that experience storms or high wind speeds. the risk of windthrow to a...
[ "evenly heated spaces", "unevenly distributed heat", "heated earth spaces", "space heaters" ]
B
null
pubmedqa_100
pubmedqa
<ctx> accounted for by latitude and longitude than by national percentage of finno - ugrians and type o blood : a rebuttal of lester and kondrichin ( 2004 ). perceptual and motor skills, 99, 1243 - 1250. formann, a. k. ( 2006 ). mixture analysis of longitudinal binary data. statistics in medicine, 25, 1457 - 1469. form...
[ "yes", "no", "maybe" ]
A
mmlu_aux_5178
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> of other objects in the sky, though varying thicknesses of cloud cover have differing effects. a very thin cirrus cloud in front of the moon might produce a rainbow - colored ring around the moon. stars and planets are too small or dim to take on this effect and are instead only dimmed ( often to the point of inv...
[ "a few", "a lot", "little", "some" ]
B
null
aquarat_47582
aquarat
<ctx> the relative velocity ( also or ) is the velocity of an object or observer b in the rest frame of another object or observer a. classical mechanics in one dimension ( non - relativistic ) we begin with relative motion in the classical, ( or non - relativistic, or the newtonian approximation ) that all speeds are ...
[ "A)738 km", "B)444 km", "C)849 km", "D)935 km" ]
B
1h ----- 5 ? ------ 60 12 h RS = 16 + 21 = 37 T = 12 D = 37 * 12 = 444 Answer:B
arc_easy_2030
arc_easy
<ctx> expected. this confusion has caused some ecologists to suggest that the terms'aggregated ', or'contagious ', would be better used in ecology for'overdispersed '. such preferences are creeping into parasitology too. generally this suggestion has not been heeded, and confusion persists in the literature. furthermor...
[ "pandemic", "plague", "epidemic", "infection" ]
C
medmcqa_8404
medmcqa
<ctx> apprehend the principle persons aiding and abetting in the performance of it, and in the event of the police - officers being unable to apprehend them, they shall endeavour to ascertain their names and places of abode, and shall immediately communicate the whole of the particulars to the magistrate for his orders...
[ "304A IPC", "304B", "174Cr. P. C", "176Cr. P. C" ]
B
Dowry death is defined under section 304 B *According to this if husband or his relative subjects the woman to cruelty or harassment in demand of dowry within 7 years of marriage,they shall be deemed to have caused her death *The punishment for such cases is improvement for not less than 7 years,but may be extended to ...
mmlu_aux_3503
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> ##sus arctos lasiotus ), but no interactions between the two species have been recorded. poaching poaching of amur leopards is the main threat to their survival. despite evidence of chinese traders illegally buying leopard skins from russia, no skins were confiscated at borders to china until 2002 and 2003, where...
[ "are living on plants", "are living in the zoo", "are well protected by people", "are endangered" ]
D
null
arc_easy_1499
arc_easy
<ctx> ##l, m., callaaghan, t. v., 2000. the arctic : environment, people, policy. harwood academic, uk. stirling, i., lunn, n. j., iacozza, j., 1999. long - term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western hudson bay in relation to climate change. the arctic institute of north america. v. 52 no. 3, p. 29...
[ "modified characteristic", "ecological succession", "structural adaptation", "selective breeding" ]
C
mmlu_aux_2643
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> a black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light and other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape it. the theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. the boundary of no escape is called ...
[ "A black hole can be very tiny but extremely heavy.", "The gravity of a black hole holds all light in its center.", "Scientists observe high-energy light through their own eyes.", "Some small black holes came into being as early as the universe." ]
C
null
mmlu_aux_5217
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> , overharvesting, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. invertebrates makes up most of the earth's biodiversity which is why they do not go extinct as fast as other species. marine invertebrates : these species average lifespan is 5 - 10 million years. many marine invertebrates face extinction because ...
[ "is in danger because of its special illness", "lives on four continents", "lives in a research stations now", "is the second oldest species on the earth" ]
B
null
arc_challenge_54
arc_challenge
<ctx> 2. 5 the periodic table learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • state the periodic law and explain the organization of elements in the periodic table • predict the general properties of elements based on their location within the periodic table • identify metals, nonmetals, and met...
[ "beryllium, Be", "potassium, K", "titanium, Ti", "yttrium, Y" ]
A
medmcqa_7631
medmcqa
<ctx> ##osclerosis. carpal bones – are the eight small bones that make up the wrist ( or carpus ) that connects the hand to the forearm. in human anatomy, the main role of the wrist is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, and the mobility of indiv...
[ "Psoriatic ahritis", "Rheumatoid ahritis", "Reactive ahritis", "Osteoahritis" ]
B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Rheumatoid ahritis
mmlu_aux_6942
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> range of mechanical, fatigue and physical property data has been collected from the associations ’ memberships and rigorously evaluated by regional accreditation committees. however, the database's primary targets are designers and material specifiers in end - user industries who may have no prior knowledge of pm...
[ "hydrogen peroxide", "aspirin", "vitamins", "petroleum jelly." ]
C
null
medmcqa_1400
medmcqa
<ctx> ##simus myocutaneous flap employs skin fat and muscle harvested from the back, and a breast implant. the diep flap ( deep inferior epigastric perforators ) procedure uses an autologous flap of abdominal skin and fat tissue. post - mastectomy fat - graft reconstruction the reconstruction of the breast ( s ) with g...
[ "Hadfield's operation", "Patey's mastectomy", "Modified radical mastectomy", "None of the above" ]
A
medmcqa_6003
medmcqa
<ctx> , o'donnell cj, ganesh sk ; charge hematology working group, larson eb, carlson cs, jarvik gp ; the electronic medical records and genomics ( emerge ) network. genetic variation associated with circulating monocyte count in the emerge network. hum mol genet. jan 12, 2013 [ epub ahead of print ] ( ). kim ds, burt ...
[ "Antimitochondrial antibody", "Anti-endomysial antibody", "Anti-smooth muscle antibody", "Antinuclear antibody" ]
B
Anti-endomysial antibody The clinical features are suggestive of celiac sprue0. The typical symptoms of celiac sprue are weight loss, chronic diarrhoea, abdominal distension, growth retardation anemia. Raised liver enzymes is not mentioned in many text books including Harrison. But according to C.M.D.T. 'Mild elevation...
mmlu_aux_3842
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> theoretical production ecology tries to quantitatively study the growth of crops. the plant is treated as a kind of biological factory, which processes light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients into harvestable parts. main parameters kept into consideration are temperature, sunlight, standing crop biomass, plan...
[ "sunlight", "veins", "stems", "green leaves" ]
D
null
aquarat_1606
aquarat
<ctx> 100, which immediately proves that 100 is not prime. every positive integer except 1 is divisible by at least one prime number by the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. therefore the algorithm need only search for prime divisors less than / equal to. for another example, consider how this algorithm determines the...
[ "A)10021", "B)17511", "C)26778", "D)18520" ]
D
18520. This is the only option with last two digits divisible by 8 Answer:D
aquarat_26471
aquarat
<ctx> that case, the reasoning in steps 6 and 7 was entirely correct if envelope a happened to contain any of the amounts 2, 4,... 512 : switching envelopes would give an expected ( average ) gain of 25 %. if envelope a happened to contain the amount 1, then the expected gain is actually 100 %. but if it happened to co...
[ "A)Profit of $50", "B)Profit of $20", "C)Loss of $25", "D)Profit of $30" ]
A
A packet sold at a 10% loss had a price of $9, thus the cost of a packet is $10. 50 packets was sold at a 20% profit --> gives profit of 10*0.2*50 = $100. 50 packets was sold at a 10% loss --> gives loss of 10*0.1*50 = $50. The overall Profit is $100 - $50 = $50. Answer: A.
mmlu_aux_3660
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> of genetics at the university of cologne, the max planck institute for evolutionary biology in plon, and the department of behavioral sciences at the university of bielefeld, 6 concluded 50 years after the mitochondria and cell nuclei snps support a separation into three species. according to their " molecular cl...
[ "That they are not worth much money.", "That they have no natural enemies.", "That they are protected well by laws.", "That they are good at raising the young." ]
C
null
medmcqa_825
medmcqa
<ctx> greece, italy and spain before globalization of food products in the 20th century. the diet includes relatively high consumption of fruit, vegetables, olive oil, legumes, whole grains and moderate amounts of red wine. foods with increased fat and dairy are minimally consumed. countless nutritional genomics studie...
[ "Leucine", "Lysine", "Methionine", "Tryptophan" ]
C
Ans. is 'c >d' i.e., Methionine > TryptophanLeucine and lysine are purely ketogenic.Trypotophan is not purely ketogenic, but it is ketogenic along with glucogenic. Methionine is purely glucogenic.
medmcqa_7021
medmcqa
<ctx> spreading chinese medicine culture in ukraine award " for making outstanding contributions to the development of sino - ukrainian cooperation in the field of chinese medicine. textbooks clinical and laboratory immunology. national textbook / under the general editorship of professor l. v. kuznetsova, phd in medic...
[ "EBV", "Herpes virus", "Adeno virus", "Cytomegalovirus" ]
A
Paul Bunell test is the standard diagnostic procedure of infectious mononucleosis which is caused by EBV. Paul Bunell test detects heterophile antibody. Paul Bunell test In this test inactivated serum (56 0 C for 30 minutes) in doubling dilutions is mixed with equal volumes of a 1% suspension of sheep erythrocytes. A...
medmcqa_6139
medmcqa
<ctx> 24 march 1882 by robert koch, who subsequently received the nobel prize in physiology or medicine for this discovery in 1905 ; the bacterium is also known as " koch's bacillus ". m. tuberculosis has existed throughout history, but the name has changed frequently over time. in 1720, though, the history of tubercul...
[ "Louis pasteur", "Robe koch", "Lister", "Jener" ]
B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Robe koch Scientist Associated with Fracastorius Proposed a contagium vivuin (cause of infectious disease) Von Plenciz Suggested that each disease is caused by a separate agent Augustino Bassi Earliest discovery of pathogenic microorganism Davaine and Pollender Observed anthrax bacilli in blood of ani...
openbookqa_3067
openbookqa
<ctx> ##bard rock ptarmigan – that are dependent on the scattered plants and fauna as their only food source during the winter. with more frequent rain events, these plants are now spending more time under a thick layer of newly frozen ice, which the herbivores cannot access. a species that benefits from the rising tem...
[ "plants will burn", "plants will fly", "plants will perish", "Plants will cry" ]
C
medmcqa_6105
medmcqa
<ctx> . classic characteristics of " tendinosis " include degenerative changes in the collagenous matrix, hypercellularity, hypervascularity, and a lack of inflammatory cells which has challenged the original misnomer " tendinitis ". histological findings include granulation tissue, microrupture, degenerative changes, ...
[ "Rhabdomyoma", "Rhabdomyosarcoma", "Histiocytoma", "Eosinophilic granuloma" ]
B
Rhabdomyosarcoma An adjectival description for a relatively elongated cell, lesion, structure or radiological density that is globose at one end and elongated at the other, alike to the device used in game of tennis. Tennis racquet cell: A tennis-racquet-shaped variant of rhabdomyoblast seen in sarcoma botryoides, a fo...
mmlu_aux_3824
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> a follow - up study by o'donnell and others that strongly criticized the steig et al. work, finding significant warming in west antarctica but general cooling over the bulk of the continent. o'donnell et al. also confirmed that antarctica overall has been warming since the 1950s, but disagreed with steig et al. a...
[ "the ice can easily just slip into the ocean", "volcanoes caused the ice to melt", "melting just in the Northern hemisphere would have been impossible", "researchers often use the computer models help their research work." ]
C
null
aquarat_6694
aquarat
<ctx> 8. 79 8. 80 8. 81 8. 82 is, entering this into the expression above, we get 21. 34 21. 35 21. 36 21. 37 21. 38 21. 39 21. 40 older ) get the flu each year. • 32 % of people under 65 get the flu each year. • in the population, there are 15 % senior citizens. a. are the events “ being a senior ” and “ getting the...
[ "A)9", "B)36", "C)40", "D)300" ]
D
Let the certain number be x. => (15/100)*(40/100)*x = 18; => x=300; Ans is (D).
aquarat_49354
aquarat
<ctx> the investment vehicle that maximizes the profit. hence, conclusion : knowing the direction the market will go ( i. e. having perfect information ) is worth $ 350. discussion : if someone was selling information that guaranteed the accurate prediction of the future market direction, we would want to purchase this...
[ "A)140", "B)120", "C)130", "D)110" ]
B
Let C.P. be $100. Then, S.P. = $114 Let marked price be $x. Then, 95/100 x = 114 x = 114/95 = $120 Now, S.P. = $120, C.P. = $100 Profit % = 20%. B
arc_easy_1704
arc_easy
<ctx> treating them with calcium chloride solution ( cacl2 ). transformation using electroporation was developed in the late 1980s, increasing the efficiency and bacterial range. in 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, agrobacterium tumefaciens, had been discovered. in the early 1970s it was found that this bacte...
[ "allowing them to reproduce freely", "changing their food source", "using biotechnology techniques", "growing them on selected plants" ]
C
aquarat_25010
aquarat
<ctx> of marbles with both colors on them ( that is, the number of marbles that have been drawn twice ) has the hypergeometric distribution. the symmetry in and stems from the fact that the two rounds are independent, and one could have started by drawing balls and colouring them red first. note that we are interested ...
[ "A)1/7", "B)1/5", "C)3/14", "D)2/7" ]
C
probability of selecting first red marble = 4/8 probability of selecting second red marble without replacement = 3/7 final probability = 4/8 * 3/7 = 3/14 The correct answer is C.
arc_challenge_968
arc_challenge
<ctx> from the movement of the lithospheric plates, and they often occur near convergent boundaries where parts of the crust are forced into the earth as part of subduction. plate tectonics might be thought of as the process by which the earth is resurfaced. as the result of seafloor spreading, new crust and lithospher...
[ "asthenosphere", "inner core", "outer core", "lithosphere" ]
A
openbookqa_2040
openbookqa
<ctx> motion, which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity. rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48 % and 116 %. partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28 % greater between to downwind of cities, compared with upwind. some cities show a total precipitation incre...
[ "inside of a mansion", "a place where wild camels roam", "a place where a lot of grass grows", "on dark side of the moon" ]
C
medmcqa_667
medmcqa
<ctx> 99 – 159. robert k. crane. " digestion and absorption : water - soluble organics ". international review of physiology, gastrointestinal physiology ii, vol. 12, robert k. crane, ed., university park press, 1977, pp. 325 – 365. robert k. crane. " intestinal structure and function related to toxicity ". environment...
[ "Secretion ,l,ses with secretin", "H2 blockers prevent release", "Total acid output indicates parietal cell mass activity", "All" ]
D
A i.e. Secretion decreases with secretin B i.e., H2 blocker prevents relapse C i.e., Total acid output indicates parietal cell mass activity
medmcqa_9
medmcqa
<ctx> teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development in organisms during their life span. it is a sub - discipline in medical genetics which focuses on the classification of congenital abnormalities in dysmorphology caused by teratogens. teratogens are substances that may cause non - heritable bi...
[ "Decreased ability to copy", "Decreased execution", "Deficit of expression by gesture", "Deficit of fluent speech" ]
C
Ans. C. Deficit of expression by gestureHypomimiaHypomimia or amimia is a deficit or absence of expression by gesture or mimicry.This is usually most obvious as a lack of facial expressive mobility (mask - like facies).This is a feature of frontal subcoical disease.
medmcqa_8688
medmcqa
<ctx> of chronic air pollution exposure in relation to mortality in the nurses ’ health study. journal of the royal statistical society series c applied statistics. 2018 ; 67 ( 2 ) : 307 - 327. methods for implementation and prevention science ritz j, spiegelman d. equivalence of conditional and marginal regression mod...
[ "It proceeds from cause to effect", "Odds ratio can be calculated", "Incidence can be calculated", "Needs many patients" ]
B
<p>case control studies usually known as retrospective studies.are those which proceeds from efect to cause .it mainly involves two study populations cases and controls.they are basically comparison studies from which the"odds ratio" can be calculated.focus is on a health problem that has already occurred.not much pati...
aquarat_9913
aquarat
<ctx> of these interest and principal payments must equal the cumulative fixed payments at time t i. e. mat. evaluating the first integral on the right we obtain an expression for i ( t ), the interest paid : unsurprisingly the second integral evaluates to p0 − p ( t ) and therefore : the reader may easily verify that ...
[ "A)11585", "B)11879", "C)12779", "D)12672" ]
A
A = 35000(11/10)^3 = 46585 = 35000 ---------- 11585 Answer: A
medmcqa_1085
medmcqa
<ctx> diagnosis of lung cancer, computed tomography with special three - dimensional cad systems are established and considered as appropriate second opinions. at this a volumetric dataset with up to 3, 000 single images is prepared and analyzed. round lesions ( lung cancer, metastases and benign changes ) from 1 mm ar...
[ "Within 10 cm of the dentate line", "Lesion 2.7 cm", "Involvement of <30% bowel circumference", "T1 and T2 cancer with lymph node involvement" ]
D
Suggested criteria for local excision in rectal cancer: Physical examination Imaging Histology Tumor <3 cm Tumor <30% of bowel circumference Tumor within 15 cm of dentate line Tumor freely mobile Tumor limited to submucosa (T1) No lymph node involvement (N0) Well to moderately differentiated Absence of lymphovascular i...
aquarat_18763
aquarat
<ctx> in mathematics, the remainder is the amount " left over " after performing some computation. in arithmetic, the remainder is the integer " left over " after dividing one integer by another to produce an integer quotient ( integer division ). in algebra of polynomials, the remainder is the polynomial " left over "...
[ "A)A=1.", "B)A=2.", "C)3.", "D)4." ]
B
X divided by 10 gives reminder of 2. X can be 2/12/22.... X+Y divided by 5 is 4. X+Y can be 4/ 9/ 19.... If X+Y= 4 and X is 2 then Y = 2 and Y/5 will give a reminder of 2 Similarly, if X+Y= 9 and X = 2, then y/5 will give a reminder of 2 Hence the answer must be 2 (B) Also.... x+y=5m+4 and x=10K+2 hence 10k+2+y=5m+4 or...
aquarat_5714
aquarat
<ctx> older ) get the flu each year. • 32 % of people under 65 get the flu each year. • in the population, there are 15 % senior citizens. a. are the events “ being a senior ” and “ getting the flu ” dependent or independent? b. find the probability that a person selected at random is a senior and will get the flu. c. ...
[ "A)88.8", "B)91.0", "C)88.0", "D)70.9" ]
A
11% of 80 = (80*0.11) = 8.8 11% greater than 80 = 80 + 8.8 = 88.8 Answer is clearly A.
pubmedqa_511
pubmedqa
<ctx> hold briefly before letting them drift apart. be aware of the change. squeeze buttocks together, hold before letting go. pull in stomach muscles towards the spine, hold briefly before releasing. feel the difference. gently pull shoulders towards ears, enough to feel some tension in them, hold briefly before letti...
[ "yes", "no", "maybe" ]
A
medmcqa_8460
medmcqa
<ctx> in statistics, bivariate data is data on each of two variables, where each value of one of the variables is paired with a value of the other variable. it is a specific but very common case of multivariate data. the association can be studied via a tabular or graphical display, or via sample statistics which might...
[ "Type I error", "Type II error", "Systematic error", "Random error" ]
B
Null hypothesis (H0) there is No significant association In the given question, In reality an association exists, So Null hypothesis is false We say no significant association exists, so we are accepting Null hypothesis Hence its Type II error
arc_easy_2200
arc_easy
<ctx> oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. the left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the different organs of the body. pulmonary circulation the pulmonary circulation is the part of ...
[ "nose", "trachea", "bronchi", "lungs" ]
D
medmcqa_7082
medmcqa
<ctx> they are struggling to breath. before the procedure before the surgery begins, the surgeon will take multiple blood tests, physically examine the patient, and the surgeon will also check the past medical records of the patient to make sure it is safe to conduct the surgical procedure. on top of that, the surgeon ...
[ "Loss in the ability to taste salt in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue", "Loss in the ability to protrude her tongue, thus limiting her ability to lick an ice cream cone", "Weakness in the ability to open her mouth fully when eating an apple due to damage to the innervation to the lateral pterygoid...
D
The palatine tonsil sits in the lateral wall of the oropharynx in the palatine arch posterior to the palatoglossus muscle and anterior to the palatopharyngeus muscle. In the bed of the palatine tonsil runs the glossopharyngeal CN (IX) that carries afferent information back to the brain regarding both general sensation ...
aquarat_10935
aquarat
<ctx> exercise, refer to the following examples from the datetime module documentation : • examples of usage : date ( https : / / openstax. org / r / 100dateexamples ) • examples of usage : timedelta ( https : / / openstax. org / r / 100timedeltaex ) write a program that creates a date object representing your birthday...
[ "A)16", "B)20", "C)15", "D)11" ]
C
C 15 Let Jacob's present age be 'm' years. m + 18 = 3(m - 4) => 2m = 30 => m = 15 years.
arc_challenge_960
arc_challenge
<ctx> 3d imaging and optical sensor can be expensive, but the cost can be decreased when manufacturers and suppliers make individual sensor components cheaper and more flexible to fit a variety of sensors and cameras. virtual renders and prototyping tools are integrated into 3d sensor and camera systems to aid with fac...
[ "cost of product is reduced", "protection of private information", "ability to track customer preferences", "funds would be credited immediately" ]
B
qasc_176
qasc
<ctx> themselves and their own people, animals, and goods at their own discretion. vehicles used are typically smaller, though publicly owned infrastructure is often used for travel. function relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. however, other uses exist, such as the strategic and ta...
[ "animals", "energy", "people", "air" ]
C
qasc_7590
qasc
<ctx> a regulated fashion. wound healing is a localized event involving the reaction of cells to the damage sustained. the cells break down damaged ecm and replace it, generally increasing in number to react to the harm. the process is activated, though perhaps not exclusively, by cells responding to fragments of damag...
[ "protein", "nutrients", "Enzymes", "food" ]
A
aquarat_11277
aquarat
<ctx> , e. g. 3 / ( x + 1 ). exponents are usually formatted using superscripts, as in x2. in plain text, the tex mark - up language, and some programming languages such as matlab and julia, the caret symbol, ^, represents exponents, so x2 is written as x ^ 2. in programming languages such as ada, fortran, perl, python...
[ "A)-15", "B)-35", "C)-55", "D)-45" ]
D
15-5+15+10+30-25-35-25+20-25-20 =10+15+10+30-25-35-25+20-25-20 =25+10+30-25-35-25+20-25-20 =35+30-25-35-25+20-25-20 =65-25-35-25+20-25-20 =40-35-25+20-25-20 =5-25+20-25-20 =-20+20-25-20 =0-25-20 =-45 ANSWER:D
aquarat_16359
aquarat
<ctx> of these interest and principal payments must equal the cumulative fixed payments at time t i. e. mat. evaluating the first integral on the right we obtain an expression for i ( t ), the interest paid : unsurprisingly the second integral evaluates to p0 − p ( t ) and therefore : the reader may easily verify that ...
[ "A)22877", "B)5755", "C)2778", "D)6787" ]
B
Let the sum lent by Manoj to Ramu be Rs.P. Amount gained by Manoj = P. 3.9 /100 = 4050.3.6/100 = Rs.824.85 27P = 72900 = 82485 P = (82485 + 72900)/27 = 3055 + 2700 = Rs.5755 Answer: B
medmcqa_2804
medmcqa
<ctx> 1996 by the cdc. in these guidelines, the use of one of two prevention methods was recommended : either a risk - based approach or a culture - based screening approach. the cdc issued updated guidelines in 2002 ; these guidelines recommended the universal culture - based screening of all pregnant women at 35 – 37...
[ "Asymmetrical IUGR: is far more common than symmetrical IUGR", "Ponderal index is normal in symmetrical IUGR", "Prognosis is better in asymmetrical IUGR than symmetrical IUGR", "All of the above" ]
D
All of the above
medmcqa_6239
medmcqa
<ctx> large group of equivalent individuals should be studied, in order to establish separate positive and negative predictive values for use of the test in such individuals. bayesian updating bayes'theorem confers inherent limitations on the accuracy of screening tests as a function of disease prevalence or pre - test...
[ "Dead ear", "Labyrinthine fistula", "Hypermobile stapes footplate", "Following fenestration surgery" ]
A
(a) Dead ear(Ref. Shambaugh, 6th ed., page 181)If there is a fistula on the medial wall but inner ear is dead (not responding to pressure changes), then in spite of presence of fistula, fistula test will be negative. This is false negative fistula test.If the footplate of stapes is hypermobile, it results in false posi...
qasc_1059
qasc
<ctx> seismology measurement geophysics seismology measurement petroleum geology suspension for horizontal instruments remains the garden - gate described above. vertical instruments use some kind of constant - force suspension, such as the lacoste suspension. the lacoste suspension uses a zero - length spring to pro...
[ "Seismometer", "sensory neurons", "Hygrometer", "Speedometer" ]
A