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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
c7106121eeaf8f857139f3daee6fce76f24cd9bf	he is a member of the following associations:	he is a member of the following associations: american society of civil engineers (asce), international association of hydrologic science (iahs), world conservation union (iucn), gc network for drylands research and development (ndrd), international association for urban climate (iauc), international society for agricu...	wikipedia
f9e4e5210cf0d07a59499dd4e2cbf929bd26ae42	saeid eslamian is a full professor of resilient	saeid eslamian is a full professor of resilient climate and water systems at isfahan university of technology in the department of water science and engineering. his research focuses mainly on statistical and environmental hydrology and climate change. in particular, he is working on forecasting natural hazards includi...	wikipedia
4e6d49830977129fbcba352594f3fc762e3b2d13	solovay earned his ph.d. from the university of	solovay earned his ph.d. from the university of chicago in 1964 under the direction of saunders mac lane, with a dissertation on a functorial form of the differentiable riemann–roch theorem. solovay has spent his career at the university of california at berkeley, where his ph.d. students include w. hugh woodin and mat...	wikipedia
6483ea91e773f14666eda7d2190cb892a57504a7	orthographic projection in cartography has been used since	orthographic projection in cartography has been used since antiquity. like the stereographic projection and gnomonic projection, orthographic projection is a perspective projection in which the sphere is projected onto a tangent plane or secant plane. the point of perspective for the orthographic projection is at infin...	wikipedia
aee66be659c9c28905d32e29f8a499dcec0b52ad	the inverse formulas are particularly useful when trying	the inverse formulas are particularly useful when trying to project a variable defined on a (λ, φ) grid onto a rectilinear grid in (x, y). direct application of the orthographic projection yields scattered points in (x, y), which creates problems for plotting and numerical integration. one solution is to start from the...	wikipedia
d2d839650c952093f0397003d959e9f07e88803c	the formulas for the spherical orthographic projection are	the formulas for the spherical orthographic projection are derived using trigonometry. they are written in terms of longitude (λ) and latitude (φ) on the sphere. define the radius of the sphere r and the center point (and origin) of the projection (λ, φ). the equations for the orthographic projection onto the (x, y) ta...	wikipedia
2d447734a6622468a727a09a6f27616572ee1a5e	the earliest surviving maps on the projection appear	the earliest surviving maps on the projection appear as crude woodcut drawings of terrestrial globes of 1509 (anonymous), 1533 and 1551 (johannes schöner), and 1524 and 1551 (apian). a highly-refined map, designed by renaissance polymath albrecht dürer and executed by johannes stabius, appeared in 1515.	wikipedia
43cfac9ca9cab589826b648694d02de39fdfd275	vitruvius also seems to have devised the term	vitruvius also seems to have devised the term orthographic (from the greek orthos (= “straight”) and graphē (= “drawing”)) for the projection. however, the name analemma, which also meant a sundial showing latitude and longitude, was the common name until françois d'aguilon of antwerp promoted its present name in 1613.	wikipedia
980c48153d62d1a52301a65ad80045f1e20090ee	the orthographic projection has been known since antiquity,	the orthographic projection has been known since antiquity, with its cartographic uses being well documented. hipparchus used the projection in the 2nd century bc to determine the places of star-rise and star-set. in about 14 bc, roman engineer marcus vitruvius pollio used the projection to construct sundials and to co...	wikipedia
a7d4ff0c79f74885c8f1e268650bcb829f8eaa96	orthographic projection in cartography has been used since	orthographic projection in cartography has been used since antiquity. like the stereographic projection and gnomonic projection, orthographic projection is a perspective (or azimuthal) projection in which the sphere is projected onto a tangent plane or secant plane. the point of perspective for the orthographic project...	wikipedia
8beefd114f948b175b15107b3748b8ba62f83d73	polyfullerene is a basic polymer of the c60	polyfullerene is a basic polymer of the c60 monomer group, in which fullerene segments are connected via covalent bonds into a polymeric chain without side or bridging groups. they are called intrinsic polymeric fullerenes, or more often all c60 polymers. fullerene can be part of a polymer chain in many different ways....	wikipedia
834c2611d23ef8e4d04cebc350961f19fafc3900	polymers with c -backbone with ferromagnetic properties were	polymers with c -backbone with ferromagnetic properties were reported in literature, although fullerene itself is antiferromagnetic. an example of a successful synthesis of ferromagnetic c –polymer uses -2,2′-bis(diazonium)dichloride, c and feso.	wikipedia
2887a9c3c119661b643b4eb1c518a1aabdbb560d	the introduction of hydrophilic groups into the macromolecule	the introduction of hydrophilic groups into the macromolecule is the principle of preparing water-soluble polymers. examples of backbones for water-soluble fullerene side-chain polymers are for example poly(maleic anhydride - co - vinyl acetate) (52) or pullulan.	wikipedia
05e609be0c7d8de21a5dbbda2dbdfe6fe8581785	an example of water-soluble derivatives are polyfullerocyclodextrins. they	an example of water-soluble derivatives are polyfullerocyclodextrins. they are prepared by reaction of 𝛽-cyclodextrin complexes with fullerene. they exhibit excellent dna -cleaving activity (in the presence of visible light, they cleave dna quantitatively). this phenomenon can be used for eliminating cancer cells.	wikipedia
7ce56e6d1a9508ea0c5e9c0a35d72a380714a1ab	depolymerizeable polymers are the hope of polymer recycling.	depolymerizeable polymers are the hope of polymer recycling. c fullerene copolymerized with -2,2′-bis(diazonium)chloride (see magnetic behavior) was observed to depolymerize in a temperature range of 60-75°c. polymerization and depolymerization can be done several times before degradation of initial components. the dep...	wikipedia
1a48eab10018e2f65c4fe0f74dfebcf018a84578	fullerene end-caped poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) is a water-soluble polymer with	fullerene end-caped poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) is a water-soluble polymer with the tendency to form clusters. it is a very good scavenger of free radicals, and it can be used for controlling radical polymerizations.	wikipedia
759fc1820477356003534940efc6fd8284ec83bd	blending of fullerene end-capped polymers (polyethylene glycols for	blending of fullerene end-capped polymers (polyethylene glycols for example) with h-donating polymers (polyvinylchloride, poly(p -vinyl phenol), polymethylmethacrylate, etc.) leads to the enhancement of mechanical properties of h-donating polymers.	wikipedia
a6a477981d8a4957d844dd304dfd2f2883ca3a81	introducing correct amount of fullerene as side groups	introducing correct amount of fullerene as side groups onto poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (ppo) increases permeability of gas separation membranes by 80 % in comparison with pure ppo. bulky fullerene probably increases the free volume of ppo.	wikipedia
b6ec82ce779e3fe104b8fb647610503753f9045f	(c pd) polymers can adsorb gases, making them	(c pd) polymers can adsorb gases, making them useful as adsorbents for volatile and toxic species. for example, a great affinity to toluene was proved. the palladium atoms in the backbone are partially positive and thus attract 𝜋-electrons of aromatic core of toluene.	wikipedia
46e18cb682b2dbb7732f9eb9701270c8fe659aa1	currently, fullerene copolymerized with palladium showed some practical	currently, fullerene copolymerized with palladium showed some practical aspects, particularly (c pd) due to the content of palladium on its surface, exhibits catalytic effect for hydrogenation of alkenes and can lead to the development of new catalytic systems and products.	wikipedia
1c3a1659a0e1fe1de81d4c1adb52e49bfcda6242	particular fullerene (co)polymers exhibit an optical limiting property,	particular fullerene (co)polymers exhibit an optical limiting property, meaning they block intense light flux passing through them. low intensity light flux is not affected. it is useful for light control parts in optics and as sensor or eye protection.	wikipedia
1c5e42ddb8708f908f83a674be39af5a8f3c944b	fullerene polymers are widely studied in organic solar	fullerene polymers are widely studied in organic solar cells for active layers of new-generation photovoltaic panels. examples are homopolymers of c -polystyrene and c -polyethyleneglycols or c copolymers prepared by romp polymerization. the current efficiency of converting incoming sun radiation to electricity is abou...	wikipedia
b3c855f176834706038610b904a704dae8052ae2	star copolymer (ps) c (pmma) (polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate	star copolymer (ps) c (pmma) (polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate being different star “arms”) acted as an active electroluminescence layer. it improved emitting of a semiconductor electroluminescence device by up to 20 times. c -poly(1-phenyl-1-propyne) is also reported to exhibit light emission. fullerene moiety i...	wikipedia
e657b593ca26813a91272e3ffb4a75007e45654d	on the other hand, hole-trapping materials affect electroluminescence	on the other hand, hole-trapping materials affect electroluminescence the same way. double-cable polymers are also candidates for functional layers for oled displays. adding 1 wt. % into basic oled material increased luminescence of the diode. very promising hole-trapping materials are polyacetylene backbone polymers w...	wikipedia
0e0319da15d79bfef2890630b9cdd4b06a684e51	polyvinylcabazole polymer grown from fullerene polychloride (c cl)	polyvinylcabazole polymer grown from fullerene polychloride (c cl) was observed to increase the intensity of radiated light of an electroluminescent device. this star polymer with three arms is acting as a hole-transporting layer for semiconductor parts of a device.	wikipedia
a3f443d5820104c76ae1b64d740e633c3d83807f	c - polyvinylcarbazole (c –pvk) exhibits photoinduced electron	c - polyvinylcarbazole (c –pvk) exhibits photoinduced electron transfer within the polymer, which could be used for digital rewritable memory electronic parts. prototype of such part of indium tin oxide, fullerene polymer and aluminum (ito/ c –pvk /al) was capable to read, write and erase information for about 100 mill...	wikipedia
cd0ccb726d200f819d1846282630f94c03bd408b	fullerene itself stands out in the class of	fullerene itself stands out in the class of organic compounds because of its electronic properties. current research studies utilization of fullerene by bonding it onto an optimal polymeric substrate. practical reasons are easy processability of polymers and low price in comparison to pure c fullerene.	wikipedia
233188fe9e7440af3373f1b9195b584c35d16385	polyfullerenes are currently in an early research phase	polyfullerenes are currently in an early research phase and real-world applications or even industrial production solutions are yet to be found. the main reasons for this are the novelty of combining fullerene chemistry with polymer chemistry and the fact that fullerene can be currently synthesized on a scale of a few ...	wikipedia
2310eebe4ecdfe8dde090892b6bfec71849eb7fa	polyphenylakyne polymers can be used as an example	polyphenylakyne polymers can be used as an example since they give photoemitting macromolecules when grafted onto fullerene. c -poly(1-phenyl-1-propyne) can be prepared via wolfram-catalyzed metathesis reaction connecting prepared poly(1-phenyl-1-propyne) onto the fullerene by carbene addition resulting in cyclopropane...	wikipedia
7f880360da164e85b58936e41022e2a98cf5abfa	reported star fullerene polymers were prepared by anionic	reported star fullerene polymers were prepared by anionic copolymerization with polystyrene to form c (ch ch(c h))), where n stands for the number of polystyrene star “arms” from 2 to 6. second approach is growing polymer chains directly from fullerene derivative c cl (n = 16–20) by atom transfer radical polymerization...	wikipedia
e7c87315970d4c1c8b04c2d596b0b7c240507d3d	also incorrectly named “telechelic” polymers, but telechelic polymers	also incorrectly named “telechelic” polymers, but telechelic polymers have reactive functional end-groups. they can be synthesized by incorporating fullerenes onto the ends of polymerized chains or growth of a polymeric chain from a functionalized fullerene derivative and additionally closure. introducing fullerene sph...	wikipedia
9ae48c5bf6f596d0de73a58a5db6e415b25aefaa	easy preparation of cross-linked fullerene polymer is copolymerization	easy preparation of cross-linked fullerene polymer is copolymerization with polyurethanes. in this technique, fullerenol bearing up to 44 hydroxyl groups c (oh) and di- or tri- isocyanate prepolymers are used as initial substances. successful syntheses were conducted in a mixture of dimethylformamide (dmf) and tetrahyd...	wikipedia
9462a87139d872c006d0ae5a6ff3b25508df7b61	as mentioned earlier, buckminsterfullerene is capable of multiple	as mentioned earlier, buckminsterfullerene is capable of multiple additions and basic polymerization conditions lead to a polymer grid. fullerene behaves the same way in copolymerization. in free radical copolymerization of styrene and c fullerene, the resulting copolymer is cross-linked and heterogeneous.	wikipedia
a3096c66941ce0c8b9ad097cda338df687d066cc	in diels-alder copolymerization fullerene acts as a dienophile	in diels-alder copolymerization fullerene acts as a dienophile with diene to form a cyclohexene ring. the figure below shows diels-alder reaction with the simplest diene – buta-1,3-diene. comonomer must contain two pairs of conjugated double bonds in order to react with two fullerene molecules obtaining linear polymeri...	wikipedia
044c3f350214172d1c7afbba2896e9684d4cb1c1	fullerene copolymers can be obtained through standard polymerization	fullerene copolymers can be obtained through standard polymerization techniques used for industrially standard polymers. examples of first approach are diels-alder addition and free radical copolymerization. fullerene can be copolymerized with methylmethacrylate by initiation with azobisisobutyronitrile (aibn).	wikipedia
b43b026d6d4599290e6fdd3fdcb25e94bf448a64	the structure can be described as necklace-type. one	the structure can be described as necklace-type. one approach to achieving fullerene main-chain polymers is by copolymerizing fullerene with a difunctional monomer. second option is polycondensation of bifunctionalized fullerene with monomer bearing compatible functional groups.	wikipedia
bd04bb7806f7daf1597d52f8cf2922737e7600bb	high content of double bonds in the fullerene	high content of double bonds in the fullerene molecule (30 double bonds in buckminsterfullerene) leads to crosslinking and formation of regioisomers. polymerization without any sophisticated control of forming structure leads to very high randomization of polymer grid. thus, linking units of second monomer are needed t...	wikipedia
2a3c8c629c360e31955d4e09fcb42ae0cdf5d7cc	polyfullerene is a basic polymer of the c	polyfullerene is a basic polymer of the c monomer group, in which fullerene segments are connected via covalent bonds into a polymeric chain without side or bridging groups. they are called intrinsic polymeric fullerenes, or more often all c polymers.	wikipedia
4518c81b558b485c999ac6723932b0bd74fcee69	alexei nikolaevich koledaev is kazakhstani former professional ice	alexei nikolaevich koledaev is kazakhstani former professional ice hockey defenceman. koledaev played the majority of his career with metallurg novokuznetsk. he also played for torpedo ust-kamenogorsk and hc sibir novosibirsk. he was also a member of the kazakhstan national team, playing in three ice hockey world champ...	wikipedia
526df99428675b192e9f93c831751a39b331268a	koledaev played the majority of his career with	koledaev played the majority of his career with metallurg novokuznetsk. he also played for torpedo ust-kamenogorsk and hc sibir novosibirsk. he was also a member of the kazakhstan national team, playing in three ice hockey world championships (2005, 2006 and 2010) as well as the 2006 winter olympics.	wikipedia