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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
6fa0adb65aea744e362160a56eae57fd6f655873	azra catherine hilary ghani is a british epidemiologist	azra catherine hilary ghani is a british epidemiologist who is a professor of infectious disease epidemiology at imperial college london. her research considers the mathematical modelling of infectious diseases, including malaria, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and coronavirus. she has worked with the world health or...	wikipedia
a6f30240a9d8da3c7d58a34b5d812ee933af76fd	in 2017 ghani was elected to the academy	in 2017 ghani was elected to the academy of medical sciences. through her understanding of infectious diseases, ghani looks to better inform public health interventions. in 2020, during the covid-19 pandemic, ghani reported self-isolation, home quarantine and social distancing could limit the number of uk deaths caused...	wikipedia
295d8b5a6eb4129a3662583dcf7bf7dab68c703f	in 2005 ghani was appointed to the faculty	in 2005 ghani was appointed to the faculty at the london school of hygiene & tropical medicine. here she became interested in malaria, particularly the disease's complexity, and the need to understand many aspects of science and society to better control it. she returned to imperial college london in 2007, where she se...	wikipedia
a499bc9986ab9b65e5f4b002bd2f056b616f9798	ghani was born to feroz and hilary ghani.	ghani was born to feroz and hilary ghani. } she studied mathematics at newnham college, cambridge, at the university of cambridge, matriculating in 1989. after graduating, she moved to the university of southampton to complete a master's degree in operations research. she joined imperial college london in 1993, where s...	wikipedia
634c87436120131b12b58051bdd223c0f888a8ba	azra catherine hilary ghani mbe fmedsci is a	azra catherine hilary ghani mbe fmedsci is a british epidemiologist who is a professor of infectious disease epidemiology at imperial college london. her research considers the mathematical modelling of infectious diseases, including malaria, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and coronavirus. she has worked with the wor...	wikipedia
d30c9be670d00b490eb3fa4225f27632f7e7cb7d	the miller theorem refers to the process of	the miller theorem refers to the process of creating equivalent circuits. it asserts that a floating impedance element, supplied by two voltage sources connected in series, may be split into two grounded elements with corresponding impedances. there is also a dual miller theorem with regards to impedance supplied by tw...	wikipedia
d0d95a04c024099bdf64d979747a3051867f4c24	as the main miller theorem, besides helping circuit	as the main miller theorem, besides helping circuit analysis process, the dual version is a powerful tool for designing and understanding circuits based on modifying impedance by additional current. typical applications are some exotic circuits with negative impedance as load cancellers, capacitance neutralizers, howla...	wikipedia
b2039188a0366979a30ccc584aa0f4b5197d7e79	dual miller theorem is usually implemented by an	dual miller theorem is usually implemented by an arrangement consisting of two voltage sources supplying the grounded impedance z {\displaystyle z} through floating impedances (see fig. 3). the combinations of the voltage sources and belonging impedances form the two current sources – the main and the auxiliary one. as...	wikipedia
8f8b0d44b64e735217518ade20a70734d64d40e3	dual miller theorem actually expresses the fact that	dual miller theorem actually expresses the fact that connecting a second current source producing proportional current i 2 = k i 1 {\displaystyle i_{2}=ki_{1}} in parallel with the main input source and the impedance element changes the current flowing through it, the voltage and accordingly, the circuit impedance seen...	wikipedia
705bc677e0ae6851ec86c2ab75cf3723650dfc49	there is also a dual version of miller	there is also a dual version of miller theorem that is based on kirchhoff's current law (miller theorem for currents): if there is a branch in a circuit with impedance z {\displaystyle z} connecting a node, where two currents i 1 {\displaystyle i_{1}} and i 2 {\displaystyle i_{2}} converge to ground, we can replace thi...	wikipedia
00dbae1797ada54d39c9ce438a584b6255e58854	not constant coefficient. if the coefficient k {\displaystyle	not constant coefficient. if the coefficient k {\displaystyle k} varies, some exotic virtual elements can be obtained. a gyrator circuit is an example of such a virtual element where the resistance r l {\displaystyle r_{l}} is modified so that to mimic inductance, capacitance or inversed resistance.	wikipedia
4f27a9f0f3e12fc750c5076d48a1056ac137221a	non-linear element. besides impedance, miller arrangement can modify	non-linear element. besides impedance, miller arrangement can modify the iv characteristic of an arbitrary element. the circuit of a diode log converter is an example of a non-linear virtually zeroed resistance where the logarithmic forward iv curve of a diode is transformed to a vertical straight line overlapping the ...	wikipedia
b80a9ae51ec95a6c6b33b8323672bd3b4747646b	the original miller effect is implemented by capacitive	the original miller effect is implemented by capacitive impedance connected between the two nodes. miller theorem generalizes miller effect as it implies arbitrary impedance z {\displaystyle z} connected between the nodes. it is supposed also a constant coefficient k {\displaystyle k}; then the expressions above are va...	wikipedia
347a207aa11fa81b7a27d2803e1d5f13a0868021	a typical application is a negative impedance converter	a typical application is a negative impedance converter with voltage inversion (vnic). it is interesting that the circuit input voltage has the same polarity as the output voltage, although it is applied to the inverting op-amp input; the input source has an opposite polarity to both the circuit input and output voltag...	wikipedia
ee03b37eeabe5a2ce6d1b33d41406c7cfada6d88	negative impedance with voltage inversion is implemented by	negative impedance with voltage inversion is implemented by applying both negative and positive feedback to an op-amp amplifier with a differential input. the input voltage source has to have internal impedance z i n t > 0 {\displaystyle z_{int}>0} or it has to be connected through another impedance element to the inpu...	wikipedia
8dd1e233fe9d00b88b1ae2e43a4661b008439a01	in all these op-amp inverting circuits with parallel	in all these op-amp inverting circuits with parallel negative feedback, the input current is increased to its maximum. it is determined only by the input voltage and the input impedance according to ohm's law; it does not depend on the impedance z {\displaystyle z}.	wikipedia
3fae8964181562c1a8de8419b734997f598a59c3	the rest of them have additional impedance connected	the rest of them have additional impedance connected in series to the input: voltage-to-current converter (transconductance amplifier), inverting amplifier, summing amplifier, inductive integrator, capacitive differentiator, resistive-capacitive integrator, capacitive-resistive differentiator, inductive-resistive diffe...	wikipedia
e75b9995de517ea53c7eec115a696cb583fdc131	zeroed impedance uses an inverting (usually op-amp) amplifier	zeroed impedance uses an inverting (usually op-amp) amplifier with enormously high gain a v → ∞ {\displaystyle a_{v}\to \infty }. the output voltage is almost equal to the voltage drop v z {\displaystyle v_{z}} across the impedance and completely neutralizes it. the circuit behaves as a short connection and a virtual g...	wikipedia
ca05f029c4ce9d64ed756af63e415d2e40d0d767	decreased impedance is implemented by an inverting amplifier	decreased impedance is implemented by an inverting amplifier having some moderate gain, usually 10 < a v < 1000 {\displaystyle 10<a_{v}<1000}. it may be observed as an undesired miller effect in common-emitter, common-source and common-cathode amplifying stages where effective input capacitance is increased. frequency ...	wikipedia
70f501c59ec9c1e306fbc0122d1cd6593e9e97e7	in these applications, the output voltage v o	in these applications, the output voltage v o {\displaystyle v_{o}} is inserted with the same polarity in respect to the input voltage v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} travelling along the loop (but in respect to ground, the polarities are opposite). as a result, the effective voltage across and the current through the impeda...	wikipedia
a9ce3a653276442c4f3d6ee60dbe1d5a1d7b32b4	negative impedance obtained by current inversion is implemented	negative impedance obtained by current inversion is implemented by a non-inverting amplifier with a v > 1 {\displaystyle a_{v}>1}. the current changes its direction, as the output voltage is higher than the input voltage. if the input voltage source has some internal impedance z i n t {\displaystyle z_{int}} or if it i...	wikipedia
3e37020ed18bb38abddced3a9abf2e996ad571c6	infinite impedance uses a non-inverting amplifier with a	infinite impedance uses a non-inverting amplifier with a v = 1 {\displaystyle a_{v}=1}. the output voltage is equal to the input voltage v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} and completely neutralizes it. examples are potentiometric null-balance meters and op-amp followers and amplifiers with series negative feedback (op-amp foll...	wikipedia
c5f9aaef6400c4859b4f20644990f1e50c68ee5d	increased impedance is implemented by a non-inverting amplifier	increased impedance is implemented by a non-inverting amplifier with gain of 0 < a v < 1 {\displaystyle 0<a_{v}<1}. the (magnitude of) output voltage is less than the input voltage v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} and partially neutralizes it. examples are imperfect voltage followers (emitter, source, cathode follower, etc.) ...	wikipedia
437ba623a835996f1f28bc2b47a47037e8b8a355	in these applications, the output voltage v o	in these applications, the output voltage v o {\displaystyle v_{o}} is inserted with an opposite polarity in respect to the input voltage v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} travelling along the loop (but in respect to ground, the polarities are the same). as a result, the effective voltage across, and the current through, the i...	wikipedia
ba4ec5534e858ade332f9603b80f76bad4b65f7d	the introduction of an impedance that connects amplifier	the introduction of an impedance that connects amplifier input and output ports adds a greatdeal of complexity in the analysis process. miller theorem helps reduce thecomplexity in some circuits particularly with feedback by converting them to simpler equivalent circuits. but miller theorem is not only an effective too...	wikipedia
8a0de92bae29ef8fb1eb2faa7bc801e78d98f0d3	in the amplifier implementation, the input voltage v	in the amplifier implementation, the input voltage v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} serves as v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}} and the output voltage v o {\displaystyle v_{o}} as v 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}}. in many cases, the input voltage source has some internal impedance z i n t {\displaystyle z_{int}} or an additional input imped...	wikipedia
e95fffe37e3f84538f1ffd7d1666a472653c1f3d	most frequently, the miller theorem may be observed	most frequently, the miller theorem may be observed in, and implemented by, an arrangement consisting of an element with impedance z {\displaystyle z} connected between the two terminals of a grounded general linear network. usually, a voltage amplifier with gain of a v = k {\displaystyle a_{v}=k} serves as such a line...	wikipedia
6b0a6e9e511ed70a63b2e42425d3bed20dafdd50	the circuit impedance, seen from the side of	the circuit impedance, seen from the side of the output source, may be defined similarly, if the voltages v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}} and v 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}} are swapped and the coefficient k {\displaystyle k} is replaced by 1 k {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{k}}}	wikipedia
3b6806a3ed9432cfebb31f1bb9674df1b2d3f4f3	besides by presenting the combination of the two	besides by presenting the combination of the two voltage sources as a new composed voltage source, the theorem may be explained by combining the actual element and the second voltage source into a new virtual element with dynamically modified impedance. from this viewpoint, v 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}} is an additional vo...	wikipedia
c656425b61ce08348b65029995b6f1f3d7f3a63a	so, the miller theorem expresses the fact that	so, the miller theorem expresses the fact that connecting a second voltage source with proportional voltage v 2 = k v 1 {\displaystyle v_{2}=k{v_{1}}} in series with the input voltage source changes the effective voltage, the current and respectively, the circuit impedance seen from the side of the input source. depend...	wikipedia
524a39d9181404455923bcef7909603125ad259d	as a second voltage source is included, the	as a second voltage source is included, the input current depends on both the voltages. according to its polarity, v 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}} is subtracted from or added to v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}}; so, the input current decreases/increases	wikipedia
c905789d6f43b238d62b2173cc1baa8b3a7da542	if v 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}} were zero (there	if v 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}} were zero (there was not a second voltage source or the right end of the element with impedance z {\displaystyle z} was just grounded), the input current flowing through the element would be determined, according to ohm's law, only by v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}}	wikipedia
ff7cb74d5766aa9ba67a78df38874d1648880825	the miller theorem implies that an impedance element	the miller theorem implies that an impedance element is supplied by two arbitrary (not necessarily dependent) voltage sources that are connected in series through the common ground. in practice, one of them acts as a main (independent) voltage source with voltage v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}} and the other – as an addition...	wikipedia
43bdc0c66814ccb1ec8e752155264f50268504c1	the miller theorem establishes that in a linear	the miller theorem establishes that in a linear circuit, if there exists a branch with impedance z {\displaystyle z}, connecting two nodes with nodal voltages v 1 {\displaystyle v_{1}} and v 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}}, we can replace this branch by two branches connecting the corresponding nodes to ground by impedances re...	wikipedia
b7c568de5a5f2b2ddf4719c63475d46d52a636c1	miller theorems are not only pure mathematical expressions.	miller theorems are not only pure mathematical expressions. these arrangements explain important circuit phenomena about modifying impedance (miller effect, virtual ground, bootstrapping, negative impedance, etc.) and help in designing and understanding various commonplace circuits (feedback amplifiers, resistive and t...	wikipedia
ba2ee982b1e709b99650ca62ee2aaff67acea14b	the miller theorem refers to the process of	the miller theorem refers to the process of creating equivalent circuits. it asserts that a floating impedance element, supplied by two voltage sources connected in series, may be split into two grounded elements with corresponding impedances. there is also a dual miller theorem with regards to impedance supplied by tw...	wikipedia
97693a398caa10180a8f4415f5f10a3612f692dd	on may 22, 2012, ivanans signed a two-year	on may 22, 2012, ivanans signed a two-year deal with dinamo rīga of the kontinental hockey league. during the 2012-13 season, he failed to establish a lasting role in 39 games with riga, and was released prior to the second year of his contract.	wikipedia
bb839cb298f5d3462c1819ca5de71dda962ada48	on july 1, 2010, raitis signed a two-year	on july 1, 2010, raitis signed a two-year deal as a free agent with the calgary flames, and made his flames debut on october 7, 2010 in the 2010-11 season opening against edmonton oilers; however he suffered a debilitating concussion during a third period fight with oilers' heavyweight steve macintyre.	wikipedia
8823922760d46ced3918d0876fab465f5ed97d63	on july 13, 2006, he signed a one-year	on july 13, 2006, he signed a one-year deal with the los angeles kings. ivanāns scored his first nhl goal against marty turco the dallas stars on october 12, 2006. on march 18, 2007, he signed a one-year, one-way deal with the los angeles kings.	wikipedia
63fc369134fd6a190afa62a02be23d3bf79352fe	in 1997, ivanāns came over to north america	in 1997, ivanāns came over to north america and played for the flint generals. in 2005, he made his nhl debut with the montreal canadiens, accumulating 9 penalty minutes in 4 games. he got into a fight in his second game, against the ottawa senators, with zdeno chára, and sustained a broken orbital bone due to a late p...	wikipedia