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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
e14ede887c6a3886a7b0e8d94e7ae6df56c47a18	a general trend shows that the relationship between	a general trend shows that the relationship between image complexity and pleasantness ratings form an inverted-u shape graph (see expertise section for exceptions). this means that people increasingly like art as it goes from very simple to more complex, until a peak, when pleasantness ratings being to fall again.	wikipedia
3b2b81dc2a9e2b310e5dcd29e99304cbffd04138	previous research, suggest that this trend of complexity	previous research, suggest that this trend of complexity could also be associated with ability to understand, in which observers prefer artwork that is not too easy or too difficult to comprehend. other research both confirms and disconfirms predictions that suggest that individual characteristics such as artistic expe...	wikipedia
fa7205c6a9ca00fcaf7c551e9cc673ca2c39e001	the inverted u-shape hypothesis suggests that aesthetic responses	the inverted u-shape hypothesis suggests that aesthetic responses in relation to complexity will exhibit an inverted-shape distribution. in other words, the lowest ratings in aesthetic responses correlate with high and low levels of complexity, which displays an "avoidance of extremes". furthermore, the highest level o...	wikipedia
a54cb2396af43c02fb0356c914035018f5bd5a32	still others find it best to measure complexity	still others find it best to measure complexity based on the number of parts an artwork has. more aspects to the art, such as more colors, details, shapes, objects, sounds, melodies, and the like, create a more complex artwork. however, there is limited research done on the comparison between part based complexity and ...	wikipedia
976082ace8918a33a0fdb83bf32f30ea691b6878	one way to measure complexity is to manipulate	one way to measure complexity is to manipulate original artwork to contain various levels of density. this process is done by subtracting and adding pixels to change the density of black and white paintings. this technique allowed researchers to use authentic artwork, instead of creating artificial versions of artwork,...	wikipedia
c1018fdb04df69c743d9fdf399500ebb2a362db4	one form of using computer technology to rate	one form of using computer technology to rate complexity, is by using computer intelligence when rating an image. in this format, the amount of computer intelligence used is assessed when creating a digital image. computer intelligence is assessed by recording the mathematic formulas used in creating the images. human ...	wikipedia
0053064fc41761f86ed2653c1646c5e635e49023	in general, complexity is a something that has	in general, complexity is a something that has many parts in an intricate progression. some researchers break complexity down into two different subparts: objective complexity and perceived complexity. objective complexity is any part of art that could be manipulated. for visual art that may be the size of the shapes, ...	wikipedia
18b627e02271b98bad0201b256be0c05516f10e5	complexity can literally be defined as being "made	complexity can literally be defined as being "made up of a large number of parts that have many interactions." this definition has been applied to many subjects, such as art, music, dance, and literature. in aesthetics research, complexity has been divided into three dimensions that account for the interaction between ...	wikipedia
b88c421652a664da0bb63a25c7b0c2669aa7f926	the left cheek bias occurs when viewers prefer	the left cheek bias occurs when viewers prefer portraits with the subject displaying their left cheek, while those that hold a right cheek bias prefer portraits displaying the right cheek. studies have found mixed results concerning the left cheek bias and the right cheek bias. male and female participants were shown m...	wikipedia
dbef0ebab811940cf81d5f13b39f58fd42753717	the direction of the lighting placed on a	the direction of the lighting placed on a painting also seems to have an effect on aesthetic preference. the left-light bias is the tendency for viewers to prefer artwork that is lit with lighting coming from the left hand side of the painting. researchers predicted that participants would prefer artwork that was lit f...	wikipedia
3b6bd6f3bfe205846679e22c542f6ab41d06cf97	in another study, researchers examined if the right-side	in another study, researchers examined if the right-side bias in aesthetic preference is affected by handedness or reading/writing habits. the researchers looked at russian readers, arabic readers, and hebrew readers that were right handed and non-right-handed. participants viewed pictures taken from art books that wer...	wikipedia
e5333754b61c782c483acd316286703dbc2a277b	researchers also looked to see if one's reading	researchers also looked to see if one's reading direction, left to right or right to left affects one's preference for either a left to right directionality or a right to left directionality in pictures. participants were shown images as well as its mirror image, and were asked to indicate which they found more aesthet...	wikipedia
84061225ad56ece470455d8744c9016002f8411e	laterality and movement in visual art includes aspects	laterality and movement in visual art includes aspects such as interest, weight, and balance. many studies have been conducted on the impact of handedness and reading direction on how one perceives a piece of art. research has been conducted to determine if hemispheric specialization or reading habits affect the direct...	wikipedia
34635239822a508ca08fad6874b2afeb189b7d86	studies looking at implicit, automatic evaluation of art	studies looking at implicit, automatic evaluation of art works have investigated how people react to abstract and figurative art works in the split-second before they had time to think about it. in implicit evaluation, people reacted more positively to the figurative art, where they could at least make out the shapes. ...	wikipedia
90f822ba18d580b9395a87a1f3473ae04fe140cb	individual personality traits are also related to aesthetic	individual personality traits are also related to aesthetic experience and art preference. individuals chronically disposed to clear, simple, and unambiguous knowledge express a particularly negative aesthetic experience towards abstract art, due to the void of meaningful content. studies have provided evidence that a ...	wikipedia
31dc4f5bed84e9d3db20d8c46a81a5f92e386609	brain wave studies have also been conducted to	brain wave studies have also been conducted to look at how artists and non-artists react in different ways to abstract and representational art. eeg brain scans showed that while viewing abstract art, non-artists showed less arousal than artists. however, while viewing figurative art, both artists and non-artists had c...	wikipedia
d0bdcb2ef6925f2764ac2fdaa2d329fb0f112a87	neuroanatomical evidence from studies using fmri scans of	neuroanatomical evidence from studies using fmri scans of aesthetic preference show that representational paintings are preferred over abstract paintings. this is displayed through significant activation of brain regions related to preference ratings. to test this, researchers had participants view paintings that varie...	wikipedia
e47c6eaddcaaae2e31068e19e506587bd17a8e2b	studies have shown that when looking at abstract	studies have shown that when looking at abstract art, people prefer complexity in the work to a certain extent. when measuring "interestingness" and "pleasingness," viewers rated works higher for abstract works that were more complex. with added exposure to the abstract work, liking ratings continued to rise with both ...	wikipedia
2ed82579e599214846ffd7e29a4ffd43c1b29447	the meaning maintenance model of sociology states that	the meaning maintenance model of sociology states that when a committed meaning framework is threatened, people experience an arousal state that prompts them to affirm any other meaning framework to which they are committed. researchers sought to illustrate this phenomenon by demonstrating a heightened personal need fo...	wikipedia
5ce5238d1575127c26fc76351a4ce6fe33a81943	the popular distaste for abstract art is a	the popular distaste for abstract art is a direct consequence of semantic ambiguity. researchers have examined the role of terror management theory (tmt) concerning meaning and the aesthetic experience of abstract versus figurative art. this theory suggests that humans, like all life forms are biologically oriented tow...	wikipedia
511498274da974eca46504485cfd0f3afaf1f7e1	cognitive psychologists consider both "bottom-up" and "top-down" processing	cognitive psychologists consider both "bottom-up" and "top-down" processing when considering almost any area of research, including vision. similar to how these terms are used in software design, "bottom-up" refers to how information in the stimulus is processed by the visual system into colors, shapes, patterns, etc. ...	wikipedia
04cebef5306d8dba40b373ee37a5f4e393e2553f	in the eyes of gestalt psychologist rudolf arnheim,	in the eyes of gestalt psychologist rudolf arnheim, the aesthetic experience of art stresses the relationship between the whole object and its individual parts. he is widely known for focusing on the experiences and interpretations of artwork, and how they provide insight into peoples' lives. he was less concerned with...	wikipedia
10b85e8a8d48e79dee7c647f8491c4dcb25f5a7c	art is considered to be a subjective field,	art is considered to be a subjective field, in which one composes and views artwork in unique ways that reflect one's experience, knowledge, preference, and emotions. the aesthetic experience encompasses the relationship between the viewer and the art object. in terms of the artist, there is an emotional attachment tha...	wikipedia
3a869ea14adb6895121daa4ac6ad3071a60830e3	because of the growing interest in personality theory—especially	because of the growing interest in personality theory—especially in connection with the work of isabel briggs myers and katherine briggs (developers of the myers-briggs type indicator)—contemporary theorists are investigating the relationship between personality type and art. patricia dinkelaker and john fudjack have a...	wikipedia
c27e7efa9198dd39f78d0cfa2f4e1f2684914290	by the 1970s, the centrality of art psychology	by the 1970s, the centrality of art psychology in academy began to wane. artists became more interested in psychoanalysis and feminism, and architects in phenomenology and the writings of wittgenstein, lyotard and derrida. as for art and architectural historians, they critiqued psychology for being anti-contextual and ...	wikipedia
fcda73e6cd522309779811fb2a918f7b395f2ab6	art psychology, generally speaking, was at odds with	art psychology, generally speaking, was at odds with the principles of freudian psychoanalysis with many art psychologists critiquing what they interpreted as its reductivism. sigmund freud believed that the creative process is an alternative to neuroses. he felt that it was likely a sort of defence mechanism against t...	wikipedia
0fdfbcc2db9e531b9a2928ba2e360c62ade60095	the growth of art psychology between 1950 and	the growth of art psychology between 1950 and 1970 also coincided with the expansion of art history and museum programs. the popularity of gestalt psychology in the 1950s added further weight to the discipline. the seminal work was gestalt therapy: excitement and growth in the human personality (1951), that was co-auth...	wikipedia
88f8b519c59fcd980d5560724abbc9e3b407e1a8	in the us, the philosophical premises of art	in the us, the philosophical premises of art psychology were strengthened—and given political valence—in the work of john dewey. his art as experience was published in 1934, and was the basis for significant revisions in teaching practices whether in the kindergarten or in the university. manuel barkan, head of the art...	wikipedia
708377c119b1fbbd01a5f0dc6a3eecd61e9350f9	though the disciplinary foundations of art psychology were	though the disciplinary foundations of art psychology were first developed in germany, there were soon advocates, in psychology, the arts or in philosophy, pursuing their own variants in the ussr, england (clive bell and herbert read), france (andré malraux, jean-paul weber, for example), and the us.	wikipedia
c3d919a5754d5d373e75e31c1324842d0f6ef8dc	numerous artists in the twentieth century began to	numerous artists in the twentieth century began to be influenced by the psychological argument, including naum gabo, paul klee, wassily kandinsky, and somewhat josef albers and györgy kepes. the french adventurer and film theorist andré malraux was also interested in the topic and wrote the book la psychologie de l'art...	wikipedia
88995a166717d608264171f0dff6f90d261f1981	the work of theodor lipps, a munich-based research	the work of theodor lipps, a munich-based research psychologist, played an important role in the early development of the concept of art psychology in the early decade of the twentieth century. his most important contribution in this respect was his attempt to theorize the question of einfuehlung or " empathy ", a term...	wikipedia
aa28b236cb3f0de407781dfab5ebad64a19c521f	another important figure in the development of art	another important figure in the development of art psychology was wilhelm worringer, who provided some of the earliest theoretical justification for expressionist art. the psychology of art (1925) by lev vygotsky (1896–1934) is another classical work. richard müller-freienfels was another important early theorist.	wikipedia
fd29722cf09357c7b216c9503d47b07acafd7a8c	one of the earliest to integrate psychology with	one of the earliest to integrate psychology with art history was heinrich wölfflin (1864–1945), a swiss art critic and historian, whose dissertation prolegomena zu einer psychologie der architektur (1886) attempted to show that architecture could be understood from a purely psychological (as opposed to a historical-pro...	wikipedia
6e74c5b73cc466c2ccf6ae3d9781ac8a60cbbfff	the psychology of art is the scientific study	the psychology of art is the scientific study of cognitive and emotional processes precipitated by the sensory perception of aesthetic artefacts, such as viewing a painting or touching a sculpture. it is an emerging multidisciplinary field of inquiry, closely related to the psychology of aesthetics, including neuroaest...	wikipedia
13f6abb3e0411a0e1b068c0f88029311b705ff78	he was elected a member of the international	he was elected a member of the international statistical institute in 1978, and a chartered statistician of the royal statistical society in 1993. he was editor of biometrika from 1992 to 1996 and president of the international society for bayesian analysis in 2000. he is also an elected fellow of the institute of math...	wikipedia
d621627c525c330ebb767ac86263a2cd5aa0fd8e	dawid was lecturer in statistics at university college	dawid was lecturer in statistics at university college london from 1969 to 1978. he was subsequently professor of statistics at city university, london until 1981, when he returned to ucl as a reader, becoming pearson professor of statistics there in 1982. he moved to the university of cambridge where he was appointed ...	wikipedia
9e04315c0d7cf0a9a5217cb8cdb3d3d58975fb8e	dawid has made fundamental contributions to both the	dawid has made fundamental contributions to both the philosophical underpinnings and the practical applications of statistics. his theory of conditional independence is a keystone of modern statistical theory and methods, and he has demonstrated its usefulness in a host of applications, including computation in probabi...	wikipedia
8b80d634c652e259311a7bdc7af8b28bac67f4be	alexander philip dawid frs (pronounced 'david'; born 1	alexander philip dawid frs (pronounced 'david'; born 1 february 1946) is emeritus professor of statistics of the university of cambridge, and a fellow of darwin college, cambridge. he is a leading proponent of bayesian statistics.	wikipedia
6063abcac08affd6e45aea79f5b7279076ffa585	2cb-ind is a conformationally-restricted derivative of the phenethylamine	2cb-ind is a conformationally-restricted derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2c-b, discovered in 1974 by alexander shulgin. it acts as a moderately potent and selective agonist for the 5-ht2a and 5-ht2c receptors, but unlike the corresponding benzocyclobutene derivative tcb-2 which is considerably more potent...	wikipedia
0e79059227bcb426eac63d7783372a6a2a00eb3c	2cb-ind is a conformationally -restricted derivative of the	2cb-ind is a conformationally -restricted derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2c-b, discovered in 1974 by alexander shulgin. it acts as a moderately potent and selective agonist for the 5-ht and 5-ht receptors, but unlike the corresponding benzocyclobutene derivative tcb-2 which is considerably more potent th...	wikipedia