id
string
dataset
string
question
string
options
list
answer
string
explanation
string
medmcqa_2126
medmcqa
<ctx> . breitinger ( 1937 ) measured the distance between certain anatomical prominence in a sample of 2400 german males of whom 1400 were participants in an athletic meet in munich in 1923. 1000 members of the sample were students in 1925 – 26. the average age of the group was about 26 years. telkka ( 1950 ) studied 1...
[ "Testosterone", "Prolactin", "Estradiol", "Luteinising hormone" ]
B
Gynecomastia refers to enlargement of the male breast. It is caused by excess estrogen action and is usually the result of an increased estrogen-to-androgen ratio. True gynecomastia is associated with glandular breast tissue that is >4 cm in diameter and often tender. Evaluation of a case of gynecomastia should include...
qasc_2135
qasc
<ctx> to be antecedents to human language. the bird song communication system is made up entirely of the e component while the alarm call system used by monkeys is made up of the l component. human language is thought to be the byproduct of these two separate systems found in birds and monkeys, due to parallels between...
[ "chemicals.", "limb amputation", "emissions", "sweating" ]
A
mmlu_aux_4935
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> derived ethanol and has been adding new biomass and wind power plants. many renewable markets are growing at rapid rates in countries such as argentina, costa rica, egypt, indonesia, kenya, tanzania, thailand, tunisia, and uruguay. in isolated rural areas, electricity grid extensions are often not economical. off...
[ "handsome and clever", "clever and helpful", "lazy but clever", "handsome and helpful" ]
B
null
mmlu_aux_1787
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> ##yla. he explains, with detailed diagrams of arthropod and chordate development and a brief, richly - cited but conversational text, how that symmetry is produced. the next four chapters are on the fly, the butterfly, the snake, and the cheetah. each consists of three to eight sections named in the style of rudy...
[ "New Flying Animals", "Small Flying Instruments", "The New Findings", "Flying Snakes" ]
D
null
aquarat_34007
aquarat
<ctx> time is f ( t, st ), ito's lemma gives the term represents the change in value in time dt of the trading strategy consisting of holding an amount of the stock. if this trading strategy is followed, and any cash held is assumed to grow at the risk free rate r, then the total value v of this portfolio satisfies the...
[ "A)s. 2600.31", "B)s. 2628.57", "C)s. 2450.32", "D)s. 3400.41" ]
B
Ratio of their shares = 6000 : 8000 = 3 : 4 Deepak's share = Rs. (4600 * 4/7) = Rs. 2628.57 ANSWER "B
medmcqa_981
medmcqa
<ctx> extra work and complicated logistics associated with treatment. additionally, pregnant inmates often have difficulty obtaining proper prenatal nutrition to support a healthy pregnancy. although many state facilities have a registered dietician on staff to oversee the nutritional value of prison meals, there are n...
[ "Ritodrine", "Isoprenaline", "Salbutamol", "Terbutaline" ]
A
(Ref: KDT 6/e p323) Isoxsuprine and ritodrine are selective b2 agonists useful as tocolytic agents for arresting labour. Pulmonary edema is an impoant adverse effect of these agents.
mmlu_aux_2439
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> of their movements to the ground. they are also excellent swimmers, being able to stay submerged for up to half an hour. burmese pythons spend the majority of their time hidden in the underbrush. dwarf burmese pythons breed in mid - spring, with females laying clutches of 8 - 14 eggs in april or may. the females ...
[ "Nearly 3 tons", "Nearly 2 tons", "Almost 1 ton", "A half ton" ]
B
null
arc_easy_545
arc_easy
<ctx> 5. 2 • calorimetry 225 measured as 39. 9 °c. calculate the initial temperature of the piece of copper. assume that all heat transfer occurs between the copper and the water. answer : the initial temperature of the copper was 335. 6 °c. check your learning a 248 - g piece of copper initially at 314 °c is dropped i...
[ "6.2 x 10^8 J", "6.3 x 10^8 J", "7.7 x 10^8 J", "7.9 x 10^8 J" ]
A
qasc_581
qasc
<ctx> applications that require only low power, but where replacing batteries may be impractical, such as wireless sensor networks. wireless sensors powered by microbial fuel cells can then for example be used for remote monitoring ( conservation ). virtually any organic material could be used to feed the fuel cell, in...
[ "rays or beams", "transportation technology", "Deoxyribonucleicacid", "flow of electrons" ]
D
mmlu_aux_3315
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> after a mission cut short by electrical and control system problems. both accidents were determined to be caused by design defects in the spacecraft, which were corrected before crewed flights resumed. the us conducted the first crewed spaceflight to leave earth orbit and orbit the moon on december 21, 1968, with...
[ "tan", "gray", "black", "grayish cocoa." ]
D
null
qasc_5252
qasc
<ctx> cough, chest pain, or breathlessness, which also occur in many other illnesses, so diagnosis can be difficult. usually, only patients with already weakened immune systems or who suffer other lung conditions are susceptible. in humans, the major forms of disease are : acute invasive aspergillosis, a form that grow...
[ "Toxicity", "smoking", "fertilization", "pneumonia" ]
D
pubmedqa_716
pubmedqa
<ctx> to a general population of cases may yet be successful for a proportion of cases with particular genetic profiles. " personalized onco - genomics " is the application of personalized medicine to cancer genomics, or " oncogenomics ". high - throughput sequencing methods are used to characterize genes associated wi...
[ "yes", "no", "maybe" ]
A
openbookqa_762
openbookqa
<ctx> manifest themselves as changes to the location, amount and composition of sediments. legacy effects are temporally and spatially variable and the resulting sediment have varying spatial extents, accumulation rates and residence times within a river system. for example, removal of beaver dams may initially cause l...
[ "metals", "H2O body", "fires", "mountains" ]
B
medmcqa_3848
medmcqa
<ctx> an additional lead diver on the final day of the rescue to bring back assistant coach ekkaphon. the lead divers'portion of the journey would stretch over one kilometre, going through submerged routes while being supported by 90 thai and foreign divers at various points performing medical check - ups, resupply of ...
[ "Head tilt-chin tilt", "Jaw thrust technique", "Head lift-neck lift", "Heimlich procedure" ]
A
openbookqa_2269
openbookqa
<ctx> meteorite weathering is the terrestrial alteration of a meteorite. most meteorites date from the oldest times in the solar system and are by far the oldest material available on our planet. despite their age, they are vulnerable to the terrestrial environment. water, chlorine and oxygen attack meteorites as soon ...
[ "talking to a friend", "running on a hot day", "cleaning my room on Saturday", "changing a statue to dust" ]
D
qasc_6830
qasc
<ctx> ##feathers " in a tyrannosauroid. similarly to down feathers of modern birds, the " protofeathers " found in dilong were branched but not pennaceous, and may have been used for insulation. the discovery and description of the feathered tyrannosauroid yutyrannus in 2012 indicates the possibility large tyrannosauri...
[ "To help them burrow", "They have thick fur", "layers of fat", "To help them fly" ]
D
qasc_6593
qasc
<ctx> lineations in structural geology are linear structural features within rocks. there are several types of lineations, intersection lineations, crenulation lineations, mineral lineations and stretching lineations being the most common. lineation field measurements are recorded as map lines with a plunge angle and a...
[ "Something located on the Sun", "marshes, bogs, and swamps", "Something located on the border of Tibet and Burma", "Something located on Venus" ]
C
aquarat_36102
aquarat
<ctx> 9×9 = 81 row - column constraint sets, 9×9 = 81 row - number constraint sets, 9×9 = 81 column - number constraint sets, and 9×9 = 81 box - number constraint sets : 81 + 81 + 81 + 81 = 324 constraint sets in all. in brief, the standard 9×9 sudoku variant is an exact hitting set problem with 729 possibilities and 3...
[ "A)3ft. 7 inches", "B)6ft. 7 inches", "C)4ft. 7 inches", "D)2ft. 7 inches" ]
A
Length of board=10ft. 9 inches=(10*12+9)inches=129 inches. Therefore, Length of each part = (129/3) inches = 43 inches = 3ft. 7 inches Answer is A.
arc_challenge_492
arc_challenge
<ctx> a non - renewable resource ( also called a finite resource ) is a natural resource that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a pace quick enough to keep up with consumption. an example is carbon - based fossil fuels. the original organic matter, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as ...
[ "oil", "soil", "food", "water" ]
A
arc_challenge_860
arc_challenge
<ctx> the distance of the moon, which is continuously increasing from tidal effects, has increased from the current 60. 3 to approximately 66. 5 earth radii, resonances from planetary effects will push precession to 49, 000 years at first, and then, when the moon reaches 68 earth radii in about 2, 000 million years, to...
[ "A lunar day is shorter.", "A lunar eclipse lasts longer.", "Earth moves closer to the Sun.", "Earth's tides decrease in size." ]
D
aquarat_4217
aquarat
<ctx> the answer should also have three significant figures. the answer 30. 0 km / hr does indeed have three significant figures, so this is appropriate. note that the significant figures in the conversion factor are not relevant because an hour is defined to be 60 minutes, so the precision of the conversion factor is ...
[ "A)17", "B)83", "C)12", "D)83" ]
A
Explanation: T = 13/45 * 60 = 17 Answer: Option A
mmlu_aux_8348
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, and bats ; water ; wind ; and even plants themselves, when self - pollin...
[ "whales", "bees", "sunflowers", "humans" ]
C
null
arc_easy_1918
arc_easy
<ctx> 6. 5 • other machine learning techniques 321 # read input file features = pd. read _ csv ('temps. csv'). dropna ( ) # use'actual'as the response variable labels = features ['actual'] # convert text data into numerical values # this is called " one - hot " encoding features = pd. get _ dummies ( features ) # the o...
[ "large leaves", "shallow roots", "thick bark", "thin trunks" ]
C
arc_easy_939
arc_easy
<ctx> have indicated an additional focus toward researching the inheritance of human characteristics typically studied in developmental psychology. for instance, a major focus in developmental psychology has been to characterize the influence of parenting styles on children. however, in most studies, genes are a confou...
[ "a seal balancing a ball", "a dog getting the newspaper", "a spider spinning a web", "an ape using sign language" ]
C
medmcqa_7482
medmcqa
<ctx> 99 – 159. robert k. crane. " digestion and absorption : water - soluble organics ". international review of physiology, gastrointestinal physiology ii, vol. 12, robert k. crane, ed., university park press, 1977, pp. 325 – 365. robert k. crane. " intestinal structure and function related to toxicity ". environment...
[ "Gall stone", "Paralytic ileus", "Mesenteric vascular obstruction", "Ogilvie syndrome" ]
A
Ans. A: Gall stoneGall stone causes dynamic ileus (intraluminal cause)Adynamic cause of intestinal obstruction includes 1) paralytic ileus, 2) mesenteric vascular occlusion and 3) pseudo-obstructOgilvie's syndrome is acute colonic pseudo-obstruction
openbookqa_1763
openbookqa
<ctx> a brief time, to demonstrate that the ladder fits. so far, this is consistent. the apparent paradox comes when we consider the symmetry of the situation. as an observer moving with the ladder is travelling at constant velocity in the inertial reference frame of the garage, this observer also occupies an inertial ...
[ "miniscule", "minute", "puny", "ginormous" ]
D
medmcqa_3064
medmcqa
<ctx> . focus on distant objects when the eye focuses on distant objects, the lens holds itself in a flattened shape due to traction from the suspensory ligaments. ligaments pull the edges of the elastic lens capsule towards the surrounding ciliary body and by opposing the internal pressure within the elastic lens, kee...
[ "Inferior rectus and inferior oblique", "Superior rectus and superior oblique", "Medial rectus and lateral rectus", "Inferior rectus and lateral rectus" ]
A
Suspensory ligament of Lockwood: A specialized lower pa of the fascial sheath of the eyeball is the suspensory ligament, which suppos the eyeball. This sling-like structure is made up of fascial sheath of the eyeball. It has contribution from these muscles : Inferior oblique & Inferior rectus. In an event of orbital fl...
qasc_3385
qasc
<ctx> close proximity will flatten over time. shape change can also be driven by anisotropy in the surface energy of the solid and / or differences in the magnitudes of the solid - solid and solid - liquid interfacial energies. these shape changes allow the grains to pack more tightly, further eliminating porosity and ...
[ "A ruler", "bushes", "paper", "streams" ]
C
aquarat_36095
aquarat
<ctx> the answer should also have three significant figures. the answer 30. 0 km / hr does indeed have three significant figures, so this is appropriate. note that the significant figures in the conversion factor are not relevant because an hour is defined to be 60 minutes, so the precision of the conversion factor is ...
[ "A)2 1/2", "B)2 1/6", "C)4 1/2", "D)2 1/1" ]
A
Required time = (5 1/4)/3 + (5 1/4)/7 = 2 1/2 hours. Answer: A
openbookqa_1084
openbookqa
<ctx> startle response will not occur. as the threatening stimuli moves forward and decreases the flight zone, the dog will exhibit behaviors that fall into a startle or avoidance response. avoidance response the avoidance response is a form of negative reinforcement which is learned through operant conditioning. this ...
[ "webbed feet", "a tail", "wings", "a beak" ]
A
mmlu_aux_4455
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> conduction, convection, or radiation – is approximately proportional to the temperature difference δt. frozen food will warm up faster in a warm room than in a cold room. note that the rate of cooling experienced on a cold day can be increased by the added convection effect of the wind. this is referred to as win...
[ "A person's body temperature and will speed.", "Wind speed and a person's strength.", "Air temperature and wind speed.", "The location and air temperature." ]
C
null
aquarat_22877
aquarat
<ctx> . 98 10. 99 10. 100 < 9. 99 : order = 50 if 9. 99 < = price < 19. 99 : order = 30 if price > = 19. 99 : order = 10 a. if price < 9. 99 : order = 50 else : order = 30 order = 10 b. if price < 9. 99 : order = 50 elif price < 19. 99 : order = 30 elif price = = 19. 99 : order = 10 c. if price < 9. 99 : order = 50 p...
[ "A)1500", "B)6789", "C)1200", "D)6151" ]
A
CP* (76/100) = 1140 CP= 15 * 100 => CP = 1500 Answer: A
medmcqa_3478
medmcqa
<ctx> the area enclosed by ellipse ( figure 6. 37 ). sum of its height and circumference is cm. figure graph, which is called a hypocycloid. </ctx> The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about STEM. A child draws circle at – A. 12 months B. 24 months C. 30 months D. 36 months Answer:
[ "12 months", "24 months", "30 months", "36 months" ]
D
openbookqa_889
openbookqa
<ctx> and ceased to be considered a separate entity. during the early stages of the 2013 eruption, a new volcanic island was formed southeast of the original nishinoshima. the island was not given an official name but was mentioned in japanese reports as " new island " : or. government officials said the island would b...
[ "underwater buildup", "animal testing", "volcanic movies", "millionaire ideas" ]
A
mmlu_aux_4804
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> . sea turtles have a cycle that they follow from birth. the cycle depends on the sex of the turtle but they follow it all the way through life. they start by hatching on the beach, they reach the water then move out to find food. they then start their breeding migration and then mate with another turtle. for fema...
[ "in North America", "in Mexico", "on the way from Mexico to North America", "at the end of summer" ]
C
null
aquarat_18076
aquarat
<ctx> numbers. for example, let pn be the n - th prime, and for any integer r > 1, define the real number α by the sum then a similar result is that there is a number θ = 1. 3064... ( mills'constant ) with the property that are all prime. there is also a number ω = 1. 9287800... with the property that are all prime. le...
[ "A)42", "B)44", "C)46", "D)48" ]
D
The total numbers between 100 and 190, inclusive, is 91. 3*34=102 and 3*63=189 so the number of multiples of 3 is 30. 5*20=100 and 5*38=190 so the number of multiples of 5 is 19. However, the multiples of 15 have been counted twice. 15*7=105 and 15*12=180 so the number of multiples of 15 is 6. Thus the total number is ...
arc_easy_1429
arc_easy
<ctx> the sunshield, then cools by radiation. nocturnal ice making in early india and iran before the invention of artificial refrigeration technology, ice making by nocturnal cooling was common in both india and iran. in india, such apparatus consisted of a shallow ceramic tray with a thin layer of water, placed outdo...
[ "electricity.", "heat.", "magnetism.", "sound." ]
B
pubmedqa_751
pubmedqa
<ctx> lm, malenka rc, deisseroth k ( 2014 ) depression : the best way forward. nature 515 : 200 - 201. gideons es, kavalali et, monteggia lm ( 2014 ) mechanisms underlying differential effectiveness of memantine and ketamine in rapid antidepressant responses. proc natl acad sci, 111 ( 23 ) : 8649 - 8655. morris mj, na ...
[ "yes", "no", "maybe" ]
C
qasc_7772
qasc
<ctx> the mechanisms underlying the oscillator's function, specifically the full extent of " elf3 " and " elf4 "'s interactions with other parts of the clock, are an active area of research. evolutionary biology of plant circadian clocks in 2005, millar and his colleagues discovered how plant circadian clocks increase ...
[ "winter", "heat", "lmestone", "sweating" ]
A
medmcqa_5087
medmcqa
<ctx> created a series of tests to determine the long - term mechanical reliability of implants in a person's mouth where the implant is struck repeatedly with increasing forces ( similar in magnitude to biting ) until it fails. when a more exacting plan is needed beyond clinical judgment, the dentist will make an acry...
[ "Alveolar osteitis", "Osteoradionecrosis", "Prolonged healing", "Fracture of the mandible" ]
B
medmcqa_508
medmcqa
<ctx> cells in vitro. the major application of human cell culture is in stem cell industry, where mesenchymal stem cells can be cultured and cryopreserved for future use. tissue engineering potentially offers dramatic improvements in low cost medical care for hundreds of thousands of patients annually. vaccines vaccine...
[ "Continuous cell lines", "Suckling mice", "Embryonated egg", "Enriched media" ]
D
The virus needs cellular components for there growth
medmcqa_8871
medmcqa
<ctx> absolute risk aversion, only absolute ambiguity aversion : μ is a subjective probability over θ ∈ θ ; represents the ambiguous belief – it summarizes the decision - maker's subjective uncertainty about the " true " πθ, probability distribution over contingencies. ( collar, 2008 ) experiments testing ambiguity in ...
[ "Glaucoma", "Cataract", "Trachoma", "Diabetic retinopathy" ]
C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Trachoma o SAFE strategy developed by the WHO is the key to the treatment of trachoma. This consists of Surgery (S) on the lids. Antibiotics to treat the community pool of infection (A), Facial cleanliness (F) ; and Environmental changes (E). Blindness From Trachoma Can Be Stopped At FourDifferent poi...
mmlu_aux_2405
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> water is the most common coolant. its high heat capacity and low cost make it a suitable heat - transfer medium. it is usually used with additives, like corrosion inhibitors and antifreeze. antifreeze, a solution of a suitable organic chemical ( most often ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, or propylene glycol )...
[ "Sand", "Water", "A blanket.", "An extinguisher." ]
D
null
medmcqa_6667
medmcqa
<ctx> complex and largely uncertain, however, several direct and indirect effects have been observed as the fetus matures. predominant among these are irregularities in the fetus's endocrine, metabolic and physiological functions. smoking the negative consequences of smoking are well - known, and these may be even more...
[ "Methotrexate", "Cyclosporine", "Chloroquine", "Pyrazinamid" ]
A
Methotrexate is a analogue of folic acid and it prevents the synthesis of DNA by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It has been extensively used in medical termination of pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease and placenta accreta. It has been included in the "Category X" of the FDA...
aquarat_35897
aquarat
<ctx> who chooses to participate in a competition takes an " individual " test that corresponds to his or her level of competition. all competitions include this feature. most individual tests consist of 30 multiple - choice questions ( not including tie - breakers ), a - e, where answer choice " e " is " none of the a...
[ "A)11", "B)13", "C)15", "D)17" ]
D
A correct answers get you 1 point, an incorrect answer gets you MINUS 1/4 point and a skipped question gets you 0 points. Since there are 200 total questions, there are a variety of ways to get a total of 40 points. Let C be the number of correct answers and let I be the number of incorrect answers. To get 40 points, a...
openbookqa_1015
openbookqa
<ctx> of covid - 19 vaccine passports. criticisms and concerns infection infection has been cited as a source of failure within rfid and related microchip implanted individuals, either due to improper implantation techniques, implant rejections or corrosion of implant elements. mris some chipped individuals have report...
[ "neodymium", "a paper clip", "copper penny", "metal nails" ]
A
medmcqa_8327
medmcqa
<ctx> the philadelphia chromosome or philadelphia translocation ( ph ) is a specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22 of leukemia cancer cells ( particularly chronic myeloid leukemia ( cml ) cells ). this chromosome is defective and unusually short because of reciprocal translocation, t ( 9 ; 22 ) ( q34 ; q11 ), of...
[ "Thrombocytopenia", "Lymphadenopathy", "Presence of Philedelphia chromosome", "High HbF" ]
C
Philedelphia chromosome positivity is a feature of adult CML. Juvenile CML is commonly seen in children between 1-2 years of age. It is characterised by enlarged lymphnodes, spleen and liver. Lab findings includes thrombocytopenia, leukocyte count lower than classic CML, and in increase in propoion of fetal hemoglobin.
openbookqa_316
openbookqa
<ctx> films textured with nanoscale inverted pyramids could achieve light absorption comparable to 30 times thicker planar c - si. in combination with anti - reflective coating, surface texturing technique can effectively trap light rays within a thin film silicon solar cell. consequently, required thickness for solar ...
[ "A cave", "A octopus", "A bat", "An elephant Ear" ]
D
medmcqa_9087
medmcqa
<ctx> cough, chest pain, or breathlessness, which also occur in many other illnesses, so diagnosis can be difficult. usually, only patients with already weakened immune systems or who suffer other lung conditions are susceptible. in humans, the major forms of disease are : acute invasive aspergillosis, a form that grow...
[ "Alveolar microlithiasis", "Post viral syndrome", ">Follicular bronchitis", ">Bronchiolitis obliterans" ]
D
Bronchiolitis obliterans Repeat from Nov 08 Q no.130
medmcqa_2174
medmcqa
<ctx> if stabilizing ) is not achievable, may not be stabilizing. due to measurement noise, even if is stabilizing, data - estimated may not be so. consider a stabilizing controller and the closed loop transfer function. define : theorem the controller stabilizes the plant if is stable s. t. condition 1. is enforced wh...
[ "Left to right shunt", "Pansystolic mormor", "Reverse spitting of S2", "Left atrial hyperophy" ]
C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Reverse spliting of S2 Hemodynamics of VSD o A VSD results in shunting of oxygenated blood from left to right because left ventricle has more pressure than right Left to right shunt. o Blood flow from left to right ventricle due to high pressure gradient --> Pansystolic murmur and systolic thrill. o B...
mmlu_aux_3055
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> an animal will accept its dominant or submissive position in a hierarchy is because of the game theory model of aggression. based on the hawk and dove game, being a hawk ( aggressive individual ) or dove ( submissive individual ) can be beneficial depending on the fitness associated with the trait. game theory di...
[ "Bold losing fish become--e bolder when presented With a novel food item.", "Losing their fights causes the bold fish to be much more courageous.", "Bold fish watching a shy fish exploring a mystery get less nervous.", "Shy fish losing fights grow more confident in exploring new food." ]
D
null
arc_challenge_360
arc_challenge
<ctx> b out approach. aircraft avionics the cockpit of an aircraft is a typical location for avionic equipment, including control, monitoring, communication, navigation, weather, and anti - collision systems. the majority of aircraft power their avionics using 14 - or 28 ‑ volt dc electrical systems ; however, larger, ...
[ "4 ohms", "8 ohms", "13 ohms", "22 ohms" ]
B
mmlu_aux_2058
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> is still debated. distortions to the earth's magnetic field cause the phenomenon aurora borealis, commonly called the northern lights. the magnetic field stores energy given by cosmic particles known as solar wind, which causes the magnetic field lines to expand. when the lines contract, they release this energy,...
[ "mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide arc rising", "partly due to changes in the output of solar energy", "possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting", "only due to the effect of the inertia of the earth's climate" ]
B
null
medmcqa_4078
medmcqa
<ctx> the ureters have been resited as a result of surgery, for example due to a kidney transplant or due to past surgery for vesicoureteric reflux, that site may also become narrowed. a narrowed ureter may lead to ureteric enlargement ( ) and cause swelling of the kidneys ( hydronephrosis ). associated symptoms may in...
[ "Right kidney is preferred over the left for transplantation", "It is lower than the left kidney", "Right renal vein is shorter than the left", "Right kidney is related to the duodenum" ]
A
Ans. (a) Right kidney is preferred over the left for transplantationLeft Kidney is preferred over the right kidney - Reasons:* Left kidney is chosen for its long renal vein which makes surgery easier.* Right kidney is related with duodenum.* Right kidney is lower than left kidney.
mmlu_aux_4756
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> , was an estate lawyer in san francisco. research beetles his initial research involved the behavior and ecology of tenebrionid beetles and their response to vertebrate predators. prairie dogs in the mid - 1980s he switched his research efforts to studying the social behavior and communication of prairie dogs. he...
[ "Research places", "The main purpose.", "Research methods.", "Collected information." ]
B
null
mmlu_aux_1775
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> about 30 % larger than a similarly sized domestic dog, potentially derivative of different needs in their respective way of life. dietary trends of the animals demonstrating the highest eq's ( see associated table ), many are primarily frugivores, including apes, macaques, and proboscideans. this dietary categori...
[ "the old female gorilla", "the old male gorilla", "the young gorillas up to six years old", "the baby gorillas" ]
B
null
pubmedqa_767
pubmedqa
<ctx> ##roviral therapy in low - income and middle - income countries : a systematic review and meta - regression analysis ( 2018 ), rare variant in scavenger receptor bi raises hdl cholesterol and increases risk of coronary heart disease ( 2016 ), global epidemiology of drug resistance after failure of who recommended...
[ "yes", "no", "maybe" ]
B
qasc_120
qasc
<ctx> also conducted to analyze how helicopter downwash could disperse warm fogs. physics and chemistry of the atmosphere the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere refers to research on the chemical and dynamic processes that governed atmospheric structure and behavior. many of the studies focused on investigating th...
[ "adapt", "rest", "Rise", "fall" ]
C
aquarat_30067
aquarat
<ctx> 8 bits ), where ( 23 bits ) these fields are then packed, left to right, into a 32 - bit container. as an example, consider again the number. normalizing yields : and thus, the three unsigned integer fields are : these fields are packed as shown in the figure below : aliasing to an integer as an approximate logar...
[ "A)10^186", "B)10^196", "C)10^100", "D)10^150" ]
B
10^196 - 10^9 = Which of the following best approximates the value of the expression above? Yes, answer 10^196 is correct. Note that we need approximate value of the given expression and as 10^(196) is much larger number than 10^(9) then 10^(9) is pretty much negligible in this case: 10^(196)-10^(9)=~10^(196). Answer :...
medmcqa_7891
medmcqa
<ctx> , makes it appropriate to consider three cases in one opinion. the feres case : the district court dismissed an action by the executrix of feres against the united states to recover for death caused by negligence. decedent perished by fire in the barracks at pine camp, new york, while on active duty in service of...
[ "Facial burns", "Avulsion of nail", "Fracture of bone", "Emasculation" ]
B
Facial bum (causing disfiguration), fracture and emasculization are grievous injuries.
medmcqa_6460
medmcqa
<ctx> broad ligament of the uterus. for a short part, the uterine arteries travel on top for a short ( ) period. they then pass by the cervix, traveling inward towards the bladder. blood and lymphatic supply the arteries which supply the ureter vary along its course. the upper third of the ureter, closest to the kidney...
[ "Anterior to the aorta", "Behind the kidney", "Between layers of anterior abdominal wall", "On the side of rectum" ]
D
Inferior Hypogastric plexus is located on the side of the rectum.
medmcqa_8989
medmcqa
<ctx> changes that can be observed after the animal ingests a drug can be correlated with an animal's behavioral changes, as well as with similar changes occurring in humans. administration protocols administration of drugs that are often abused can be done either by the experimenter ( non - contingent ), or by a self ...
[ "Morphine", "Diacetyl morphine", "Codeine", "Fentanyl" ]
B
Heroine-brown sugar /diacetylmorphine is the most commonly abused opioid opiods works on mu, kappa and delta receptor. there is a new recpetor that is introduced that is called as orphanin receptor opiod withdrawl is a distressing experience for the patient that makes the patient to take the sunstance again the main cl...
arc_easy_2121
arc_easy
<ctx> the inserted retroviral genome as an integral part of its own genome — an " endogenous " retrovirus ( erv ) that may be inherited by its offspring as a novel allele. many ervs have persisted in the genome of their hosts for millions of years. however, most of these have acquired inactivating mutations during host...
[ "reverse translation", "translation", "reverse transcription", "transcription" ]
C
aquarat_14474
aquarat
<ctx> between the paddles with which the river drives the wheel. they are like boxes with half of one side open and with a spout whereby the water pours out at the highest point of rotation ( see close - up photo below ). most hama norias have a water collection box between every pair of paddles. but on some they are m...
[ "A)7.5 hr", "B)8 hr", "C)8.5 hr", "D)10 hr" ]
A
Solution: Work done by all the tanks working together in 1 hour. 1/10+1/12−1/20=2/15 Hence, tank will be filled in 15/2=7.5 hour Option(A)
aquarat_48076
aquarat
<ctx> priced one and sell short the higher priced one. since each has exactly the same payoff profile, this trade would leave us with zero net risk ( the risk of one cancels the other's risk because we have bought and sold in equal quantities the same payoff profile ). however, we would make a profit because we are buy...
[ "A)50%", "B)75%", "C)118.5%", "D)133 1/3%" ]
C
The price on June 1st = 12 (assume); The price on May 1st = 3/4*12 = 9; The price on July 1st = 9*1.25 = 11.25. The average price of the bond on May 1st and July 1st = (9+11.25)/2 = 10.125. The price of the bond on June 1st (12) is 32/27 times (118.5%) the average price of the bond on May 1st and July 1st. Answer: C.
mmlu_aux_1886
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> s environment is constantly changing, the ability to adjust foraging behavior is essential for maximization of fitness. studies in social insects have shown that there is a significant correlation between learning and foraging performance. in nonhuman primates, young individuals learn foraging behavior from their...
[ "Human memory can fail sometimes.", "Bumblebees make false memories too.", "Humans are not as clever as bumblebees.", "Bumblebees have extraordinary memory." ]
B
null
mmlu_aux_2302
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> known as a terrestrial telescope or a spyglass. galileo could also use it to observe the sky, and for a time was one of those who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose. on 25 august 1609, galileo demonstrated one of his early telescopes, with a magnification of up to 8 or 9, to venetian lawmaker...
[ "tell us the history of telescopes", "introduce the topic of the passage", "show people his contributions", "tell us about the craters on the moon" ]
B
null
medmcqa_9784
medmcqa
<ctx> cells from bioengineered tooth germs were implanted into them and allowed to grow. the result were perfectly functioning and healthy teeth, complete with all three layers, as well as roots. these teeth also had the necessary ligaments to stay rooted in its socket and allow for natural shifting. they contrast with...
[ "20", "28", "32", "24" ]
A
Deciduous teeth, commonly known as milk teeth, baby teeth, temporary teeth, and primary teeth, are the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and other diphyodont mammals. They develop during the embryonic stage of development and erupt--that is, they become visible in the mouth--during infancy. they ar...
medmcqa_3353
medmcqa
<ctx> tool ( frax ) estimates the probability of hip fracture and the probability of a major osteoporotic fracture ( mof ), which could occur in a bone other than the hip. in addition to bone density ( t - score ), calculation of the frax score involves age, body characteristics, health behaviors, and other medical his...
[ "Carbimazole", "Lugol's iodine", "Propranolol", "Radioactive iodine" ]
A
Carbimazole
arc_easy_440
arc_easy
<ctx> sampling the soil as well as measure plant growth. biotechnology in agriculture requires handling compound plant genomes that is done using complex instrumentation. devices such as tensiometers are used to measure the moisture content of the soil that helps to maintain the most favorable conditions for crop growt...
[ "thermometer", "hand lens", "graduated cylinder", "balance" ]
B
pubmedqa_303
pubmedqa
<ctx> diagnostic microbiology is the study of microbial identification. since the discovery of the germ theory of disease, scientists have been finding ways to harvest specific organisms. using methods such as differential media or genome sequencing, physicians and scientists can observe novel functions in organisms fo...
[ "yes", "no", "maybe" ]
A
aquarat_16321
aquarat
<ctx> was more coherently organized. the new proof relied almost exclusively on the behavior of cyclotomic polynomials over finite fields. the new upper bound on time complexity was, later reduced using additional results from sieve theory to. in 2005, pomerance and lenstra demonstrated a variant of aks that runs in op...
[ "A)400", "B)540", "C)100", "D)830" ]
A
4^k=5 4^2k=5^2 4^2k=25 4^(2k+2) =4^2k*4^2 =25*16 =400 Answer: A
arc_easy_999
arc_easy
<ctx> 4. 2 • hypothesis testing 181 example 4. 18 problem determine if the following samples are dependent or independent samples : sample # 1 : blood pressure readings on a sample of 50 patients in a clinical trial before taking any medication. sample # 2 : blood pressure readings on the same group of 50 patients afte...
[ "the mass of each rock", "the type of rock tested", "the length of time of the test", "the amount of dissolved rock" ]
D
arc_easy_1072
arc_easy
<ctx> sister species do not. conservation biology when a species is found to be several phylogenetically distinct species, each typically has smaller distribution ranges and population sizes than had been reckoned. the different species can also differ in their ecology, such as by having different breeding strategies o...
[ "family and order", "kingdom and genus", "phylum and domain", "genus and species" ]
D
aquarat_4629
aquarat
<ctx> of these interest and principal payments must equal the cumulative fixed payments at time t i. e. mat. evaluating the first integral on the right we obtain an expression for i ( t ), the interest paid : unsurprisingly the second integral evaluates to p0 − p ( t ) and therefore : the reader may easily verify that ...
[ "A)14%", "B)16%", "C)12.5%", "D)15%" ]
D
C.I -S.I =P(R/100)^2 405=18000(R^2/10000) (405*10000)/18000=R^2 R^2=225 Ans R=15% ANSWER:D
aquarat_20827
aquarat
<ctx> 18 medals and all were swept by competitors from eastern asia. events note that the sections below show only the latter stages of the competition, after the qualifying rounds. men's individual up to 5 players per team. women's individual up to 3 players per team. open 2 amateur players per team. men's team 5 play...
[ "A)6", "B)7", "C)12", "D)15" ]
D
Four contestants representing four different countries advance to the finals of a fencing championship. Assuming all competitors have an equal chance of winning, how many possibilities are there with respect to how a first-place and second-place medal can be awarded? We have 2 slots to be filled using 5 contestants:5 o...
aquarat_33251
aquarat
<ctx> )? 11. a student drove to the university from their home and noted that the odometer reading of their car increased by 12. 0 km. the trip took 18. 0 min. ( a ) what was their average speed? ( b ) if the straight - line distance from their home to the university is the answer should also have three significant fi...
[ "A)5km", "B)6km", "C)10km", "D)12km" ]
B
Average speed = 2*3*2/3+2 = 12/5 km/hr Distance traveled = 12/5 * 5 = 12km Distance between house and school = 12/2 = 6km Answer is B
pubmedqa_525
pubmedqa
<ctx> ##ctomy ). if the person is not a good candidate for surgical resection due advanced liver disease ( commonly by child - pugh score ), liver transplantation may still be a curative treatment option. provided that the disease has not spread beyond the liver, then liver transplant effectively removes all cancer cel...
[ "yes", "no", "maybe" ]
A
aquarat_29889
aquarat
<ctx> 2. 40 s later? ( b ) sketch a graph of her position vs. time for this period. 21. a well - thrown ball is caught in a well - padded mitt. if the deceleration of the ball is, and 1. 85 ms elapses from the time the ball first touches the mitt until it stops, what was the initial velocity of the ball? 22. a bullet i...
[ "A)60km/hr", "B)80km/hr", "C)100km/hr", "D)120km/hr" ]
B
Explanation : let distance between A and B be D km and real speed of the car be S km/hr First time car takes 90 minutes more and second time car takes 75 minutes more than scheduled time. So, T1 – T2 = 15/60 = 100 15/60 = [100/s + (D -100)/(3s/4)] – [160/s + (D – 160)/(3s/4)] Solve this D will be cancelled and S comes ...
openbookqa_1722
openbookqa
<ctx> theoretical production ecology tries to quantitatively study the growth of crops. the plant is treated as a kind of biological factory, which processes light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients into harvestable parts. main parameters kept into consideration are temperature, sunlight, standing crop biomass, plan...
[ "sand", "water", "sunlight", "carbon dioxide" ]
A
medmcqa_1813
medmcqa
<ctx> as underweight children under age 5 across the world, except in south asia. nutrition policy nutrition interventions nutrition directly influences progress towards meeting the millennium goals of eradicating hunger and poverty through health and education. therefore, nutrition interventions take a multi - faceted...
[ "Health education", "Water testing", "Foification of salt", "None" ]
C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Foification of salt Iodized salt (salt foified with iodine) is most economical, convenient and effective means of mass prophylaxis in endemic area.
openbookqa_2330
openbookqa
<ctx> 30. 29 shows a scorpion illuminated by a uv lamp, sometimes called a black light. some rocks also glow in black light, the particular colors being a function of the rock ’ s mineral composition. black lights are also used to make certain posters glow. figure 30. 29 objects glow in the visible spectrum when illumi...
[ "scorching logs", "dirt", "water", "fire drills" ]
A
aquarat_43164
aquarat
<ctx> that a decisive result is guaranteed. since white's first - move advantage is nowhere near enough to counter that, white is compensated with extra time, usually 5 minutes to 4 minutes when there is no increment. ( if there is no increment, then difficult questions arise when players must try to flag in trivial dr...
[ "A)L(L-N) / L-M", "B)(N-M)*L/(L-M)", "C)L-N", "D)M-N" ]
B
the ans is quite simple N-M but since the ans is not given, the best way to 'find' the correct option is to plug in the numbers. For my work, i took the following numbers: L = 100 M = 10 N =20. So basically, L beat G by 10 meters. Now whatever options comes close to the figure 10 is the right ans.. looking the the opio...
medmcqa_8342
medmcqa
<ctx> ##ostasis through cauterization and carbonization. diode lasers when used on soft tissue can cause extensive collateral thermal damage to surrounding tissue. as laser beam light is inherently coherent, certain applications utilize the coherence of laser diodes. these include interferometric distance measurement, ...
[ "Hypopigmentation", "Crusting", "Keloid formation", "All the above" ]
D
argon gases causes all d side effects. REF:khurana,pg no 461
openbookqa_1393
openbookqa
<ctx> dodol is a sweet toffee - like sugar palm - based confection commonly found in southeast asia and the indian subcontinent. originating from the culinary traditions of indonesia, it is also popular in malaysia, singapore, brunei, the philippines, tamilnadu, sri lanka, thailand, and burma, where it is called mont k...
[ "oxygen", "meat", "bread", "flour" ]
C
mmlu_aux_3798
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> ##nic took on the implication of supernatural strength, the scientific community in english speaking countries largely abandoned it. the term biomimicry appeared as early as 1982. biomimicry was popularized by scientist and author janine benyus in her 1997 book biomimicry : innovation inspired by nature. biomimic...
[ "Biomimicry is widely used in the world.", "People copy nature to create new technologies.", "The Biomimicry Institute was set up for science.", "Birds play an important part in new technologies." ]
B
null
medmcqa_109
medmcqa
<ctx> ##sms ( washington, d. c. : u. s. government printing office ), 317 – 324. durwood b. rowley, hamed m. el - bisi, abe anellis, & otto peter snyder, jr. 1970. " resistance of clostridium botulinum spores to ionizing radiation as related to radappertization of foods ", in mendel herzberg ( ed. ), proceedings of the...
[ "Neuromuscular junction", "Preganglionic junction", "Post ganglionic nerves", "CNS" ]
D
Diplopia, dysphagia, dysahria, dry mouth, vomiting, thirst, constipation are the clinical features associated with botulinum toxin. Patients experience minimal or no CNS effects and usually there's no significant alteration in their mental status. Ingested, inhaled or formed botulinum toxin travels through the vascular...
qasc_4423
qasc
<ctx> turf cover. the more impoverished a region is in species, the less suited it is for the application of bioengineering methods. functions and effects of soil bioengineering structures technical functions protection of soil surface from erosion by wind, precipitation, frost and flowing water protection from rock fa...
[ "trees", "bacteria", "loose dirt", "decomposers" ]
D
medmcqa_4260
medmcqa
<ctx> ##mia during anticipation and receipt of reward, although this finding is extremely inconsistent. these abnormalities may be related to circadian rhythm dysfunction in bipolar, including increased sleep latency, evening preference and poor sleep quality, as the neural systems responsible for both processes are fu...
[ "1 and 3 only", "2 and 4 only", "1, 2, and 3", "2, 3, and 4" ]
C
Treatment. There is no specific treatment for Sydenham's chorea and symptoms usually resolve themselves in approximately 3 to 6 months. Bed rest, sedatives and medication to control movements may be prescribed. Penicillin prophylaxis may also be prescribed to avoid fuher streptococcal infection. valproic acid can also ...
aquarat_459
aquarat
<ctx> - specific representation of member and company - related interests ". the divisions determine their own inner structures and have their own statutes, which must be approved by the trade union council. verdi currently has five divisions ( fachbereiche ), formerly 13 divisions : a : financial services, communicati...
[ "A)40", "B)152", "C)175", "D)200" ]
A
(3 men out 4) and (2 ladies out of 5) are to be chosen Required number of ways = (4C3 * 5C2) = 40 Answer is A
medmcqa_8343
medmcqa
<ctx> . lee, [... ], m f dunn : studies of the association and conformational properties of metal - free insulin in alkaline sodium chloride solutions by one - and two - dimensional 1h nmr. jun 1992, journal of biological chemistry. webe kadima, alexander mcpherson, michael f. dunn and frances jurnak : precrystallizati...
[ "30, 21", "28, 32", "32, 28", "21, 30" ]
D
Ans: d (21 and 30) Ref: Vasudevan,4th ed, p. 108Insulin is a protein hormone with 2 polypeptide chains; the A chain with 21 amino acids and B chain with 30 amino acids.Insulin:T 1/2 of insulin is 5 minutes.Normal daily insulin secretion is 50 units.Tissues independant of insulin - RBC, brain, renal medullary cells, pla...
aquarat_27927
aquarat
<ctx> a dial. this allows us to not only measure the amount of time, but also to determine a sequence of events. how does time relate to motion? we are usually interested in elapsed time for a particular motion, such as how long it takes an airplane passenger to get from his seat to the back of the plane. to find elaps...
[ "A)1 hr 20 min", "B)1 hr 10 min", "C)1 hr 11 min", "D)1 hr 12 min" ]
D
Sol. New speed = 6/7 of usual speed. New time = 7/6 of usual time ∴ [7/6 of usual time] - (usual time) = 1/5 hr. ⇒ 1/6 of usual time = 1/5 hr ⇒ usual time = 6/5 hr = 1 hr 12 min. Answer D
medmcqa_6327
medmcqa
<ctx> diagnosis of lung cancer, computed tomography with special three - dimensional cad systems are established and considered as appropriate second opinions. at this a volumetric dataset with up to 3, 000 single images is prepared and analyzed. round lesions ( lung cancer, metastases and benign changes ) from 1 mm ar...
[ "Cornea", "Conjunctiva", "Iris", "Retina" ]
C
The pathological reaction in granulomatous uveitis is characterised by infiltration with lymphocytes, plasma cells, with mobilization and proliferation of large mononuclear cells which eventually become epithelioid and giant cells and aggregate into nodules. Iris nodules are usually formed near pupillary border (Koeppe...
aquarat_36831
aquarat
<ctx> vermilion, verdigris, and lead - tin yellow. vermilion, a mercury sulfide, was originally made by grinding a powder of natural cinnabar. from the 17th century on, it was also synthesized from the elements. it was favored by old masters such as titian. indian yellow was once produced by collecting the urine of cat...
[ "A)28/3", "B)13/6", "C)3", "D)4" ]
A
28 liter of Forset green have 16 liter of blue and 12 liter of yellow Suppose we add x liter of yellow to make it a verdant green so the ratio of blue to yellow in verdant green is ¾ so the equation is Blue/yellow =16/(12+x) = ¾ 36+3x=64 => x =28/3 Answer : A
medmcqa_5290
medmcqa
<ctx> anticoagulant when a blood sample is drawn for laboratory tests because it removes the calcium as a precipitate of cac2o4 · h2o. it is necessary to remove all but 1. 0 % of the ca2 + in serum in order to prevent coagulation. if normal blood serum with a buffered ph of 7. 40 contains 9. 5 mg of ca2 + per 100 ml of...
[ "Caseous necrosis", "Coagulative necrosis", "Enzymatic fat necrosis", "Gangrenous necrosis" ]
C
The patient most likely has acute pancreatitis, which is commonly caused by either alcoholism or impaction of a small gallstone in the common bile duct. Acute pancreatitis causes the release of many digestive enzyme precursors, which are then conveed to the active form in the damaged tissues. These enzymes degrade the ...
medmcqa_6883
medmcqa
<ctx> higher risk of bladder cancer compared to people who have never smoked. passive smoking also appears to be a risk. opium consumption increases the risk of bladder cancer by 3 - fold and concurrent use of opium and smoking increases the risk of bladder cancer by 5 times compared to the general population. occupati...
[ "Lomustine", "L-Asparginase", "Procarbazine", "Busulfan" ]
C
Procarbazine is a type of alkylating agent which can result in "Disulfiram reaction". Other side effects include cheese reaction, serotonin syndrome, behavioral and personality changes.
qasc_2048
qasc
<ctx> animalia ) and the protozoa, single - celled organisms no longer considered animals. in modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as molecular phylogenetics, which are effective at demonstrating the evolutionary relationships between taxa. humans make use of many a...
[ "Shark", "Platypus", "salmon", "trout" ]
A
arc_challenge_178
arc_challenge
<ctx> 13. 6 humidity, evaporation, and boiling heat is something familiar to each of us. we feel the warmth of the summer sun, the chill of a clear summer night, the heat of coffee after a winter stroll, and the cooling effect of our sweat. heat transfer is maintained by temperature differences. manifestations of heat ...
[ "solar radiation", "transpiration by plants", "heat from nearby land masses", "convection currents in the water" ]
A
aquarat_11922
aquarat
<ctx> the investment vehicle that maximizes the profit. hence, conclusion : knowing the direction the market will go ( i. e. having perfect information ) is worth $ 350. discussion : if someone was selling information that guaranteed the accurate prediction of the future market direction, we would want to purchase this...
[ "A)445", "B)449", "C)475", "D)740" ]
C
C 475 Cost price = $380 profit = 25% of 380 = $95 Selling price = Cost price + Profit = 380+ 95 = 475
aquarat_32205
aquarat
<ctx> < 9. 99 : order = 50 if 9. 99 < = price < 19. 99 : order = 30 if price > = 19. 99 : order = 10 a. if price < 9. 99 : order = 50 else : order = 30 order = 10 b. if price < 9. 99 : order = 50 elif price < 19. 99 : order = 30 elif price = = 19. 99 : order = 10 c. if price < 9. 99 : order = 50 pays $ 100, or a'bad'j...
[ "A)643", "B)652", "C)660", "D)564" ]
D
=560/1.2∗1.21 =564=564 Answer is D